Navarro et al 2025a - Revision history

Marherna: Marherna moved page Review 606726961303 to Navarro et al 2025a

2025-07-21T11:43:18Z

Marherna moved page Review 606726961303 to Navarro et al 2025a

Marherna at 11:42, 21 July 2025

2025-07-21T11:42:55Z

Raquel at 08:15, 17 July 2025

2025-07-17T08:15:51Z

Raquel at 11:17, 16 July 2025

2025-07-16T11:17:38Z

Raquel at 11:16, 16 July 2025

2025-07-16T11:16:47Z

Raquel at 11:14, 16 July 2025

2025-07-16T11:14:59Z

Raquel at 15:11, 14 July 2025

2025-07-14T15:11:47Z

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Raquel: Raquel moved page Draft Navarro 593657056 to Review 606726961303

2025-04-14T20:02:10Z

Raquel moved page Draft Navarro 593657056 to Review 606726961303

Raquel at 17:13, 14 April 2025

2025-04-14T17:13:58Z

Raquel at 17:09, 14 April 2025

2025-04-14T17:09:11Z

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 <span id='_Hlk195176587'></span>
--->
+--><span id="_Hlk195548744"></span><span id="_Hlk195548744"></span>
-−
-==ABSTRACT==
-−
-<span id='_Hlk195548744'></span>El uso de materiales de origen biológico como alternativas sostenibles a los derivados fósiles es cada vez más esencial en diversas industrias. Esta investigación se centra en el desarrollo y la caracterización de Acetato de Celulosa (CA) reforzado con fibras naturales. El CA, proveniente de recursos renovables, ofrece buenas propiedades mecánicas y una excelente calidad estética, lo que la convierte en una alternativa prometedora frente a los polímeros de origen fósil.
-−
-Este estudio evalúa la influencia de fibras naturales de cáñamo en compuestos de CA, analizando su impacto en el desempeño global y en la apariencia estética, aspecto clave para aplicaciones de cara al consumidor.
-−
-Para lograr una producción sostenible, eficiente y escalable, se emplea la tecnología de Fused Granulate Fabrication (FGF) para fabricar los demostradores. Este método de Fabricación Aditiva (AM) permite utilizar material granulado, reduciendo costos y desechos. Sin embargo, se abordan desafíos como la adhesión entre capas y la deformación del CA durante el proceso, mediante la optimización de parámetros que garantizan precisión dimensional y alta calidad. Los compuestos de CA fueron validados exitosamente con prototipos en el sector de la construcción, como componentes de paredes verdes, demostrando mejoras en su rendimiento mecánico, acabado estético y durabilidad.
-−
-Este trabajo ofrece una vía para alcanzar objetivos de economía circular al integrar materiales renovables y tecnologías avanzadas, como alternativa a materiales y procesos convencionales. Al profundizar en el uso de refuerzos de fibras naturales y la optimización de procesos, esta investigación contribuye a reducir el impacto ambiental de los productos de construcción y brinda soluciones innovadoras de base biológica para sectores de alto desempeño.
-−
-==ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH==
-−
-<span id='_Hlk195548744'></span>The adoption of bio-based materials as sustainable alternatives to fossil-derived options is becoming increasingly vital across industries. This research focuses on the development and performance characterization of Cellulose Acetate (CA), reinforced with natural fibres. CA, derived from renewable resources, offers good mechanical properties and excellent aesthetic quality, positioning it as a promising alternative to traditional petroleum-based polymers.
-−
-This study evaluates the influence of hemp natural fibres on CA composites. Special attention is given to the effect of these fibres on the overall performance of the compounds, including their aesthetic appeal, which is critical for consumer-facing applications.
-−
-To enable sustainable, efficient, and scalable production, the research utilizes Fused Granular Fabrication (FGF) technology to produce demonstrators. This Additive Manufacturing (AM) process allows the use of granulated feedstocks, reducing material costs and waste. Nonetheless, challenges such as layer adhesion and warping are addressed through a comprehensive parameter optimization, ensuring dimensional accuracy and high-quality output. The developed CA composites have been successfully validated through prototypes for the construction sector, such as modular green-wall components, demonstrating improved mechanical performance, aesthetic finishes, and durability.
-−
-This work highlights a pathway for achieving circular economy goals through the integration of renewable materials and advanced technologies as alternatives to currently used materials and processes. By advancing understanding of natural fibre reinforcements and optimizing production processes, this research contributes to reducing the environmental impact of construction products and offering innovative bio-based solutions in high-performance sectors.
-−
-==KEYWORDS==
-−
-''Additive Manufacturing, 3D Printing, Biobased materials, Natural fibres.''
-−
-''<br/>''
 ==INTRODUCTION==
@@ Line 117: / Line 91: @@
 Overall, this work provides a clear pathway for replacing fossil-derived plastics in the built environment while supporting circular economy objectives and advancing the development of high-performance bio-based materials.
-==AKNOWLEDGMENT==
+==AKNOWLEDGMENTS==
 <span id='_Hlk134521483'></span>Author Contributions: All co-authors have covered all tasks of this research.

