Yan 2021a - Revision history

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Rimni: /* 5.1.3. The influence of particle diameter on the erosion and wear of tee */

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‎5.1.3. The influence of particle diameter on the erosion and wear of tee

Rimni at 09:25, 18 May 2022

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 [35] Guo Y.B., Liu C.C., Wang D.G., He R.Y. Numerical study and safety spacing of buried parallel gas pipelines: A study based on TNT equivalent method. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 168:246-257, 2018.
-[36] Yuan F., Zeng Y., Luo R., Khoo B.C. Numerical and experimental study on the generation and propagation of negative wave in high-pressure gas pipeline leakage. Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries, 65:104129, 2020.
+[36] Yuan F., Zeng Y., Luo R., Khoo B.C. Numerical and experimental study on the generation and propagation of negative wave in high-pressure gas pipeline leakage. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 65:104129, 2020.
 [37] Mocnik U., Blagojevic B., Muhic S. Numerical analysis with experimental validation of single-phase fluid flow in a dimple pattern heat exchanger channel. Strojniski Vestnik-Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 66:544-553, 2020.
 [38] Vieira R.E., Parsi M., Zahedi P., McLaury B.S., Shirazi S.A. Sand erosion measurements under multiphase annular flow conditions in a horizontal-horizontal elbow. Powder Technology, 320:625-636, 2017.

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 [10] Okonkwo P.C., Shakoor R.A., Zagho M.M., Mohamed A.M.A. Erosion behaviour of API X100 pipeline steel at various impact angles and particle speeds. Metals, 6(10):232, 2016.
-[11] Wang C., Farhat Z., Jarjoura G., Hassan M.K., Abdullah A.M. Indentation and erosion behavior of electroless Ni-P coating on pipeline steel. Wear, 376-377:1630-1639 Part B, 2017.
+[11] Wang C., Farhat Z., Jarjoura G., Hassan M.K., Abdullah A.M. Indentation and erosion behavior of electroless Ni-P coating on pipeline steel. Wear, 376-377:1630-1639, Part B, 2017.
 [12] Coker E.H., Peursem D.V. The erosion of horizontal sand slurry pipelines resulting from inter-particle collision. Wear, 400-401:74-81, 2018.

