Abstract

Em um momento em que questões ambientais e a segurança energética estão numa posição de destaque, Veículos Elétricos (VEs) estão no centro das atenções. Entretanto, ainda é difícil para eles substituir os tradicionais veículos de combustão interna e a razão principal para isso é o seu sistema de energia. Normalmente, devido a suas características, baterias são usadas como banco de energia para VEs. No entanto, baterias também apresentam algumas limitações para essa aplicação e o problema no sistema de energia é relacionado a essas limitações. Uma das soluções propostas é se colocar baterias e supercapacitores (SC) em paralelo, resultando em um Sistema Híbrido de Armazenamento de Energia (SHAE). Para fazer essa configuração possível e o fluxo de potência controlável em um SHAE, um conversor CC-CC bidirecional interfaceando a bateria e o SC é necessário. Levando isso em consideração, o estudo de topologias CC-CC bidirecionais é apresentado nessa Dissertação de Mestrado. Primeiro, o estudo de um conversor CC-CC bidirecional com indutor dividido, envolvendo sua análise teórica em regime permanente, análise dinâmica e uma metodologia de projeto com resultados de simulação, é apresentado, resultando na construção de um protótipo experimental com as seguintes especificações de projeto: Fonte de tensão 1 de 300 V, fonte de tensão 2 de 96 V, frequência de comutação de 20 kHz e potência nominal de 1000 W. Então, o estudo de uma segunda topologia, um conversor CC-CC Buck-Boost ZVS bidirecional, envolvendo sua análise em regime permanente e uma metodologia de projeto com resultados de simulação, também é apresentado. In an era where environmental issues and the energetic safety are in an outstanding position, Electric Vehicles (EVs) are in the spotlight. However, it is difficult for them to replace the ICE vehicles and the main reason for that it is their energy system. Normally, due to some of their characteristics, batteries are used as energy bank in Electric Vehicles. Nevertheless, batteries also present some limitations for this application and the energy system problem is related to these limitations. One of the proposed solutions is to place batteries and Supercapacitors (SC) in parallel, resulting in a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS). To make this configuration possible and the power flow controllable in the HESS, a bidirectional DC-DC converter interfacing the battery and the SC is necessary. Taking this into account, the study of bidirectional DC-DC topologies is presented in this Master’s Thesis. First, a study of a bidirectional DC-DC converter with tapped inductor, involving its theoretical steady state analysis, dynamic analysis and design methodology with simulation results, is presented, resulting in the design of an experimental prototype with the following design specifications: Voltage source 1 of 300 V, voltage source 2 of 96 V, switching frequency of 20 kHz and rated power of 1000 W. Then, the study of a second topology, a bidirectional ZVS Buck-Boost DC-DC converter, involving he steady state analysis and a design methodology with simulation results, is also presented.

Abstract

This thesis is concerned with inductive charging of electric vehicle batteries. Rectified power form the 50/60 Hz utility feeds a dc-ac converter which delivers high-frequency ac power to the electric vehicle inductive coupling inlet. The inlet configuration has been defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers in Recommended Practice J-1773. This thesis studies converter topologies related to the series resonant converter. When coupled to the vehicle inlet, the frequency-controlled series-resonant converter results in a capacitively-filtered series-parallel LCLC (SP-LCLC) resonant converter topology with zero voltage switching and many other desirable features. A novel time-domain transformation analysis, termed Modal Analysis, is developed, using a state variable transformation, to analyze and characterize this multi-resonant fourth-orderconverter. Next, Fundamental Mode Approximation (FMA) Analysis, based on a voltage-source model of the load, and its novel extension, Rectifier-Compensated FMA (RCFMA) Analysis, are developed and applied to the SP-LCLC converter. The RCFMA Analysis is a simpler and more intuitive analysis than the Modal Analysis, and provides a relatively accurate closed-form solution for the converter behavior. Phase control of the SP-LCLC converter is investigated as a control option. FMA and RCFMA Analyses are used for detailed characterization. The analyses identify areas of operation, which are also validated experimentally, where it is advantageous to phase control the converter. A novel hybrid control scheme is proposed which integrates frequency and phase control and achieves reduced operating frequency range and improved partial-load efficiency. The phase-controlled SP-LCLC converter can also be configured with a parallel load and is an excellent option for the application. The resulting topology implements soft-switching over the entire load range and has high full-load and partial-load efficiencies. RCFMA Analysis is used to analyze and characterize the new converter topology, and good correlation is shown with experimental results. Finally, a novel single-stage power-factor-corrected ac-dc converter is introduced, which uses the current-source characteristic of the SP-LCLC topology to provide power factor correction over a wide output power range from zero to full load. This converter exhibits all the advantageous characteristics of its dc-dc counterpart, with a reduced parts count and cost. Simulation and experimental results verify the operation of the new converter.