Tian et al 2019a - Revision history

Rimni: /* 4. Application of PIM */

2020-12-02T13:31:06Z

‎4. Application of PIM

Rimni: /* 2. Content of PIM */

2020-12-02T13:28:44Z

‎2. Content of PIM

Rimni at 13:33, 19 November 2019

2019-11-19T13:33:06Z

Rimni at 13:31, 19 November 2019

2019-11-19T13:31:53Z

Rimni at 13:30, 19 November 2019

2019-11-19T13:30:33Z

Rimni at 13:30, 19 November 2019

2019-11-19T13:30:02Z

Rimni at 13:29, 19 November 2019

2019-11-19T13:29:30Z

Rimni at 12:28, 6 November 2019

2019-11-06T12:28:01Z

Rimni: /* References */

2019-11-06T12:25:35Z

‎References

Rimni at 12:03, 6 November 2019

2019-11-06T12:03:33Z

@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
 ==4. Application of PIM==
-PIM has a wide range of applications (Figure 3). The whole life-cycle of the pipeline is covered from feasibility research to operation and maintenance in the longitudinal direction, as well as all the work involved in each stage is covered in the horizontal direction. Different PIM targets at each stage correspond to different PIM applications.
+PIM has a wide range of applications ([[#img-3|Figure 3]]). The whole life-cycle of the pipeline is covered from feasibility research to operation and maintenance in the longitudinal direction, as well as all the work involved in each stage is covered in the horizontal direction. Different PIM targets at each stage correspond to different PIM applications.
 Taking the long-distance oil and gas pipeline engineering as an example, this paper explores several possible application points at its survey and design stage, construction stage, operation and maintenance stage.
 Long-distance oil and gas pipeline belongs to highly dangerous structure. It is a strongly comprehensive and higher complex pipeline project with the largest investment and the most stringent security requirements in various countries. It includes not just line project, but the station project and other ancillary works. There is a wider space and stage for PIM playing a significant role.
+<div id='img-3'></div>
 {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; width: auto;max-width: auto;"
 |-

@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 ==2. Content of PIM==
-In terms of pipeline engineering category, PIM applies to building comprehensive pipeline, municipal pipeline, submarine pipeline, long-distance oil and gas pipeline project, etc. The more complex pipeline project is, the more value of PIM could be reflected. Its basic idea is: visual operation object is provided for all project participants by establishing digital models and corresponding database. Models and database can ensure integrity and transmission of all project information, and provide reliable decision basis for deciders at all stages. Digital model is evolved and updated along with the progress of pipeline engineering. Each stakeholder can also generate its own sub model for a certain application. Finally, complete pipeline information model will be formed. Basic framework of PIM includes perception layer, data layer, model layer, application layer, and decision layer (Figure 1). Among it, perception layer is a direct platform to obtain measured data and the source of PIM database data. Pipeline information model is established based on the PIM database. The model can be used for a variety of engineering applications, and provide technical support for management decision-making. It is an integrated running system from perception layer to decision layer, including obtain measured data-establish database-build digital models-field application-management decision.
+In terms of pipeline engineering category, PIM applies to building comprehensive pipeline, municipal pipeline, submarine pipeline, long-distance oil and gas pipeline project, etc. The more complex pipeline project is, the more value of PIM could be reflected. Its basic idea is: visual operation object is provided for all project participants by establishing digital models and corresponding database. Models and database can ensure integrity and transmission of all project information, and provide reliable decision basis for deciders at all stages. Digital model is evolved and updated along with the progress of pipeline engineering. Each stakeholder can also generate its own sub model for a certain application. Finally, complete pipeline information model will be formed. Basic framework of PIM includes perception layer, data layer, model layer, application layer, and decision layer ([[#img-1|Figure 1]] ). Among it, perception layer is a direct platform to obtain measured data and the source of PIM database data. Pipeline information model is established based on the PIM database. The model can be used for a variety of engineering applications, and provide technical support for management decision-making. It is an integrated running system from perception layer to decision layer, including obtain measured data-establish database-build digital models-field application-management decision.
+<div id='img-1'></div>
 {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; width: auto;max-width: auto;"
 |-
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 In the choice of model architecture, PIM logically is a model that contains all the information of pipeline engineering. But it is a synthesis of multiple models in actual application. Because of its essence is the pipeline engineering management tools, what and how many tools should be used depend on the practical problems. Although Single “Grand unified” model really can bring great convenience, it is extremely difficult and unrealistic to build and apply such a model. We consider that the ideal model architecture should be composed of some master models throughout the different stages and a quantity of application sub-models.
-Master models are updated at the different stages of engineering. They are converted from design models to construction models and further to operation models, accompanying with models' reconstruction and information transmission. Various sub-models for application relying on their master model are directly manipulated objects. Each participant can set up the corresponding sub-model to solve special problems according to the different PIM targets at different stages. In PIM, sub-models are not isolated. They are unified in a certain master model, or directly contacted with other sub-models. The content defined in any sub-models should be consistent with that defined in its upper master model so as to ensure the accuracy of information and avoid conflict. An example of model architecture for pipeline project is shown in Figure 2.
+Master models are updated at the different stages of engineering. They are converted from design models to construction models and further to operation models, accompanying with models' reconstruction and information transmission. Various sub-models for application relying on their master model are directly manipulated objects. Each participant can set up the corresponding sub-model to solve special problems according to the different PIM targets at different stages. In PIM, sub-models are not isolated. They are unified in a certain master model, or directly contacted with other sub-models. The content defined in any sub-models should be consistent with that defined in its upper master model so as to ensure the accuracy of information and avoid conflict. An example of model architecture for pipeline project is shown in [[#img-2|Figure 2]] .
 Thereinto, master models can be line model, station model, pipe network model and so on. In station model, combination station, compression station, heating station sub-models could be built. In combination station sub-model, in-station process system, power system, monitoring system sub-models are built. According to actual needs, secondary sub-model could be built under its superior model, forming a tree structure. The model type and level of structure are determined by the actual pipeline engineering demand.
+<div id='img-2'></div>
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 |-

