LIU et al 2024a - Revision history

Rimni at 11:39, 22 May 2024

2024-05-22T11:39:48Z

Rimni: /* Nomenclature */

2024-05-22T11:21:34Z

‎Nomenclature

Rimni at 14:40, 21 May 2024

2024-05-21T14:40:49Z

Rimni at 13:57, 21 May 2024

2024-05-21T13:57:41Z

Rimni at 13:53, 21 May 2024

2024-05-21T13:53:05Z

Rimni: /* Nomenclature */

2024-05-21T13:52:18Z

‎Nomenclature

Rimni at 13:51, 21 May 2024

2024-05-21T13:51:27Z

Rimni at 13:47, 21 May 2024

2024-05-21T13:47:29Z

Rimni at 13:46, 21 May 2024

2024-05-21T13:46:47Z

Rimni at 13:46, 21 May 2024

2024-05-21T13:46:28Z

@@ Line 106: / Line 106: @@
 |}
+where, <math> T_e</math> and <math> T_c</math> are the average temperature of the evaporation section and the condensing section, <math display="inline"> K </math>, respectively; <math display="inline"> Q_e </math> is the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section of the heat absorbed, <math display="inline"> W </math>; <math display="inline"> R </math> is the heat transfer thermal resistance, K/W; <math display="inline"> \lambda </math> is the equivalent coefficient of thermal conductivity, W/(m·K); <math display="inline"> A </math> is the total cross-sectional area of the pulsating heat pipe circulation pipeline, m<sup>2</sup>; <math display="inline"> L </math> is the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section and the condensing section of the average distance between the measurement point, <math display="inline"> m </math>.
-Equations (1)-(4), <math> T_e</math> and <math> T_c</math> for the average temperature of the evaporation section and the condensing section, <math display="inline"> K </math>; <math display="inline"> Q_e </math> for the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section of the heat absorbed, <math display="inline"> W </math>; <math display="inline"> R </math> for the heat transfer thermal resistance, K/W; <math display="inline"> \lambda </math> for the equivalent coefficient of thermal conductivity, W/(m·K); <math display="inline"> A </math> for the total cross-sectional area of the pulsating heat pipe circulation pipeline, m<sup>2</sup>; <math display="inline"> L </math> for the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section and the condensing section of the average distance between the measurement point, <math display="inline"> m </math>.
 ==3 Results and Analysis ==

@@ Line 290: / Line 290: @@
 {| style="width: 100%;"
 |-
-|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline"> A </math>:  the total cross-sectional area of the pulsating heat pipe circulation pipeline, [m<sup>2</sup>]
+|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline"> A </math>:  the total cross-sectional area of the pulsating heat pipe circulation pipeline, [m<sup>2</sup>].
 |-
-|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">T_e  </math>: the average temperature of the evaporation section, [K]
+|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">T_e  </math>: the average temperature of the evaporation section, [K].
 |-
-|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">L  </math>:  the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section and the condensing section of the average distance between the measurement point, [m]
+|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">L  </math>:  the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section and the condensing section of the average distance between the measurement point, [m].
 |-
-|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">T_c  </math>: the average temperature of the condensing section, [K]
+|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">T_c  </math>: the average temperature of the condensing section, [K].
 |-
-|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">Q_e  </math>: the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section of the heat absorbed, [W]
+|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">Q_e  </math>: the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section of the heat absorbed, [W].
 |-
-|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">  \lambda</math>: the equivalent coefficient of thermal conductivity, W/(m·K)
+|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">  \lambda</math>: the equivalent coefficient of thermal conductivity, W/(m·K).
 |-
-|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline"> R </math>: the heat transfer thermal resistance, [K/W]
+|  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline"> R </math>: the heat transfer thermal resistance, [K/W].
 |}

