Mukherjee 2023a - Revision history

Tomamil: Tomamil moved page Review 236907021189 to Mukherjee 2023a

2023-09-25T12:59:20Z

Tomamil moved page Review 236907021189 to Mukherjee 2023a

Mukherjee.iveena: I added paraphrased descriptions to the Results section in order to better explain the results.

2023-09-24T16:44:35Z

I added paraphrased descriptions to the Results section in order to better explain the results.

Mukherjee.iveena: I added a link in Appendix B to nanoHUB, where I had posted an example RVE movie. This may help those trying to recreate results to know what to look for.

2023-09-22T15:52:13Z

I added a link in Appendix B to nanoHUB, where I had posted an example RVE movie. This may help those trying to recreate results to know what to look for.

Mukherjee.iveena: I added more information about the new aspects of this material blend to the Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion. I also added what is needed to recreate these results in Appendix B. Finally, I centered the results on the page.

2023-09-22T15:44:47Z

I added more information about the new aspects of this material blend to the Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion. I also added what is needed to recreate these results in Appendix B. Finally, I centered the results on the page.

Show changes

Mukherjee.iveena at 14:13, 22 September 2023

2023-09-22T14:13:25Z

Mukherjee.iveena at 12:57, 22 September 2023

2023-09-22T12:57:50Z

Mukherjee.iveena at 00:07, 21 September 2023

2023-09-21T00:07:26Z

Mukherjee.iveena: Mukherjee.iveena moved page Draft Mukherjee 983218320 to Review 236907021189

2023-08-29T15:56:11Z

Mukherjee.iveena moved page Draft Mukherjee 983218320 to Review 236907021189

Mukherjee.iveena: I readjusted formatting of the images from the Results section.

2023-08-29T15:30:46Z

I readjusted formatting of the images from the Results section.

Mukherjee.iveena: Created page with "

@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 2:  ABAQUS triangular corner RVE (8 assignable sections of softwood biochar) with 16 units of applied pressure </div>
+Figure 2:  ABAQUS triangular corner RVE (8 assignable sections of softwood biochar) with 16 units of applied pressure
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 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 3: ABAQUS triangular corner RVE (4 assignable sections of softwood blend biochar) with 64 units of applied pressure </div>
+Figure 3: ABAQUS triangular corner RVE (4 assignable sections of softwood blend biochar) with 64 units of applied pressure
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 100: / Line 106: @@
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 4:  Average maximum von Mises percentage in relation to applied pressure units</div>
+Figure 4:  Average maximum von Mises percentage in relation to applied pressure units
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">[[File:Draft_Mukherjee_983218320-image5.png|centre|600x600px]]<nowiki> </nowiki> Figure 5:  Maximum and minimum von Mises percentages vs. number of assignable sections for pinewood and softwood blend biochar
 </div>
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 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 6: Type of stress vs. minimum von Mises percentages for softwood biochar </div>
+Figure 6: Type of stress vs. minimum von Mises percentages for softwood biochar
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 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 7: ABAQUS triangular corner RVE (4 assignable sections of 1:3 pinewood-softwood blend) with 64 units of applied pressure </div>
+Figure 7: ABAQUS triangular corner RVE (4 assignable sections of 1:3 pinewood-softwood blend) with 64 units of applied pressure
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
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 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 Figure 8: Pure epoxy resin vs. 1:3 pinewood-softwood blend minimum von Mises percentages
 </div>
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 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 9: Nodal reaction to stress (identical inflection points circled)</div>
+Figure 9: Nodal reaction to stress (identical inflection points circled)
 ==Discussion==

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:52, 22 September 2023
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	Appendix B: Simulation Procedure		Appendix B: Simulation Procedure