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 With the increasingly severe global environmental pollution, natural gas has become an indispensable energy source [1,2]. Pipeline transportation is widely used as the main transportation mode of natural gas and oil [3,4]. The increased utilization of oil and gas resources will lead to a new upsurge in pipeline transportation [5]. With the increase of exploitation years of natural gas fields, especially shale gas fields, well head sand production increases year by year [6,7]. In the process of oil and gas production, although after filtration, sand removal and other processes, but there are still small particles will exist in oil and gas and other fluid media [8,9]. The tiny particles flow in the pipeline with gas or liquid, and collide with the pipeline wall at the position where the flow direction changes or the fluid is disordered, and the inner wall of the pipe fittings will be eroded and worn by the tiny particles [10,11]. Erosion wear is the main wear mode of natural gas and oil pipelines [12]. With the increase of pipe service time, pipe wall wear perforation, rupture, and other damage, which will lead to a series of safety accidents [13,14]. In recent years, accidents caused by oil and gas pipeline leakage frequently occur and cause losses [15,16]. Whether the pipeline can run safely and reliably is very important for the whole enterprise production activities [17]. Erosion wear of pipelines occurs frequently in industry, especially for special pipe fittings, such as bend, flange, and tee, etc. [18]. Therefore, the study of pipeline erosion and pipeline leakage is of great significance. In order to better locate and plug the leakage site, it is necessary to study the flow field characteristics, leakage velocity and leakage volume of the leakage site [19,20]. The analysis and study of erosion mechanism and leakage flow field is helpful to provide reference basis for the leakage and treatment of dangerous sources [21].
-In recent years, experts and scholars have done related research on pipeline erosion wear and pipeline leakage. In the aspect of pipeline erosion, Zhang considered the stress state of the equipment in the study of pipeline erosion, and developed the corresponding erosion wear experimental equipment [22]. Zhao et al. carried out experimental study and numerical simulation to analyze the influence of particle erosion time on the erosion of target material [23]. Ou et al. and Wang et al.,  respectively, analyzed and studied the erosion wear of the elbow of the fluid pipeline [24,25]. Kang et al. predicted the solid particle erosion on the symmetrical surface of the circulation bend [26]. Xu  et al. studied the erosion wear of gas-solid two-phase flow on pipelines and proposed a prediction equation for the maximum erosion rate [27]. Deng  et al. used a three-dimensional model to simulate the leakage process of underground natural gas pipelines [28]. Jiang et al. conducted laboratory research on the diffusion of crude oil in submarine pipelines and analyzed the leakage characteristics of the leakage flow field [29]. Zhang et al. conducted an experimental study on the leakage and diffusion of underwater natural gas pipelines, and quantitatively studied the factors affecting the gas leakage and diffusion characteristics [30]. Mu  et al. studied the influence of the location of the leakage hole on the leakage rate, established a leakage model to simulate different leakage scenarios, and verified the accuracy of the model through experiments [31]. Ebranhimi et al. have done some research on the small hole leakage of oil and gas pipelines and developed a numerical method [32]. Zhang et al. studied the dynamic behavior of LNG jet release under water and analyzed the gas diffusion characteristics under different scenarios [33]. Dong et al. carried out numerical simulation of natural gas leakage in the atmosphere [34]. Because the process of pipeline leakage is relatively complex, the leakage flow field can be studied by simulation and then the leakage cause and leakage characteristics can be obtained, which provides theoretical basis for production [35,36].
+In recent years, experts and scholars have done related research on pipeline erosion wear and pipeline leakage. In the aspect of pipeline erosion, Zhang considered the stress state of the equipment in the study of pipeline erosion, and developed the corresponding erosion wear experimental equipment [22]. Zhao et al. carried out experimental study and numerical simulation to analyze the influence of particle erosion time on the erosion of target material [23]. Ou et al. and Wang et al.,  respectively, analyzed and studied the erosion wear of the elbow of the fluid pipeline [24,25]. Kang and Liu predicted the solid particle erosion on the symmetrical surface of the circulation bend [26]. Xu  et al. studied the erosion wear of gas-solid two-phase flow on pipelines and proposed a prediction equation for the maximum erosion rate [27]. Deng  et al. used a three-dimensional model to simulate the leakage process of underground natural gas pipelines [28]. Jiang et al. conducted laboratory research on the diffusion of crude oil in submarine pipelines and analyzed the leakage characteristics of the leakage flow field [29]. Zhang et al. conducted an experimental study on the leakage and diffusion of underwater natural gas pipelines, and quantitatively studied the factors affecting the gas leakage and diffusion characteristics [30]. Mu  and Zhang studied the influence of the location of the leakage hole on the leakage rate, established a leakage model to simulate different leakage scenarios, and verified the accuracy of the model through experiments [31]. Ebranhimi et al. have done some research on the small hole leakage of oil and gas pipelines and developed a numerical method [32]. Zhang et al. studied the dynamic behavior of LNG jet release under water and analyzed the gas diffusion characteristics under different scenarios [33]. Dong and Wang carried out numerical simulation of natural gas leakage in the atmosphere [34]. Because the process of pipeline leakage is relatively complex, the leakage flow field can be studied by simulation and then the leakage cause and leakage characteristics can be obtained, which provides theoretical basis for production [35,36].
 In this paper, a T-shaped three-way pipeline in a natural gas pipeline is used as a model to perform CFD erosion and wear simulation analysis to explore the factors affecting pipeline erosion and wear and simulation analysis of the leakage of small holes in the pipeline and the establishment of an experimental platform experimentally verified the influence mechanism of the internal pressure, the area of the leakage orifice and the geometry of the leakage orifice on the flow field in the leakage of the small orifice leakage in the medium and low-pressure natural gas pipelines.
@@ Line 544: / Line 544: @@
 [30] Zhang Y.X., Zhu J.L., Peng Y.M., Pan J., Li Y.X. Experimental research of flow rate and diffusion behavior of nature gas leakage underwater. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 65:104119, 2020.
-[31] Zheng M., Zhang H.G. Numerical investigation on impacts of leakage sizes and pressures of fluid conveying pipes on aerodynamic behaviors. Journal of Vibroengineering, 19:5434-5447, 2017.
+[31] Mu Z., Zhang H.G. Numerical investigation on impacts of leakage sizes and pressures of fluid conveying pipes on aerodynamic behaviors. Journal of Vibroengineering, 19:5434-5447, 2017.
 [32] Ebrahimi-Moghadam A., Farzaneh-Gord M., Deymi-Dashtebayaz M. Correlations for estimating natural gas leakage from above-ground and buried urban distribution pipelines. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 34:185-196, 2016.