@@ Line 314: / Line 314: @@
 [1] Pagliarini, L. Pulsating heat pipes: Critical review on different experimental techniques. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 148, 110980, 2023.
-[2] Dang C., et al. Investigation on thermal design of a rack with the pulsating heat pipe for cooling CPUs, Applied Thermal Engineering, 110:390-398, 2017.
+[2] Dang C., et al. Investigation on thermal design of a rack with the pulsating heat pipe for cooling CPUs. Applied Thermal Engineering, 110:390-398, 2017.
-[3] Qu, J., et al., Experimental Investigation Of Silicon-Based Micro-Pulsating Heat Pipe For Cooling Electronics, ''Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering'', ''16'' (2012), 1, pp. 37-49
+[3] Qu J., et al. Experimental investigation of silicon-based micro-pulsating heat pipe for cooling electronics. Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 16(1):37-49, 2012.
-[4] Deng, Z., et al., Experimental Study On Thermal Performance Of An Anti-Gravity Pulsating Heat Pipe And Its Application On Heat Recovery Utilization, ''Applied Thermal Engineering'', ''125'' (2017), pp. 1368-1378
+[4] Deng Z., et al., Experimental study on thermal performance of an anti-gravity pulsating heat pipe and its application on heat recovery utilization. Applied Thermal Engineering, 125:1368-1378, 2017.
-[5] Mahajan, G., et al., Energy And Cost Savings Potential Of Oscillating Heat Pipes For Waste Heat Recovery Ventilation, ''Energy Reports'', ''3'' (2017), pp. 46-53
+[5] Mahajan G., et al. Energy and cost savings potential of oscillating heat pipes for waste heat recovery ventilation. Energy Reports, 3:46-53, 2017.
-[6] Sarafraz, M.M., Hormozi, F., Experimental Study On The Thermal Performance And Efficiency Of A Copper Made Thermosyphon Heat Pipe Charged With Alumina–Glycol Based Nanofluids, ''Powder Technology'', 266 (2014), pp. 378-387
+[6] Sarafraz M.M., Hormozi F. Experimental study on the thermal performance and efficiency of a copper made thermosyphon heat pipe charged with alumina–glycol based nanofluids. Powder Technology, 266:378-387, 2014.
-[7] Yousefi, T., et al., Experimental Investigation On The Performance Of CPU Coolers: Effect Of Heat Pipe Inclination Angle And The Use Of Nanofluids, ''Microelectronics Reliability'', ''53'' (2013), 12, pp. 1954-1961
+[7] Yousefi T., et al. Experimental investigation on the performance of CPU coolers: Effect of heat pipe inclination angle and the use of nanofluids. Microelectronics Reliability, 53(12):1954-1961, 2013
-[8] Huo, Y., et al., Simulation Study On Thermal Performance Of Two Turns Helium Cryogenic Oscillating Heat Pipe For Superconducting Accelerator, ''Radiat Detect Technol Methods'', ''7'' (2023), 3, pp. 427-434
+[8] Huo Y., et al. Simulation study on thermal performance of two turns helium cryogenic oscillating heat pipe for superconducting accelerator. Radiat Detect Technol Methods, 7(3):427-434, 2023.
-[9] Sagar, K.R., Novel Condenser Based Cryogenic Pulsating Heat Pipe: Investigations On Influence Of Geometrical Parameters, Cryogenics, 126 (2022), pp. 103543
+[9] Sagar K.R. Novel condenser based cryogenic pulsating heat pipe: Investigations on influence of geometrical parameters. Cryogenics, 126, 103543, 2022.
-[10] Liu, S., et al., Experimental Study Of Pulsating Heat Pipes Filled With Nanofluids Under The Irradiation Of Solar Simulator, Energies, 15 (2022), pp. 9153
+[10] Liu S., et al. Experimental study of pulsating heat pipes filled with nanofluids under the irradiation of solar simulator. Energies, 15, 9153, 2022.
-[11] Kargar Sharif Abad, H., et al., A Novel Integrated Solar Desalination System With A Pulsating Heat Pipe, ''Desalination'', ''311'' (2013), pp. 206-210
+[11] Kargar Sharif Abad H., et al. A novel integrated solar desalination system with a pulsating heat pipe. Desalination, 311:206-210, 2013.
-[12] Burban, G., et al., Experimental Investigation Of A Pulsating Heat Pipe For Hybrid Vehicle Applications, ''Applied Thermal Engineering'', ''50'' (2013), 1, pp. 94-103
+[12] Burban G., et al. Experimental investigation of a pulsating heat pipe for hybrid vehicle applications. Applied Thermal Engineering, 50(1):94-103, 2013.
-[13] Mito, T., et al., Development Of Highly Effective Cooling Technology For A Superconducting Magnet Using Cryogenic OHP, ''IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.'', ''20'' (2010), 3, pp. 2023-2026
+[13] Mito T., et al. Development of highly effective cooling technology for a superconducting magnet using cryogenic OHP. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 20(3):2023-2026, 2010.
