Abstract

Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung von Einflussfaktoren auf eine Ladeinfrastruktur von Elektrofahrzeugen in Peking. Neben den politischen, technischen und wirtschaftlichen Faktoren, liegt der Fokus auf einer Analyse von Nutzerdaten und einer räumlichen Auswertung der Wohn- und Parkplatzsituationen in Peking in Bezug auf die Errichtung einer Ladeinfrastruktur für Elektrofahrzeuge. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit analysiert die städtebauliche Struktur Pekings und kombiniert diese Erkenntnisse mit der Analyse von realen Fahrprofilen von Elektrofahrzeugen. Auf Grund der geringen Anzahl von Parkplätzen sowohl im öffentlichen Raum als auch in den geschlossenen Wohnsiedlungen (Compounds), gestaltet sich die Installation von Ladesäulen, an denen EVs mehrere Stunden laden müssen, als schwierig. Dies betrifft sowohl poly-zentrische als auch mono-zentrische Stadtbezirke im Zentrum. Die Analyse der Fahrprofile basiert auf einem zweiwöchigen Zeitraum mit 60 E-Fahrzeugen, die von Nutzern in Peking gefahren wurden. Ladevorgänge fanden circa 2-3 mal die Woche statt, fanden auf privat Grundstücken statt und dauerten meistens über 10 Stunden. Auf Grund der aufgenommenen GPS-Daten konnte der genaue Aufenthaltsort der Park- und Ladevorgänge untersucht werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Fahrzeugführer immer nachts an denselben Orten parkten und luden. Mit den gewonnen Daten konnte auch festgestellt werden, dass home-charging, also das Laden daheim, für die aller meisten Fahrten gänzlich ausreicht. Ergänzt werden kann es durch destination-charging, dem Laden am Zielort, oder on-the-go-charging, dem Laden auf dem Weg zum Zielort. Dabei sind die beiden letzteren Optionen in Peking im halb-öffentlichen Raum anzuordnen, weil reines, öffentliches Laden an Straßenrändern oder Parkplätzen auf Grund von mangelndem Platz nicht möglich sind. The dissertation deals with the analysis of factors of influence on an implementation of a charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in Beijing. Next to the political, technical and economic factors, the focus is on an analysis of user data and on a spatial analysis of residential housing and parking situations in Beijing. All analyses were done in relation to the implementation of a charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. The main part of the work analyzes the urban structure of Beijing and combines its findings with the analysis of driving profiles of electric vehicles. Due to the small number of parking spaces in public spaces as well as in closed housing estates, the installation of charging stations, becomes a challenge. This concerns both poly-centric and mono-centric city districts in the center of the city. This applies especially to compounds from the 1960s to 1980s, because they were built without adequate parking lots in those days. These properties cannot accommodate the current number of vehicles by far, resulting in the fact that public and semi-public space for parking has to be used. An analysis of the driving profiles is based on a two-week period with 60 electric vehicles driven by real users in Beijing. The investigated vehicles could be charged with alternating current, which prolongs the charging time compared with direct current charging considerably. It was found that most of the parking events took place with relatively full batteries and the distances could be overcome by a single battery charge. Due to the recorded GPS data, the exact location of the parking and charging events could be examined. It was found that EV drivers always parked and charged at night at the same locations. Furthermore it was discovered that home-charging is sufficient for most tracks of the user. This charging type can be extended by destination-charging, or on-the-go-charging.

Abstract

This research is conducted to explore the growing trend of private vehicles in Beijing, China, in the coming 25 years using the system dynamics (SD) method. The vensim software is used to build the SD model and do simulations. First, the paper introduces the background of the private vehicles in Beijing and analyzes the issues of traffic congestion and air pollution caused by them. Second, the method system dynamics is justified to analyze the concerned issues of Beijing vehicle and the attendant traffic congestion and air pollution. Third, qualitative analysis is done to explore what possible policies the Beijing government can adopt to increase the percentage of electrical vehicles (EVs) and control the number of total private vehicles at the same time. A causal loop diagram is drawn to facilitate the way of thinking. Afterwards, a quantitative SD model about the system is built based on the causal loop diagram and qualitative analysis is made. Finally, the SD model is simulated to explore the plausible future trend about private vehicles and study the implications of different policies.

Abstract

Purpose Immigrant travel has become an emerging research field in transportation planning. A handful of scholars have studied the travel behavior of residents in immigrant enclaves in North America. However, thus far, there has been no analysis of the travel behavior of residents living in migrant-rich neighborhoods in China. Additionally, previous studies rarely explored whether these (im)migrants could benefit from resources outside the neighborhoods, and the determinants of their travel to destinations outside the neighborhoods. This study aims to fill these research gaps in the literature. We used a migrant-rich area in downtown Beijing as a case study to understand the daily mobility and the determinants, and strategies to enhance mobility of neighborhood residents. Method To answer the above questions, in-depth interview in Dashilar was used in this study. Eighteen migrant workers were recruited by using snowball sampling, and six local residents were recruited as “observers” to view the mobility of migrant workers from another perspective. The interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed and coded. Results The research results show that the interviewees had restrained mobility, limited to the area within Dashilar. Their work location was near residence, and they seldom made recreation and social trips. One of the major reasons for this was that their social ties were highly restricted to people from the same hometown. Additionally, time and financial poverty further limited their mobility. Institutional barriers also segregated migrant workers with local people in job market, urban welfare and daily life. In order to improve physical mobility, migrant workers used electric bicycle as their daily travel facility. The use of mobile phone also improved their virtual mobility by facilitating information flow and extending social networks. Moreover, community initiatives such as community activities and volunteers helped to improve their mobility. Conclusions Dashilar is an area with abundant transport resources and activity destination choices, but migrant workers living there still restrained their daily travel within the neighborhood. Although resources within the neighborhood facilitated daily necessities of migrant workers living in Dashilar, they seldom benefited from the resources outside the neighborhood, which played a larger role in promoting their social and cultural assimilation in the city. Their limited local social ties, individual time and money constraints, and institutional factors all contributed to their limited destination motivations and aspirations. To cope with these challenges, migrant workers and communities both adopted several strategies. These strategies could address the above challenges to some extent, but their limitations also fixed mobility of migrant workers. Combination of Internet of mobile phone and community initiatives was a feasible way to link migrant workers and local people, and help them to improve enlarge mobility space. Document type: Article