@@ Line 449: / Line 449: @@
 |-style="text-align:center"
 | style="text-align:left;" |Leakage orifice area /mm²
-|  6..4
+|  6.4
-|  12.8
+| 12.8
 | 19.2
-|  25.6
+| 25.6
-|  32.0
+| 32.0
 |-style="text-align:center"
 | style="text-align:left;" | Gas leakage mass flow rate /kg·s<sup>-1</sup>

@@ Line 452: / Line 452: @@
 |  12.8
 | 19.2
-|  25.6<
+|  25.6
 |  32.0
 |-style="text-align:center"
@@ Line 459: / Line 459: @@
 |  0.0024
 |  0.0035
-|  >0.0045
+|  0.0045
 |  0.0058
 |}

@@ Line 432: / Line 432: @@
-When the initial pressure is constant, the areas of the adjusted leakage orifice are 6.4, 12.8, 19.2, 25.6, 32.0 mm², etc. After the value of the pressure gauge is stable, perform the experiment. The leakage air volume values under different leakage orifice were obtained, as shown in Table 2. The simulation results are compared with the data obtained in the laboratory, and the comparative analysis results are shown in [[#img-15|Figure 15]].
+When the initial pressure is constant, the areas of the adjusted leakage orifice are 6.4, 12.8, 19.2, 25.6, 32.0 mm², etc. After the value of the pressure gauge is stable, perform the experiment. The leakage air volume values under different leakage orifice were obtained, as shown in [[#tab-2|Table 2]]. The simulation results are compared with the data obtained in the laboratory, and the comparative analysis results are shown in [[#img-15|Figure 15]].
 <div id='img-15'></div>
@@ Line 445: / Line 445: @@
 <div class="center" style="font-size: 75%;">'''Table 2'''. The experimental value of leakage quantity when the area of leakage orifice is different</div>
-<div id='tab-1'></div>
+<div id='tab-2'></div>
 {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 0.1em auto;border-collapse: collapse;font-size:85%;width:auto;"
 |-style="text-align:center"

@@ Line 325: / Line 325: @@
 ====5.1.3. Influence of particle diameter on the erosion and wear of tee====
-B end and A end go in and C end out, and the particle size is taken as follows: 0.0001 m, 0.0002 m, 0.0003 m, 0.0004 m, 0.0005 m, 0.0006 m, 0.0007 m, 0.0008 m and 0.0009 m. Other conditions remain unchanged, and the numerical simulation of erosion wear of T-shaped tee is carried out. Four erosion wear cloud images with different particle diameters were selected, as shown in [[#img-9|Figure 9]]. In addition, the relationship curve between particle diameter and maximum erosion rate as shown in [[#img-10|Figure 10]] can be obtained.
+B end and A end go in and C end out, and the particle size is taken as follows: 0.0001 m, 0.0002 m, 0.0003 m, 0.0004 m, 0.0005 m, 0.0006 m, 0.0007 m, 0.0008 m and 0.0009 m. Other conditions remain unchanged, and the numerical simulation of erosion wear of T-shaped tee is carried out. Four erosion wear cloud images with different particle diameters were selected, as shown in [[#img-9|Figure 9]]. In addition, the relationship curve between particle diameter and maximum erosion rate can be obtained, as shown in [[#img-10|Figure 10]].
 <div id='img-9'></div>

@@ Line 323: / Line 323: @@
 It can be seen from [[#img-7|Figures 7]] and [[#img-8|8]] that as the mass flow rate of particles in-creases, the maximum erosion rate continues to increase, but the erosion and wear parts on the T-shaped tee tube are basically the same. The main reason is that due to the increase of particle flow, the number of particles colliding with the pipe wall in a single time period is more than the former, and the erosion and wear rate is correspondingly in-creased.
-====5.1.3. The influence of particle diameter on the erosion and wear of tee====
+====5.1.3. Influence of particle diameter on the erosion and wear of tee====
 B end and A end go in and C end out, and the particle size is taken as follows: 0.0001 m, 0.0002 m, 0.0003 m, 0.0004 m, 0.0005 m, 0.0006 m, 0.0007 m, 0.0008 m and 0.0009 m. Other conditions remain unchanged, and the numerical simulation of erosion wear of T-shaped tee is carried out. Four erosion wear cloud images with different particle diameters were selected, as shown in [[#img-9|Figure 9]]. In addition, the relationship curve between particle diameter and maximum erosion rate as shown in [[#img-10|Figure 10]] can be obtained.

@@ Line 217: / Line 217: @@
 ==4. Analysis of influencing factors==
-===4.1 The main factors affecting erosion and wear===
+===4.1 Main factors affecting erosion and wear===
 When the impact conditions of the tiny particles are different, the erosion and wear effect caused by the impact of the material surface is also different. The gas-solid two-phase flow moves in the pipeline. The discrete phase of the solid particles will be affected by the continuous phase gas. The velocity and flow direction of the gas will affect the movement of the solid particles. According to the kinetic energy theorem, the larger the velocity of a particle, the greater the impulse it has. Therefore, when the flow direction and velocity of the gas change, the movement of the particles will be affected, which in turn will affect the erosion and wear effect of the pipeline.