−	For recreating these results, ABAQUS (Student Edition) is needed, which is available free of charge at https://www.3ds.com/edu/education/students/solutions/abaqus-le. Utilizing the literature values from Table 1 for the material properties within the ABAQUS material library will render the same values. To create the Representative Volume Elements, start with a 2D part (square), and then create a 3D extrusion cube with dimensions of 20 units x 20 units x 20 units. Then, create triangular prism partitions as pictured to create "assignable sections," and assign the aforementioned material properties to the alternate, four, or all eight corners to test different amounts of each material. For the blend RVE, split each of the corners in half with another partition feature, and fill in either side with the different biochar species. Pressure is applied through the "load function," with the "tet" meshing feature on ABAQUS. The boundary constraints are placed at the bottom face nodes. Each job was created separately, and was visualized using the 75% von Mises setting. To export images in a similar manner, the movie export feature was used, and final scenes from the force distribution were attained to analyze visually. <br />	+	For recreating these results, ABAQUS (Student Edition) is needed, which is available free of charge at https://www.3ds.com/edu/education/students/solutions/abaqus-le. Utilizing the literature values from Table 1 for the material properties within the ABAQUS material library will render the same values. To create the Representative Volume Elements, start with a 2D part (square), and then create a 3D extrusion cube with dimensions of 20 units x 20 units x 20 units. Then, create triangular prism partitions as pictured to create "assignable sections," and assign the aforementioned material properties to the alternate, four, or all eight corners to test different amounts of each material. For the blend RVE, split each of the corners in half with another partition feature, and fill in either side with the different biochar species. Pressure is applied through the "load function," with the "tet" meshing feature on ABAQUS. The boundary constraints are placed at the bottom face nodes. Each job was created separately, and was visualized using the 75% von Mises setting. To export images in a similar manner, the movie export feature was used, and final scenes from the force distribution were attained to analyze visually. For reference on what this RVE and subsequent ABAQUS result movie should look like, visit https://nanohub.org/resources/36718. This resource provides an example of a a pinewood softwood biochar blend RVE with 16 units of applied pressure. <br />

@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 To measure the reaction of the material to the differing variables applied to the RVE, the von Mises percentage was chosen, as it indicates the probability of the material yielding or fracturing, leading to plastic deformation, from which any impact of further stress is permanent (Harish, 2017). In this case, the lower von Mises value is preferable, as this indicates a lesser probability of plastic deformation beyond return. It was hypothesized that by adding biochar to the epoxy resin RVE, the material would become stronger, and more resistant to stress.
-This paper aims to bridge the knowledge gap of biochar epoxy resin composites in respect to the blend of pinewood and softwood blend biochar species. Coupled with the unique application of slanted interfaces and numerous load settings,
+This paper aims to bridge the knowledge gap of biochar epoxy resin composites in respect to the blend of pinewood and softwood blend biochar species. Coupled with the unique application of slanted interfaces and numerous load settings, anovel
 ==Methods and Materials==