-[14] Han, X., et al., Review Of The Development Of Pulsating Heat Pipe For Heat Dissipation, ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews'', ''59'' (2016), pp. 692-709
+[14] Han X., et al. Review of the development of pulsating heat pipe for heat dissipation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59:692-709, 2016.
-[15] Nikolayev, V.S., Effect Of Tube Heat Conduction On The Single Branch Pulsating Heat Pipe Start-Up, ''International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer'', ''95'' (2016), pp. 477-487
+[15] Nikolayev V.S. Effect of tube heat conduction on the single branch pulsating heat pipe start-up. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 95:477-487, 2016.
-[16] Rudresha, S., et al., Experimental Investigation And Influence Of Filling Ratio On Heat Transfer Performance Of A Pulsating Heat Pipe, ''Thermal Science and Engineering Progress'', ''38'' (2023), pp. 101649
+[16] Rudresha S., et al. Experimental investigation and influence of filling ratio on heat transfer performance of a pulsating heat pipe. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 38, 101649, 2023.
-[17] Jang, D.S., et al., Thermal Performance Characteristics Of A Pulsating Heat Pipe At Various Nonuniform Heating Conditions, ''International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer'', ''126'' (2018), pp. 855-863
+[17] Jang D.S., et al. Thermal performance characteristics of a pulsating heat pipe at various nonuniform heating conditions. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 126:855-863, 2018.
-[18] Wu, M., et al., Experimental Study On The Effects Of Filling Ratios On Heat Transfer Characteristics Of Liquid Metal High-Temperature Oscillating Heat Pipes, ''International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer'', ''209'' (2023), pp. 124153
+[18] Wu M., et al. Experimental study on the effects of filling ratios on heat transfer characteristics of liquid metal high-temperature oscillating heat pipes. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 209, 124153, 2023.
-[19] Mameli, M., et al., Thermal Response Of A Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe Under A Varying Gravity Force, ''International Journal of Thermal Sciences'', ''80'' (2014), pp. 11-22
+[19] Mameli M., et al. Thermal response of a closed loop pulsating heat pipe under a varying gravity force. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 80:11-22, 2014.
-[20] Li, M., et al., Theoretical Analysis Of Start-Up Power In Helium Pulsating Heat Pipe, ''IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.'', ''171'' (2017), pp. 012102
+[20] Li M., et al. Theoretical analysis of start-up power in helium pulsating heat pipe. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 171, 012102, 2017.
-[21] Wang, J., Bai, X., The Features Of CLPHP With Partial Horizontal Structure, ''Applied Thermal Engineering'', ''133'' (2018), pp. 682-689
+[21] Wang J., Bai, X. The features of CLPHP with partial horizontal structure. Applied Thermal Engineering, 133:682-689, 2018.
-[22] Chen, T., et al., A Novel Triangular Pulsating Heat Pipe With Enhanced Heat Transfer Performance For Building Energy Efficiency, ''Case Studies in Thermal Engineering'', ''49'' (2023), pp. 103286
+[22] Chen T., et al. A novel triangular pulsating heat pipe with enhanced heat transfer performance for building energy efficiency. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 49, 103286, 2023.
-[23] Lee, Y.J., Kim, S.J., Experimental Investigation On The Effect Of Transverse Grooves In A Channel On The Thermal Performance Of A Flat-Plate Pulsating Heat Pipe, ''International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer'', ''218'' (2024), pp. 124759
+[23] Lee Y.J., Kim S.J. Experimental investigation on the effect of transverse grooves in a channel on the thermal performance of a flat-plate pulsating heat pipe. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 218, 124759, 2024.
-[24] Ebrahimi, M., et al., Experimental Investigation Of The Thermal Management Of Flat-Plate Closed-Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes With Interconnecting Channels, ''Applied Thermal Engineering'', ''90'' (2015), pp. 838-847
+[24] Ebrahimi M., et al. Experimental investigation of the thermal management of flat-plate closed-loop pulsating heat pipes with interconnecting channels, Applied Thermal Engineering, 90, 838-847, 2015.