@@ Line 206: / Line 206: @@
 [19] Karkoub M., Her M.G., Chen J.M. Design of an interactive pipeline inspection VR system. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 19(4):814-825, 2011.
-[20] Tennøe M., Helgedagsrud E., Næss M., Alstad H.K., Stensland H.K., Gaddam V.R., Johansen D., Griwodz G., Halvorsen P. Efficient Implementation and Processing of a Real-Time Panorama Video Pipeline. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, IEEE, 2013.
+[20] Tennøe M., Helgedagsrud E., Næss M., Alstad H.K., Stensland H.K., Gaddam V.R., Johansen D., Griwodz G., Halvorsen P. Efficient Implementation and Processing of a Real-Time Panorama Video Pipeline. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, 2013.
 </div>

@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 Digital Pipeline refers to comprehensive utilization of all sorts of technologies to achieve pipeline informatization. PIM is a concrete technology and the embodiment of digital pipeline. The effect of PIM is that pipeline information can be displayed to the user in a real and visual three-dimensional environment, and users manage the pipeline through the interactive mode. These fully reflect the characteristics of digital pipeline. The concept of Digital Pipeline is extensive, including hardware and software. While, PIM focuses on pipeline digital modeling and software application. Current technologies for digital pipeline, such as GIS, SCADA, etc. [13-15], can be well combined with PIM and applicated in it. They are the foundation and strong technical support for the future development of PIM.
-==4 Application of PIM==
+==4. Application of PIM==
 PIM has a wide range of applications (Figure 3). The whole life-cycle of the pipeline is covered from feasibility research to operation and maintenance in the longitudinal direction, as well as all the work involved in each stage is covered in the horizontal direction. Different PIM targets at each stage correspond to different PIM applications.

@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 Nevertheless, the standalone development of kit PIM software requires significant input of manpower, material resources and time. Software company and pipeline company will shrink back at the sight of uncertain revenue. It is unfavorable for the promotion of PIM. Only PIM will have achieved considerable results in practice, it is possible to form a virtuous circle of software development-software promote the application-application incent development. Using existing software on the market and carrying on secondary development of them is a better choice of most institutions at initial stage. The research and development of software should be based on the unified standard and universal data, and its application should ensure the smooth exchange and circulation of information. Also, they are preconditions of bright development of PIM.
-==3 Relationship and Difference==
+==3. Relationship and difference==
 As a new concept in pipeline engineering, PIM has some similarities with the existing concepts like pipeline integrity management and digital pipeline technique but has quite differences from them too. They are elucidated in the paper below.

