Scipediacontent: Scipediacontent moved page Draft Content 499373828 to Kaynak et al 2016a

2017-03-31T09:07:08Z

Scipediacontent moved page Draft Content 499373828 to Kaynak et al 2016a

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2017-03-31T09:02:53Z

Created page with "==Abstract== ====Background==== Osteoid osteoma is an uncommon benign bone-forming tumor of the musculoskeletal system but it is the most common primary bone tumor of the ca..."

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==Abstract==

====Background====

Osteoid osteoma is an uncommon benign bone-forming tumor of the musculoskeletal system but it is the most common primary bone tumor of the carpal region. However, only seven cases of its pisiform involvement have been described.

====Case====

We present a 19 year-old male patient with osteoid osteoma of the pisiform which initially could not be detected in any diagnostic study for long standing wrist pain. The patient was treated with excision and curettage. In 1 year of follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic without recurrence.

====Conclusion====

In cases with long standing ulnar wrist pain, one should consider osteoid osteoma of the pisiform in differential diagnosis. If an OO is suspected, thin slice CT scan in initial evaluation would be valuable in preventing the patient from misdiagnosis or delay in diagnosis.

==Keywords==

Osteoid osteoma ; Pisiform

Osteoid osteoma (OO), first described by Jaffe HL, et al in 1935,[[#bib1|1]] , [[#bib2|2]] and [[#bib3|3]] is an uncommon benign bone-forming tumor of the musculoskeletal system with uncertain etiology.[[#bib1|1]] and [[#bib4|4]] It accounts for 3%–4% of all primary bone tumors,[[#bib1|1]] and [[#bib5|5]] and 10%–14% of all benign bone tumors.[[#bib1|1]] and [[#bib6|6]] OO most commonly involves long bones,[[#bib2|2]] , [[#bib4|4]] , [[#bib6|6]] and [[#bib7|7]] especially proximal femur and tibia.[[#bib5|5]] and [[#bib8|8]] It is seen predominantly in the second and third decades of life,[[#bib5|5]] , [[#bib6|6]] and [[#bib8|8]] especially males.[[#bib1|1]] and [[#bib8|8]] Male:female ratio is 2:1.[[#bib2|2]] , [[#bib5|5]] and [[#bib6|6]] OO constitutes 25% of all primary bone tumors of the carpal region,[[#bib2|2]] and [[#bib9|9]] although only 19%–31% of all OO cases involve the upper extremity.[[#bib5|5]] 10% of all OO involves the hand,[[#bib1|1]] often metacarpals and proximal phalanges.[[#bib2|2]] Although quite rare (2%),[[#bib1|1]] common sites of OO in the carpal region are scaphoid and capitate bones.[[#bib1|1]] , [[#bib2|2]] and [[#bib9|9]] Seven cases and six articles was reported in literature about OO of the pisiform.[[#bib1|1]] , [[#bib3|3]] , [[#bib9|9]] , [[#bib10|10]] , [[#bib11|11]] and [[#bib12|12]]

We present case of OO of the pisiform which has diagnosis as late as 8 months.

==Case report==

19 year-old right-handed male was admitted to our institution with constant pain and decreased grip strength in his left wrist. Pain had continued for a few months and worsened after participating sports about 1 month before his admission. Symptoms aggravated at night and were partially relieved with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Pain was localized over ulnar styloid and pisiform bone by palpation. Initial X-rays did not detect any abnormality. After 1 month of rest, cold compression and NSAIDs, his complaints were the same and became resistant to NSAIDs. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was ordered and signal intensity increase in triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) along with medullary edema of the pisiform was reported. Although conservative treatment was started, the patient did not come back for 8 months. Then, he was admitted again to our institution because of unrelieved pain and progressively decreased ability to use his wrist in daily activities. Anteroposterior, lateral and 30° of supination X-rays ([[#fig1|Fig. 1]] ) and Computed Tomography (CT) with 3-D reconstruction ([[#fig2|Fig. 2]] ) revealed a sclerotic lesion surrounded by lucent area in dorsal and radial part of the pisiform suggestive of OO. MRI of the wrist revealed regression of medullary edema of the pisiform and normal appearing TFCC. Open excision and curettage of the lesion was decided.