@@ Line 310: / Line 310: @@
 ==References==
-[1] Pagliarini, L., Pulsating Heat Pipes: Critical Review On Different Experimental Techniques, ''Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science'', 148 (2023), pp. 110980
+[1] Pagliarini, L. Pulsating heat pipes: Critical review on different experimental techniques. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 148, 110980, 2023.
-[2] Dang, C., et al., Investigation On Thermal Design Of A Rack With The Pulsating Heat Pipe For Cooling CPUs, ''Applied Thermal Engineering'', ''110'' (2017), pp. 390-398
+[2] Dang C., et al. Investigation on thermal design of a rack with the pulsating heat pipe for cooling CPUs, Applied Thermal Engineering, 110:390-398, 2017.
 [3] Qu, J., et al., Experimental Investigation Of Silicon-Based Micro-Pulsating Heat Pipe For Cooling Electronics, ''Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering'', ''16'' (2012), 1, pp. 37-49

@@ Line 291: / Line 291: @@
 |-
 |  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline"> A </math>:  the total cross-sectional area of the pulsating heat pipe circulation pipeline, [m<sup>2</sup>]
 |  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">T_e  </math>: the average temperature of the evaporation section, [K]
 |-
 |  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">L  </math>:  the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section and the condensing section of the average distance between the measurement point, [m]
 |  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">T_c  </math>: the average temperature of the condensing section, [K]
 |-
 |  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">Q_e  </math>: the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section of the heat absorbed, [W]
 |  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">  \lambda</math>: the equivalent coefficient of thermal conductivity, W/(m·K)
 |-
 |  style="text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline"> R </math>: the heat transfer thermal resistance, [K/W]
 |}

@@ Line 290: / Line 290: @@
 {| style="width: 100%;"
 |-
-|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|''A''
+|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline"> A </math>:  the total cross-sectional area of the pulsating heat pipe circulation pipeline, [m<sup>2</sup>]
-|  style="vertical-align: top;"|
+|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">T_e  </math>: the average temperature of the evaporation section, [K]
-* the total cross-sectional area of the pulsating heat pipe circulation pipeline, [m<sup>2</sup>]
-|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|''T<sub>e</sub>''
-|  style="vertical-align: top;"|
-* the average temperature of the evaporation section, [K]
 |-
-|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|''L''
+|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">L  </math>:  the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section and the condensing section of the average distance between the measurement point, [m]
-|  style="vertical-align: top;"|
+|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">T_c  </math>: the average temperature of the condensing section, [K]
-* the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section and the condensing section of the average distance between the measurement point, [m]
-|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|''T<sub>c</sub>''
-|  style="vertical-align: top;"|
-* the average temperature of the condensing section, [K]
 |-
-|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|''Q<sub>e</sub>''
+|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">Q_e  </math>: the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section of the heat absorbed, [W]
-|  style="vertical-align: top;"|
+|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline">  \lambda</math>: the equivalent coefficient of thermal conductivity, W/(m·K)
-* the pulsating heat pipe evaporation section of the heat absorbed, [W]
-|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|''λ''
-|  style="vertical-align: top;"|
-* the equivalent coefficient of thermal conductivity, W/(m·K)
 |-
-|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|''R''
+|  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|<math display="inline"> R </math>: the heat transfer thermal resistance, [K/W]
-|  style="vertical-align: top;"|
-* the heat transfer thermal resistance, [K/W]
 |  style="text-align: right;vertical-align: top;"|
 |  style="vertical-align: top;"|