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 ==ABSTRACT==
-<span id='_Hlk195548744'></span>El uso de materiales de origen biológico como alternativas sostenibles a los derivados fósiles es cada vez más esencial en diversas industrias. Esta investigación se centra en el desarrollo y la caracterización de acetato de celulosa (CA) reforzado con fibras naturales. El CA, proveniente de recursos renovables, ofrece buenas propiedades mecánicas y una excelente calidad estética, lo que la convierte en una alternativa prometedora frente a los polímeros de origen fósil.
+<span id='_Hlk195548744'></span>El uso de materiales de origen biológico como alternativas sostenibles a los derivados fósiles es cada vez más esencial en diversas industrias. Esta investigación se centra en el desarrollo y la caracterización de Acetato de Celulosa (CA) reforzado con fibras naturales. El CA, proveniente de recursos renovables, ofrece buenas propiedades mecánicas y una excelente calidad estética, lo que la convierte en una alternativa prometedora frente a los polímeros de origen fósil.
 Este estudio evalúa la influencia de fibras naturales de cáñamo en compuestos de CA, analizando su impacto en el desempeño global y en la apariencia estética, aspecto clave para aplicaciones de cara al consumidor.
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 ==METHODS==
-For the construction sector, a composite of Cellulose Acetate (CA) and hemp fibres was developed to provide translucency, structural integrity, and fire resistance—properties of considerable importance for architectural applications. Although bio-based Polyamide (bioPA) was initially evaluated for this role, it proved unsuitable for FGF due to its incompatibility with the pellet-based extruder format typically used in large-scale AM. By contrast, CA synthesized from cotton-derived cellulose, acetic acid, and a bio-based plasticizer demonstrates excellent optical clarity and mechanical performance, making it an attractive matrix material.
+For the construction sector, a composite of CA and hemp fibres was developed to provide translucency, structural integrity, and fire resistance—properties of considerable importance for architectural applications. Although bio-based Polyamide (bioPA) was initially evaluated for this role, it proved unsuitable for FGF due to its incompatibility with the pellet-based extruder format typically used in large-scale AM. By contrast, CA synthesized from cotton-derived cellulose, acetic acid, and a bio-based plasticizer demonstrates excellent optical clarity and mechanical performance, making it an attractive matrix material.
 Hemp fibres, composed predominantly of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin, enhance robust interfacial adhesion within the CA matrix. Their measured dimensions—average diameter ~14.45 μm and length ~0.50 mm—necessitated the use of nozzles wider than 0.4 mm to reduce clogging risks, underscoring the importance of carefully adjusting printing parameters.
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''  '''</span>'''Figure 2.''' Results from flexural test.</div>
-When comparing virgin Cellulose Acetate to hemp-filled acetate, a slight reduction in flexibility was noted alongside a significant increase in stiffness. This trade-off is advantageous where greater rigidity is desired, particularly in construction contexts.
+When comparing virgin CA to hemp-filled acetate, a slight reduction in flexibility was noted alongside a significant increase in stiffness. This trade-off is advantageous where greater rigidity is desired, particularly in construction contexts.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
   [[File:Review_606726961303_1978_fig3.JPG|614px]] </div>
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''  '''</span>'''Figure 3.''' Comparison between virgin Cellulose Acetate material and the composite with hemp fibres, results from tensile and flexural test.</div>
+<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''  '''</span>'''Figure 3.''' Comparison between virgin CA material and the composite with hemp fibres, results from tensile and flexural test.</div>
 From a design perspective, the translucent quality of CA and the reinforcement provided by hemp fibres make this composite particularly suitable for modular facades, interior partitions, and decorative panels requiring aesthetic appeal and structural robustness.
@@ Line 102: / Line 102: @@
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-'''Figure 4.''' 3D printed green-wall module using Cellulose Acetate with hemp fibres pellets for FGF.</div>
+'''Figure 4.''' 3D printed green-wall module using CA with hemp fibres pellets for FGF.</div>
 A modular green-wall system was designed and successfully printed using this composite, taking advantage of FGF technology for large-format components ('''Figure 4'''). The interlocking modules demonstrated scalability and adaptability for architectural requirements.
 == CONCLUSIONS ==
-This study validates the feasibility of combining CAand hemp fibres in FGF-based manufacturing for construction applications. The resulting biocomposites demonstrated mechanical properties comparable to conventional materials while offering significant advantages in terms of sustainability, reduced carbon footprint, and aesthetic versatility.
+This study validates the feasibility of combining CA and hemp fibres in FGF-based manufacturing for construction applications. The resulting biocomposites demonstrated mechanical properties comparable to conventional materials while offering significant advantages in terms of sustainability, reduced carbon footprint, and aesthetic versatility.
 The research confirmed that hemp fibre reinforcement increases the stiffness and strength of CA parts, which is particularly beneficial for structural and semi-structural applications such as modular façades and interior partitions. However, it also highlighted the importance of carefully balancing nozzle diameter, extrusion flow, and printing speeds to minimize defects such as warping and fibre agglomeration.

