Abstract

This paper examines the question of why so many African firms are uncompetitive on the global stage. An integrated framework of firm-level and external factors was developed. This paper focuses primarily on the global airline industry and offers an array of external factors including slow implementation of the Yamoussoukro Declaration and protection of state-owned airlines, which have historically distorted the nature of competition and hampered the exposure of many airlines to “genuine” or fair competition. When shielded from competition, such firms’ ability to transition to the global stage and outwit rivals is hampered. Furthermore, the study indicates that internal factors such as limited economies of scale and poor quality of services have affected some of the firms’ ability to compete. With the notable of exception of airlines such as Ethiopian Airlines, South African Airways and Kenya Airways, the preponderance of airlines have struggled to compete. These factors help to account for the fact that African airlines equate to only 20% of all air traffic on inter-African routes. The implications of the findings are examined. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

The automotive industry currently faces four megatrends which are challenging the competitive environment: Connectivity, Autonomous Driving, Shared Services and Electric Vehicles. On top of that, aftermaths from the Diesel scandal are still noticeable. Therefore, the objective of this work was to find whether the Diesel scandal has an influence on the development of Electric Vehicles of traditional car manufacturers among the other trends. First, consumers were asked to fill out a survey on the attractiveness of and their attention to-wards Electric Vehicles before and after the scandal. It was concluded that EV demand didn’t change because of the Diesel scandal, even though the attention of consumers increased. A main reason therefore is the dependency of EV demand on financial incentives rather than en-vironmental concerns. Second, to measure the impact on EV development, selected employees from traditional car manufacturers were interviewed and the results were discussed with an industry expert. After collecting the drivers behind Electric Vehicle development, an indirect influence on EV devel-opment was revealed. To meet environmental targets set by governments or political unions, OEMs must focus on new technologies due to the lack of Diesel car sales. When establishing a connection between the research findings and literature, the dynamic ca-pabilities framework was not found to be applicable as the development and adaptation of Elec-tric Vehicles is mainly dependent from external surroundings. Thus, Industrial Organization as underlying theory was found to be suitable. A indústria automóvel enfrenta atualmente quatro macrotendências que desafiam a envolvente competitiva: Conectividade, Direção Autónoma, Serviços Partilhados e Veículos Elétricos. Além disso, os resultados do escândalo “Diesel” ainda são visíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descobrir se o escândalo “Diesel” tem influência no desenvolvimento de veículos eléctricos de fabricantes dentro da indústria tradicional automóvel, entre outras tendências. Em primeiro lugar, foi pedido aos consumidores que preenchessem um questionário sobre a atratividade e a atenção destes para com os veículos elétricos antes e depois do escândalo. Concluiu-se que a procura de veículos elétricos não mudou devido ao escândalo “Diesel”, embora a atenção dos consumidores tenha aumentado. Uma das principais razões, portanto, é a dependência de veículos elétricos de incentivos financeiros, em vez de preocupações ambientais. Em segundo lugar, para medir o impacto no desenvolvimento de veículos elétricos, foram entrevistados funcionários, seleccionados de fabricantes de automóveis tradicionais, e os resultados foram discutidos com um especialista do setor. Depois de recolher os drivers por detrás do desenvolvimento do Veículo Elétrico, uma influência indireta no desenvolvimento de VE foi revelada. Para atingir as metas ambientais estabelecidas pelos governos ou sindicatos políticos, os OEMs devem-se focar em novas tecnologias devido à falta de vendas de carros a “Diesel”. Ao estabelecer uma conexão entre os resultados da pesquisa e a literatura, a tese das capacidades dinâmicas não se mostrou aplicável ao desenvolvimento e adaptação de veículos elétricos. Assim, a Organização Industrial como teoria subjacente foi considerada adequada.