Abstract

The formation of gas hydrates in oil & gas pipelines and drilling fluid flow lines is a major issue in the petroleum industry. Gas hydrate inhibitors are normally used to inhibit the formation of gas hydrates in the pipelines/flowlines. Initial screening of hydrate inhibitors and AntiAgglomerants (AA) requires a safe and economical experimental setup/method. Conventional visual method was used for initial screening of hydrate inhibitors in many researches. Some researchers also suggested modified visual methods, but all of them lacks accurate measurement of induction time and found to be inappropriate for experimental solutions like drilling mud, "jats:italic"etc"/jats:italic". In this work, a temperature augmented visual method was presented which can be used in academic research laboratories for study and initial screening of hydrate inhibitors. This method is capable of parallel screening of inhibitors and determines hydrate induction time precisely. Experiments were conducted to determine the hydrate induction time of different inhibitors using augmented method and compared with conventional visual method. The developed method found to be more precise in determining the induction time of hydrates in all types of experimental solutions. Document type: Article

Abstract

The aim in this paper is to evaluate the economic viability of electric vehicles that are supplemented by electric roads (eRoads), instead of using conventional diesel, petrol, and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The battery is the most expensive component of an electric vehicle, so the premise of this paper is to reduce the size of the battery, and thereby significantly reduce the cost, by installing a series of electric roads for long-distance journeys. Denmark is used here as case study to ensure the assumptions reflect a real-world case when comparing petrol, diesel, BEVs, and eRoads. The results suggest that eRoads are a cheaper method of electrifying road transport than BEVs, which is an important finding, since electrification is widely believed to be the cheapest method for decarbonising the transport sector in the coming decades. Furthermore, if fuel and vehicle prices evolve as predicted between now and 2050, then eRoads are also a cheaper form of road transport than diesel and petrol, primarily due to increasing oil prices and decreasing battery costs. By implementing eRoads, it is also possible to electrify heavy-duty transport such as buses and trucks, which results in even more energy savings and reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. Keywords: eRoad, Sustainable transport, Electric car, Electric vehicle, Electric road