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==Abstract==

The results of an investigation of the helminth fauna of musk deer, Siberian roe deer and Manchurian deer in Primorsky Krai are provided. Regarding the musk deer, the nematodes ''Spiculopteragia spiculoptera'' , ''Nematodirus filicolis'' , ''Pygarginema skrjabini'' and ''Trichuris'' sp. have been registered. The intensities of the infections ranged from 1 to 6 specimens. In one case, 66 specimens of ''P'' . ''skrjabini'' were found in the omasum of a musk deer. ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' was registered in the musk deer for the first time. All of the examined roe deer were infected with helminths; ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' dominated, and ''N'' . ''filicolis'' , ''P'' . ''skrjabini'' , ''Mazamastrongylus dagestanica'' and ''Dicrocoelium dendriticum'' were also recorded. ''Ostertagia antipini'' species and the minor morph of ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' , “''Rinadia mathevossiani'' ”, were registered for the first time in Primorsky Krai. The Manchurian deer carried ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' and ''D'' . ''dendriticum'' .

==Keywords==

Musk deer ; Roe deer ; Manchurian deer ; Moschus moschiferus ; Capreolus pygargus ; Cervus elaphus ; Helminths of the digestive tract ; Primorsky Krai

==Introduction==

The wild ruminants of Primorsky Krai include moose (''Alces alces'' ), Manchurian deer (''Cervus elaphus'' ), sika deer (''Cervus nippon'' ), Siberian roe deer (''Capreolus pygargus'' ) and musk deer (''Moschus moschiferus'' ). There is also a small population of Amur goral (''Naemorhedus goral'' ). There are only a few publications regarding the helminth fauna of the wild ruminants of Primorsky Krai. This significant issue remains poorly studied for a number of reasons. Data regarding the helminths of the musk deer in the region were presented by [[#bb0020|Kadenazii (1958)]] , and the results of helminthological dissections of Siberian roe deer, Manchurian deer and musk deer were reported in [[#bb0030|Oshmarin and Parukhin (1963)]] , but these authors did not provide quantitative characteristics of the infection rates. Data regarding the gorals' endoparasites were summarized by [[#bb0055|Voloshina and Khrustalev (1992)]] .

The main aim of the present study was to supplement the data regarding the helminth species compositions that inhabit the abomasa and small intestines of musk deer, Siberian roe deer and Manchurian deer.

==Material and Methods==

Laboratory studies of the contents (matrixes) of the abomasa and small intestines that were collected from 15 individual of far-eastern musk deer, 6 Siberian roe deer and 2 Manchurian deer were conducted using standard helminthological methods ([[#bb0015|Ivashkin et al., 1971]] ). The collection of the samples was performed in the Terneysky District of Primorsky Krai during the snowy periods (November–February) from 2010 to 2014.

We identified the nematode species using whole mounts that were processed with a 10% aqueous solution of glycerine. We performed the species detection based on morphological features (primarily the specifics of the males' bursa and spicule structures) and information from the literature ([[#bb0050|Skryabin ''et al'' ., 1954 ]] ; [[#bb0040|Pryadko, 1976]] ; [[#bb0025|Kuznetsov, 2006]] ). We did not identify the species of the females because the morphological differences between the females of the most commonly discovered species are small.

==Results and Discussion==

All of the examined musk deer had single nematodes in the abomasum and small intestine contents. The intensities of infection ranged from 1 to 6 specimens. Two animals were infested only with female nematodes (2 and 4 specimens). In 2 cases, only males were found (1 and 3 specimens). The ''Spiculopteragia spiculoptera'' and ''Nematodirus filicolis'' nematode species were observed. Additionally, 2 animals had large spirurida ''Pygarginema skrjabini'' nematodes. One specimen of ''P'' . ''skrjabini'' was found in the abomasum content of one of the musk deer, and the omasum of another musk deer was infested with 66 specimens of ''P'' . ''skrjabini'' . Moreover, 2 specimens of ''Trichuris'' sp. were found in the colon of one of the musk deer.

We discovered ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' , and this species was mentioned in any of the literature related to the helminth fauna of the musk deer ( [[#bb0020|Kadenazii, 1958]] ; [[#bb0005|Asadov, 1960]] ; [[#bb0045|Safronov, 1961]] ; [[#bb0030|Oshmarin and Parukhin, 1963]] ; [[#bb0010|Gubanov, 1964]] ; [[#bb0040|Pryadko, 1976]] ; [[#bb0035|Prikhodko, 2003]] ). Therefore, the musk deer has newly been identified as a host of ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' .

All of the examined Siberian roe deer had male ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' nematodes (from 26 to 392) in the abomasum and small intestine contents (173 specimens per animal on average). Two male specimens of the minor morph of the ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' species “''Rinadia mathevossiani'' ” were found in one of the roe deer. “''R'' . ''mathevossiani'' ” was not previously observed in Primorsky Krai. Additionally, 3 roe deer carried male ''Mazamastrongylus dagestanica'' in numbers that ranged from 1 to 25 specimens (9 specimens per animal on average), and 2 deer had ''N'' . ''filicolis'' (1 and 12 specimens). We found 10 ''Ostertagia antipini'' nematode specimens in one of the roes, and this is the first report of ''O'' . ''antipini'' in Primorsky Krai.

The numbers of female nematodes (females were not differentiated by species) that were discovered in the abomasum and small intestine contents of the Siberian roe deer ranged from 32 to 476 specimens (238 female nematodes per roe deer on average).

