Scipediacontent: Created page with " ==Abstract== New data on the distribution of the endemic Asian rodents zokors (''Myospalax'' sp.) in Eastern Russia (Transbaikalia and Khanka Plain) based on new taxonomic..."

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Created page with " ==Abstract== New data on the distribution of the endemic Asian rodents zokors (''Myospalax'' sp.) in Eastern Russia (Transbaikalia and Khanka Plain) based on new taxonomic..."

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==Abstract==

New data on the distribution of the endemic Asian rodents zokors (''Myospalax'' sp.) in Eastern Russia (Transbaikalia and Khanka Plain) based on new taxonomic, genetic and morphological research are presented in this article. Both karyotype and mtDNA markers and morphological characteristics (craniometry) were used for species identification. The following four distinct species inhabit this region: ''Myospalax aspalax'' , ''Myospalax armandii'' , and ''Myospalax epsilanus'' in south Transbaikalia and ''Myospalax psilurus'' in Khanka Plain. Maps of species distribution and a list of localities for genetically and morphologically typed specimens are presented.

==Keywords==

Myospalax ; Genetic markers ; Differentiation ; Geographic distribution

Current strategies for rare and endangered species protection should be based on the knowledge of their genetic and systematic status and reliable information about their distribution and ecological condition. This is not the case for all “Red Book” species of mammal fauna in the Far East. Such species include zokor, a representative of a well-known group of rodents that have inhabited the steppes and forest-steppes of Eurasia since the Pliocene. They are members of an endemic rodent group in East Asia and are highly specialized and adapted to underground life. The systematic position of the group is not clear; it may be an independent suborder of rodents, a special family within Muroidea or a subfamily of Cricetidae ([[#bb0015|Gambaryan, 1982]] ; [[#bb0020|Gromov and Erbaeva, 1995]] ; [[#bb0085|Pavlinov and Lissowsky, 2012]] ; [[#bb0090|Pavlinov ''et al'' ., 1995 ]] ).

According to recent studies based on molecular genetic markers, the modern zokor is regarded as a member of the Spalacidae mole rat family as a subfamily of Myospalacinae ([[#bb0025|Jansa and Weksler, 2004]] ; [[#bb0060|Norris ''et al'' ., 2004 ]] ) represented by one (''Myospalax'' ) or two (''Myospalax'' and ''Eospalax'' ) genera. Modern zokors consist of no more than 7–10 species ( [[#bb0150|Wilson and Reeder, 2005]] ). The main ranges of these species are in China and Mongolia ( [[#bb0010|Batsaikhan ''et al'' ., 2010 ]] ; [[#bb0115|Smith and Xie, 2013]] ; [[#bb0150|Wilson and Reeder, 2005]] ; [[#bb0155|Zhang ''et al'' ., 1997 ]] ) ([[#f0005|Fig. 1]] ). Russia contains only peripheral parts of its habitat. The boundaries of species ranges need to be defined further.



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[[Image:draft_Content_513782091-1-s2.0-S2078152015000024-gr1.jpg|center|px|Cadastral map of the zokor (Myospalacinae) geographic range.]]

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Fig. 1.

Cadastral map of the zokor (Myospalacinae) geographic range.

(Reproduced from ([[#bb0095|Puzachenko et al., 2009]] ), composed by collection materials from ZM Moscow State University (Moscow), the Zoological Institute RAS (St. Petersburg), IBSS FEB RAS (Vladivostok), Siberian Zoological Museum Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS (Novosibirsk) and materials from http://www.wwfchina.org/csis/search/english/namedetail.shtm , http://arctos.database.museum/SpecimenDetail.cfm and literature data. 1 — Location of examples sampled for morphometric analysis, 2 — the locations of zokors by literature data and collection materials).


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Genetic and morphological studies in recent years by the Laboratory of Evolutionary Zoology and Genetics IBSS FEB RAS and Laboratory of Biogeography IGRAS clarified the taxonomic position and phylogenetic relationships of the group, identified new species of fauna of Russia and therefore more accurately delineated the boundaries of the zokor ''Myospalax'' in Eastern Russia.

