Scipediacontent at 07:11, 7 April 2017

2017-04-07T07:11:46Z

Scipediacontent at 07:11, 7 April 2017

2017-04-07T07:11:38Z

Scipediacontent: Scipediacontent moved page Draft Content 887141387 to Xing et al 2016a

2017-04-06T13:25:02Z

Scipediacontent moved page Draft Content 887141387 to Xing et al 2016a

Scipediacontent: Created page with "====ABSTRACT==== HPR1000 is an advanced nuclear power plant (NPP) with the significant feature of an active and passive safety design philosophy, developed by the China Natio..."

2017-04-06T13:22:59Z

Created page with "====ABSTRACT==== HPR1000 is an advanced nuclear power plant (NPP) with the significant feature of an active and passive safety design philosophy, developed by the China Natio..."

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−	[[#bfn1\|†]]. The concept of Generation-III+ NPPs was also mentioned in some cases (e.g., Ref. [[[#bib5\|5]] ]); however, these will not be differentiated from Generation-III in this article because this terms definition is thought to be ambiguous.	+	[[#bfn1\|†]]. The concept of Generation-III+ NPPs was also mentioned in some cases (e.g., Ref. [ [[#bib5\|5]] ]); however, these will not be differentiated from Generation-III in this article because this terms definition is thought to be ambiguous.