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 ==Abstract==
-Greater focus on sustainability across numerous industries has led to an uptick in the demand for increasingly environmentally-friendly materials. Biochar has recently come into the arena as a material that is created from biomass that has undergone pyrolysis. The benefits of this material include inputs easily found in nature (ie. pine wood), high biodegradability, and high relative strength. When combined with epoxy resin, it was hypothesized that this composite would create a stronger, more natural material than either material by itself. Through the use of ABAQUS, a finite element analysis software, representative volume elements (RVEs) were created in order to test several configurations, load magnitudes & types, variations of biochar, and mass percentages to determine the most stress-resistant material. Through analysis of the maximum and minimum von Mises Stress percentages experienced by each RVE, 4 assignable sections of spruce-fir and pine sawdust biochar collectively produced the smallest von Mises Stress percentages, indicating a low likelihood of plastic characteristics after applied stress. Across all RVEs, the median number of assignable sections (4) for biochar had the lowest von Mises Stress percentages, indicating that maintaining elastic properties is best done through a hybrid of epoxy resin and biochar. In terms of the best type of stress, hydrostatic stress gave more favorable results (decreased von Mises percentages). Differences between the reaction force from varying pressures was proportional, indicating similar behavior at different stress values. Future applications include interdisciplinary applications of epoxy resin in green-transportation, green-construction, or crack prevention across other environmentally conscious disciplines.
+Greater focus on sustainability across numerous industries has led to an uptick in the demand for increasingly environmentally-friendly materials. Biochar, a material that is created from biomass that has undergone pyrolysis, has recently come into the arena. The benefits of this material include inputs easily found in nature (ie. pine wood), high biodegradability, and high relative strength. Previous literature has not investigated the effects of including blend of biochar with slanted interfaces, which is the focus of this research. When combined with epoxy resin, it was hypothesized that this composite would create a stronger, more natural material than either material by itself. Through the use of ABAQUS, a finite element analysis software, representative volume elements (RVEs) were created in order to test several configurations, load magnitudes & types, variations of biochar, and mass percentages to determine the most stress-resistant material. Through analysis of the maximum and minimum von Mises Stress percentages experienced by each RVE, 4 assignable sections of spruce-fir and pine sawdust biochar collectively produced the smallest von Mises Stress percentages, indicating a low likelihood of plastic characteristics after applied stress. Across all RVEs, the median number of assignable sections (4) for biochar had the lowest von Mises Stress percentages, indicating that maintaining elastic properties is best done through a hybrid of epoxy resin and biochar. In terms of the best type of stress, hydrostatic stress gave more favorable results (decreased von Mises percentages). Differences between the reaction force from varying pressures was proportional, indicating similar behavior at different stress values. Future applications include interdisciplinary applications of epoxy resin in green-transportation, green-construction, or crack prevention across other environmentally conscious disciplines.
 ==Introduction==
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 As environmental issues become more pressing, it becomes imperative that composite materials be redesigned with a focus on recyclability, and the responsible use of natural materials. In fact, making the shift towards biodegradable materials can significantly reduce environmental pollution (Tian and Bilal, 2020). One way to alter a material's composition and properties is through the use of fillers, which can enhance electrical and mechanical properties, while also utilizing more affordable inputs for the material (Khan et al., 2017). Specifically, biochar filler, a type of filler that occurs from the pyrolysis of natural materials (such as textiles, wood, fibers, etc.) can be combined with other materials to decrease the mass of the material or enhance its degradation leading to more natural recycling processes, along with favorable responses to stress.
-Although biochars are frequently regarded as suitable additions to soil to drastically reduce CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions (Woolf et al., 2010), biochars have become of interest to the materials science community recently, as bio-based fillers can enhance the recyclability of composite materials or lessen the amount of other materials used for structures that require stricter mechanical properties (Das, 2015). In this study, two types of biochar fillers were chosen: biochar softwood (a blend of spruce and fir wood) and pinewood sawdust. The type of wood is important to note, as there are several different types of wood, including hard and soft wood that can change mechanical outcomes. By simulating various types of softwood, this extends the applicability of this research, by considering numerous inputs for this biochar. A few notable differences between the spruce-fir blend wood and pine wood include spruce's straighter pattern, and its better weight to strength ratio (Lumber, 2018), which may come into focus as these biochars and their reactions to stress are compared with one another. Regardless of the type, biochar retains its primary property of a high carbon mass percentage, resulting from the pyrolyzation process (Downie et al., 2012).
+Although biochars are frequently regarded as suitable additions to soil to drastically reduce CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions (Woolf et al., 2010), biochars have become of interest to the materials science community recently, as bio-based fillers can enhance the recyclability of composite materials or lessen the amount of other materials used for structures that require stricter mechanical properties (Das, 2015).
 Simulating mechanical processes has become a viable option since the inception of advanced computing technology (Bevilacqua, 2008). Although there are many options for types of mechanical simulations, ABAQUS was chosen due to its accessibility, and the scope of the variables that could be tailored to the desired experimental setup. Many different scenarios have been tested through ABAQUS, ranging from tooth mechanics (Motta et al., 2006) to pavement performance (Rahman et al., 2011). Throughout the interface, options exist to increase the strain applied to the RVE, swap the assigned sections to create different configurations, apply stress both uniaxially and hydrostatically, and combine materials to effectively test different configurations within an RVE. These features prove helpful, especially with the addition of material values to simulate certain properties, which can simulate matrices that hold polymers (Chandramohan & Marimuthu, 2011). Previous studies have checked RVEs with experimental values and found that finite element analysis accounted for a wide range of mechanical properties from the tensile strength and modulus, to the flexural strength and modulus, along with the density and Poisson’s ratio (Wallace, 2019b). Although there are alternative methods to the RVE model, such as the use of the Rule of Mixture method (RoM), this alternative method rests on three key assumptions, including the uniform dispersion of fiber, the perfect bonding between fiber and the matric, and the matrix being free of voids (Saha, 2005). As these scenarios are represent a near-perfect scenario that is not as transferable to the real world, finite element, specifically ABAQUS was deemed the more favorable option. ABAQUS obtains its unique advantages for correct calculations from the finite element method, which involves splitting the total simulated body into much smaller parts (nodes), performing calculations individually, and then recombining the results to get a much more accurate, comprehensive model. These computational features were then used to glean a wide dataset of values from the simulations completed.