@@ Line 274: / Line 274: @@
 [[#img-6|Figure 6]](b) reveals that the PHP’s equivalent thermal conductivity under both dissipation methods escalates with the heat source temperature. Notably, the equivalent thermal conductivity is comparatively lower under natural convection. Despite the PHP’s superior heat transfer capabilities at elevated heat source temperatures, an ineffective dissipation method in the condenser section can compromise the device’s overall heat transfer performance. Therefore, employing forced convection for heat dissipation can enhance the condenser section’s cooling efficacy, thereby significantly improving both the PHP’s heat transfer capabilities and the device’s overall thermal performance.
-==4 Conclusions==
+==4. Conclusions==
 In the present study, a comprehensive comparative analysis was conducted on the thermal transfer characteristics of an asymmetrically structured pulsating heat pipe (PHP) heat exchanger, considering varying heat source temperatures under both natural and forced convection scenarios. This analysis encompassed startup behaviors, operational dynamics, and thermal efficiency. The ensuing conclusions are delineated as follows:
@@ Line 284: / Line 284: @@
 (3) The asymmetric PHP structure experiences oscillations of varying amplitudes and frequencies as the heat source temperature increases, regardless of the heat dissipation method. The driving force behind the working fluid’s flow within the tube stems from the pressure differential induced by thermal input, thereby intimately linking the oscillation characteristics and flow patterns of the working fluid to the heat input. The flow rate of the working fluid dictates the frequency of temperature oscillations, while the intensity of fluid oscillations determines the fluctuation amplitude. The asymmetric channel structure’s propensity for easy initiation, coupled with the accelerated flow rate of the working fluid in localized channels, catalyzes the flow in adjacent or even the entire channel network. This promotes a hastened initiation of the PHP’s overall structure, culminating in an advanced attainment of a stable cyclic flow and oscillatory state.
-(5) With the increase of heat source temperature, the thermal resistance of both heat dissipation methods shows a decreasing trend due to the increase of heat source temperature which accelerates the flow rate of the work material and enhances the phase change heat transfer, and the thermal resistance of PHP under forced convection is always smaller than that under natural convection, but the value of the thermal resistance of PHP decreases slowly near the critical region of the startup and the startup stage. The equivalent thermal conductivity of PHP under both heat dissipation methods increases with the increase of heat source temperature, and the equivalent thermal conductivity under natural convection heat dissipation is lower compared to forced convection heat dissipation, so the use of forced convection heat dissipation improves the heat transfer performance of PHP and the heat exchange performance of the device.
+(4) With the increase of heat source temperature, the thermal resistance of both heat dissipation methods shows a decreasing trend due to the increase of heat source temperature which accelerates the flow rate of the work material and enhances the phase change heat transfer, and the thermal resistance of PHP under forced convection is always smaller than that under natural convection, but the value of the thermal resistance of PHP decreases slowly near the critical region of the startup and the startup stage. The equivalent thermal conductivity of PHP under both heat dissipation methods increases with the increase of heat source temperature, and the equivalent thermal conductivity under natural convection heat dissipation is lower compared to forced convection heat dissipation, so the use of forced convection heat dissipation improves the heat transfer performance of PHP and the heat exchange performance of the device.
 ==Nomenclature==

@@ Line 253: / Line 253: @@
 <div id='img-6'></div>
-{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0em auto 0.1em auto;border-collapse: collapse;width:65%;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0em auto 0.1em auto;border-collapse: collapse;width:75%;"
 |-style="background:white;"
 |align="center" |