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 ==1. Introduction==
-The use of nuclear energy for electricity generation began in the late 1950s and went through several phases over the subsequent half century [[[#bib1|1]] ,[[#bib2|2]] ]. Today, nuclear energy contributes 11% of the worlds electricity, with over 435 power reactors in 31 countries [[[#bib3|3]] ,[[#bib4|4]] ]. The designs of nuclear power plants (NPPs) are categorized by “generation.” After the prototype reactors of Generation-I and the commercial reactors of Generation-II, Generation-III light water reactors (LWRs) incorporate state-of-the-art improvements in the areas of fuel technology, thermal efficiency, and safety systems [[[#bib5|5]] ,[[#bib6|6]] ]. The most-widely-accepted criteria for Generation-III LWRs are contained in two documents: the ''Advanced Light Water Reactor Utility Requirements Document''  (URD) [ [[#bib7|7]] ] issued by the US Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and the ''European Utility Requirements for LWR Nuclear Power Plants''  (EUR) [ [[#bib8|8]] ] issued by a cooperative organization of European utilities. URD and EUR provide comprehensive requirements for Generation-III NPPs (or advanced NPPs), including requirements for safety design, performance design, and economic competitiveness. The first batch of Generation-III NPPs, such as AP1000 and European pressurized reactor (EPR), has been deployed since the beginning of the 21st century and will shortly be connected to the grid[[#fn1|<sup>†</sup>]] .
+The use of nuclear energy for electricity generation began in the late 1950s and went through several phases over the subsequent half century [ [[#bib1|1]] ,[[#bib2|2]] ]. Today, nuclear energy contributes 11% of the worlds electricity, with over 435 power reactors in 31 countries [ [[#bib3|3]] ,[[#bib4|4]] ]. The designs of nuclear power plants (NPPs) are categorized by “generation.” After the prototype reactors of Generation-I and the commercial reactors of Generation-II, Generation-III light water reactors (LWRs) incorporate state-of-the-art improvements in the areas of fuel technology, thermal efficiency, and safety systems [ [[#bib5|5]] ,[[#bib6|6]] ]. The most-widely-accepted criteria for Generation-III LWRs are contained in two documents: the ''Advanced Light Water Reactor Utility Requirements Document''  (URD) [ [[#bib7|7]] ] issued by the US Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and the ''European Utility Requirements for LWR Nuclear Power Plants''  (EUR) [ [[#bib8|8]] ] issued by a cooperative organization of European utilities. URD and EUR provide comprehensive requirements for Generation-III NPPs (or advanced NPPs), including requirements for safety design, performance design, and economic competitiveness. The first batch of Generation-III NPPs, such as AP1000 and European pressurized reactor (EPR), has been deployed since the beginning of the 21st century and will shortly be connected to the grid[[#fn1|<sup>†</sup>]] .
-The Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident that occurred on March 11, 2011 drew worldwide attention onto the safety of NPPs. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), governments, and nuclear safety authorities all issued special reports on the lessons learned from the Fukushima accident (e.g., Refs. [[[#bib9|9]] , [[#bib10|10]] , [[#bib11|11]]  and [[#bib12|12]] ]). These reports focused on areas such as protection against external events, the robustness of emergency power and ultimate heat sinks, the safety of the spent fuel pool, the emergency responses for multiple-unit accidents, and the inhabitability and availability of emergency facilities [[[#bib13|13]] ]. Safety inspections, or stress tests, and necessary improvements were made for current NPPs based on the Fukushima feedback (e.g., Refs. [[[#bib14|14]] , [[#bib15|15]]  and [[#bib16|16]] ]). In addition, safety requirements for new NPPs were also considered and discussed, as reflected in documents such as ''Safety of New NPP Designs''  [ [[#bib17|17]] ] drafted by the Western European Nuclear Regulators Association (WENRA), ''Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Design''  (No. SSR-2/1, Rev.1) [ [[#bib18|18]] ] drafted by the IAEA, and ''Safety Requirements for New NPPs during 12th Five-Year Plan'' drafted by the China National Nuclear Safety Administration (NNSA). The improved safety requirements for new NPPs in the above documents generally cover the following aspects: a revised and strengthened defense-in-depth approach, response capability for beyond-design-basis accidents (BDBAs) including multiple failures, the practical elimination of large radioactivity release to mitigate off-site emergency, and protection against internal and external hazards. In addition, concepts such as residual risk and a plant autonomy period were brought into discussion in the international nuclear power industry.
+The Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident that occurred on March 11, 2011 drew worldwide attention onto the safety of NPPs. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), governments, and nuclear safety authorities all issued special reports on the lessons learned from the Fukushima accident (e.g., Refs. [ [[#bib9|9]] , [[#bib10|10]] , [[#bib11|11]]  and [[#bib12|12]] ]). These reports focused on areas such as protection against external events, the robustness of emergency power and ultimate heat sinks, the safety of the spent fuel pool, the emergency responses for multiple-unit accidents, and the inhabitability and availability of emergency facilities [ [[#bib13|13]] ]. Safety inspections, or stress tests, and necessary improvements were made for current NPPs based on the Fukushima feedback (e.g., Refs. [ [[#bib14|14]] , [[#bib15|15]]  and [[#bib16|16]] ]). In addition, safety requirements for new NPPs were also considered and discussed, as reflected in documents such as ''Safety of New NPP Designs''  [ [[#bib17|17]] ] drafted by the Western European Nuclear Regulators Association (WENRA), ''Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Design''  (No. SSR-2/1, Rev.1) [ [[#bib18|18]] ] drafted by the IAEA, and ''Safety Requirements for New NPPs during 12th Five-Year Plan'' drafted by the China National Nuclear Safety Administration (NNSA). The improved safety requirements for new NPPs in the above documents generally cover the following aspects: a revised and strengthened defense-in-depth approach, response capability for beyond-design-basis accidents (BDBAs) including multiple failures, the practical elimination of large radioactivity release to mitigate off-site emergency, and protection against internal and external hazards. In addition, concepts such as residual risk and a plant autonomy period were brought into discussion in the international nuclear power industry.
 The technology of advanced NPPs has been mainstreamed and nuclear safety standards for new NPPs in the post-Fukushima era will be stricter. With this situation as a background, the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) developed the evolutionary advanced pressurized water reactor (PWR) HPR1000. The design makes full use of proven technology from the design, construction, and operation experience of the large PWR fleet in China, and introduces a number of advanced design features to meet the latest safety requirements and address the feedback from the Fukushima accident.

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Xing et al 2016a - Revision history

Scipediacontent at 07:11, 7 April 2017

Scipediacontent at 07:11, 7 April 2017

Scipediacontent: Scipediacontent moved page Draft Content 887141387 to Xing et al 2016a

Scipediacontent: Created page with "====ABSTRACT==== HPR1000 is an advanced nuclear power plant (NPP) with the significant feature of an active and passive safety design philosophy, developed by the China Natio..."