In south-eastern Transbaikalia a previously unknown genetic form of zokor ([[#bb0030|Korablev and Pavlenko, 2007a]] ; [[#bb0035|Korablev and Pavlenko, 2007b]] ) was found. Subsequently, on the basis of morphological studies, it was identified as the new-to-Russian fauna species Armands zokor (''Myospalax armandii'' Milne-Edwards 1867) ( [[#bb0095|Puzachenko ''et al'' ., 2009 ]] ; [[#bb0100|Puzachenko ''et al'' ., 2011 ]] ). An integrated genetic (study of chromosome sets, electrophoretic variants of blood proteins as biochemical markers of genes and RAPD-PCR) and morphological (craniometry, the structure of the dental system and the qualitative characteristics of the individual structures of the skull) analysis was performed. The obtained data classifies the “Primorsky” and “Transbaikal” peripheral populations of Manchu zokor as the separate species ''Myospalax psilurus'' Milne-Edwards in 1874 and ''Myospalax epsilanus'' Thomas 1912, respectively, or as forms in statu nascendi within the superspecies ''Myospalax psilurus'' ( [[#bb0065|Pavlenko and Korablev, 2003]] ; [[#bb0075|Pavlenko ''et al'' ., 2014 ]] ; [[#bb0125|Tsvirka ''et al'' ., 2011 ]] ; [[#bb0110|Puzachenko ''et al'' ., 2014 ]] ). The pattern of differentiation based on the variation of the mitochondrial genome markers, the cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene and a hypervariable part of the control region ( [[#bb0135|Tsvirka ''et al'' ., 2010 ]] ; [[#bb0120|Tsvirka ''et al'' ., 2012 ]] ; [[#bb0140|Tsvirka ''et al'' ., 2013 ]] ; [[#bb0130|Tsvirka ''et al'' ., 2014 ]] ) corresponds with the conclusions drawn from the above indicators.

Available data indicate that in this region (south-eastern Transbaikalia and south-western Primorye) and adjacent areas of China and Mongolia, there are four genetically and morphologically discrete zokor taxa of the following species: ''Myospalax aspalax'' (Pallas 1776), ''M. armandii'' (Milne-Edwards 1867), ''M. psilurus'' (Milne-Edwards, 1874) and ''M. epsilanus'' (Thomas, 1912).

A list of the localities from which genetically and morphologically typed material originates is provided in [[#t0005|Table 1]] . Variants in the karyotype are indicated according to their sources ([[#bb0030|Korablev and Pavlenko, 2007a]] ; [[#bb0035|Korablev and Pavlenko, 2007b]] ; [[#bb0040|Korablev ''et al'' ., 2009 ]] ; [[#bb0075|Pavlenko ''et al'' ., 2014 ]] ; [[#bb0110|Puzachenko ''et al'' ., 2014 ]] ). Electrophoretic variants of transferrin are provided in accordance with the scheme quoted in the literature ([[#bb0065|Pavlenko and Korablev, 2003]] ; [[#bb0080|Pavlenko ''et al'' ., 2008 ]] ; [[#bb0075|Pavlenko ''et al'' ., 2014 ]] ; [[#bb0145|Tsvirka ''et al'' ., 2009 ]] ). Species affiliation is based on morphological characteristics ([[#bb0095|Puzachenko ''et al'' ., 2009 ]] ; [[#bb0110|Puzachenko ''et al'' ., 2014 ]] ). Molecular genetic characteristics correspond to [[#bb0125|Tsvirka ''et al'' ., 2011 ]] ; [[#bb0130|Tsvirka ''et al'' ., 2014 ]] . The numeration in the table corresponds to that in [[#f0015|Fig. 3]] ; [[#f0020|Fig. 4]] .



{| class="wikitable" style="min-width: 60%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
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Table 1.

Results of the genetic and morphological typing of zokors from the main locations in Eastern Russia.

|-

! No.
! Sampling location
! Code
! Karyotype
! TF
! Morph.
! RAPD
! Сyt b
! C-reg
|-

| 1
| Russian, Primorsky Krai, Pogranichny district, surroundings of Boykoe locality
| PBK
| 2n = 64 NFa = 106–108
| B
| psil
| psil
| psil
| psil
|-

| 2
| Ibid, Pogranichny district, Pad Karantinnaya
| PKA
| Ibid
| B
| psil
| psil
| psil
| psil
|-

| 3
| Ibid, Pogranichny district, Pad Gladkaya
| PGL
| Ibid
| B
| psil
| psil
| psil
| psil
|-

| 4
| Ibid, Pogranichny district surroundings of Barabash-Levada and former Reshetnikovo
| PBL
| Ibid
| B
| psil
| psil
| psil
| psil
|-

| 5
| Ibid, Pogranichny district, surrounding Dukhovskoe
| PDU
| Ibid
| B
| psil
| psil
| psil
| psil
|-

| 6
| Ibid, Pogranichny district, surroundings of Druzhba locality
| PDR
| Ibid
| B
| psil
| psil
| psil
| psil
|-

| 7
| Ibid, Khorolsky district, surroundings of Priluki
| PPL
| Ibid
| B
| psil
| psil
| psil
| psil
|-

| 8
| Ibid, Oktyabrsky district, Ilyichevka village
| PIL
| Ibid
| B
| psil
| psil
| psil
| psil
|-

| 9
| Ibid, Ussurisky district, surroundings of Krounovka village
| PKR
| Ibid
| B
| psil
| psil
| psil
| psil
|-

| 10
| Russia, Zabaikalsky Krai, Borzinsky district, surroundings of Tsagan-Oluy village
| ZTO
| 2n = 64 NFa = 108–112
| C
| eps
| eps
| eps
| eps
|-

| 11
| Ibid, Borzinsky district, surroundings of Ust-Ozernaya village
| ZTO
| Ibid
| C
| eps
| eps
| eps
| eps
|-

| 12
| Ibid, Priargunsky district, valley of Kalgukan river
| ZKL
| Ibid
| C
| eps
| eps
| eps
| eps
|-

| 13
| Ibid, Kalgansky district, surroundings of Kalga village
| ZKL
| Ibid
| C
| eps
| eps
| eps
| eps
|-

| 14
| Ibid, Kalgansky district, surroundings of Dono village
| ZBD
| Ibid
| C
| eps
| eps
| eps
| eps
|-

| 15
| Ibid, Aleksandrovo-Zavodsky district, surroundings of Butunai village
| ZBD
| Ibid
| C
| eps
| eps
| eps
| eps
|-

| 16
| Ibid, Priargunsky district, surroundings of Zargol village
| ZZG
| Ibid
| C
| eps
| eps
| eps
| eps
|-

| 17
| Russia, Zabaikalsky Krai, Akshinsky district, vicinity of Narasun village, left-bank of Onon river
| ASNAR
| 2n = 62, NFa = 100–108
| А
| asp
| asp
| asp
| asp
|-

| 18
| Ibid, Ononsky district, vicinity of Kuranzha
| ASKUR
| Ibid.
| А
| asp
| asp
| asp
| asp
|-

| 19
| Ibid, Ononsky district, Nizhniy Tsasuchey, right bank of Onon river
| ASNT
| Ibid
| А
| asp
| asp
| asp
| asp
|-

| 20
| Ibid, Ononsky district, vicinity of Ikaral, right bank of Onon river
| ASIK
| Ibid
| А
| asp
| asp
| asp
| asp
|-

| 21
| Ibid, Baleysky district, vicinity of Undino Poselie, lower reach of Unda, right bank of Onon river
| ASUP
| Ibid
| А
| asp
| asp
| asp
| asp
|-

| 22
| Ibid, border of Ononsky, Olovyaninnsky and Borzinsky districts, Adon-Chelon ridge
| ASAD
| Ibid
| А
| asp
| asp
| asp
| asp
|-

| 23
| Ibid, Krasnokamensky districts, the road between the villages of Kovylii and Margutsek, Klichinsky ridge
| ARKOV
| 2n = 62 NFa = 90–92
| С1
| armd
| armd
| armd
| armd
|-

| 24
| Ibid, Krasnokamensky districts, vicinity of Kovyli, Klichinsky ridge
| ARKOV
| Ibid
| С1
| armd
| armd
| armd
| armd
|-

| 25
| Ibid, Krasnokamensky district, 25 km away from Soktuy-Milozan towards Kovyli, Klichinsky ridge
| ARKOV
| Ibid
| С1
| armd
| armd
| armd
| armd
|-

| 26
| Ibid, Krasnokamensky district, surroundings of Ust-Tasurkai, valley Alyastuy
| ARUDB
| Ibid
| С1
| armd
| armd
| armd
| armd
|-

| 27
| Ibid, Priargunsky district, 29–30 km away from Dosatuy towards Byrka, Verkhnaya Borzya river valley, right bank
| ARUDB
| Ibid
| С1
| armd
| armd
| armd
| armd
|-

| 28
| Ibid, Priargunsky district, 10–12 km away from Tselinnoe, Pad Vershina Karaganatu, Klichinsky ridge
| ARKAR
| Ibid
| С1
| armd
| armd
| armd
| armd
|}

False (Daursky) zokor, ''M. aspalax'' , is distributed in Onon Dauria along the valleys of the Onon River and its tributaries from the left bank in the upper reaches of the Sokhondinsky Reserve area to Alkhanay National Park. Its range continues to the east and between the Onon and Argun rivers to the spurs of the Nerchinsky ridge and Adun-Chelon.

The material genetically and morphologically typed as ''M. aspalax'' originated from six locations in the Akshinsky, Ononsky, Borzinsky and Baleysky districts of Zabaikalsky Krai. All of them are located within the range of the previously defined species ( [[#bb0055|Kirilyuk and Korablev, 2003]] ).

''M. armandii'' , initially defined as a new chromosomal form of ''M. “klichka”'' ( [[#bb0030|Korablev and Pavlenko, 2007a]] ; [[#bb0035|Korablev and Pavlenko, 2007b]] ; [[#bb0070|Pavlenko and Korablev, 2005]] ), was detected and genetically typed only in animals originating from valleys in the spurs of the Klichkinsky ridge in the Argun River basin (surrounding the Kovyli, Margutsek, Soktuy-Milozan, Dosatuy, Byrka, Pad Karaganatu localities).

This area is located within the previously supposed habitat of the Manchurian zokor ([[#bb0055|Kirilyuk and Korablev, 2003]] ). The species has a presumably extensive habitat in China ([[#bb0095|Puzachenko et al., 2009]] ) ([[#f0010|Fig. 2]] ). It is possible that the surveyed area in the south-eastern Transbaikal may be isolated from the main range in China.



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[[Image:draft_Content_513782091-1-s2.0-S2078152015000024-gr2.jpg|center|px|Distribution of false zokor (M. aspalax: 1) and Armands zokor (M. armandii: 2).]]

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Fig. 2.

Distribution of false zokor (''M. aspalax'' : 1) and Armands zokor (''M. armandii'' : 2).

(Reproduced from the collection materials from ZMMSU (Moscow), Zoological Institute RAS (St. Petersburg) and IBSS FEB RAS (Vladivostok), online materials from http://www.wwfchina.org/csis/search/english/namedetail.shtm and http://arctos.database.museum/SpecimenDetail.cfm and the literature ([[#bb0095|Puzachenko et al., 2009]] )).


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''M. epsilanus'' dwells in the spurs of the Nerchinsky ridge and to the east and northeast of the Argun River along the Kalga, Kalgukan, Gazimur and Middle and Low Borzya valleys. The genetically and morphologically identified material was from seven locations of the Borzinsky, Alexandro-Zavodsky, Kalgansky, Gazimuro-Zavodsky districts. Part of the ''M. epsilanus'' range in Transbaikalia is wedged between the ranges of ''M. armandii'' and ''M. aspalax'' ( [[#f0015|Fig. 3]] ).