-For the RVEs in question, the type and amount of load was considered, as in different applications, there are different load restrictions and implications for material viability. Hydrostatic as well as uniaxial stress was applied, to simulate the different situations the biochar-epoxy resin composite may undergo. Additionally, the amount of load was changed, to determine whether there was a relationship between increased load and increased strain/plastic deformation of the material.
+For the RVEs in question, the type and amount of load was considered, as in different applications, there are different load restrictions and implications for material viability. Hydrostatic as well as uniaxial stress was applied, to simulate the different situations the biochar-epoxy resin composite may undergo. Additionally, the amount of load was changed, to determine whether there was a relationship between increased load and increased strain/plastic deformation of the material. These models also feature slanted interfaces, a feature which has not been explored in previous literature (ie. Wallace, 2019b), which focused on Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer composites, a composite where softwood biochar was applied as a secondary particle to the matrix, rather than a critical component of the composite interfaces. These slanted interfaces present a positive opportunity to observe the effects of transversal stress through this new combination of softwood and pinewood biochar.
 To measure the reaction of the material to the differing variables applied to the RVE, the von Mises percentage was chosen, as it indicates the probability of the material yielding or fracturing, leading to plastic deformation, from which any impact of further stress is permanent (Harish, 2017). In this case, the lower von Mises value is preferable, as this indicates a lesser probability of plastic deformation beyond return. It was hypothesized that by adding biochar to the epoxy resin RVE, the material would become stronger, and more resistant to stress.
-This paper focuses on the materials used to create the overall biochar-blend and epoxy resin composite, and the unique mechanical properties they bring to ABAQUS. Past studies have been done experimentally on the softwood blend (spruce-fir) biochar individually (Wallace, 2019a), but there is a dearth of research conducted on blends of biochar (pinewood and softwood blend), and how these materials would interact if placed in a material together. The combination of these two specific species and their effect on scalability and force pairs was of interest. Before creating the final models in ABAQUS, I experimented with placing the sections of biochars in different locations relative to the applied pressure, to obtain the best orientation of the blended model to test further.
+This paper aims to bridge the knowledge gap of biochar epoxy resin composites in respect to the blend of pinewood and softwood blend biochar species. Coupled with the unique application of slanted interfaces and numerous load settings,
-−
-Additionally, this model featured slanted interfaces, a feature which had not been explored in previous literature such as (Wallace, 2019b), which focused on Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer composites, a composite where softwood biochar was applied as a secondary particle to the matrix, rather than a critical component of the composite interfaces. While creating these models in ABAQUS, the amount, combination, and configuration (with interfaces) of different species of biochar relative to the entire RVE were of interest to create an innovative simulation of what a biochar-epoxy resin composite could be experimentally.
 ==Methods and Materials==
@@ Line 150: / Line 152: @@
 ==Conclusion==
-Using finite element analysis and unique RVEs to simulate different configurations, types and amounts of biochar in an epoxy resin, a few major conclusions can be drawn. First, the relationship between increased load amount and the reaction to the pressure is proportional, meaning biochar-epoxy resin composites behave in a predictable fashion under higher stresses. Each time double the stress is applied, the von Mises percentage doubles as well. Secondly, as measured through lower von Mises percentages, the configuration of 4 assignable biochar sections lends itself well to lower maximum von Mises percentages, while the configuration of 8 assignable biochar sections lends itself well to lower minimum von Mises percentages, as evidenced by the pinewood RVE results for 16 MPa of applied pressure. Additionally, the location of biochar closer to boundary conditions creates higher moments of von Mises concentrations, however this can be avoided through the application of hydrostatic (instead of uniaxial) stress, as this spreads the pressure along numerous axes leading to a better dispersion of force, allowing less elastic deformation for higher pressure amounts. Furthermore, as seen by the smallest von Mises percentage of 1.375 and the highest von Mises percentage of 6.049 for 16 and 64 MPa of pressure respectively, the ranges of probability of yield and fracture seem to be more varied for the softwood blend RVEs, due to the blend’s heterogeneous makeup, that incorporates an increasing number of uneven surfaces even within the RVE that contribute to more diverse percentages ranging from lower to higher values. This contrasts from the reaction of the pure epoxy resin nodes, which act in opposite force pairs to the original biochar. Finally, the novel biochar-epoxy resin composites in this investigation withstand the industry standard of 5000 psi. These findings confirm the earlier hypothesis that the addition of biochar to epoxy resin results in a stronger and more environmentally friendly material.
+After using finite element analysis and unique RVEs to simulate new configurations, types and amounts of biochar in an epoxy resin, a few major conclusions can be drawn. First, the relationship between increased load amount and the reaction to the pressure is proportional, meaning biochar-epoxy resin composites behave in a predictable fashion under higher stresses. Each time double the stress is applied, the von Mises percentage doubles as well. Secondly, as measured through lower von Mises percentages, the configuration of 4 assignable biochar sections lends itself well to lower maximum von Mises percentages, while the configuration of 8 assignable biochar sections lends itself well to lower minimum von Mises percentages, as evidenced by the pinewood RVE results for 16 MPa of applied pressure. Additionally, the location of biochar closer to boundary conditions creates higher moments of von Mises concentrations, however this can be avoided through the application of hydrostatic (instead of uniaxial) stress, as this spreads the pressure along numerous axes leading to a better dispersion of force, allowing less elastic deformation for higher pressure amounts. Furthermore, as seen by the smallest von Mises percentage of 1.375 and the highest von Mises percentage of 6.049 for 16 and 64 MPa of pressure respectively, the ranges of probability of yield and fracture seem to be more varied for the softwood blend RVEs, due to the blend’s heterogeneous makeup, that incorporates an increasing number of uneven surfaces even within the RVE that contribute to more diverse percentages ranging from lower to higher values. This contrasts from the reaction of the pure epoxy resin nodes, which act in opposite force pairs to the original biochar. Finally, the novel biochar-epoxy resin composites in this investigation withstand the industry standard of 5000 psi. These findings confirm the earlier hypothesis that the addition of biochar to epoxy resin results in a stronger and more environmentally friendly material.
 ==Acknowledgements==
-Thank you to Dr. Z. Hossain for guidance on literature value collection and Mr. G. Darone for insightful discussions on data analysis and graph creation.
+Thank you to Mr. G. Darone for insightful discussions on data analysis/graph creation and Dr. Z. Hossain for guidance on literature value collection.
 ==References==

