Lee Zhuo 2026a - Revision history

Tomamil: Tomamil moved page Review 337222142936 to Lee Zhuo 2026a

2026-07-22T15:58:38Z

Tomamil moved page Review 337222142936 to Lee Zhuo 2026a

Alexanderllala at 01:57, 22 July 2026

2026-07-22T01:57:18Z

Alexanderllala at 18:09, 14 June 2026

2026-06-14T18:09:35Z

Alexanderllala: figure

2026-06-14T18:08:49Z

figure

Alexanderllala at 16:28, 30 May 2026

2026-05-30T16:28:40Z

Alexanderllala: format

2026-05-30T16:26:39Z

format

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Alexanderllala: The formating

2026-03-16T14:41:08Z

The formating

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Alexanderllala at 15:24, 4 March 2026

2026-03-04T15:24:51Z

Alexanderllala at 15:22, 4 March 2026

2026-03-04T15:22:44Z

Alexanderllala at 15:22, 4 March 2026

2026-03-04T15:22:12Z

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 == Result ==
-[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 1.52.37 PM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 2. Eyespot regeneration over time in Trial 1 across four GlyNAC concentrations (0%, 1%, 5%, 10%). n=10 per group.]]
+[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 1.52.37 PM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 2. Eyespot regeneration over time in Trial 1 across four GlyNAC concentrations (0%, 1%, 5%, 10%). n=10 per group.]]To evaluate the effect of GlyNAC on cranial tissue repair, eyespot regeneration was monitored over 5 days in Trial 1 across four concentrations (0%, 1%, 5%, and 10%), with n = 10 planarians per group. As shown in Figure 2, the 0% control group exhibited the slowest regenerative progression, with eyespots remaining incompletely formed at the 5-day endpoint. The 1% and 5% GlyNAC groups demonstrated accelerated regeneration compared to controls, achieving complete eyespot formation approximately 3 days earlier than the control group. The 5% group showed the most rapid regeneration overall, with full eyespot restoration observed by day 4. The 10% group displayed intermediate recovery, with regeneration rates falling between the 1% and 5% groups.[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 1.58.45 PM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 3. Tail regeneration in Trial 1. Difference in tail length from day 1 to day 11. Error bars = standard deviation. *p < 0.05, *''p < 0.01'']]To evaluate the effect of GlyNAC on posterior tissue regrowth, the change in tail length from day 1 to day 11 was measured in Trial 1, with results presented in Figure 3. The 0% control group showed the smallest increase in tail length over the 11-day period. The 1% and 5% GlyNAC groups exhibited greater increases in tail length compared to controls, with increases ranging from 1.3 to 1.5 mm. The 5% GlyNAC group produced the largest increase in tail length among all groups, with a statistically significant difference from the control (*p* < 0.01). The 10% GlyNAC group also showed increased tail length relative to controls, though this increase was less pronounced than that observed in the 5% group. Error bars in Figure 3 represent standard deviation for each group.
-[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 1.58.45 PM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 3. Tail regeneration in Trial 1. Difference in tail length from day 1 to day 11. Error bars = standard deviation. *p < 0.05, *''p < 0.01'']]
+[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.00.17 PM.png|alt=|centre|thumb|Figure 4. Head regeneration in Trial 1. Difference in head length from day 1 to day 11. Error bars = standard deviation]]As presented in Figure 4, head length increased across all groups from day 1 to day 11. The 0% control group showed the smallest increase in head length. The 1% and 5% GlyNAC groups demonstrated greater increases in head length compared to controls, with increases ranging from 1.3 to 1.5 mm. The 5% group exhibited the greatest increase in head length among all treatment groups. The 10% group showed increases between the 1% and 5% groups. Statistical analysis revealed that most comparisons between treatment groups and controls did not reach statistical significance.
 [[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.00.17 PM.png|alt=|centre|thumb|Figure 4. Head regeneration in Trial 1. Difference in head length from day 1 to day 11. Error bars = standard deviation]]
-[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.02.31 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 5. Planarian movement in Trial 1. Gridlines crossed per planarian over time.'']]
+[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.02.31 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 5. Planarian movement in Trial 1. Gridlines crossed per planarian over time.'']]Planarian movement was quantified by counting grid-line crossings during 30-minute video recordings, with results shown in Figure 5. The 0% control group displayed baseline locomotor activity. The 1% and 5% GlyNAC groups showed increased grid-line crossings compared to controls, while the 10% group exhibited reduced activity relative to the 5% group. However, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in locomotor activity across treatment groups.[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.02.38 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 6. Eyespot regeneration over time in Trial 2.'']]In Trial 2, eyespot regeneration was monitored over time across GlyNAC concentrations (0%, 1%, and 5%, with the 10% dose replaced by 5% due to toxicity in Trial 1), as shown in Figure 6. The 0% control group showed the slowest progression toward full eyespot formation. The 1% and 5% GlyNAC groups demonstrated accelerated regeneration compared to controls, consistent with the patterns observed in Trial 1. The 5% group exhibited the most rapid regeneration, achieving full eyespot formation earlier than all other groups.[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.02.47 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 7. Head regeneration over time in Trial 2.'']]Head regeneration over time in Trial 2 is presented in Figure 7. The 0% control group showed the smallest increase in head length. The 1% and 5% groups demonstrated moderate to large increases in head length compared to controls. The 5% group exhibited the greatest increase in head length among all groups. Most between-group comparisons did not reach statistical significance.[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.02.53 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 8. Tail regeneration over time in Trial 2.'']]As shown in Figure 8, tail regeneration in Trial 2 followed a similar pattern to Trial 1. The 0% control group showed the smallest increase in tail length. The 1% and 5% groups exhibited greater increases in tail length compared to controls. The 5% group demonstrated the largest increase in tail length among all treatment groups. Statistical analysis revealed that most comparisons between treatment groups and controls did not reach statistical significance.[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.03.00 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 9. Planarian movement in Trial 2. Gridlines crossed per planarian over time.'']]Planarian movement in Trial 2 is shown in Figure 9. The 0% control group displayed baseline locomotor activity. The 1% and 5% GlyNAC groups showed grid-line crossings comparable to or slightly increased from controls. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in locomotor activity across treatment groups.
 [[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.02.38 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 6. Eyespot regeneration over time in Trial 2.'']]
 [[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.02.47 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 7. Head regeneration over time in Trial 2.'']]
 [[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.02.53 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 8. Tail regeneration over time in Trial 2.'']]
 [[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.03.00 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 9. Planarian movement in Trial 2. Gridlines crossed per planarian over time.'']]
 == 4. Discussion ==

