Zhuo Lee 2026a - Revision history

Alexanderllala at 14:27, 15 June 2026

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Alexanderllala: Alexanderllala moved page Draft Lee 111752203 to Zhuo Lee 2026a

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Alexanderllala moved page Draft Lee 111752203 to Zhuo Lee 2026a

Alexanderllala: Created page with " == Abstract ==
This study investigated the effects of Trichosanthes root extract on the regeneration rate of Dugesia tigrina, a freshwater planarian. Planarians were chos..."

2026-01-13T13:47:16Z

Created page with " == Abstract == <p>This study investigated the effects of Trichosanthes root extract on the regeneration rate of Dugesia tigrina, a freshwater planarian. Planarians were chos..."

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== Abstract ==

<p>This study investigated the effects of Trichosanthes root extract on the regeneration rate of Dugesia tigrina, a freshwater planarian. Planarians were chosen for their regenerative ability and stem cell systems. Traditionally used in Chinese medicine for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, Trichosanthes root was tested for its unexplored regenerative potential. The goal was to evaluate a cost-effective, biologically based method for enhancing tissue regeneration with potential applications in regenerative medicine and wound healing. Planarians were continuously exposed to varying concentrations of the extract, with locomotor activity recorded before and after treatments. Specimens were then transversely amputated into head and tail fragments, which were observed independently. Regenerative outcomes, including body length, eyespot formation, and indicators of nervous system recovery, were measured at regular intervals. Results demonstrated that in trial 1, group D slightly decreased in head length regeneration compared to our control group A. Although group A had the smallest amount of head regeneration over the course of 11 days, there was no significant difference found between the groups in trial 1. Similarly, group C had the least regenerative ability overall over 11 days, but there was still no statistical difference found between the groups. Ultimately, Trichosanthes root was not significantly effective in the regeneration, locomotor activity, and behavior of Dugesia Tirgrina. These findings suggest that even as planarians remain valuable assets in testing biological compounds, Tricosanthes root may not have benefited tissue regeneration as hypothesized.</p>

== Document ==
<pdf>Media:Draft_Lee_111752203-7514-document.pdf</pdf>

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 [[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.29.16 PM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 8. Touch responsiveness in Trial 1 across four Trichosanthes extract concentrations (0%, 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05% v/v). n=10 per group. All planarians exhibited directed avoidance response. No significant differences detected (all p > 0.05).*]]
 [[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.29.24 PM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 9. Locomotor activity in Trial 2 across four Trichosanthes extract concentrations (0%, 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05% v/v). n=10 per group. No significant differences detected (all p > 0.05).]]
 === 3.1 Locomotor Activity ===
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 == Acknowledgements. ==
-The authors thank [Your Institution] faculty for supervision during euthanasia procedures and laboratory access. No external funding was received for this study.
+Dr. D. Marmor, Mrs. N. Jaipershad, Dr. L. Wang, Ms. Zhu, Ms. Khemlani, Dr. J. Cohen, Dr. S. Lin, Mr. Z. Liang, Ms. DePietro
 References.