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[[Image:draft_Content_499373828-1-s2.0-S1017995X16300189-gr1.jpg|center|355px|Fig. 1]]

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Fig. 1.

30° of supination view of the pisiform before the operation.


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[[Image:draft_Content_499373828-1-s2.0-S1017995X16300189-gr2.jpg|center|355px|Fig. 2]]

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Fig. 2.

Transverse section of the pisiform in CT scan before the operation.


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The operation was done through a 3 cm longitudinal incision centralized over pisiform. Through the cortical window about 1 cm, a sclerotic mass of 0.5 cm diameter was easily detected and extracted under fluoroscopic control.

Radiographies after the operation confirmed total removal of the mass. Histology of the excised tissue was consistent with osteoid osteoma. After receiving approval from the Ethical Committee of our institution, we decided to report this case.

Shortly after the initial postoperative period, symptoms of the patient dramatically improved and he was satisfied with the operation and resumed recreational activities. During 1 year follow-up, there was not any recurrence of symptoms or any related complications.

==Discussion==

The most common manifestation of OO is nocturnal pain which is usually improved with salicylate or NSAID therapy.[[#bib1|1]] , [[#bib4|4]] , [[#bib6|6]] and [[#bib13|13]] Local tenderness, soft tissue swelling, warm skin, and resting pain may be present at the time of initial evaluation.[[#bib1|1]] and [[#bib8|8]]

Depending on location of the lesion, OO involvement of carpal bones produces nonspecific symptoms like exertional pain, loss of grip strength and reduced range of motion that mimics synovitis,[[#bib1|1]] and [[#bib14|14]] tenosynovitis,[[#bib1|1]] and [[#bib2|2]] triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries,[[#bib5|5]] or arthritis.[[#bib5|5]] and [[#bib14|14]] In addition to these physical examination findings history of a wrist injury may ease misleading diagnosis.[[#bib1|1]] , [[#bib3|3]] and [[#bib15|15]] Nonspecific symptoms and this rare location frequently cause 12–24 months overdue diagnosis,[[#bib5|5]] , [[#bib10|10]] , [[#bib14|14]] and [[#bib15|15]] misdiagnosis,[[#bib5|5]] and [[#bib16|16]] and insufficient or unnecessary treatment.[[#bib5|5]] , [[#bib16|16]] and [[#bib17|17]]

Imaging studies are essential in diagnosing OO. Radiographies are frequently not helpful and up to 25% of cases can be missed because of bony superposition in the carpal region or its nonspecific appearance[[#bib1|1]] , [[#bib3|3]] , [[#bib5|5]] and [[#bib16|16]] ; although it is the major imaging modality for other localizations.[[#bib8|8]] But particularly for the pisiform, 30° of supination relative to the X-ray beam with the ulnar side of the hand on the table can clearly visualize an OO.[[#bib18|18]] MRI is the most sensitive imaging modality,[[#bib1|1]] while CT scan is the most specific.[[#bib1|1]] and [[#bib3|3]] In MRI, OO is seen as a low signal intensity area with a centrally localized signal increase of nidus.[[#bib1|1]] The typical CT scan of OO is composed of sclerosis surrounding a lucent nidus with variable degrees of central mineralization.[[#bib1|1]] and [[#bib2|2]] Thin slice CT is particularly important because thicker slices may result in missing small lesions.[[#bib1|1]] Bone scan is also a valuable diagnostic modality helping to localize the lesion with a non-specific hot spot.[[#bib1|1]]

There are a few treatment choices. NSAID treatment alone can be a definitive treatment after 3–4 years of therapy.[[#bib2|2]] , [[#bib5|5]] and [[#bib8|8]] Its success rates, however, are lower than excision[[#bib5|5]] and it is not recommended if the lesion is intra-articular.[[#bib14|14]] Radiofrequency ablation therapy is an alternative but it is not recommended in carpal region because of utilized thermal ablation that affects an area of 1 cm diameter and proximity of neurovascular structures.[[#bib1|1]] and [[#bib8|8]] Open surgeries such as curettage or en bloc resection are more common alternatives,[[#bib2|2]] and [[#bib17|17]] and called the gold standard treatment for OO.[[#bib5|5]]