@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 Several methodological limitations may have affected the results. Locomotor activity was quantified by manual counting of grid-line crossings from video recordings, which is susceptible to inter-observer variability and fatigue-related errors. Shortening the recording duration from 30 minutes was adopted as a partial mitigation, but did not eliminate observer-related error. Scheduling constraints and holidays created gaps in the data collection timeline, complicating comparison across trials and reducing the ability to detect gradual trends. Trial duration was insufficient to capture the full temporal extent of GlyNAC's effects. In Trial 1, all planarians in Group D (10% GlyNAC) died, indicating that this concentration is toxic to ''D. tigrina''; the concentration was reduced to 5% in Trial 2, which resolved the mortality issue and yielded informative data. Future studies should include a broader range of non-lethal concentrations (e.g., 0.5%, 2%, 5%) to identify the optimal therapeutic window. Additionally, automated tracking software should be considered for more objective and precise measurement of locomotor activity.
-Despite these limitations, this study provides preliminary in vivo evidence that dietary GlyNAC supplementation can enhance planarian tissue regeneration. The finding that GlyNAC is most likely to benefit aging organisms—due to their pronounced GSH deficiency—has direct relevance to translational aging research. Future research should explore the dose-dependent effects of GlyNAC across multiple regeneration cycles and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, including neoblast proliferation rates and gene expression changes in antioxidant pathways. Replication of these findings in vertebrate models, such as zebrafish or murine wound-healing assays, would further strengthen the translational potential of GlyNAC for human regenerative medicine.
+Despite these limitations, this study provides preliminary in vivo evidence that dietary GlyNAC supplementation can enhance planarian tissue regeneration. The finding that GlyNAC is most likely to benefit aging organisms due to their pronounced GSH deficiency has direct relevance to translational aging research. Future research should explore the dose-dependent effects of GlyNAC across multiple regeneration cycles and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, including neoblast proliferation rates and gene expression changes in antioxidant pathways. Replication of these findings in vertebrate models, such as zebrafish or murine wound-healing assays, would further strengthen the translational potential of GlyNAC for human regenerative medicine.
 == 5. Conclusions ==

