Jacqmotte 2024a - Revision history

Tomamil: Tomamil moved page Review 535649618506 to Jacqmotte 2024a

2024-03-04T15:07:04Z

Tomamil moved page Review 535649618506 to Jacqmotte 2024a

Henry Jacq at 16:47, 23 February 2024

2024-02-23T16:47:00Z

Henry Jacq at 16:44, 23 February 2024

2024-02-23T16:44:07Z

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2024-02-13T04:40:39Z

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Henry Jacq: Henry Jacq moved page Draft Jacqmotte 577819423 to Review 535649618506

2024-02-10T19:33:19Z

Henry Jacq moved page Draft Jacqmotte 577819423 to Review 535649618506

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 The American Psychiatric Association defines depression as a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think, and how you act. Depression differs from common temporary feelings of sadness in regard to duration and circumstance. Feelings of sadness are temporary, usually subsiding after a few hours or days. Depression is characterized by consistent feelings of sadness or a lack of motivation that extends beyond 2 to 3 days. Generally, patients are diagnosed as having depression after exhibiting the aforementioned symptoms for over two weeks (3). Normal feelings of sadness are caused by outside events or pressures in one’s life. On the contrary, depression is a mood disorder that is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters, genetics, medical conditions, medication, and external events (4). Major depressive disorder is more complex than regular sadness, and its complete causes and effects are still not fully understood.
-Although psychiatrists are more frequently diagnosing patients with depression in comparison to prior eras, data shows that overall depression rates, both globally and nationally, are on the rise. Metrics released by the World Health Organizationillustrate that following the COVID-19 pandemic, the global prevalence of anxiety and depression increased by 25% (5). A study published in the Journal of Psychiatry Research provides data about the long term trends of global depression, showing that the condition has been on the rise for the past few decades. The study quantifies this claim, stating that worldwide cases of depression increased from 172 million in 1990 to 258 million in 2017, representing an increase of approximately 50% (6).
+Although psychiatrists are more frequently diagnosing patients with depression in comparison to prior eras, data shows that overall depression rates, both globally and nationally, are on the rise. Metrics released by the World Health Organization illustrate that following the COVID-19 pandemic, the global prevalence of anxiety and depression increased by 25% (5). A study published in the Journal of Psychiatry Research provides data about the long term trends of global depression, showing that the condition has been on the rise for the past few decades. The study quantifies this claim, stating that worldwide cases of depression increased from 172 million in 1990 to 258 million in 2017, representing an increase of approximately 50% (6).
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 ==Age Restrictions for SSRIs==
-Fluoxetine, a type of modern SSRI, is approved by the FDA in patients older than 8, while escitalopram is approved in patients above the age of 12 (28). No other SSRIs have been approved to treat MDD in adolescents; however, fluvoxamine and sertraline have been approved to treat OCD in teenagers (29). While these age restrictions allow many adolescents to be treated with SSRIs, SSRIs are only prescribed by medical professionals as a last-resort in extreme circumstances. SSRIs, apart from fluoxatine and escitalopram, are not approved for usage in adolescents due to the heightened risks of self-harm and increased suicidal ideation in adolescents using SSRIs (24). Many concerns regarding impacts on brain development also surround the SSRI drug class. Little testing has been conducted regarding the effects of SSRIs on brain development in adolescents, however, a recent study that clinically exposed developing rodents to SSRI antidepressants found conclusive evidence of brain alterations. The study outlines that rodents who were exposed to SSRIs experienced abnormal raphae circuitry, a neurological system responsible for releasing serotonin to other parts of the brain, and changes in cortical network function (30). A further study that reviewed fMRI images in adolescents that were exposed to SSRIs found that this exposure increased the size of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus (31). In general, little is known about the physical effects that SSRIs can have on the developing brain, and further research is needed to understand the possible consequences of early antidepressant usage. More specifically, research into SSRI exposure in areas such as the prefrontal cortex, that mature towards the end of the neurological development spectrum (32), would significantly improve the scientific understanding of the implications that SSRIs can have towards the developing brain. Most age restrictions associated with SSRIs and other types of antidepressants seek to prevent premature usage that could result in unknown and under-researched side effects.
+Fluoxetine, a type of modern SSRI, is approved by the FDA in patients older than 8, while escitalopram is approved in patients above the age of 12 (28). No other SSRIs have been approved to treat MDD in adolescents; however, fluvoxamine and sertraline have been approved to treat OCD in teenagers (29). While these age restrictions allow many adolescents to be treated with SSRIs, SSRIs are only prescribed by medical professionals as a last-resort in extreme circumstances. SSRIs, apart from fluoxetine and escitalopram, are not approved for usage in adolescents due to the heightened risks of self-harm and increased suicidal ideation in adolescents using SSRIs (24). Many concerns regarding impacts on brain development also surround the SSRI drug class. Little testing has been conducted regarding the effects of SSRIs on brain development in adolescents, however, a recent study that clinically exposed developing rodents to SSRI antidepressants found conclusive evidence of brain alterations. The study outlines that rodents who were exposed to SSRIs experienced abnormal raphae circuitry, a neurological system responsible for releasing serotonin to other parts of the brain, and changes in cortical network function (30). A further study that reviewed fMRI images in adolescents that were exposed to SSRIs found that this exposure increased the size of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus (31). In general, little is known about the physical effects that SSRIs can have on the developing brain, and further research is needed to understand the possible consequences of early antidepressant usage. More specifically, research into SSRI exposure in areas such as the prefrontal cortex, that mature towards the end of the neurological development spectrum (32), would significantly improve the scientific understanding of the implications that SSRIs can have towards the developing brain. Most age restrictions associated with SSRIs and other types of antidepressants seek to prevent premature usage that could result in unknown and under-researched side effects.
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 This review highlights the current scientific understanding regarding selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Collectively, there is a lack of sufficient data to make sound decisions about the use of SSRIs. Although some reviews (80/81) propose that the improvements associated with certain SSRIs outweigh the possible risks in adolescents, others may find that there is generally insufficient data regarding SSRI effects in adolescents, and specifically, the long-term effects of SSRI use and effects on brain maturation, to confidently make this claim. To reiterate, the current scientific understanding surrounding SSRIs upholds that specific SSRIs, such as fluoxetine, can have positive impacts on adolescents diagnosed with MDD. However, it is also acknowledged that SSRIs can have extremely negative side effects, namely suicidal ideation and developmental impairment of the brain. Studies conducted by found Hazell and Christiansen et al (60/61) found correlation between SSRI exposure in adolescents and an increased risk of completed and attempted suicide. However, predicting an individual’s response to a pharmaceutical drug is not currently possible, meaning that scientists cannot predict with absolute certainty whether an individual may experience these side effects. Additionally, researchers currently do not understand the full scope of the effects that SSRIs have on a developing brain, although specific brain alterations have been clinically observed. Another important aspect of SSRIs is that they have been observed to exacerbate other psychological conditions, such as bipolar disorder and mania, and lead to contradictions with other drugs.
-Although there are many possible consequences associated with SSRI usage, SSRIs, specifically Fluoxetine, can be critical to improving the condition of adolescents suffering from depression. However, not all patients respond positively to the drug. If this is the case, Escitalopram, another type of SSRI, is the next choice for medical professionals. Research indicates that around half of depressed youth who do not respond to a first SSRI will respond to a second one (82). No other current treatment forms, including cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy, have the possibility of mitigating adolescent depression to the same extent that specific SSRIs do.While these non-medicated treatment forms for adolescent depression do offer benefits to patients, namely decreased negative feelings and increased emotional control, they do not address the underlying neurological systems that are at the root of the condition. However, using SSRIs is ultimately up to the discretion of adolescents and their families. This review provides adolescents with all viewpoints of SSRI usage to allow them to make more informed decisions about their mental health.
+Although there are many possible consequences associated with SSRI usage, SSRIs, specifically Fluoxetine, can be critical to improving the condition of adolescents suffering from depression. However, not all patients respond positively to the drug. If this is the case, Escitalopram, another type of SSRI, is the next choice for medical professionals. Research indicates that around half of depressed youth who do not respond to a first SSRI will respond to a second one (82). No other current treatment forms, including cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy, have the possibility of mitigating adolescent depression to the same extent that specific SSRIs do. While these non-medicated treatment forms for adolescent depression do offer benefits to patients, namely decreased negative feelings and increased emotional control, they do not address the underlying neurological systems that are at the root of the condition. However, using SSRIs is ultimately up to the discretion of adolescents and their families. This review provides adolescents with all viewpoints of SSRI usage to allow them to make more informed decisions about their mental health.
 ==Acknowledgements==