OO of the pisiform was reported in other articles before ([[#tbl1|Table 1]] ). It was reported first by Kernohan J, et al in 1985. They presented two cases treated with excision of the pisiform.[[#bib10|10]] One case was diagnosed with X-ray changes after delay of three years. The other case was operated five times for different diagnoses like synovitis or neuroma until excision of the pisiform which relieved his complaints. Later, Miller RF, et al reported excellent results of one case treated with complete excision of the pisiform.[[#bib11|11]] Diagnosis was delayed by 6 months until pathology report, after excision of the pisiform because of long standing pain and worsening of radiographic appearance of the bone. Initially, case was misdiagnosed as a pisiform fracture. In their study to determine the prevalence of primary bone tumors of the carpus, Murray PM, et al mentioned a case of OO of the pisiform in 44 primary tumors of carpal bones out of 26,800 bone neoplasms in their clinic.[[#bib9|9]] Wiesner W, et al reported for the first time the light bulb sign in MR angiography of an osteoid osteoma in the pisiform, which would help to avoid confusion of an osteoid osteoma with vascular lesions like aneurysms in MR angiography.[[#bib12|12]] Since the patient refused any operation, diagnosis was not verified by pathology. In 2011, Thomsen L, et al reported excellent results of a man 6 weeks after excision of nidus in the pisiform.[[#bib1|1]] They did not report any delay in diagnosis. Recently, Papachristos IV, et al presented the youngest case ever with an OO of the pisiform.[[#bib3|3]] There was not any delay in diagnosis. In our 19-year-old case, diagnosis was delayed for 8 months because of nonspecific findings in X-rays, MRI and CT scans. OO was suggested by repeating the same imaging modalities 8 months later. Patient was treated with excision of the nidus. Results were excellent at the end of 1 year follow-up.



{| class="wikitable" style="min-width: 60%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
|+

Table 1.

Reported cases of OO involving pisiform bone.

|-

! Article
! Age/sex of cases
! Diagnostic method
! Method of treatment
! Follow-up period
! Complication/recurrence
|-

| Kernohan J, et al[[#bib10|10]] (1985)
| 48/Female, 60/male
| X-ray
| En bloc resection of pisiform
| 14 years, N/A for male patient
| None
|-

| Miller RF, et al[[#bib11|11]] (1990)
| 17/Male
| Excision
| Excision
| 2 years
| None
|-

| Murray PM, et al[[#bib9|9]] (1999)
| 22/Male
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
|-

| Wiesner W, et al[[#bib12|12]] (2007)
| 33/Female
| MRI, MRA
| N/A (patient refused operation)
| N/A
| N/A
|-

| Thomsen L, et al[[#bib1|1]] (2011)
| 21/Male
| X-ray, MRI, CT
| Excision
| 6 weeks
| None
|-

| Papachristos IV, et al[[#bib3|3]] (2014)
| 13/Female
| X-ray, CT
| En bloc resection of pisiform
| 15 years
| None
|-

| Erdal OA, et al (2014)
| 19/Male
| X-ray, MRI, CT
| Excision
| 1 year
| None
|}

N/A: not available or not applicable; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; MRA: Magnetic resonance angiography; CT: computerized tomography.

In conclusion, in cases with long standing ulnar wrist pain, one should consider osteoid osteoma of the pisiform in differential diagnosis. If an OO is suspected, thin slice CT scan in initial evaluation would be valuable in preventing the patient from misdiagnosis or delay in diagnosis.