@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 == Result ==
-[[File:Review_337222142936_2328_FIG 3.png|1100x1100px]]
+[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 1.52.37 PM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 2. Eyespot regeneration over time in Trial 1 across four GlyNAC concentrations (0%, 1%, 5%, 10%). n=10 per group.]]
-[[File:Review_337222142936_6283_FIG 4.png|1154x1154px]]
+[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 1.58.45 PM.png|centre|thumb|Figure 3. Tail regeneration in Trial 1. Difference in tail length from day 1 to day 11. Error bars = standard deviation. *p < 0.05, *''p < 0.01'']]
+[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.00.17 PM.png|alt=|centre|thumb|Figure 4. Head regeneration in Trial 1. Difference in head length from day 1 to day 11. Error bars = standard deviation]]
-[[File:Review_337222142936_4460_FIG 6.png|1100x1100px]]
+[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.02.31 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 5. Planarian movement in Trial 1. Gridlines crossed per planarian over time.'']]
+[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.02.38 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 6. Eyespot regeneration over time in Trial 2.'']]
-[[File:Review_337222142936_7516_FIG 8.png|1100x1100px]]
+[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.02.47 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 7. Head regeneration over time in Trial 2.'']]
+[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.02.53 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 8. Tail regeneration over time in Trial 2.'']]
-[[File:Review_337222142936_5995_FIG 9.png|1100x1100px]]
+[[File:Screenshot 2026-06-14 at 2.03.00 PM.png|centre|thumb|''Figure 9. Planarian movement in Trial 2. Gridlines crossed per planarian over time.'']]
 == 4. Discussion ==
-The data indicate that GlyNAC supplementation increased eyespot regeneration rate and fragment body length relative to the control group, supporting the hypothesis that GlyNAC exerts a positive effect on tissue regeneration in D. tigrina. Given the mechanistic parallels between planarian neoblast-driven regeneration and vertebrate stem cell repair [7], these findings suggest GlyNAC may similarly promote tissue regeneration in humans, potentially through restoration of GSH levels and reduction of oxidative stress.
+In this study, GlyNAC supplementation at 5% and 1% accelerated eyespot regeneration by approximately 3 days compared to controls and increased head and tail length growth by 1.3–1.5 mm. The data indicate that GlyNAC supplementation increased eyespot regeneration rate and fragment body length relative to the control group, supporting the hypothesis that GlyNAC exerts a positive effect on tissue regeneration in ''D. tigrina''. These findings are consistent with previous studies in other model organisms, where GlyNAC has been shown to enhance wound healing and tissue repair through glutathione-mediated pathways. Given the mechanistic parallels between planarian neoblast-driven regeneration and vertebrate stem cell repair [7], these findings suggest GlyNAC may similarly promote tissue regeneration in humans, potentially through restoration of GSH levels and reduction of oxidative stress. However, direct extrapolation to human physiology requires further investigation in mammalian models.
-Several methodological limitations may have affected the results. Locomotor activity was quantified by manual counting of grid-line crossings from video recordings, which is susceptible to inter-observer variability and fatigue-related errors. Shortening the recording duration from 30 minutes was adopted as a partial mitigation, but did not eliminate observer-related error. Scheduling constraints and holidays created gaps in the data collection timeline, complicating comparison across trials and reducing the ability to detect gradual trends. Trial duration was insufficient to capture the full temporal extent of GlyNAC's effects. In Trial 1, all planarians in Group D (10% GlyNAC) died, indicating that this concentration is toxic to D. tigrina; the concentration was reduced to 5% in Trial 2, which resolved the mortality issue and yielded informative data.
+Several methodological limitations may have affected the results. Locomotor activity was quantified by manual counting of grid-line crossings from video recordings, which is susceptible to inter-observer variability and fatigue-related errors. Shortening the recording duration from 30 minutes was adopted as a partial mitigation, but did not eliminate observer-related error. Scheduling constraints and holidays created gaps in the data collection timeline, complicating comparison across trials and reducing the ability to detect gradual trends. Trial duration was insufficient to capture the full temporal extent of GlyNAC's effects. In Trial 1, all planarians in Group D (10% GlyNAC) died, indicating that this concentration is toxic to ''D. tigrina''; the concentration was reduced to 5% in Trial 2, which resolved the mortality issue and yielded informative data. Future studies should include a broader range of non-lethal concentrations (e.g., 0.5%, 2%, 5%) to identify the optimal therapeutic window. Additionally, automated tracking software should be considered for more objective and precise measurement of locomotor activity.
-Despite these limitations, this study provides preliminary in vivo evidence that dietary GlyNAC supplementation can enhance planarian tissue regeneration. The finding that GlyNAC is most likely to benefit aging organisms—due to their pronounced GSH deficiency—has direct relevance to translational aging research.
+Despite these limitations, this study provides preliminary in vivo evidence that dietary GlyNAC supplementation can enhance planarian tissue regeneration. The finding that GlyNAC is most likely to benefit aging organisms—due to their pronounced GSH deficiency—has direct relevance to translational aging research. Future research should explore the dose-dependent effects of GlyNAC across multiple regeneration cycles and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, including neoblast proliferation rates and gene expression changes in antioxidant pathways. Replication of these findings in vertebrate models, such as zebrafish or murine wound-healing assays, would further strengthen the translational potential of GlyNAC for human regenerative medicine.
 == 5. Conclusions ==