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 == 3. Results ==
 === 3.1 Locomotor Activity ===
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 === 3.6 Touch Responsiveness ===
-Touch responsiveness was uniformly high across all groups and time points, with all planarians exhibiting directed avoidance responses upon stimulation. No significant differences were detected between groups at any time point (all p > 0.05; Fig. 8), indicating normal peripheral and central nervous system recovery in all treatment conditions.[[File:Screenshot 2026-05-30 at 11.28.18 AM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 3. The Effect of Trichosanthes Root Extract on Dugesia tigirina Movement-Trial 1. Each line represents the mean lines crossed per day of planarian (n=10 per group), different concentrations of trichosanthes root extract  (A: 0% of Trichosanthes Root Extract, B: 0.01% of Trichosanthes Root Extract, 0.03% of Trichosanthes Root Extract, and D: 0.01% of Trichosanthes Root Extract). The results indicate that there are minimal effects of trichosanthes root extract on the planarian movement. No significant differences were observed between groups at any time point (p > 0.05)]]
+Touch responsiveness was uniformly high across all groups and time points, with all planarians exhibiting directed avoidance responses upon stimulation. No significant differences were detected between groups at any time point (all p > 0.05; Fig. 8), indicating normal peripheral and central nervous system recovery in all treatment conditions.
-[[File:Screenshot 2026-05-30 at 11.30.10 AM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 4. The Effects of Trichosanthes Root Extract on the C-Shape Dugesia tigrina - Trial 1. Each line represents the c-shape curl behavior of planarian (n=10 per group) at different concentrations of trichosanthes root extract. The results indicate that trichosanthes root extract had minimal effects. No significant differences were observed between groups at any time point (p > 0.05).]]
-[[File:Screenshot 2026-05-30 at 11.31.45 AM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 5. The Effects of Trichosanthes Root Extract on Dugesia tigrina Eyespot Regeneration - Trial 1. Each line represents the mean eyespot score of the planarian (n=10 per group) at different concentrations of trichosanthes root extract. The results indicate that there are positive effects of trichosanthes root extract on the eyespot regeneration. No significant differences were observed between groups at any time point (p > 0.05)]]
-[[File:Screenshot 2026-05-30 at 11.32.48 AM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 6. The Effects of Trichosanthes Root Extract on the Head Tissue Regeneration of Dugeisa Tigirina - Trial 1. Each line represents the amputated planarian (n=10 per group) mean head regeneration length of different concentrations of trichosanthes root extract. Significant effects were observed on Day 1 (p < 0.001) and Day 5 (p = 0.002), using ANOVA with Tukey's HSD, but trichosanthes root extract demonstrated minimal overall impact on planarian head regeneration. ]]
-[[File:Screenshot 2026-05-30 at 11.33.55 AM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 7. The Effects of Trichosanthes Root Extract on the Tail Tissue Regeneration of Dugesia TTigirina- Trial 1. Each line represents the amputated planarian (n=10 per group) mean tail regeneration length of different concentrations of trichosanthes root extract. Significant effects were observed on Day 1 (p <0.01), Day 3 (p < 0.0001), Day 5 (p<0.02), Day 10 (p<0.0001), and Day 11 (p<0.01) using ANOVA with Tukey's HSD, but trichosanthes root extract demonstrated minimal overall impact on planarian’s tail regeneration. ]]
-[[File:Screenshot 2026-05-30 at 11.35.06 AM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 8. The Effects of Trichosanthes Root Extract on Touch Responsiveness on Dugesia tigrina's Touch Responsiveness - Trial 1. Each line represents the planarian (n=10 each group) mean touch-responsive score of different concentrations of trichosanthes root extract. The findings indicate that all the planarians had responded when touched. No significant differences were observed between groups at any time point (p > 0.05)]]
-[[File:Screenshot 2026-05-30 at 11.35.42 AM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 9.  The Effect of Trichosanthes Root Extract on the Movement of Dugesia Tigirna - Trial 2. Each line represents the mean lines crossed per day of planarian (n=10 per group) at different concentrations of trichosanthes root extract. The data indicate that trichosanthes root extract has minimal effects on the movement of planarians. No significant differences were observed between groups at any time point (p > 0.05)]]
-[[File:Screenshot 2026-05-30 at 11.36.24 AM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 10. The Effects Of Trichosanthes Root Extract on the C-Shape behaviors of Dugesia tigrina. Each line represents the c-shape curl behavior of planarian (n=10 per group) different concentrations of trichosanthes root extract. The results indicate that trichosanthes root extract had minimal effects. No significant differences were observed between groups at any time point (p > 0.05)]]
-[[File:Screenshot 2026-05-30 at 11.37.16 AM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 11. The Effects of Trichosanthes Root Extract on Dugesia tigrina Eyespot Regeneration - Trial 2. Each line represents the mean eyespot score of the planarian (n=10 per group) at different concentrations of trichosanthes root extract. The results indicate that there are positive effects of trichosanthes root extract on the eyespot regeneration. No significant differences were observed between groups at any time point (p > 0.05).]]
-[[File:Screenshot 2026-05-30 at 11.38.12 AM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 12. The Effects of Trichosanthes Root Extract on the Head Tissue Regeneration of Dugeisa Tigirina - Trial 2. Each line represents the amputated planarian (n=10 per group) mean head regeneration length of different concentrations of trichosanthes root extract. Significant effects were observed on Day 1 (p < 0.001) and Day 11 (p >0.05), using ANOVA with Tukey's HSD, but trichosanthes root extract demonstrated minimal overall impact on planarians head regeneration. ]]
-−
 == 4. Discussion ==
 The central hypothesis of this study—that Trichosanthes kirilowii root extract would enhance tissue regeneration in D. tigrina—was not supported. Across two independent trials, continuous exposure to extract concentrations of 0.01%, 0.03%, or 0.05% v/v produced no significant improvement in eyespot regeneration, body-length recovery, locomotor activity, c-shape behavior frequency, or touch responsiveness relative to the water-only control. Statistically significant differences in tail fragment length emerged at several time points in Trial 1, but the lack of a dose-response relationship and the failure of these effects to replicate in Trial 2 strongly suggest they reflect pre-existing size variation among fragments rather than a pharmacological effect of the extract.

