Zhang et al 2020h - Revision history

Rimni at 14:57, 14 December 2021

2021-12-14T14:57:28Z

Rimni at 07:01, 15 April 2021

2021-04-15T07:01:45Z

Rimni at 11:37, 13 April 2021

2021-04-13T11:37:23Z

Show changes

Rimni at 10:42, 13 April 2021

2021-04-13T10:42:51Z

Rimni at 10:33, 13 April 2021

2021-04-13T10:33:54Z

Rimni at 10:30, 13 April 2021

2021-04-13T10:30:16Z

Rimni: /* 5.1 Effect of assembly length */

2021-04-13T10:15:46Z

‎5.1 Effect of assembly length

Rimni at 14:02, 12 April 2021

2021-04-12T14:02:09Z

Rimni at 13:46, 12 April 2021

2021-04-12T13:46:56Z

Rimni at 13:46, 12 April 2021

2021-04-12T13:46:29Z

@@ Line 265: / Line 265: @@
 | colspan="1" style="padding:10px;"| '''Figure 6'''. Erosion rate and wall shear stress
 |}
 ===4.2 Effect of flow velocity ===

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The erosion wear mechanism of liquid-solid two-phase high pressure manifold tee pipes==
+<!--The erosion wear mechanism of liquid-solid two-phase high pressure manifold tee pipes==
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 . School of Mechatronic Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
-<span id='OLE_LINK22'></span><span id='OLE_LINK23'></span>2. National Joint Engineering Research Center for Abrasion Control and Molding of Metal Materials, Luoyang, 471003, China
+. National Joint Engineering Research Center for Abrasion Control and Molding of Metal Materials, Luoyang, 471003, China
 . School of Thermal Engineering, Chengde Petroleum College, Cheng de, 067000, China
+-->
-==Abstrac==
+==Abstract==
 The wall thickness of pressure pipe is often thinned due to the erosion wear, which leads to pipe failure and even safety accidents. In particular, the tee pipe is more prone to be erosive as a key component of transferring fluid with particles. Therefore, the erosion wear mechanism of high pressure manifold tee pipe based on liquid-solid two-phase flow is studied in this paper. Firstly, the standard tee pipe geometry model is established and the grid is divided. And then grid number independence is verified by the percentage difference. According to the structural characteristics of tee pipe, the wear of the inner wall under four different port combinations is predicted. In addition, the relationship between erosion rate and wall shear stress is further analyzed by fluid velocity, particle diameter and mass flow rate. Double tee pipes geometry model was established to explore the erosion wear on the inner walls. The effects of assembly length and different port combinations on erosion wear were discussed respectively. When the inlets are fixed, the wall shear stress distribution of the downstream tee pipe is mainly affected by the outlets. The assembly length mainly affects the erosion rate of the downstream tee pipe.

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 {| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;"
 |-
-| <math>\rho \frac{\partial \epsilon }{\partial t}=\frac{d}{dx_j}\left[\left(\mu +\right. \right. </math><math>\left. \left. \frac{{\mu }_t}{{\sigma }_{\epsilon }}\right)\frac{\partial \epsilon }{\partial x_j}\right]+</math><math>\rho C_1E_{\epsilon }-\rho C_2\frac{{\epsilon }^2}{k+\sqrt{v\epsilon }}-</math><math>\rho \frac{\partial \left(\epsilon u_i\right)}{\partial x_i}</math>
+| <math>\rho \frac{\partial \epsilon }{\partial t}=\frac{d}{dx_j}\left[\left(\mu + \frac{{\mu }_t}{{\sigma }_{\epsilon }}\right)\frac{\partial \epsilon }{\partial x_j}\right]+</math><math>\rho C_1E_{\epsilon }-\rho C_2\frac{{\epsilon }^2}{k+\sqrt{v\epsilon }}-</math><math>\rho \frac{\partial \left(\epsilon u_i\right)}{\partial x_i}</math>
 |}
 | style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2)
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 {| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;"
 |-
-| <math>F_{VM}=C_{VM}\frac{\rho }{{\rho }_p}\left[u_p\left(u-\right. \right. </math><math>\left. \left. u_p\right)-\frac{du_p}{dt}\right]</math>
+| <math>F_{VM}=C_{VM}\frac{\rho }{{\rho }_p}\left[u_p\left(u- u_p\right)-\frac{du_p}{dt}\right]</math>
 |}
 | style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (7)