In addition to the nematodes of the above-listed species, which are similar in size and morphology, we found 112 ''P. skrjabini'' nematodes in the abomasum and omasum of one of the roe deer. In addition to nematodes, we discovered the trematode ''Dicrocoelium dendriticum'' in the small intestines of 2 roe deer (2 and 20 specimens in these two deer).

The information regarding the taxonomic composition of the helminths of roe deer that was collected from the same territory more than half a century ago ([[#bb0030|Oshmarin and Parukhin, 1963]] ) agrees with our results in terms of only one species, ''D'' . ''dendriticum'' (junior synonym — ''Dicrocoelium lanceatum'' ).

All of the nematodes that were discovered in the abomasum and small intestine contents of the Manchurian deer belonged to one species, ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' . We discovered 179 male and 272 female ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' in one of the Manchurian deer and 27 males and 162 females in another. Additionally, there were more than 10 specimens of the trematode ''D'' . ''dendriticum'' in the small intestine of one of the Manchurian deer.

==Conclusion==

The authors conducted research of the helminth fauna of the digestive tracts of 15 musk deer, 6 Siberian roe deer and 2 Manchurian deer. The musk deer were infected by ''S. spiculoptera'' , ''Nematodirus filicolis'' , ''P. skrjabini'' and ''Trichuris'' sp. The intensities of the infections of all of the reported species ranged from 1 to 6 specimens. ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' was observed in musk deer for the first time. All of the examined roe deer were infected with nematodes, and the intensities of infection ranged from several tens to several hundreds of specimens. ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' dominated, and ''N'' . ''filicolis'' , ''P'' . ''skrjabini'' , ''M. dagestanica'' and ''D. dendriticum'' species were also found in the roe deer. Additionally, ''O. antipini'' and the minor morph of ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' , “''R. mathevossiani'' ”, were found in the roe deer, and these taxa were reported in Primorsky Krai for the first time. ''S'' . ''spiculoptera'' and ''D'' . ''dendriticum'' were found in the Manchurian deer.

This research was supported by RFBR grant no. [[#gts0005|13-04-00341а]] and the Wildlife Conservation Society (USA) .

==References==

<ol style='list-style-type: none;margin-left: 0px;'><li>
[[#bb0005|Asadov, 1960]] S.M. Asadov; Helminth Fauna of Ruminant Animals in USSR and Its Ecological–Geographical Analysis; Publishing House of Academy of Sciences AzSSR, Baku, USSR (1960)</li>
<li>
[[#bb0010|Gubanov, 1964]] N.M. Gubanov; Helminth Fauna of Game Mammals in Yakutia; Nauka, Moscow (1964)</li>
<li>
[[#bb0015|Ivashkin et al., 1971]] V.M. Ivashkin, V.I. Kontrimavichus, N.S. Nazarova; Methods of Collection and Study of Helminthes of Terrestrial Mammals; Pub. House Nauka, Moscow (1971)</li>
<li>
[[#bb0020|Kadenazii, 1958]] A.N. Kadenazii; To the knowledge of helminth fauna of musk deer (''Moschus moschiferus'' L.) ; Proceedings of Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, 9 (1958), pp. 107–110</li>
<li>
[[#bb0025|Kuznetsov, 2006]] D.N. Kuznetsov; A method for differentiation of nematodes of subfamily Ostertagiinae; Transactions of All-Russian K.I. Skryabin Institute for Helminthology, 43 (2006), pp. 271–278</li>
<li>
[[#bb0030|Oshmarin and Parukhin, 1963]] P.G. Oshmarin, A.M. Parukhin; Trematodes and nematodes of birds and mammals of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve; G.F. Bromley, G.E. Kurentsova (Eds.), Proceedings of Sikhote-Alin Reserve, Vol. 3 (1963) (Vladivostok, Russia)</li>
<li>
[[#bb0035|Prikhodko, 2003]] V.I. Prikhodko; Musk Deer. Origin, Taxonomy, Ecology, Behaviour and Communication; Geos, Moscow (2003)</li>
<li>
[[#bb0040|Pryadko, 1976]] E.I. Pryadko; Helminths of Deer; Pub. House Nauka KazSSR, Alma-Ata, USSR (1976)</li>
<li>
[[#bb0045|Safronov, 1961]] M.G. Safronov; About species composition of pathogens echinococcosis in animals and humans in the Yakut ASSR; Proceedings of Yakutsk Scientific Institute of Agriculture, 3 (1961), pp. 11–12</li>
<li>
[[#bb0050|Skryabin et al., 1954]] K.I. Skryabin, N.P. Shikhobalova, R.S. Shults; Essentials of nematodology III; Trichostrongyloids of Animals and Man, Pub. House of Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow (1954)</li>
<li>
[[#bb0055|Voloshina and Khrustalev, 1992]] I.V. Voloshina, A.V. Khrustalev; Endoparasites: species composition, abundance and pathogenicity; A.M. Myslenkov (Ed.), Amur Goral (Collected Proceedings), Publishing House of Central research laboratory of wildlife and reserves, Moscow (1992), pp. 119–123</li>
</ol>

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Scipediacontent: Scipediacontent moved page Draft Content 708857550 to Maksimova et al 2015aa

Scipediacontent: Created page with " ==Abstract== The results of an investigation of the helminth fauna of musk deer, Siberian roe deer and Manchurian deer in Primorsky Krai are provided. Regarding the musk de..."