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 == Abstract ==
-<p>Planarians of the species Dugesia tigrina are established model organisms for studying stem cell-driven tissue regeneration due to their pluripotent neoblasts and low husbandry cost. Trichosanthes kirilowii root, a herb used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine, contains bioactive compounds—including trichosanthin, flavonoids, and polysaccharides—with documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Because oxidative stress and inflammation are known barriers to tissue repair, we hypothesized that exposure to Trichosanthes root extract would accelerate regeneration in D. tigrina. Planarians (n = 10 per group) were assigned to one of four treatment concentrations (0%, 0.01%, 0.03%, or 0.05% v/v extract) for seven days, then transversely amputated. Head and tail fragments were monitored for 11 days across two independent trials, with body length, eyespot regeneration, locomotor activity, c-shape behavior, and touch responsiveness recorded at regular intervals. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc test. Although statistically significant between-group differences in tail regeneration length emerged at several time points (Day 1: p < 0.01; Day 3: p < 0.0001; Day 5: p < 0.02; Day 10: p < 0.0001; Day 11: p < 0.01), no dose-dependent trend was observed and no differences were detected for eyespot regeneration, locomotor activity, c-shape curling, or touch responsiveness (all p > 0.05). These results indicate that Trichosanthes root extract at the tested concentrations does not meaningfully enhance regeneration in D. tigrina, providing useful negative evidence for future screens of traditional herbal compounds in regenerative biology.
+<p>Planarians of the species Dugesia tigrina are established model organisms for studying stem cell-driven tissue regeneration due to their pluripotent neoblasts and low husbandry cost. Trichosanthes kirilowii root, a herb used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine, contains bioactive compounds—including trichosanthin, flavonoids, and polysaccharides—with documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Because oxidative stress and inflammation are known barriers to tissue repair, we hypothesized that exposure to Trichosanthes root extract would accelerate regeneration in D. tigrina. Planarians (n = 10 per group) were assigned to one of four treatment concentrations (0%, 0.01%, 0.03%, or 0.05% v/v extract) for seven days, then transversely amputated. Head and tail fragments were monitored for 11 days across two independent trials, with body length, eyespot regeneration, locomotor activity, C-shape behavior, and touch responsiveness recorded at regular intervals. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc test. Although statistically significant between-group differences in tail regeneration length emerged at several time points (Day 1: p < 0.01; Day 3: p < 0.0001; Day 5: p < 0.02; Day 10: p < 0.0001; Day 11: p < 0.01), no dose-dependent trend was observed and no differences were detected for eyespot regeneration, locomotor activity, c-shape curling, or touch responsiveness (all p > 0.05). These results indicate that Trichosanthes root extract at the tested concentrations does not meaningfully enhance regeneration in D. tigrina, providing useful negative evidence for future screens of traditional herbal compounds in regenerative biology.
 </p>
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 === Regeneration Assays ===
-Body length (mm) of both head and tail fragments was measured with a ruler every other business day for 11 days. Eyespot regeneration in tail fragments was assessed daily under a dissecting microscope using a standardized three-point scale: 0 = no visible eyespot; 0.5 = partial pigmentation or incomplete structure; 1 = fully formed, bilaterally symmetric eyespots. Touch responsiveness was evaluated in tail fragments only after pharynx regeneration was confirmed; a soft-bristle brush was lightly applied to the anterior margin of each fragment and the presence or absence of a directed avoidance response was recorded. Planarians were not fed until pharynx regeneration was complete, to avoid confounding feeding behavior with regeneration status. At the conclusion of both trials, all organisms were ethically euthanized by autoclaving at 121°C for 20 minutes under faculty supervision.
+Body length (mm) of both head and tail fragments was measured with a ruler every other business day for 11 days. Eyespot regeneration in tail fragments was assessed daily under a dissecting microscope using a standardized three-point scale: 0 = no visible eyespot; 0.5 = partial pigmentation or incomplete structure; 1 = fully formed, bilaterally symmetric eyespots. Touch responsiveness was evaluated in tail fragments only after pharynx regeneration was confirmed; a soft-bristle brush was lightly applied to the anterior margin of each fragment and the presence or absence of a directed avoidance response was recorded. Planarians were not fed until pharynx regeneration was complete to avoid confounding feeding behavior with regeneration status. At the conclusion of both trials, all organisms were ethically euthanized by autoclaving at 121°C for 20 minutes under faculty supervision.
 === Statistical Analysis ===
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 == Results ==