@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 Although PIM and BIM are both the production tools facing the life-cycle of project, different positioning leads to the differences of emphasis and research means. Thus, PIM, which serves for the construction and management of pipeline engineering, should be generalized and applied as an independent concept and method.
-==2 Content of PIM==
+==2. Content of PIM==
 In terms of pipeline engineering category, PIM applies to building comprehensive pipeline, municipal pipeline, submarine pipeline, long-distance oil and gas pipeline project, etc. The more complex pipeline project is, the more value of PIM could be reflected. Its basic idea is: visual operation object is provided for all project participants by establishing digital models and corresponding database. Models and database can ensure integrity and transmission of all project information, and provide reliable decision basis for deciders at all stages. Digital model is evolved and updated along with the progress of pipeline engineering. Each stakeholder can also generate its own sub model for a certain application. Finally, complete pipeline information model will be formed. Basic framework of PIM includes perception layer, data layer, model layer, application layer, and decision layer (Figure 1). Among it, perception layer is a direct platform to obtain measured data and the source of PIM database data. Pipeline information model is established based on the PIM database. The model can be used for a variety of engineering applications, and provide technical support for management decision-making. It is an integrated running system from perception layer to decision layer, including obtain measured data-establish database-build digital models-field application-management decision.

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 Pipeline engineering is developing in the direction of digitization and informatization at present, but it still follows design, construction and management methods of architectural engineering. With more and more maximization and complicated networked of pipeline engineering, worse and worse conditions of construction environment, and more and more strict requirements of safety and environmental protection, it exposed many problems in traditional construction process of pipeline (especially oil and gas pipeline), such as lower construction management level and work efficiency, great potential safety hazard, unsustainability of pipeline network construction, lack of comprehensive overall planning, etc.[1-3]. Aiming at these issues, pipeline industry puts forward technical means like 3D GIS and advanced ideas like pipeline integrity management [4-6], but most of them only focus on solving a local problem, the problem of project information flowing, exchanging and sharing cause some limitations of their application. Focusing on the above shortcomings, this paper puts forward a new concept-Pipeline Information Modeling (hereinafter referred to as PIM). The concept uses the successful application experience of BIM in the global construction industry for reference, while combining with the characteristics of pipeline construction project. Its appearance makes up imperfections of digital pipeline in theory, and gives full play to the role of various advanced technologies. It is more consistent with pipeline engineering practice, and will be a powerful tool and production mode.
-==1 Definition of PIM==
+==1. Definition of PIM==
 ===1.1 Concept and nature of PIM===

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 PIM should have the following properties and characteristics:
-(1) Digital modeling: digital models of pipeline are not equivalent of the PIM, but the important achievements of PIM, which are digital expression of environmental, physical and functional characteristics of pipeline engineering. They are information carriers and operation objects for all the parties involved.
+# Digital modeling: digital models of pipeline are not equivalent of the PIM, but the important achievements of PIM, which are digital expression of environmental, physical and functional characteristics of pipeline engineering. They are information carriers and operation objects for all the parties involved.<br />
+# Standardization: it should be under a common standards framework from creation to application of models, including the standardization of data structure, interface, etc.<br />
-(2) Standardization: it should be under a common standards framework from creation to application of models, including the standardization of data structure, interface, etc.
+# Cooperativity: all related parties can work collaboratively on standardized models for multi-specialty pipeline projects on the standardized model. Exchange and sharing of information should be achieved. <br />
+# Completeness: digital model not only describes the geometric topology of the pipelines, but also contains closely associated information of geological environment, materials, risk, etc.<br />
-(3) Cooperativity: all related parties can work collaboratively on standardized models for multi-specialty pipeline projects on the standardized model. Exchange and sharing of information should be achieved.
+# Sustainability: models are not only available and updated in full life-cycle of a pipeline project, but also could be called and updated when contacting with other projects.
-−
-(4) Completeness: digital model not only describes the geometric topology of the pipelines, but also contains closely associated information of geological environment, materials, risk, etc.
-−
-(5) Sustainability: models are not only available and updated in full life-cycle of a pipeline project, but also could be called and updated when contacting with other projects.
 ===1.2 Contrast to BIM===

