Sanz-Ramos Blade 2025a - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 22 July 2025
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−	==Iber v4. Reference manual and GUI. Non-Newtonian shallow flows calculation module==	+	==Iber v3. Reference manual and GUI. Non-Newtonian shallow flows calculation module==

	Marcos Sanz-Ramos<sup>1</sup>, Ernest Bladé<sup>1</sup>		Marcos Sanz-Ramos<sup>1</sup>, Ernest Bladé<sup>1</sup>

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 22 July 2025
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−	==Iber v3. Reference manual and GUI. Non-Newtonian shallow flows calculation module==	+	==Iber v4. Reference manual and GUI. Non-Newtonian shallow flows calculation module==

	Marcos Sanz-Ramos<sup>1</sup>, Ernest Bladé<sup>1</sup>		Marcos Sanz-Ramos<sup>1</sup>, Ernest Bladé<sup>1</sup>

@@ Line 540: / Line 540: @@
 <span id='_Bib030'></span>
-[30] J.S. O’Brien, P.Y. Julien, Laboratory Analysis of Mudflow Properties, J. Hydraul. Eng. 114 (1988) 877–887. [https://doi.org/10.1061/ https://doi.org/10.1061/](ASCE)0733-9429(1988)114:8(877).
+[30] J.S. O’Brien, P.Y. Julien, Laboratory Analysis of Mudflow Properties, J. Hydraul. Eng. 114 (1988) 877–887. [https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1988)114:8(877) https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1988)114:8(877)].
 <span id='_Bib031'></span>

@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 Numerical modelling of natural phenomena, particularly weather-related which are the 90 % of global disasters, is essential to analyse and predict hazardous situations for the people, the economy and the environment. The evolution of these numerical tools, from simple one-dimensional to complex three-dimensional models, to simulate hydrological hazards like floods, mass movements, and avalanches is challenging, especially those in which the fluid can be characterized as non–Newtonian flows.
-Iber-NNF was developed, based on Iber [<span id='cite-_Bib007'></span>[[#_Bib001|1]]], as a depth-averaged two-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical tool to simulate non–Newtonian shallow flows. To that end, a particular numerical scheme based on an upwind discretisation to ensure a proper balance between the non–velocity-dependent terms of the shear stresses and the pressure forces has been developed [<span id='cite-_Bib007'></span>[[#_Bib002|2]]]. This ensures the stop of the fluid according to the rheological properties of the fluid, even in steep slopes and complex geometries. The code besides being validated and applied in theoretical, analytical, and real situations of common and non–common non–Newtonian shallow flows [<span id='cite-_Bib002'></span>[[#_Bib002|2]],<span id='cite-_Bib003'></span>[[#_Bib003|3]],<span id='cite-_Bib004'></span>[[#_Bib004|4]],<span id='cite-_Bib005'></span>[[#_Bib005|5]],<span id='cite-_Bib006'></span>[[#_Bib006|6]],<span id='cite-_Bib007'></span>[[#_Bib007|7]]], it has been fully integrated in the graphical user interface of Iber. This facilitates the model build-up, setup and results visualization converting the new code in a software suite fully operational for all practitioners.
+Iber-NNF was developed, based on Iber [<span id='cite-_Bib001'></span>[[#_Bib001|1]]], as a depth-averaged two-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical tool to simulate non–Newtonian shallow flows. To that end, a particular numerical scheme based on an upwind discretisation to ensure a proper balance between the non–velocity-dependent terms of the shear stresses and the pressure forces has been developed [<span id='cite-_Bib007'></span>[[#_Bib002|2]]]. This ensures the stop of the fluid according to the rheological properties of the fluid, even in steep slopes and complex geometries. The code besides being validated and applied in theoretical, analytical, and real situations of common and non–common non–Newtonian shallow flows [<span id='cite-_Bib002'></span>[[#_Bib002|2]],<span id='cite-_Bib003'></span>[[#_Bib003|3]],<span id='cite-_Bib004'></span>[[#_Bib004|4]],<span id='cite-_Bib005'></span>[[#_Bib005|5]],<span id='cite-_Bib006'></span>[[#_Bib006|6]],<span id='cite-_Bib007'></span>[[#_Bib007|7]]], it has been fully integrated in the graphical user interface of Iber. This facilitates the model build-up, setup and results visualization converting the new code in a software suite fully operational for all practitioners.
 The common applications of Iber-NNF are the numerical modelling of dense snow avalanches, mine tailings propagation (e.g., after a dam-break), lahars, and hypercongested flows (e.g., wood laden flows). To that end, several rheological models were implemented making Iber-NNF versatile and widen applicable for non-Newtonian shallow flows.