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 To measure the reaction of the material to the differing variables applied to the RVE, the von Mises percentage was chosen, as it indicates the probability of the material yielding or fracturing, leading to plastic deformation, from which any impact of further stress is permanent (Harish, 2017). In this case, the lower von Mises value is preferable, as this indicates a lesser probability of plastic deformation beyond return. It was hypothesized that by adding biochar to the epoxy resin RVE, the material would become stronger, and more resistant to stress.
 ==Methods and Materials==
@@ Line 195: / Line 199: @@
 ==Appendix ==
-Table 1: Raw Experimental Data
+Appendix A: Raw Experimental Data
 Legend for RVE Title:
@@ Line 376: / Line 380: @@
 |}
-<br/>
+For recreating these results, ABAQUS (Student Edition) is needed, which is available free of charge at https://www.3ds.com/edu/education/students/solutions/abaqus-le. Utilizing the literature values from Table 1 for the material properties within the ABAQUS material library will render the same values. To create the Representative Volume Elements, start with a 2D part (square), and then create a 3D extrusion cube with dimensions of 20 units x 20 units x 20 units. Then, create triangular prism partitions as pictured to create "assignable sections," and assign  the aforementioned material properties to the alternate, four, or all eight corners to test different amounts of each material. For the blend RVE, split each of the corners in half with another partition feature, and fill in either side with the different biochar species. Pressure is applied through the "load function," with the "tet" meshing feature on ABAQUS. The boundary constraints are placed at the bottom face nodes. Each job was created separately, and was visualized using the 75% von Mises setting. <br />

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:59, 25 September 2023
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← Older revision	Revision as of 15:56, 29 August 2023
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 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 1:  Representative volume element of cube with triangular prism corners</div>
+Figure 1:  Representative volume element of cube with triangular prism corners
 To obtain literature values to simulate the biochar and epoxy resin configurations, a comprehensive literature review was completed. Necessary inputs for finite element analysis included the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio values to simulate the strength, and deformation behavior of these materials. These literature values were found across a wide array of literature pertaining to past experimental studies on pyrolyzed pinewood and softwood biochar, along with epoxy resin (Wallace, 2019a; Bartolucci, 2020; Das, 2015; Horabik, 2021; Smith, 1974).
@@ Line 67: / Line 69: @@
 |  style="border: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|0.37
 |}
 To assign the different characters to the sections, the total amount of biochar-epoxy resin ratio was considered. For the cube configurations with triangular corners, there were four standard settings. The configurations included two alternate corners of biochar, four alternate corners of biochar, and finally all eight corners of biochar, to observe the effect of maximum biochar character. As a control, a setting with epoxy resin for all corners was considered as well. The smaller cube in the center resulting from the negative space of the corners was composed of epoxy resin in each simulation, to represent the adhesive purposes that the epoxy resin would perform for each simulation.
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 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
- [[Image:Draft_Mukherjee_983218320-image5.png|600px]] Figure 5:  Maximum and minimum von Mises percentages vs. number of assignable sections for pinewood and softwood blend biochar</div>
+<nowiki> </nowiki>[[Image:Draft_Mukherjee_983218320-image5.png|600px]] Figure 5:  Maximum and minimum von Mises percentages vs. number of assignable sections for pinewood and softwood blend biochar
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
@@ Line 115: / Line 117: @@
 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-Figure 8: Pure epoxy resin vs. 1:3 pinewood-softwood blend minimum von Mises percentages </div>
+Figure 8: Pure epoxy resin vs. 1:3 pinewood-softwood blend minimum von Mises percentages
 [[Image:Draft_Mukherjee_983218320-image9.png|600px]]
@@ Line 186: / Line 190: @@
 Wallace, C. A., Saha, G. C., Afzal, M. T., & Lloyd, A. (2019b). Experimental and computational modeling of effective flexural/tensile properties of microwave pyrolysis biochar reinforced GFRP biocomposites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 175, 107180.
-{| style="width: 100%;"
+Woolf, D., Amonette, J. E., Street-Perrott, F. A., Lehmann, J., & Joseph, S. (2010). Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. ''Nature communications'', ''1''(1), 56.
-|-
-−
-|-
-|  style="vertical-align: top;"|Woolf, D., Amonette, J. E., Street-Perrott, F. A., Lehmann, J., & Joseph, S. (2010). Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. ''Nature communications'', ''1''(1), 56.
 Yang, Y., Boom, R., Irion, B., Van Heerden, D. J., Kuiper, P., & De Wit, H. (2012). Recycling of composite materials. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 51, 53-68.
 ==Appendix ==