Svensson 2020a - Revision history

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== Abstract ==

This dissertation explores the topic of human-automation teamwork in Air Traffic Control (ATC). ATC is a high stakes environment where complex automation is being introduced while the human operator has the legal responsibility. With increasing demands on productivity in various industries (as also in ATC), automation is introduced for efficiency, maintaining safety, and to keep the workload of the human operator within acceptable limits. However, previous research has shown that automation may cause negative effects on the human operator and performance, such as forcing the operator out of the control loop, which might lead to problems or confusion. Previous research suggests a need for strengthening human-automation collaboration where automation is seen as a team member to keep the operator in the loop. In order to achieve such teamwork, the design of the automation needs to be human-centred, i.e. that the automation is designed for the underlying need of the operator. The aim of this dissertation is to explore teamwork in ATC from several angles to understand how the air traffic controllers are working in current ATC environments and how automation could be designed to support human-automation teamwork. The included studies rely on interviews, simulations, and questionnaires, all with operational air traffic controllers as participants. The results indicate that for both human-human teamwork and human-automation teamwork, teamwork factors such as adaptability and mutual performance monitoring (knowing what the other team members are doing) are important for the work performance in current ATC environments, where mutual performance monitoring is especially important during stressful situations. When designing automation, lessons learned from human-human teamwork should be considered. The work within the scope of this dissertation identifies and concerns two human-automation teamwork aspects: boundary awareness and implicit communication. These are proposed to support the operatorâs knowledge about the automation and the communication flow between the operator and the automation. Boundary awareness is the operatorâs knowledge of the automationâs abilities, its boundaries (what it can or cannot manage), and about consequences if it would go outside of these boundaries. Implicit communication is the unspoken or implied small cues that the operator and the automation can use to communicate with each other. It is proposed that implicit communication can be based on the work patterns of the operator. The knowledge gained through the work in this dissertation can be used as a foundation for further research and design of automation regarding operator knowledge about the automation boundaries and the communication within the team. Denna avhandling utforskar teamwork mellan mÃ¤nniska och automation inom flygtrafikledning. Flygtrafikledning Ã¤r en hÃ¶griskmiljÃ¶ dÃ¤r komplex automation introduceras samtidigt som den mÃ¤nskliga operatÃ¶ren har det juridiska ansvaret. Med Ã¶kade krav pÃ¥ produktivitet inom olika industrier (och Ã¤ven inom flygtrafikledning) sÃ¥ introduceras automation fÃ¶r effektiviteten, fÃ¶r att bibehÃ¥lla sÃ¤kerheten och fÃ¶r att hÃ¥lla arbetsbelastningen fÃ¶r den mÃ¤nskliga operatÃ¶ren inom acceptabla grÃ¤nser. Tidigare forskning har dÃ¤remot visat att automationen kan orsaka negativa effekter pÃ¥ den mÃ¤nskliga operatÃ¶ren och pÃ¥ prestationen, som till exempel att tvinga ut operatÃ¶ren utanfÃ¶r kontrolloopen vilket leder till problem och fÃ¶rvirring. Tidigare forskning fÃ¶reslÃ¥r ett starkare samarbete mellan mÃ¤nniska och automation dÃ¤r automationen Ã¤r sedd som en teammedlem fÃ¶r att behÃ¥lla operatÃ¶ren i loopen. FÃ¶r att uppnÃ¥ ett sÃ¥dant samarbete behÃ¶ver automation vara mÃ¤nnisko-centrerad, att automation med andra ord Ã¤r designad fÃ¶r operatÃ¶rens underliggande behov. Syftet med denna avhandling Ã¤r att utforska teamwork frÃ¥n olika vinklar inom flygtrafikledning fÃ¶r att fÃ¶rstÃ¥ hur flygledare jobbar i nuvarande flygtrafikledningsmiljÃ¶er och fÃ¶r att fÃ¶rstÃ¥ hur automation skulle kunna designas fÃ¶r att stÃ¶dja teamwork mellan mÃ¤nniska och automation. Studierna som denna avhandling bygger pÃ¥ har anvÃ¤nt sig av intervjuer, simuleringar och enkÃ¤ter, alla med operativa flygtrafikledare som deltagare. Resultatet tyder pÃ¥ att fÃ¶r bÃ¥de mÃ¤nniska-mÃ¤nniska teamwork och mÃ¤nniska-automations teamwork sÃ¥ Ã¤r teamwork faktorer sÃ¥ som flexibilitet och Ã¶msesidig Ã¶vervakning av teammedlemmarnas prestationer viktiga dÃ¤r Ã¶vervakning av teammedlemmarnas prestationer Ã¤r speciellt viktigt under stressiga situationer. NÃ¤r man designar automation bÃ¶r man ta lÃ¤rdom frÃ¥n teamwork mellan mÃ¤nniskor. Vidare sÃ¥ identifierar och behandlar arbetet inom denna avhandling tvÃ¥ aspekter gÃ¤llande teamwork mellan mÃ¤nniska och automation: grÃ¤nsmedvetenhet och implicit kommunikation. Dessa aspekter Ã¤r fÃ¶reslagna vi att stÃ¶tta operatÃ¶rens kunskap om automationen och kommunikationsflÃ¶det mellan operatÃ¶ren och automationen. GrÃ¤nsmedvetenhet Ã¤r operatÃ¶rens kunskap om automationens fÃ¶rmÃ¥gor, dess grÃ¤nser och dess konsekvenser nÃ¤r automation gÃ¥r utanfÃ¶r dessa grÃ¤nser. Implicit kommunikation Ã¤r de outtalade eller implicita ledtrÃ¥dar som operatÃ¶ren och automationen kan anvÃ¤nda fÃ¶r att kommunicera med varandra. Det Ã¤r fÃ¶reslaget att implicit kommunikation kan baseras pÃ¥ arbetsmÃ¶nster frÃ¥n operatÃ¶ren eller frÃ¥n prediktioner frÃ¥n automationen. Kunskapen frÃ¥n denna avhandling kan anvÃ¤ndas som ett underlagfÃ¶r vidare forskning och design av automation gÃ¤llande operatÃ¶rers kunskap om automationens grÃ¤nser och kommunikationen inom teamet.

== Full document ==
<pdf>Media:Draft_Content_682482691-beopen1193-6340-document.pdf</pdf>

== Original document ==

The different versions of the original document can be found in:

* [http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1414837/FULLTEXT01 http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1414837/FULLTEXT01]

* [http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-164303 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-164303]

* [http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1414837/FULLTEXT01.pdf http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1414837/FULLTEXT01.pdf],
: [http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/diss.diva-164303 http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/diss.diva-164303] under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

* [http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1414837/FULLTEXT01.pdf http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1414837/FULLTEXT01.pdf],
: [https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/3015287012 https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/3015287012]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 == Abstract ==
-This dissertation explores the topic of human-automation teamwork in Air Traffic Control (ATC). ATC is a high stakes environment where complex automation is being introduced while the human operator has the legal responsibility. With increasing demands on productivity in various industries (as also in ATC), automation is introduced for efficiency, maintaining safety, and to keep the workload of the human operator within acceptable limits. However, previous research has shown that automation may cause negative effects on the human operator and performance, such as forcing the operator out of the control loop, which might lead to problems or confusion. Previous research suggests a need for strengthening human-automation collaboration where automation is seen as a team member to keep the operator in the loop. In order to achieve such teamwork, the design of the automation needs to be human-centred, i.e. that the automation is designed for the underlying need of the operator. The aim of this dissertation is to explore teamwork in ATC from several angles to understand how the air traffic controllers are working in current ATC environments and how automation could be designed to support human-automation teamwork. The included studies rely on interviews, simulations, and questionnaires, all with operational air traffic controllers as participants. The results indicate that for both human-human teamwork and human-automation teamwork, teamwork factors such as adaptability and mutual performance monitoring (knowing what the other team members are doing) are important for the work performance in current ATC environments, where mutual performance monitoring is especially important during stressful situations. When designing automation, lessons learned from human-human teamwork should be considered. The work within the scope of this dissertation identifies and concerns two human-automation teamwork aspects: boundary awareness and implicit communication. These are proposed to support the operatorâs knowledge about the automation and the communication flow between the operator and the automation. Boundary awareness is the operatorâs knowledge of the automationâs abilities, its boundaries (what it can or cannot manage), and about consequences if it would go outside of these boundaries. Implicit communication is the unspoken or implied small cues that the operator and the automation can use to communicate with each other. It is proposed that implicit communication can be based on the work patterns of the operator. The knowledge gained through the work in this dissertation can be used as a foundation for further research and design of automation regarding operator knowledge about the automation boundaries and the communication within the team.  