@@ Line 192: / Line 192: @@
 ====3.2.2 Bingham (simplified)====
-Since the proposal of the Bingham rheological model [<span id='cite-_Bib023'></span>[[#_Bib023|23]]], several approaches have been introduced to deal with the difficulties on directly obtaining the shear stress proportional to the flow velocity [<span id='cite-_Bib024'></span>[[#_Bib024|24]]]. Assuming an incompressible and homogeneous flow [<span id='cite-_Bib025'></span>[[#_Bib025|25]],[<span id='cite-_Bib026'></span>[[#_Bib026|26]]], the following expression for the viscous ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{v}</math>) and the Mohr–Coulomb ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{mc}</math>) contributions:
+Since the proposal of the Bingham rheological model [<span id='cite-_Bib023'></span>[[#_Bib023|23]]], several approaches have been introduced to deal with the difficulties on directly obtaining the shear stress proportional to the flow velocity [<span id='cite-_Bib024'></span>[[#_Bib024|24]]]. Assuming an incompressible and homogeneous flow [<span id='cite-_Bib025'></span>[[#_Bib025|25]],<span id='cite-_Bib026'></span>[[#_Bib026|26]]], the following expression for the viscous ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{v}</math>) and the Mohr–Coulomb ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{mc}</math>) contributions:
 {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 0.1em auto;width: 100%;text-align: center;"

← Older revision	Revision as of 08:01, 22 July 2025
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← Older revision		Revision as of 06:45, 21 July 2025
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−	<span id='_Hlk164577165'></span>where <math display="inline">n</math> is the Manning coefficient, <math display="inline">v</math> is the flow velocity and <math display="inline">h</math> is the flow depth. It is related to turbulent friction ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{t}</math>), being utilised by several authors for simulating hyperconcentrated flows [<span id='cite-_Bib019'></span>[[#_Bib019\|19]],[<span id='cite-_Bib020'></span>[[#_Bib020\|20]],[<span id='cite-_Bib021'></span>[[#_Bib021\|21]],[<span id='cite-_Bib022'></span>[[#_Bib022\|22]]]. The unique value for calibration is the Manning coefficient ( <math display="inline">n</math>).	+	<span id='_Hlk164577165'></span>where <math display="inline">n</math> is the Manning coefficient, <math display="inline">v</math> is the flow velocity and <math display="inline">h</math> is the flow depth. It is related to turbulent friction ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{t}</math>), being utilised by several authors for simulating hyperconcentrated flows [<span id='cite-_Bib019'></span>[[#_Bib019\|19]],<span id='cite-_Bib020'></span>[[#_Bib020\|20]],<span id='cite-_Bib021'></span>[[#_Bib021\|21]],<span id='cite-_Bib022'></span>[[#_Bib022\|22]]]. The unique value for calibration is the Manning coefficient ( <math display="inline">n</math>).

	<span id='_Toc176677473'></span><span id='_Toc203976068'></span>		<span id='_Toc176677473'></span><span id='_Toc203976068'></span>

@@ Line 123: / Line 123: @@
 ==3 Governing equations==
-This section is a brief description of the governing equations of IberNNF. Further details about this hydrodynamic module and the numerical scheme used to solve the equations can be found in Sanz-Ramos et al. 2023 [<span id='cite-_Bib002'></span>[[#_Bib002|2]]].
+This section is a brief description of the governing equations of IberNNF. Further details about this hydrodynamic module and the numerical scheme used to solve the equations can be found in Sanz-Ramos et al. [<span id='cite-_Bib002'></span>[[#_Bib002|2]]].
 <span id='_Toc203976065'></span>