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<!--==The erosion wear mechanism of liquid-solid two-phase high pressure manifold tee pipes==
+The erosion wear mechanism of liquid-solid two-phase high pressure manifold tee pipes==
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 <span id='OLE_LINK22'></span><span id='OLE_LINK23'></span>2. National Joint Engineering Research Center for Abrasion Control and Molding of Metal Materials, Luoyang, 471003, China
-. School of Thermal Engineering, Chengde Petroleum College, Cheng de, 067000, China-->
+. School of Thermal Engineering, Chengde Petroleum College, Cheng de, 067000, China
 ==Abstrac==

@@ Line 383: / Line 383: @@
 ===5.2 Effect of port combinations===
-In order to study the erosion wear mechanism of double tee pipe under different port combinations, 6 combination methods are set up. Such as type-a of port a and b as inlets and port c and d as outlets, type-b of port a and b as inlets and port c as outlet, type-c of port a and b as inlets and port d as outlet, type-d of port a as inlet and port c and d as outlets, type-e of port a as inlet and port c as outlet and type-f of port a as inlet and port d as outlet. The inlet velocity is 7.5 m/s as fluid flow through two ports, and the inlet velocity is 15 m/s as the fluid flow through one port. As shown in <span id='cite-_Ref53648616'></span>[[#_Ref53648616|Fig. 17]], the erosion dent of the upstream tee pipe mainly occurs at the junction and downstream. However, the erosion area of the downstream tee pipe varies with the outlet position. The most prone to erosive is the two corners of the downstream tee pipe.
+In order to study the erosion wear mechanism of double tee pipe under different port combinations, 6 combination methods are set up. Such as type-a of port a and b as inlets and port c and d as outlets, type-b of port a and b as inlets and port c as outlet, type-c of port a and b as inlets and port d as outlet, type-d of port a as inlet and port c and d as outlets, type-e of port a as inlet and port c as outlet and type-f of port a as inlet and port d as outlet. The inlet velocity is 7.5 m/s as fluid flow through two ports, and the inlet velocity is 15 m/s as the fluid flow through one port. The erosion dent of the upstream tee pipe mainly occurs at the junction and downstream ([[#img-17|Figure 17]]). However, the erosion area of the downstream tee pipe varies with the outlet position. The most prone to erosive is the two corners of the downstream tee pipe.
-As shown in <span id='cite-_Ref53648623'></span>[[#_Ref53648623|Fig. 18]], the distribution of wall shear stress is mainly related to the direction of fluid flow. If only the port a is inlet, there will be seen obviously the shear stress distribution on the pipe wall. The wall shear stress distribution on the transitional pipe section is similar, and the shear stress decreases gradually from upstream to downstream. The wall shear stress distribution of the downstream tee pipe is mainly related to the opening and closing of the port c. As the opening of the port c, the shear stress of the downstream tee pipe is mainly distributed in the branch pipe.
+The distribution of wall shear stress is mainly related to the direction of fluid flow, as shown in [[#img-18|Figure 18]]. If only the port a is inlet, there will be seen obviously the shear stress distribution on the pipe wall. The wall shear stress distribution on the transitional pipe section is similar, and the shear stress decreases gradually from upstream to downstream. The wall shear stress distribution of the downstream tee pipe is mainly related to the opening and closing of the port c. As the opening of the port c, the shear stress of the downstream tee pipe is mainly distributed in the branch pipe.
-As shown in <span id='cite-_Ref53648631'></span>[[#_Ref53648631|Fig. 19]], when the port a and b are inlets, the maximum erosion rate changes greatly, and the maximum erosion rate is obtained at type-b. However, the distribution of wall shear stress under the same inlet is more uniform. The wall shear stress at two inlets is larger than that at one inlet.
+When the port a and b are inlets, the maximum erosion rate changes greatly, and the maximum erosion rate is obtained at type-b ([[#img-19|Figure 19]]). However, the distribution of wall shear stress under the same inlet is more uniform. The wall shear stress at two inlets is larger than that at one inlet.
-[[Image:Draft_Z_532072942-image28.jpeg|504px]]
+<div id='img-17'></div>
-[[Image:Draft_Z_532072942-image29.jpeg|492px]]
+<div id='img-18'></div>
-[[Image:Draft_Z_532072942-image30.jpeg|468px]]
+<div id='img-19'></div>
+{| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; width: auto;max-width: auto;"
-<div id="_Ref53648631" class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+|-
-<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Fig. 19. The maximum erosion rate and wall shear stress</span></div>
+|style="padding:10px;"|  [[Image:Draft_Z_532072942-image30.jpeg|468px]]
 ==6. Conclusion==