@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 Baseline locomotor activity was recorded before treatment initiation. For each session, 30 mL of Poland Spring water was added to four sterile Petri dishes placed over graph paper grids (Fig. 1). Planarians from each group were transferred to their respective dishes, allowed a brief acclimation period, and then video-recorded for 30 minutes. The number of grid lines crossed by each individual was counted from the recordings as a proxy for locomotion. This procedure was repeated after the treatment period to assess any treatment-related changes in motility.
+[[File:Screenshot 2026-05-30 at 12.27.43 PM.png|centre|thumb]]
-[[File:Review_337222142936_7562_Grid.png]]
 ==== Fig. 1. Experimental setup for locomotor activity assessment. Petri dishes placed over graph paper grids to enable quantification of grid-line crossings as a locomotion proxy.Planarian Cutting ====

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 Treating Planarian
-	Before the planarians are used, they must be nurtured. When working with them, safety equipment was worn and materials used in the experiment, as well as the workspace, were disinfected beforehand. The groups were treated with 20g of correspondent food according to Table 1. This was done a maximum of 3 times a week. After feeding, leftover beef was removed from the container using a pipette. Additionally, dirtied water was replaced with clean Poland spring water using a pipette, avoiding taking any planarians along with the dirtied water. The planarians were treated for 7 days before beginning the experiment.
+   Before the planarians are used, they must be nurtured. When working with them, safety equipment was worn and materials used in the experiment, as well as the workspace, were disinfected beforehand. The groups were treated with 20g of correspondent food according to Table 1. This was done a maximum of 3 times a week. After feeding, leftover beef was removed from the container using a pipette. Additionally, dirtied water was replaced with clean Poland spring water using a pipette, avoiding taking any planarians along with the dirtied water. The planarians were treated for 7 days before beginning the experiment.
 Mobility Measurement
-	Before adding the treatment, the behaviors of planarians were measured. To do this, safety gear was worn, and all materials, gear, and workspace were disinfected. Next, 30 mL of Poland spring water was poured into 4 petri dishes. Then, the planarians were put into the petri dishes based on their respective groups. Afterwards, graph paper “(Figure 1) was placed below the petri dishes, and a camera was used to record the planarian groups for 30 minutes.
+   Before adding the treatment, the behaviors of planarians were measured. To do this, safety gear was worn, and all materials, gear, and workspace were disinfected. Next, 30 mL of Poland spring water was poured into 4 petri dishes. Then, the planarians were put into the petri dishes based on their respective groups. Afterwards, graph paper “(Figure 1) was placed below the petri dishes, and a camera was used to record the planarian groups for 30 minutes.
 Figure 1. Experimental setup for movement
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
     The planarian motility was collected by observing the number of line tiles crossed by each planarian under a grid paper and was recorded on an Excel sheet before and after the treatment for 2 weeks. The means and standard deviation were done by Excel standard functions.
 Then created a scatter plot line graph. The data’s significance was calculated by using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) followed by Tukey HSD (from https://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/anova/default2.aspx) P-values under 0.05 were considered significant. The graphs were a scatter plot of each concentration tile crossed per day.
- The planarian regeneration was done by comparing how fast the eye spots grow between the tail groups. The length was measured between both the heads and tails. The means and standard deviation were done by Excel standard functions. The data’s significance was calculated by using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) followed by Tukey HSD (from https://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/anova/default2.aspx) P-values under 0.05 were considered significant. The graphs made were bar graphs showing the difference in growth from day 0 to day 11 and the mean scoring of the eyespot regeneration plotted as a line graph.