@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-  [[File:Review_606726961303_8014_fig1.JPG|414px]] </div>
+  [[File:Review_606726961303_8014_fig1.JPG|614px]] </div>
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''  '''</span>'''Figure 1.''' Results from tensile test.</div>
@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-  [[File:Review_606726961303_9957_fig2.JPG|414px]] </div>
+  [[File:Review_606726961303_9957_fig2.JPG|614px]] </div>
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''  '''</span>'''Figure 2.''' Results from flexural test.</div>
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-  [[File:Review_606726961303_1978_fig3.JPG|414px]] </div>
+  [[File:Review_606726961303_1978_fig3.JPG|614px]] </div>
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''  '''</span>'''Figure 3.''' Comparison between virgin Cellulose Acetate material and the composite with hemp fibres, results from tensile and flexural test.</div>

@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-  [[File:Review_606726961303_9628_fig1.JPG|414px]] </div>
+  [[File:Review_606726961303_8014_fig1.JPG|414px]] </div>
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''  '''</span>'''Figure 1.''' Results from tensile test.</div>

@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 Comparisons between injection-moulded and 3D-printed samples confirmed the superior performance of injection-moulded parts due to their uniform microstructure. Nonetheless, 3D printing with smaller nozzle diameters (0.55–0.8 mm) demonstrated mechanical properties approaching those of injection-moulded components.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''  '''</span>'''Figure 1.''' Results from tensile test.</div>
@@ Line 82: / Line 84: @@
 We also tested flexural strength. Again, injection-moulded parts were strongest, but the 3D-printed ones, especially with mid-sized nozzles, were strong enough for many construction-related applications.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''  '''</span>'''Figure 2.''' Results from flexural test.</div>
@@ Line 87: / Line 91: @@
 When comparing virgin Cellulose Acetate to hemp-filled acetate, a slight reduction in flexibility was noted alongside a significant increase in stiffness. This trade-off is advantageous where greater rigidity is desired, particularly in construction contexts.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''  '''</span>'''Figure 3.''' Comparison between virgin Cellulose Acetate material and the composite with hemp fibres, results from tensile and flexural test.</div>

← Older revision	Revision as of 11:43, 21 July 2025
(No difference)

← Older revision	Revision as of 20:02, 14 April 2025
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 Extensive mechanical evaluations of both the virgin Cellulose Acetate and hemp-fibre–reinforced materials were conducted, focusing on tensile and flexural strength in accordance with standardized protocols. Comparisons of injection-moulded and 3D-printed samples highlight the expected superior performance of injection-moulded parts, driven by their uniform microstructure and well-established processing conditions. Nonetheless, 3D printing with smaller nozzle diameters (0.55–0.8 mm) exhibited commendable mechanical properties, approaching those of injection-moulded components.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">''' [[Image:Draft_Navarro_593657056-image1.png|600px]] '''</span>'''Figure 1.''' Results from tensile test.</div>
@@ Line 76: / Line 75: @@
 We also tested flexural strength. Again, injection-moulded parts were strongest, but the 3D-printed ones, especially with mid-sized nozzles, were strong enough for many construction-related applications.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">''' [[Image:Draft_Navarro_593657056-image2.png|600px]] '''</span>'''Figure 2.''' Results from flexural test.</div>
@@ Line 82: / Line 80: @@
 When comparing virgin Cellulose Acetate to hemp-filled acetate, a slight reduction in flexibility was noted alongside a significant increase in stiffness. This trade-off is advantageous where greater rigidity is desired, particularly in construction contexts.
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">''' [[Image:Draft_Navarro_593657056-image3.png|600px]] '''</span>'''Figure 3.''' Comparison between virgin Cellulose Acetate material and the composite with hemp fibres, results from tensile and flexural test.</div>