@@ Line 171: / Line 171: @@
 <div class="auto" style="text-align: left;width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;font-size: 85%;">
 [1] Antaki G.A. Piping and pipeline engineering: Design, construction, maintenance, integrity and repair. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2003.
@@ Line 179: / Line 178: @@
 [3] Zhang J., Liang Z., Han C. Failure analysis and numerical simulation of the buried steel pipeline in rock layer under strike-slip fault. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention, 15(6):853-859, 2015.
-[4] Baisong C., Jiankang W. Application of 3D GIS to pipeline integrity management. Natural Gas Industry, 33(12): 144-150, 2013.
+[4] Cai B., Wang J. Application of 3D GIS to pipeline integrity management. Natural Gas Industry, 33(12): 144-150, 2013.
 [5] Kishawy H.A., Gabbar H.A. Review of pipeline integrity management practices. International Journal of Pressure Vessels & Piping, 87(7):373-380, 2010.
@@ Line 189: / Line 188: @@
 [8] Beller M. Pipeline integrity management, detection of corrosion and crack in pipelines with intelligent pigs. Peptides, 29(9):1626-1630, 2008.
-[9] Muhlbauer, W. K. Pipeline risk management manual (Third Edition). Gulf Professional Publishing, Houston, 2004.
+[9] Muhlbauer W.K. Pipeline risk management manual (Third Edition). Gulf Professional Publishing, Houston, 2004.
-[10] Huang Weihe, Zheng Honglong, Wu Zhongliang. Overview of pipeline integrity management application over the past decade and its prospect in future in China. Natural Gas Industry, 33(12): 1-5, 2013.
+[10] Huang W., Zheng H., Wu Z. Overview of pipeline integrity management application over the past decade and its prospect in future in China. Natural Gas Industry, 33(12): 1-5, 2013.
-[11] Akruti, K. E., Zhang, T., Dwight, R. Maintaining pipeline integrity through holistic asset management. European Journal of Industrial Engineering, 10(5): 618-638, 2016.
+[11] Akruti, K.E., Zhang T., Dwight R. Maintaining pipeline integrity through holistic asset management. European Journal of Industrial Engineering, 10(5):618-638, 2016.
-[12] Gharabagh, M. J., Asilian, H., Mortasavi, S. B., Mogaddam, A. Z., Hajizadeh, E., and Khavanin, A. Comprehensive risk assessment and management of petrochemical feed and product transportation pipelines. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22(4): 533-539, 2009.
+[12] Gharabagh M.J., Asilian H., Mortasavi S.B., Mogaddam A.Z., Hajizadeh E., Khavanin A. Comprehensive risk assessment and management of petrochemical feed and product transportation pipelines. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22(4):533-539, 2009.
-[13] Geiger, G., Hazel, T., and Vogt, D. Integrated SCADA-based approach for pipeline security and operation. Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference(PCIC), 2010 Record of Conference Papers Industry Applications Society 57th Annual, IEEE, 2010.
+[13] Geiger G., Hazel T., Vogt D. Integrated SCADA-based approach for pipeline security and operation. Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference(PCIC), 2010 Record of Conference Papers Industry Applications Society 57th Annual, IEEE, 2010.
-[14] Iqbal, M., Sattar, F., and Nawaz, M. Planning a least Cost Gas Pipeline Route: A GIS and SDSS Integration Approach. International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies, IEEE, 2006.
+[14] Iqbal M., Sattar F., Nawaz M. Planning a least Cost Gas Pipeline Route: A GIS and SDSS Integration Approach. International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies, IEEE, 2006.
-[15] Kourogi, M., Kurata, T., Sakaue, K., and Muraoka, Y. A method and real-time implementation for annotating broadcast video images based on alignment with a set of panoramic images. Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III Fundamental Electronic Science), 89(11): 51-60, 2006.
+[15] Kourogi M., Kurata T., Sakaue K., Muraoka Y. A method and real-time implementation for annotating broadcast video images based on alignment with a set of panoramic images. Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III Fundamental Electronic Science), 89(11):51-60, 2006.
-[16] Neelamani, S., Al-Banaa, K. An approach to estimate the optimal depth of burial of crude oil pipelines for different marine conditions in kuwait. Water Science & Technology, 2(3): 41-66, 2014.
+[16] Neelamani S., Al-Banaa K. An approach to estimate the optimal depth of burial of crude oil pipelines for different marine conditions in kuwait. Water Science & Technology, 2(3):41-66, 2014.
-[17] Griggs, J., Lavigne, O., Gamboa, E. Modelling 3D interaction limits of inclined stress corrosion cracking in pressurised gas pipelines. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 168: 110-116, 2018.
+[17] Griggs J., Lavigne O., Gamboa E. Modelling 3D interaction limits of inclined stress corrosion cracking in pressurised gas pipelines. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 168:110-116, 2018.
-[18] Cano-Rodríguez, S., Gonzalez-Barbosa, J., Ornelas-Rodríguez, F., Hurtado-Ramos, J. and Icasio-Hernández, O. Positioning system for 3D scans inside objects. Revista Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para Cálculo y Diseño en Ingeniería, 35(1): 17, 2019.
+[18] Cano-Rodríguez S., Gonzalez-Barbosa J., Ornelas-Rodríguez F., Hurtado-Ramos J., Icasio-Hernández O. Positioning system for 3D scans inside objects. Revista Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para Cálculo y Diseño en Ingeniería, 35(1):17, 2019.
-[19] Karkoub, M., Her, M. G., and Chen, J. M. Design of an interactive pipeline inspection VR system. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 19(4): 814-825, 2011.
+[19] Karkoub M., Her M.G., Chen J.M. Design of an interactive pipeline inspection VR system. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 19(4):814-825, 2011.
-[20] Marius Tennøe, Helgedagsrud, E., Mikkel Næss, Alstad, H. K., and Pål Halvorsen. Efficient Implementation and Processing of a Real-Time Panorama Video Pipeline. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, IEEE, 2013.
+[20] Tennøe M., Helgedagsrud E., Næss M., Alstad H.K., Stensland H.K., Gaddam V.R., Johansen D., Griwodz G., Halvorsen P. Efficient Implementation and Processing of a Real-Time Panorama Video Pipeline. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, IEEE, 2013.
 </div>