@@ Line 353: / Line 353: @@
 The high wall shear stress mainly occurs in the downstream section of the upstream tee pipe and a branch pipe of the downstream tee pipe ([[#img-15|Figure 15]]). The wall shear stress decreases in the transitional pipe. The longer the assembly length, the longer the transitional area of wall shear stress.
-The maximum erosion rate and the maximum wall shear stress decrease first and then increase and decrease late with the increase of assembly length, and the minimum value is obtained at H=1300mm ([[#img-16|Figure 16]]). However, the average erosion rate decreases with the increase of assembly length and remains basically unchanged. Changes of average wall shear stress is similar to the maximum wall shear stress, but its minimum value is obtained at H=1200mm.
+The maximum erosion rate and the maximum wall shear stress decrease first and then increase and decrease late with the increase of assembly length, and the minimum value is obtained at <math>H=1300</math>mm ([[#img-16|Figure 16]]). However, the average erosion rate decreases with the increase of assembly length and remains basically unchanged. Changes of average wall shear stress is similar to the maximum wall shear stress, but its minimum value is obtained at <math>H=1200</math>mm.
 <div id='img-14'></div>
@@ Line 380: / Line 380: @@
 | colspan="1" style="padding:10px;"| '''Figure 16'''. Erosion rate and wall shear stress
 |}
 ===5.2 Effect of port combinations===