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 == Abstract ==
-<p>This study investigated the effects of Trichosanthes root extract on the regeneration rate of Dugesia tigrina, a freshwater planarian. Planarians were chosen for their regenerative ability and stem cell systems. Traditionally used in Chinese medicine for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, Trichosanthes root was tested for its unexplored regenerative potential. The goal was to evaluate a cost-effective, biologically based method for enhancing tissue regeneration with potential applications in regenerative medicine and wound healing. Planarians were continuously exposed to varying concentrations of the extract, with locomotor activity recorded before and after treatments. Specimens were then transversely amputated into head and tail fragments, which were observed independently. Regenerative outcomes, including body length, eyespot formation, and indicators of nervous system recovery, were measured at regular intervals. Results demonstrated that in trial 1, group D slightly decreased in head length regeneration compared to our control group A. Although group A had the smallest amount of head regeneration over the course of 11 days, there was no significant difference found between the groups in trial 1. Similarly, group C had the least regenerative ability overall over 11 days, but there was still no statistical difference found between the groups. Ultimately, Trichosanthes root was not significantly effective in the regeneration, locomotor activity, and behavior of Dugesia Tirgrina. These findings suggest that even as planarians remain valuable assets in testing biological compounds, Tricosanthes root may not have benefited tissue regeneration as hypothesized.</p>
+<p>Planarians of the species Dugesia tigrina are established model organisms for studying stem cell-driven tissue regeneration due to their pluripotent neoblasts and low husbandry cost. Trichosanthes kirilowii root, a herb used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine, contains bioactive compounds—including trichosanthin, flavonoids, and polysaccharides—with documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Because oxidative stress and inflammation are known barriers to tissue repair, we hypothesized that exposure to Trichosanthes root extract would accelerate regeneration in D. tigrina. Planarians (n = 10 per group) were assigned to one of four treatment concentrations (0%, 0.01%, 0.03%, or 0.05% v/v extract) for seven days, then transversely amputated. Head and tail fragments were monitored for 11 days across two independent trials, with body length, eyespot regeneration, locomotor activity, c-shape behavior, and touch responsiveness recorded at regular intervals. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc test. Although statistically significant between-group differences in tail regeneration length emerged at several time points (Day 1: p < 0.01; Day 3: p < 0.0001; Day 5: p < 0.02; Day 10: p < 0.0001; Day 11: p < 0.01), no dose-dependent trend was observed and no differences were detected for eyespot regeneration, locomotor activity, c-shape curling, or touch responsiveness (all p > 0.05). These results indicate that Trichosanthes root extract at the tested concentrations does not meaningfully enhance regeneration in D. tigrina, providing useful negative evidence for future screens of traditional herbal compounds in regenerative biology.
-== Document ==
+Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has documented anti-inflammatory and antioxidant interventions for centuries, yet most of these compounds remain uncharacterized in living regeneration assays. Because inflammation and oxidative stress suppress stem cell activity and delay wound healing (Zhang et al., 2022), compounds that mitigate these stressors are rational candidates for promoting regeneration. Trichosanthes kirilowii root represents one such candidate: its bioactive constituents—including the ribosome-inactivating protein trichosanthin, flavonoid antioxidants, triterpenoids, and immunomodulatory polysaccharides—are well-documented in cell-culture and clinical contexts (Lo et al., 2017; Luo et al., 2013), yet no study has examined their effect on in vivo tissue regeneration in a whole-organism model.
-<pdf>Media:Draft_Lee_111752203-7514-document.pdf</pdf>

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Zhuo Lee 2026a - Revision history

Alexanderllala at 14:27, 15 June 2026

Alexanderllala at 18:35, 14 June 2026

Alexanderllala: format

Alexanderllala: Change the format

Alexanderllala: format

Alexanderllala: Alexanderllala moved page Draft Lee 111752203 to Zhuo Lee 2026a

Alexanderllala: Created page with " == Abstract == This study investigated the effects of Trichosanthes root extract on the regeneration rate of Dugesia tigrina, a freshwater planarian. Planarians were chos..."

Alexanderllala: Created page with " == Abstract ==
This study investigated the effects of Trichosanthes root extract on the regeneration rate of Dugesia tigrina, a freshwater planarian. Planarians were chos..."