==References==

<ol style='list-style-type: none;margin-left: 0px;'><li>
[[#bib1|1]] L. Thomsen, C. Dumontier; Osteoid osteoma of the pisiform: a case report; Chir Main, 30 (2011), pp. 76–79</li>
<li>
[[#bib2|2]] A.A. Shaikhi, J. Hebert-Davies, T. Moser, E. Maillot, A.M. Danino; Osteoid osteoma of the capitate: a case report; ePlasty, 9 (2009), pp. 351–356.3</li>
<li>
[[#bib3|3]] I.V. Papachristos, D. Pasparakis; Osteoid osteoma of the pisiform. Can it exist in a child?; J Pediatr Orthop B, 23 (2014), pp. 172–175</li>
<li>
[[#bib4|4]] K.L. Weber, B.F. Morrey; Osteoid osteoma of the elbow: a diagnostic challenge; J Bone Jt Surg Am, 81 (1999), pp. 1111–1119</li>
<li>
[[#bib5|5]] J.M. Lamo-Espinosa, A. Gonzalez, S. Amillo; Osteoid osteoma mimicking triangular fibrocartilage complex injury; Case Rep Surg (2012), pp. 1–4</li>
<li>
[[#bib6|6]] S.E. Beck, J.H. Schwab, D.I. Rosenthal, A.E. Rosenberg, B.E. Grottkau; Metachronous osteoid osteoma of the tibia and the T7 vertebral body; J Bone Jt Surg Am, 93 (2011), pp. 1–5</li>
<li>
[[#bib7|7]] J. Girard, K. Basten, K.F. Kreitner, J. Degreif; Osteoma osteoid of the trapezoid bone: a case-report and review of the literature; Chir Main, 24 (2005), pp. 35–38</li>
<li>
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<li>
[[#bib9|9]] P.M. Murray, R.A. Berger, C.Y. Inwards; Primary neoplasms of the carpal region; J Hand Surg Am, 24 (1999), pp. 1008–1013</li>
<li>
[[#bib10|10]] J. Kernohan, J.P. Beacon, P.K. Dakin, B. Helal; Osteoid osteoma of the pisiform; J Hand Surg Br, 3 (1985), pp. 411–414</li>
<li>
[[#bib11|11]] R.F. Miller, A.L. Fox Jr.; Osteoid osteoma of the pisiform; Iowa Orthop J, 10 (1990), pp. 124–126</li>
<li>
[[#bib12|12]] W. Wiesner, T. Wischer, W. Steinbrich; Medullary osteoidosteoma of the os pisiform; Prax (Bern 1994), 96 (2007), pp. 1209–1213</li>
<li>
[[#bib13|13]] F. Chotel, F. Francka, F. Solla, ''et al.''; Osteoid osteoma transformation into osteoblastoma: fact or fiction; Orthop Traumatol Surg Res, 98S (2012), pp. 98–104</li>
<li>
[[#bib14|14]] P. Bhardwaj, C. Sharma, S.R. Sabapathy; Synovitis of the wrist joint caused by an intraarticular perforation of an osteoid osteoma; Indian J Orthop, 46 (2012), pp. 599–601</li>
<li>
[[#bib15|15]] G.S. Themistocleous, G.D. Chloros, I.S. Benetos, D.G. Efstathopoulos, N.E. Gerostathopoulos, P.N. Soucacos; Osteoid osteoma of the upper extremity. A diagnostic challenge; Chir Main, 25 (2006), pp. 69–76</li>
<li>
[[#bib16|16]] K. Kalb, U. Schlor, M. Meier, R. Schmitt, U. Lanz; Osteoid osteoma of the hand and wrist; Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir, 36 (2004), pp. 405–410</li>
<li>
[[#bib17|17]] A. Marcuzzi, A.L. Acciaro, A. Landi; Osteoid osteoma of the hand and wrist; J Hand Surg Br, 27 (2002), pp. 440–443</li>
<li>
[[#bib18|18]] P.H. Saffar, I. Pigeau; Radiographic imaging of the hand, wrist and elbow; R.A. Berger, A.P.C. Weiss (Eds.), Hand Surgery (1st ed.), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia (2004), pp. 82–83</li>
</ol>

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Scipediacontent: Scipediacontent moved page Draft Content 499373828 to Kaynak et al 2016a

Scipediacontent: Created page with "==Abstract== ====Background==== Osteoid osteoma is an uncommon benign bone-forming tumor of the musculoskeletal system but it is the most common primary bone tumor of the ca..."