@@ Line 170: / Line 170: @@
 ==References==
-. Antaki, George A. Piping and Pipeline Engineering: Design, Construction, Maintenance, Integrity, and Repair. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2003.
+<div class="auto" style="text-align: left;width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;font-size: 85%;">
-. Zhang Jie, Liang Zheng, Han Chuanjun. Failure Analysis and Numerical Simulation of the Buried Steel Pipeline in Rock Layer Under Strike-Slip Fault. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention, 15(6):853-859, 2015.
+[1] Antaki G.A. Piping and pipeline engineering: Design, construction, maintenance, integrity and repair. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2003.
-. Cai Baisong, Wang Jiankang. Application of 3D GIS to pipeline integrity management. Natural Gas Industry, 33(12): 144-150, 2013.
+[2] Wen W. et al. Difﬁculties in pipeline project approval and counter measures. Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation, 32(12):1347-1350, 2013.
-. Kishawy, H. A., Gabbar, H. A. Review of pipeline integrity management practices. International Journal of Pressure Vessels & Piping, 87(7): 373-380, 2010.
+[3] Zhang J., Liang Z., Han C. Failure analysis and numerical simulation of the buried steel pipeline in rock layer under strike-slip fault. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention, 15(6):853-859, 2015.
-. Groysman, Alec. Corrosion in Systems for Storage and Transportation of Petroleum Products and Biofuels: Identification, Monitoring and Solutions. Springer, Dordrecht, 2014.
+[4] Baisong C., Jiankang W. Application of 3D GIS to pipeline integrity management. Natural Gas Industry, 33(12): 144-150, 2013.
-. Eastman, C., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R., Liston, K. BIM Handbook: A guide to building information modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers and contractors, 2nd Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2011.
+[5] Kishawy H.A., Gabbar H.A. Review of pipeline integrity management practices. International Journal of Pressure Vessels & Piping, 87(7):373-380, 2010.
-. Beller, M. Pipeline integrity management, detection of corrosion and crack in pipelines with intelligent pigs. Peptides, 29(9): 1626-1630, 2008.
+[6] Groysman A. Corrosion in systems for storage and transportation of petroleum products and biofuels: Identification, monitoring and solutions. Springer, Dordrecht, 2014.
-. Muhlbauer, W. K. Pipeline risk management manual (Third Edition). Gulf Professional Publishing, Houston, 2004.
+[7] Eastman C., Teicholz P., Sacks R., Liston K. BIM handbook: A guide to building information modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers and contractors. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2nd Edition, 2011.
-. Huang Weihe, Zheng Honglong, Wu Zhongliang. Overview of pipeline integrity management application over the past decade and its prospect in future in China. Natural Gas Industry, 33(12): 1-5, 2013.
+[8] Beller M. Pipeline integrity management, detection of corrosion and crack in pipelines with intelligent pigs. Peptides, 29(9):1626-1630, 2008.
-. Akruti, K. E., Zhang, T., Dwight, R. Maintaining pipeline integrity through holistic asset management. European Journal of Industrial Engineering, 10(5): 618-638, 2016.
+[9] Muhlbauer, W. K. Pipeline risk management manual (Third Edition). Gulf Professional Publishing, Houston, 2004.
-. Gharabagh, M. J., Asilian, H., Mortasavi, S. B., Mogaddam, A. Z., Hajizadeh, E., and Khavanin, A. Comprehensive risk assessment and management of petrochemical feed and product transportation pipelines. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22(4): 533-539, 2009.
+[10] Huang Weihe, Zheng Honglong, Wu Zhongliang. Overview of pipeline integrity management application over the past decade and its prospect in future in China. Natural Gas Industry, 33(12): 1-5, 2013.