+   The planarian regeneration was done by comparing how fast the eye spots grow between the tail groups. The length was measured between both the heads and tails. The means and standard deviation were done by Excel standard functions. The data’s significance was calculated by using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) followed by Tukey HSD (from https://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/anova/default2.aspx) P-values under 0.05 were considered significant. The graphs made were bar graphs showing the difference in growth from day 0 to day 11 and the mean scoring of the eyespot regeneration plotted as a line graph.
 Result
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 Discussion/Conclusion
-	The data reveals that the GlyNAC had increased the regeneration of eyespots and length. This supports the hypothesis that GlyNAC has a positive effect on the regeneration of a planarian. This suggests that GlyNAC may also have a positive effect on tissue regeneration in humans. This is because since there is increased regeneration in planarians then these effects will show up in the human regeneration of cells.
+   The data reveals that the GlyNAC had increased the regeneration of eyespots and length. This supports the hypothesis that GlyNAC has a positive effect on the regeneration of a planarian. This suggests that GlyNAC may also have a positive effect on tissue regeneration in humans. This is because since there is increased regeneration in planarians then these effects will show up in the human regeneration of cells.
-	The limitation of this experiment is that it can cause errors within this experiment. During the data collection, the researchers were manually counting the number of lines crossed by the planarians; this can lead to human error and time-consuming. This issue was solved by having the video recording shortened. This allows the researchers to be more time-efficient. On the contrary, this did not solve the problem of human error. Another limitation is holidays, where data cannot be collected. This can make comparing data from different trials hard. Trials were also not long enough to see the full extent of GlyNAC’s impact. Due to the time constraints, this was not resolved. In trial 1 the planarians treated with 10% had died. The researchers had resolved the issue by changing the Group D treatment to be 5% of GlyNAC. This resolution had guided the researchers to seeing the benefits of GlyNAC.
+   The limitation of this experiment is that it can cause errors within this experiment. During the data collection, the researchers were manually counting the number of lines crossed by the planarians; this can lead to human error and time-consuming. This issue was solved by having the video recording shortened. This allows the researchers to be more time-efficient. On the contrary, this did not solve the problem of human error. Another limitation is holidays, where data cannot be collected. This can make comparing data from different trials hard. Trials were also not long enough to see the full extent of GlyNAC’s impact. Due to the time constraints, this was not resolved. In trial 1 the planarians treated with 10% had died. The researchers had resolved the issue by changing the Group D treatment to be 5% of GlyNAC. This resolution had guided the researchers to seeing the benefits of GlyNAC.
 Future Research
@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
 References:
-Bijnens, K., Jaenen, V., Wouters, A., Leynen, N., Pirotte, N., Artois, T., &        Smeets, K. (2021). A spatiotemporal characterization of redox molecules in planarians, with a focus on the role of glutathione during regeneration. Biomolecules, 11(5), 714.
+Bijnens, K., Jaenen, V., Wouters, A., Leynen, N., Pirotte, N., Artois, T., &     Smeets, K. (2021). A spatiotemporal characterization of redox molecules in planarians, with a focus on the role of glutathione during regeneration. Biomolecules, 11(5), 714.
 Jeong, E. M., Yoon, J. H., Lim, J., Shin, J. W., Cho, A. Y., Heo, J., ... & Kim, I. G. (2018). Real-time monitoring of glutathione in living cells reveals that high glutathione levels are required to maintain stem cell function. Stem cell reports, 10(2), 600-614.
 Pawelec, Graham, David Goldeck, and Evelyna Derhovanessian. "Inflammation, aging, and

← Older revision	Revision as of 15:58, 22 July 2026
(No difference)

@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 Acknowledgments
-Dr. D. Marmor, Mrs. N. Jaipershad, Dr. L. Wang, Ms. Zhu, Ms. Khemlani, Dr. J. Cohen, Dr. S. Lin, Mr. Z. Liang, Ms. DePietro
+   Dr. D. Marmor, Mrs. N. Jaipershad, Dr. L. Wang, Ms. Zhu, Ms. Khemlani, Dr. J. Cohen, Dr. S. Lin, Mr. Z. Liang, Ms. DePietro
 References: