Sousa et al 2019a - Revision history

Rimni at 15:14, 16 December 2020

2020-12-16T15:14:58Z

Rimni: /* 3.2 Energy demand */

2020-12-16T15:13:26Z

‎3.2 Energy demand

Rimni at 15:06, 16 December 2020

2020-12-16T15:06:50Z

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Rimni: /* 3.1 Comfort analysis using a simplified model */

2020-12-16T15:00:32Z

‎3.1 Comfort analysis using a simplified model

Rimni at 14:58, 16 December 2020

2020-12-16T14:58:40Z

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Rimni: /* 2.2. Case study: energy and comfort analysis */

2020-12-16T14:13:40Z

‎2.2. Case study: energy and comfort analysis

Rimni: /* 2.2. Case study: energy and comfort analysis */

2020-12-16T14:11:53Z

‎2.2. Case study: energy and comfort analysis

Rimni at 14:06, 16 December 2020

2020-12-16T14:06:35Z

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Rimni: /* 3.1 Comfort analysis using a simplified model */

2020-12-16T14:00:24Z

‎3.1 Comfort analysis using a simplified model

Rimni: /* 2.2. Case study: energy and comfort analysis */

2020-12-16T13:51:03Z

‎2.2. Case study: energy and comfort analysis

@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 In this study only internal gains due to occupancy were considered and no heating or cooling systems were taken into account. The analysis requires also parameters that depend on climatic conditions. Daily and hourly ambient mean temperatures, humidity, wind velocity, direction and warming and cooling factors, and solar radiation were considered.
-The thermal performance of a building can be expressed by various quantitative ways. The temperature on the outside surface of a wall fluctuates widely, from a high temperature during the sunny midday to a low temperature in the middle of the night. This can be thought of as a temperature "wave". The indoor temperature is clearly affected by external weather conditions, presenting the same behavior than the outdoor temperature with smaller amplitude and a delay between occurrence of peak (maximum and minimum) indoor temperatures and peak outdoor temperatures [20,21].This phenomenon due to the thermal mass is known as the time lag and is particularly important in the design of buildings in environments with a high diurnal range. The wall "damps" or reduces, the amplitude of the temperature wave. The narrower temperature fluctuation on the interior means that the cooling and heating loads are lower, and the inside of the building is more comfortable. The damping depends on both the insulation and the heat capacity of the construction. The thermal inertia of the envelope depends on the thermo-physical properties of the materials and on the thickness of the construction assembly envelope [20]. For two walls with the same insulation, the more massive wall will display greater temperature damping characteristics. Figure 1 shows the time lag that appears when mass and insulation are reasonably applied in a building structure. The other parameter adopted in this study, temperature damping, is a characteristic of mass construction that describes the way exterior temperatures and heat flows affect the interior of a building.  Temperature damping, can be measured as the difference between indoor to outdoor temperatures amplitudes as shown in the right side of [[#img-1|Figure 1]].
+The thermal performance of a building can be expressed by various quantitative ways. The temperature on the outside surface of a wall fluctuates widely, from a high temperature during the sunny midday to a low temperature in the middle of the night. This can be thought of as a temperature "wave". The indoor temperature is clearly affected by external weather conditions, presenting the same behavior than the outdoor temperature with smaller amplitude and a delay between occurrence of peak (maximum and minimum) indoor temperatures and peak outdoor temperatures [20,21].This phenomenon due to the thermal mass is known as the time lag and is particularly important in the design of buildings in environments with a high diurnal range. The wall "damps" or reduces, the amplitude of the temperature wave. The narrower temperature fluctuation on the interior means that the cooling and heating loads are lower, and the inside of the building is more comfortable. The damping depends on both the insulation and the heat capacity of the construction. The thermal inertia of the envelope depends on the thermo-physical properties of the materials and on the thickness of the construction assembly envelope [20]. For two walls with the same insulation, the more massive wall will display greater temperature damping characteristics. [[#img-1|Figure 1]] shows the time lag that appears when mass and insulation are reasonably applied in a building structure. The other parameter adopted in this study, temperature damping, is a characteristic of mass construction that describes the way exterior temperatures and heat flows affect the interior of a building.  Temperature damping, can be measured as the difference between indoor to outdoor temperatures amplitudes as shown in the right side of [[#img-1|Figure 1]].
 <div id='img-1'></div>

@@ Line 805: / Line 805: @@
 ===3.2 Energy demand===
-Energy performance of buildings assessment has become an important concerning in the last decade due to political, economic and ecological motives. Besides the thermal comfort analysis, the determination of the energy demand of three family houses, two single-family houses and one apartment is also performed for two Portuguese cities with Mediterranean climate, Bragança and Évora. Figure 5 reports the comfort parameters and Figure 6 the total energy demand for two months, January and August, in Bragança city.  Figures 7 and 8 show the results obtained for Évora City.
+Energy performance of buildings assessment has become an important concerning in the last decade due to political, economic and ecological motives. Besides the thermal comfort analysis, the determination of the energy demand of three family houses, two single-family houses and one apartment is also performed for two Portuguese cities with Mediterranean climate, Bragança and Évora. [[#img-5|Figure 5]] reports the comfort parameters and [[#img-6|Figure 6]] the total energy demand for two months, January and August, in Bragança city.  [[#img-7|Figures 7]] and [[#img-8|8]] show the results obtained for Évora City.
 {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; width: auto;max-width: auto;"
 |-
@@ Line 815: / Line 816: @@
 {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; width: auto;max-width: auto;"
 |-
@@ Line 823: / Line 825: @@
 {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; width: auto;max-width: auto;"
 |-
@@ Line 831: / Line 834: @@
 {| style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; width: auto;max-width: auto;"
 |-

@@ Line 457: / Line 457: @@
 ! rowspan='2' | !! <math>T_{ext}</math> !!  colspan='3'  style="text-align: center;"|Heavy model_1 !! colspan='3'  style="text-align: center;"|Heavy model_2 !!   colspan='3'  style="text-align: center;"|Light model
 |-
-|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;">Average <br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)
+|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|Average <br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)
-|  style="text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;"><math>T_{in}</math></span>
+|  style="text-align: center;"|<math>T_{in}</math><br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)
-<br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;"|Damp<br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)
-|  style="text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;">Damp<br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;"|Delay<br/>(<math>h</math>)
-|  style="text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;">Delay</span><br/>(<math>h</math>)
+|  style="text-align: center;"|<math>T_{in}</math><br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)
-|  style="text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;"><math>T_{in}</math>
+|  style="k;text-align: center;"|Damp <br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)
-<br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;"|Delay<br/>(<math>h</math>)
-|  style="k;text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;">Damp <br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;"|<math>T_{in}</math><br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)
-|  style="text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;">Delay<br/>(<math>h</math>)</span>
+|  style="text-align: center;"|Damp <br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)
-|  style="text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;"><math>T_{in}</math>
+|  style="text-align: center;"|Delay<br/>(<math>h</math>)
-<br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)</span>
-|  style="text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;">Damp <br/>(<sup>o</sup>C)</span>
-|  style="text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;">Delay<br/>(<math>h</math>)</span>
 |-
 |  style="text-align: center;"|'''Scheme1_J'''

@@ Line 400: / Line 400: @@
 |  style="text-align: center;"|0.25
 |  style="text-align: center;"|0.40
-|  rowspan='3' style="border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.43
+|  rowspan='3' style="text-align: center;"|0.43
 |-
 |  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: center;padding-left:10px;"|Insulation board EPS 100 (ETICS)
@@ Line 414: / Line 414: @@
 |  style="text-align: center;"|0.3
 |  style="text-align: center;"|0.43
-|  rowspan='3' style="border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.46
+|  rowspan='3' style="text-align: center;"|0.46
 |-
 |  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: center;"|Thermal mortar  (w.therm aislone)

@@ Line 437: / Line 437: @@
 |  style="text-align: center;"|0.006
 |  style="text-align: center;"|0.42
 |}

@@ Line 522: / Line 522: @@
 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;">(<math>h</math>)</span>
 |-
-|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;">'''S scheme1_J'''</span>
+|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;">'''Scheme1_J'''</span>
 |  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;">'''9.4'''</span>
 |  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%;">'''13.2'''</span>

@@ Line 353: / Line 353: @@
 |  style="text-align: center;"|0.38
 |-
-|  rowspan='4' style="padding-left:10px;"|Exterior wall  for single-family house and apartment building<br/>Single leaf clay masonry wall coated with external thermal insulation system (ETICS) <br/>and internal traditional rendering.<br/>(Ref. SL)
+|  rowspan='4' style="padding-left:10px;"|Exterior wall  for single-family house and apartment building<br/>Single leaf clay masonry wall coated with external thermal insulation<br/> system (ETICS) and internal traditional rendering.<br/>(Ref. SL)
 |  style="text-align: center;"|Clay block (22cm)
 |  style="text-align: center;"|0.22
@@ Line 371: / Line 371: @@
 |  style="text-align: center;"|0.82
 |-
-|  rowspan='3' style="padding-left:10px;"|Interior  wall between  two apartments <br/>Clay masonry cavity wall, without thermal insulation in the air layer, coated with traditional<br/> rendering on both sides of the wall.
+|  rowspan='3' style="padding-left:10px;"|Interior  wall between  two apartments <br/>Clay masonry cavity wall, without thermal insulation in the air layer, coated with<br/>traditional rendering on both sides of the wall.
 |  style="text-align: center;"|Clay block (11cm)
 |  style="text-align: center;"|0.11