@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 :* Non–Velocity-dependent, available through Data >> Problem data > Non-Newtonian Fluid
-This separation is a consequence of the numerical scheme developed ad hoc for IberNNF. More information is available in Sanz-Ramos et al., 2023 [<span id='cite-_Bib002'></span>[[#_Bib002|2]]].
+This separation is a consequence of the numerical scheme developed ad hoc for IberNNF. More information is available in Sanz-Ramos et al. [<span id='cite-_Bib002'></span>[[#_Bib002|2]]].
 <span id='_Toc203976060'></span>
@@ Line 192: / Line 192: @@
 ====3.2.2 Bingham (simplified)====
-Since the proposal of the Bingham (1916) rheological model [<span id='cite-_Bib023'></span>[[#_Bib023|23]]], several approaches have been introduced to deal with the difficulties on directly obtaining the shear stress proportional to the flow velocity [<span id='cite-_Bib024'></span>[[#_Bib024|24]]]. Assuming an incompressible and homogeneous flow [<span id='cite-_Bib025'></span>[[#_Bib025|25]],[<span id='cite-_Bib026'></span>[[#_Bib026|26]]], the following expression for the viscous ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{v}</math>) and the Mohr–Coulomb ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{mc}</math>) contributions:
+Since the proposal of the Bingham rheological model [<span id='cite-_Bib023'></span>[[#_Bib023|23]]], several approaches have been introduced to deal with the difficulties on directly obtaining the shear stress proportional to the flow velocity [<span id='cite-_Bib024'></span>[[#_Bib024|24]]]. Assuming an incompressible and homogeneous flow [<span id='cite-_Bib025'></span>[[#_Bib025|25]],[<span id='cite-_Bib026'></span>[[#_Bib026|26]]], the following expression for the viscous ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{v}</math>) and the Mohr–Coulomb ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{mc}</math>) contributions:
 {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 0.1em auto;width: 100%;text-align: center;"
@@ Line 211: / Line 211: @@
 ====3.2.3 Voellmy====
-Voellmy (1955) [<span id='cite-_Bib027'></span>[[#_Bib027|27]]] presented a rheological model that considers the turbulent ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{t}</math>) and the Mohr–Coulomb ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{mc}</math>) terms as follows:
+Voellmy [<span id='cite-_Bib027'></span>[[#_Bib027|27]]] presented a rheological model that considers the turbulent ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{t}</math>) and the Mohr–Coulomb ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{mc}</math>) terms as follows:
 {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 0.1em auto;width: 100%;text-align: center;"
@@ Line 230: / Line 230: @@
 ====3.2.4 Bartelt====
-Bartelt et al. (2015) [<span id='cite-_Bib028'></span>[[#_Bib028|28]]] developed a new resistance term related to the cohesion, a physical property of the fluid. This rheological model is commonly used together with the Voellmy model, and expresses as follows:
+Bartelt et al. [<span id='cite-_Bib028'></span>[[#_Bib028|28]]] developed a new resistance term related to the cohesion, a physical property of the fluid. This rheological model is commonly used together with the Voellmy model, and expresses as follows:
 {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 0.1em auto;width: 100%;text-align: center;"
@@ Line 249: / Line 249: @@
 ====3.2.5 Dilatant====
-<span id='_Hlk164577197'></span>Similarly to the Manning rheological models, and considering constant sediment concentration and uniform flow, Macedonio and Pareschi (1992) [<span id='cite-_Bib029'></span>[[#_Bib029|29]]] derived the following expression: <math display="inline">\tau =</math><math>{\tau }_{y}+{\mu }_{1}{\left( \frac{dv}{dz}\right) }^{\alpha }</math>, where <math display="inline">{\tau }_{y}</math> is the yield stress, <math display="inline">{\mu }_{1}</math> is a proportionality coefficient and <math display="inline">\alpha</math>  is the flow behaviour index.
+<span id='_Hlk164577197'></span>Similarly to the Manning rheological models, and considering constant sediment concentration and uniform flow, Macedonio and Pareschi [<span id='cite-_Bib029'></span>[[#_Bib029|29]]] derived the following expression: <math display="inline">\tau =</math><math>{\tau }_{y}+{\mu }_{1}{\left( \frac{dv}{dz}\right) }^{\alpha }</math>, where <math display="inline">{\tau }_{y}</math> is the yield stress, <math display="inline">{\mu }_{1}</math> is a proportionality coefficient and <math display="inline">\alpha</math>  is the flow behaviour index.
 When <math display="inline">\alpha</math>  = 2 a dilatant flow behaviour is expected:
@@ Line 268: / Line 268: @@
 ====3.2.6 Viscous====
-Macedonio and Pareschi (1992) [<span id='cite-_Bib029'></span>[[#_Bib029|29]]] also presented the application of the Manning equation to viscous flows by particularizing the parameter <math display="inline">\alpha</math>  = 1. This allows for the representation of viscous flows:
+Macedonio and Pareschi [<span id='cite-_Bib029'></span>[[#_Bib029|29]]] also presented the application of the Manning equation to viscous flows by particularizing the parameter <math display="inline">\alpha</math>  = 1. This allows for the representation of viscous flows:
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@@ Line 285: / Line 285: @@
 ====3.2.7 O’Brien====
-On the other hand, O’Brien and Julien (1988) [<span id='cite-_Bib030'></span>[[#_Bib030|30]]] derived an expression for the representation of the shear stress of mudflows, being a quadratic equation that integrates the Mohr–Coulomb term ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{mc}</math>), the viscous term ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{v}</math>) and the turbulent term ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{t}</math>) as follows:
+On the other hand, O’Brien and Julien [<span id='cite-_Bib030'></span>[[#_Bib030|30]]] derived an expression for the representation of the shear stress of mudflows, being a quadratic equation that integrates the Mohr–Coulomb term ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{mc}</math>), the viscous term ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{v}</math>) and the turbulent term ( <math display="inline">{\tau }_{t}</math>) as follows:
 {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 0.1em auto;width: 100%;text-align: center;"
@@ Line 304: / Line 304: @@
 ====3.2.8 Herschel-Bulkley====
-The formulation of Herschel and Bulkley (1926) [<span id='cite-_Bib031'></span>[[#_Bib031|31]]] is a generalization of various expressions in which, depending on the value of the coefficient <math display="inline">\alpha</math> , dilatant, viscous, plastic, etc. behaviours can be derived. This formula follows the following expression:
+The formulation of Herschel and Bulkley [<span id='cite-_Bib031'></span>[[#_Bib031|31]]] is a generalization of various expressions in which, depending on the value of the coefficient <math display="inline">\alpha</math> , dilatant, viscous, plastic, etc. behaviours can be derived. This formula follows the following expression:
 {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%;margin: 1em auto 0.1em auto;width: 100%;text-align: center;"