@@ Line 337: / Line 337: @@
 ==5. Effect of double tee tubes==
-In the process of fracturing, multiple tee pipes are often arranged and connected to multiple fracturing trucks in order to increase the flow rate of the main pipe. As shown in <span id='cite-_Ref53648208'></span>[[#_Ref53648208|Fig. 13]], the geometry model of double tee pipe is established. The assembly lengths are 1100 mm, 1200mm, 1300mm, 1400mm and 1500 mm, respectively. For example, port A and port B as imports, port c and port d as exports to study the effect of different combinations on erosion. The inlet velocity is 15 m/s or 7.5m/s.
+In the process of fracturing, multiple tee pipes are often arranged and connected to multiple fracturing trucks in order to increase the flow rate of the main pipe. As shown in [[#img-13|Figure 13]], the geometry model of double tee pipe is established. The assembly lengths are 1100 mm, 1200mm, 1300mm, 1400mm and 1500 mm, respectively. For example, port A and port B as imports, port c and port d as exports to study the effect of different combinations on erosion. The inlet velocity is 15 m/s or 7.5m/s.
-[[Image:Draft_Z_532072942-image24.jpeg|600px]]
+<div id='img-13'></div>
+{| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; width: auto;max-width: auto;"
-<div id="_Ref53648208" class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
+|-
-<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Fig. 13 Geometry model of double tee pipe.</span></div>
+|style="padding:10px;"|  [[Image:Draft_Z_532072942-image24.jpeg|600px]]
 ===5.1 Effect of assembly length===
-<span id='OLE_LINK17'></span><span id='OLE_LINK18'></span><span id='OLE_LINK19'></span>The flow mode of port A as a inlet and port c and d as two outlets is chosen. And the fluid flow velocity is 15 m/s. As shown in <span id='cite-_Ref53648573'></span>[[#_Ref53648573|Fig. 14]], with the increase of assembly length, the erosion dent of upstream tee pipe is no change. Due to the port B is set to the rebound wall, the erosion area at the junction of the upstream tee pipe occurs only on one side. The erosion dent of downstream tee pipe occurred on the corners and port c section pipe. However, with the assembly length increases, the erosion dent of upper corner disappeared gradually. This is consistent with the results in a single tee pipe (Type-B).
+The flow mode of port A as a inlet and port c and d as two outlets is chosen. And the fluid flow velocity is 15 m/s. With the increase of assembly length, the erosion dent of upstream tee pipe is no change, as shown in [[#img-14|Figure 14]]. Due to the port B is set to the rebound wall, the erosion area at the junction of the upstream tee pipe occurs only on one side. The erosion dent of downstream tee pipe occurred on the corners and port c section pipe. However, with the assembly length increases, the erosion dent of upper corner disappeared gradually. This is consistent with the results in a single tee pipe (Type-B).
-As shown in <span id='cite-_Ref53648582'></span>[[#_Ref53648582|Fig. 15]], the high wall shear stress mainly occurs in the downstream section of the upstream tee pipe and a branch pipe of the downstream tee pipe. The wall shear stress decreases in the transitional pipe. The longer the assembly length, the longer the transitional area of wall shear stress.
+The high wall shear stress mainly occurs in the downstream section of the upstream tee pipe and a branch pipe of the downstream tee pipe ([[#img-15|Figure 15]]). The wall shear stress decreases in the transitional pipe. The longer the assembly length, the longer the transitional area of wall shear stress.
-As shown in <span id='cite-_Ref53648592'></span>[[#_Ref53648592|Fig. 16]], the maximum erosion rate and the maximum wall shear stress decrease first and then increase and decrease late with the increase of assembly length, and the minimum value is obtained at H=1300mm. However, the average erosion rate decreases with the increase of assembly length and remains basically unchanged. Changes of average wall shear stress is similar to the maximum wall shear stress, but its minimum value is obtained at H=1200mm.
+The maximum erosion rate and the maximum wall shear stress decrease first and then increase and decrease late with the increase of assembly length, and the minimum value is obtained at H=1300mm ([[#img-16|Figure 16]]). However, the average erosion rate decreases with the increase of assembly length and remains basically unchanged. Changes of average wall shear stress is similar to the maximum wall shear stress, but its minimum value is obtained at H=1200mm.
-[[Image:Draft_Z_532072942-image25.jpeg|528px]]
+<div id='img-14'></div>
-[[Image:Draft_Z_532072942-image26.jpeg|486px]]
+<div id='img-15'></div>
-[[Image:Draft_Z_532072942-image27.jpeg|498px]]
+<div id='img-16'></div>
 ===5.2 Effect of port combinations===

@@ Line 321: / Line 321: @@
 {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; width: auto;max-width: auto;"
 |-
-|style="padding:10px;"| [[Image:Draft_Z_532072942-image22.jpeg|510px]]
+|style="padding:10px;"| [[Image:Draft_Z_532072942-image22.jpeg|570px]]
 |- style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"
 | colspan="1" style="padding:10px;"| '''Figure 11'''. Erosion contours
@@ Line 332: / Line 332: @@
 |style="padding:10px;"| [[Image:Draft_Z_532072942-image23.jpeg|600px]]
 |- style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"
-| colspan="1" style="padding:10px;"| '''Figure 12'''. Erosion rate and wall shear stress
+| colspan="1" style="padding-bottom:10px;"| '''Figure 12'''. Erosion rate and wall shear stress
 |}

@@ Line 309: / Line 309: @@
 |style="padding:10px;"| [[Image:Draft_Z_532072942-image21.jpeg|600px]]
 |- style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"
-| colspan="1" style="padding:10px;"| '''Figure 10'''. Erosion rate and wall shear stress
+| colspan="1" style="padding-bottom:10px;"| '''Figure 10'''. Erosion rate and wall shear stress
 |}
 ===4.4 Effect of particle diameter===