Denna avhandling utforskar teamwork mellan mÃ¤nniska och automation inom flygtrafikledning. Flygtrafikledning Ã¤r en hÃ¶griskmiljÃ¶ dÃ¤r komplex automation introduceras samtidigt som den mÃ¤nskliga operatÃ¶ren har det juridiska ansvaret. Med Ã¶kade krav pÃ¥ produktivitet inom olika industrier (och Ã¤ven inom flygtrafikledning) sÃ¥ introduceras automation fÃ¶r effektiviteten, fÃ¶r att bibehÃ¥lla sÃ¤kerheten och fÃ¶r att hÃ¥lla arbetsbelastningen fÃ¶r den mÃ¤nskliga operatÃ¶ren inom acceptabla grÃ¤nser. Tidigare forskning har dÃ¤remot visat att automationen kan orsaka negativa effekter pÃ¥ den mÃ¤nskliga operatÃ¶ren och pÃ¥ prestationen, som till exempel att tvinga ut operatÃ¶ren utanfÃ¶r kontrolloopen vilket leder till problem och fÃ¶rvirring. Tidigare forskning fÃ¶reslÃ¥r ett starkare samarbete mellan mÃ¤nniska och automation dÃ¤r automationen Ã¤r sedd som en teammedlem fÃ¶r att behÃ¥lla operatÃ¶ren i loopen. FÃ¶r att uppnÃ¥ ett sÃ¥dant samarbete behÃ¶ver automation vara mÃ¤nnisko-centrerad, att automation med andra ord Ã¤r designad fÃ¶r operatÃ¶rens underliggande behov. Syftet med denna avhandling Ã¤r att utforska teamwork frÃ¥n olika vinklar inom flygtrafikledning fÃ¶r att fÃ¶rstÃ¥ hur flygledare jobbar i nuvarande flygtrafikledningsmiljÃ¶er och fÃ¶r att fÃ¶rstÃ¥ hur automation skulle kunna designas fÃ¶r att stÃ¶dja teamwork mellan mÃ¤nniska och automation. Studierna som denna avhandling bygger pÃ¥ har anvÃ¤nt sig av intervjuer, simuleringar och enkÃ¤ter, alla med operativa flygtrafikledare som deltagare. Resultatet tyder pÃ¥ att fÃ¶r bÃ¥de mÃ¤nniska-mÃ¤nniska teamwork och mÃ¤nniska-automations teamwork sÃ¥ Ã¤r teamwork faktorer sÃ¥ som flexibilitet och Ã¶msesidig Ã¶vervakning av teammedlemmarnas prestationer viktiga dÃ¤r Ã¶vervakning av teammedlemmarnas prestationer Ã¤r speciellt viktigt under stressiga situationer. NÃ¤r man designar automation bÃ¶r man ta lÃ¤rdom frÃ¥n teamwork mellan mÃ¤nniskor. Vidare sÃ¥ identifierar och behandlar arbetet inom denna avhandling tvÃ¥ aspekter gÃ¤llande teamwork mellan mÃ¤nniska och automation: grÃ¤nsmedvetenhet och implicit kommunikation. Dessa aspekter Ã¤r fÃ¶reslagna vi att stÃ¶tta operatÃ¶rens kunskap om automationen och kommunikationsflÃ¶det mellan operatÃ¶ren och automationen. GrÃ¤nsmedvetenhet Ã¤r operatÃ¶rens kunskap om automationens fÃ¶rmÃ¥gor, dess grÃ¤nser och dess konsekvenser nÃ¤r automation gÃ¥r utanfÃ¶r dessa grÃ¤nser. Implicit kommunikation Ã¤r de outtalade eller implicita ledtrÃ¥dar som operatÃ¶ren och automationen kan anvÃ¤nda fÃ¶r att kommunicera med varandra. Det Ã¤r fÃ¶reslaget att implicit kommunikation kan baseras pÃ¥ arbetsmÃ¶nster frÃ¥n operatÃ¶ren eller frÃ¥n prediktioner frÃ¥n automationen. Kunskapen frÃ¥n denna avhandling kan anvÃ¤ndas som ett underlagfÃ¶r vidare forskning och design av automation gÃ¤llande operatÃ¶rers kunskap om automationens grÃ¤nser och kommunikationen inom teamet.
+This dissertation explores the topic of human-automation teamwork in Air Traffic Control (ATC). ATC is a high stakes environment where complex automation is being introduced while the human operator has the legal responsibility. With increasing demands on productivity in various industries (as also in ATC), automation is introduced for efficiency, maintaining safety, and to keep the workload of the human operator within acceptable limits. However, previous research has shown that automation may cause negative effects on the human operator and performance, such as forcing the operator out of the control loop, which might lead to problems or confusion. Previous research suggests a need for strengthening human-automation collaboration where automation is seen as a team member to keep the operator in the loop. In order to achieve such teamwork, the design of the automation needs to be human-centred, i.e. that the automation is designed for the underlying need of the operator. The aim of this dissertation is to explore teamwork in ATC from several angles to understand how the air traffic controllers are working in current ATC environments and how automation could be designed to support human-automation teamwork. The included studies rely on interviews, simulations, and questionnaires, all with operational air traffic controllers as participants. The results indicate that for both human-human teamwork and human-automation teamwork, teamwork factors such as adaptability and mutual