Abstract

A questionnaire survey has been conducted in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Spain and Sweden in 2016-2017. Once every third month through one year respondents have received a link to an online questionnaire which asked them about information on any traffic accidents they might have experienced in the period. Different procedures for gaining respondents were used in each country, resulting in relatively small and skewed sample sizes from Germany, Poland and Spain, causing data analysis based on these numbers to be highly unreliable. Thus results are based on data from Belgium, Denmark and Sweden."br/""br/"The study aims at providing an input to Task 5.3 on socio-economic costs within the InDeV project. Thus the questionnaire contains questions on various aspects related to the accidents that might contribute with costs as well as basic accident information such as means of transport and time of the accident."br/""br/"A special focus in the survey is on pedestrian single accidents, which are not normally considered traffic accidents. The survey finds that more than 80% of the pedestrian accidents that have been self-reported are in fact single accidents, which illustrates the need for further investigation of the pedestrian single accidents as the number of these might be quite high. The study also provides knowledge of basic consequences of the pedestrian falls, for instance 16% result in medical treatment, 14% in one or more days of absence from work and 37% in property damage."br/""br/"The self-reported traffic accidents have proved difficult to compare with official accident statistics, both due to different national guidelines on what constitutes a reportable accident and to the legal limitations on personal information which may be asked in the questionnaire; this eliminates the possibility of combining information with official accident records. However, based on the self-reports it can be concluded that in 8% of the accidents the respondent have been in contact with the police. Document type: Book

Abstract

Today humankind is facing numerous sustainability challenges that require us to question CO2 intensive practices like those present in the transport and energy sector. To meet those challenges, many countries have adopted ambitious climate targets. Achieving such targets requires an understanding of the wider socio-technical context of transitions. The aim of this licentiate thesis is therefore to analyse such socio-technical transitions towards low-emission futures enabled by the electrification of passenger cars and high voltage grid development. A combination of different transitions theories (for ex. Multi-level perspective and Technological innovation systems) and institutional theory has been used. To reach the aim paper I analyses the climate impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) and policy measures to achieve a breakthrough scenario for EVs. The results show that a mixture of short and long term policies are needed that take into account the technology development stage and behavioural aspects of EV adopters. Paper II addresses the need to include the high voltage transmission grid and its planning procedures as a central part of debates on transitions. Therefore the opportunities, challenges and reasons for conflict in the established regime are studied. The results show that in order to achieve a sustainable grid development regime, it is necessary to spend time on achieving legitimacy and social sustainability. The third paper uses semi-structured expert interviews and focuses on innovation dynamics for EV adoption. By focusing on dynamics instead of single policy measures, it is possible to grasp interactions within a niche, but also in between a niche, regime and landscape. The results show that strong initial technology legitimacy was needed to start substantial innovation dynamics. This could be further strengthened with a strong and broad coalition of actors. Both those factors led, if present, to an improved variety and match of policy instruments. As such this thesis has shown that transitions are not just about technology or policy instruments as such but about the dynamics and processes needed to enable them. This can be relevant in other transitions that otherwise may underestimate the importance of these components. "p"QC 20170512"/p" Norstr

Abstract

We present the results from a choice experiment conducted across Denmark Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden focusing on electric vehicles and vehicle-to-grid technology. The survey involved the entire Nordic region and had >4000 respondents choosing between two versions of electric vehicles (some including vehicle-to-grid capability) as well as their preferred gasoline vehicle. We analyzed the data using a mixed logit model and present the willingness to pay for driving range, acceleration, recharging time, fuel source, and vehicle-to-grid capability. In addition, due to the cross-national nature of our data, we also present willingness-to-pay comparisons between the five Nordic countries. We find that certain attributes, like driving range and recharging time, are substantially higher than previous estimates, whereas others, like acceleration are lower. In addition, we find that some attributes vary across the five countries (such as driving range), whereas other attributes remain constant. Finally, we find that vehicle-to-grid capability, divorced of onerous contracts, is significantly positive, but only for some countries, whereas in other countries it has no value, implying greater education and awareness of vehicle-to-grid is necessary if it is to accelerate electric vehicle adoption.