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[[Image:draft_Content_513782091-1-s2.0-S2078152015000024-gr3.jpg|center|357px|Distribution of the three zokor species in south-eastern Transbaikalia according ...]]

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| 

Fig. 3.

Distribution of the three zokor species in south-eastern Transbaikalia according to morphological and genetic typing.

Symbols: 1 — settlements; 2 — ''M. aspalax'' ; 3 — ''M. epsilanus'' ; 4 — ''M. armandii.''

The point numbers for material collection correspond to those in the table.


|}

The results of the genetic and morphological studies and field surveys suggest that the habitats of these three species in the respective territories do not overlap; rather, they are delineated by a narrow strip ([[#f0015|Fig. 3]] ).

''M. psilurus'' inhabits the south of Far Eastern Russian (Primorye). Currently, according to field observations, there are 22 local populations within the two supposedly isolated sections of the habitat. The first section is on Khanka Plain, and the second is in the valley of Krounovka, the right-bank tributary of Razdolnaya River. Zokors from nine of the 22 settlements were included in the genetic and morphological analysis ( [[#t0005|Table 1]] , [[#f0020|Fig. 4]] ). The nominative taxon is from the Beijing area of China. In Primorye, there is a peripheral eastern part of the area ([[#f0025|Fig. 5]] ).



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[[Image:draft_Content_513782091-1-s2.0-S2078152015000024-gr4.jpg|center|355px|Locations of genetically and morphologically typed settlements of M. psilurus ...]]

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Fig. 4.

Locations of genetically and morphologically typed settlements of ''M. psilurus'' (1) in Primorsky Krai.

Numbering corresponds to that in the table and [[#f0025|Fig. 5]] .


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[[Image:draft_Content_513782091-1-s2.0-S2078152015000024-gr5.jpg|center|px|Possible borders of the ranges of M. psilurus (1) and M. epsilanus (2) and the ...]]

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| 

Fig. 5.

Possible borders of the ranges of ''M. psilurus'' (1) and ''M. epsilanus'' (2) and the place of origin of genetically and morphologically typed samples. 3 — border of areas, 4 — ''M. epsilanus'' , 5 — ''M. psilurus'' . The numbering of settlements corresponds to that in the table and [[#f0020|Fig. 4]] .

Reproduced from ([[#bb0110|Puzachenko et al., 2014]] ).


|}

Zokors (Myospalacinae) are considered to be a priority among rodents for the development of measures for the conservation of small mammal biodiversity ([[#bb0005|Amori and Gippoliti, 2003]] ). Valid data on the habitats and taxonomic affiliation of zokor populations inhabiting Eastern Russia are needed to develop such conservation measures. The population of Manchurian zokors on Khanka Plain is included in the Red Book of Russia and the Primorsky region ([[#bb0045|Kostenko, 2001]] ; [[#bb0050|Kostenko and Korablev, 2005]] ). However, the zokors from Transbaikalia, ''M. epsilanus'' and ''M. armandii,'' do not have this status yet.

To clarify the boundaries of the species' ranges, complex genetic and morphological studies of zokors from China and Mongolia are required in addition to continued work in south-eastern Transbaikalia (between the rivers Shilka and Argun, in the basin of Onon), as well as in the contact zones of different species.

This work was supported by grants from RFBR ([[#gts0005|09-04-01303]] , [[#gts0005|12-04-00795a]] , [[#gts0005|12-04-10047k]] ) RFFI_GFEN (No. [[#gts0005|06-04-39015]] ) and FEB RAS ([[#gts0010|07-III-R-06-048]] ; [[#gts0010|09-III-B-138]] ; [[#gts0010|10-III-B-06-107]] ; [[#gts0010|12-III-R-06-007]] ).

''The authors express their gratitude to the administration and staff of the Daursky State Nature Biosphere Natural Reserve, primarily V.E. Kirilyuk, for assistance in conducting of the field work.''

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Pavlenko et al 2015a - Revision history

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