performance monitoring (knowing what the other team members are doing) are important for the work performance in current ATC environments, where mutual performance monitoring is especially important during stressful situations. When designing automation, lessons learned from human-human teamwork should be considered. The work within the scope of this dissertation identifies and concerns two human-automation teamwork aspects: boundary awareness and implicit communication. These are proposed to support the operator’s knowledge about the automation and the communication flow between the operator and the automation. Boundary awareness is the operator’s knowledge of the automation’s abilities, its boundaries (what it can or cannot manage), and about consequences if it would go outside of these boundaries. Implicit communication is the unspoken or implied small cues that the operator and the automation can use to communicate with each other. It is proposed that implicit communication can be based on the work patterns of the operator. The knowledge gained through the work in this dissertation can be used as a foundation for further research and design of automation regarding operator knowledge about the automation boundaries and the communication within the team.  Denna avhandling utforskar teamwork mellan människa och automation inom flygtrafikledning. Flygtrafikledning är en högriskmiljö där komplex automation introduceras samtidigt som den mänskliga operatören har det juridiska ansvaret. Med ökade krav på produktivitet inom olika industrier (och även inom flygtrafikledning) så introduceras automation för effektiviteten, för att bibehålla säkerheten och för att hålla arbetsbelastningen för den mänskliga operatören inom acceptabla gränser. Tidigare forskning har däremot visat att automationen kan orsaka negativa effekter på den mänskliga operatören och på prestationen, som till exempel att tvinga ut operatören utanför kontrolloopen vilket leder till problem och förvirring. Tidigare forskning föreslår ett starkare samarbete mellan människa och automation där automationen är sedd som en teammedlem för att behålla operatören i loopen. För att uppnå ett sådant samarbete behöver automation vara människo-centrerad, att automation med andra ord är designad för operatörens underliggande behov. Syftet med denna avhandling är att utforska teamwork från olika vinklar inom flygtrafikledning för att förstå hur flygledare jobbar i nuvarande flygtrafikledningsmiljöer och för att förstå hur automation skulle kunna designas för att stödja teamwork mellan människa och automation. Studierna som denna avhandling bygger på har använt sig av intervjuer, simuleringar och enkäter, alla med operativa flygtrafikledare som deltagare. Resultatet tyder på att för både människa-människa teamwork och människa-automations teamwork så är teamwork faktorer så som flexibilitet och ömsesidig övervakning av teammedlemmarnas prestationer viktiga där övervakning av teammedlemmarnas prestationer är speciellt viktigt under stressiga situationer. När man designar automation bör man ta lärdom från teamwork mellan människor. Vidare så identifierar och behandlar arbetet inom denna avhandling två aspekter gällande teamwork mellan människa och automation: gränsmedvetenhet och implicit kommunikation. Dessa aspekter är föreslagna vi att stötta operatörens kunskap om automationen och kommunikationsflödet mellan operatören och automationen. Gränsmedvetenhet är operatörens kunskap om automationens förmågor, dess gränser och dess konsekvenser när automation går utanför dessa gränser. Implicit kommunikation är de outtalade eller implicita ledtrådar som operatören och automationen kan använda för att kommunicera med varandra. Det är föreslaget att implicit kommunikation kan baseras på arbetsmönster från operatören eller från prediktioner från automationen. Kunskapen från denna avhandling kan användas som ett underlagför vidare forskning och design av automation gällande operatörers kunskap om automationens gränser och kommunikationen inom teamet.
-−
-== Full document ==
-<pdf>Media:Draft_Content_682482691-beopen1193-6340-document.pdf</pdf>

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