-. Geiger, G., Hazel, T., and Vogt, D. Integrated SCADA-based approach for pipeline security and operation. Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference(PCIC), 2010 Record of Conference Papers Industry Applications Society 57th Annual, IEEE, 2010.
+[11] Akruti, K. E., Zhang, T., Dwight, R. Maintaining pipeline integrity through holistic asset management. European Journal of Industrial Engineering, 10(5): 618-638, 2016.
-. Iqbal, M., Sattar, F., and Nawaz, M. Planning a least Cost Gas Pipeline Route: A GIS and SDSS Integration Approach. International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies, IEEE, 2006.
+[12] Gharabagh, M. J., Asilian, H., Mortasavi, S. B., Mogaddam, A. Z., Hajizadeh, E., and Khavanin, A. Comprehensive risk assessment and management of petrochemical feed and product transportation pipelines. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22(4): 533-539, 2009.
-. Kourogi, M., Kurata, T., Sakaue, K., and Muraoka, Y. A method and real-time implementation for annotating broadcast video images based on alignment with a set of panoramic images. Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III Fundamental Electronic Science), 89(11): 51-60, 2006.
+[13] Geiger, G., Hazel, T., and Vogt, D. Integrated SCADA-based approach for pipeline security and operation. Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference(PCIC), 2010 Record of Conference Papers Industry Applications Society 57th Annual, IEEE, 2010.
-. Neelamani, S., Al-Banaa, K. An approach to estimate the optimal depth of burial of crude oil pipelines for different marine conditions in kuwait. Water Science & Technology, 2(3): 41-66, 2014.
+[14] Iqbal, M., Sattar, F., and Nawaz, M. Planning a least Cost Gas Pipeline Route: A GIS and SDSS Integration Approach. International Conference on Advances in Space Technologies, IEEE, 2006.
-. Griggs, J., Lavigne, O., Gamboa, E. Modelling 3D interaction limits of inclined stress corrosion cracking in pressurised gas pipelines. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 168: 110-116, 2018.
+[15] Kourogi, M., Kurata, T., Sakaue, K., and Muraoka, Y. A method and real-time implementation for annotating broadcast video images based on alignment with a set of panoramic images. Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III Fundamental Electronic Science), 89(11): 51-60, 2006.
-. Cano-Rodríguez, S., Gonzalez-Barbosa, J., Ornelas-Rodríguez, F., Hurtado-Ramos, J. and Icasio-Hernández, O. Positioning system for 3D scans inside objects. Revista Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para Cálculo y Diseño en Ingeniería, 35(1): 17, 2019.
+[16] Neelamani, S., Al-Banaa, K. An approach to estimate the optimal depth of burial of crude oil pipelines for different marine conditions in kuwait. Water Science & Technology, 2(3): 41-66, 2014.
-. Karkoub, M., Her, M. G., and Chen, J. M. Design of an interactive pipeline inspection VR system. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 19(4): 814-825, 2011.
+[17] Griggs, J., Lavigne, O., Gamboa, E. Modelling 3D interaction limits of inclined stress corrosion cracking in pressurised gas pipelines. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 168: 110-116, 2018.
-. Marius Tennøe, Helgedagsrud, E., Mikkel Næss, Alstad, H. K., and Pål Halvorsen. Efficient Implementation and Processing of a Real-Time Panorama Video Pipeline. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, IEEE, 2013.
+[18] Cano-Rodríguez, S., Gonzalez-Barbosa, J., Ornelas-Rodríguez, F., Hurtado-Ramos, J. and Icasio-Hernández, O. Positioning system for 3D scans inside objects. Revista Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para Cálculo y Diseño en Ingeniería, 35(1): 17, 2019.