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 ==Abstract==
-The current scientific understanding of adolescent depression is incomplete and requires further research and attention. This review, centered around Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in the context of adolescent depression, seeks to inform adolescents about the function of SSRIs, common side effects associated with SSRIs, the efficacy of SSRIs in this population group, and other aspects of the antidepressant class that are not clearly outlined by commonly used search engines. When considering the use of prescription drugs, especially ones that have large implications towards neurological function, it is essential to understand all facets of the medication. This review provides adolescents and their families with direct information that will inform their thinking about SSRI usage. All information was gathered using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Google search engines. This review considers academic and popular sources in collating evidence for the impact and efficacy of SSRIs on adolescents.Through careful analysis of the consequences and benefits associated with SSRI usage, this review provides a comprehensive scientific overview of SSRIs. To inform adolescents and their families, this review will first offer a mechanistic overview of the SSRI drug class, evaluate evidence for the neurological effects of SSRIs on the adolescent brain and then evaluate clinical testing of two specific SSRI’s, Fluoxetine and Escitalopram. Both the implications of SSRIs on adolescent brain development and their possible short-term and long-term negative side effects are also considered in this review. Most importantly, this review draws attention to the multitude of unknowns surrounding SSRI usage in adolescents and urges researchers to continue evaluating the implications of early antidepressant usage. With an adolescent centered viewpoint and a focus on comprehensivity, this report provides adolescents and their families with the resources to make personalized decisions about SSRI exposure.
+The current scientific understanding of adolescent depression is incomplete and requires further research and attention. This review, centered around Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in the context of adolescent depression, seeks to inform adolescents about the function of SSRIs, common side effects associated with SSRIs, the efficacy of SSRIs in this population group, and other aspects of the antidepressant class that are not clearly outlined by commonly used search engines. When considering the use of prescription drugs, especially ones that have large implications towards neurological function, it is essential to understand all facets of the medication. This review provides adolescents and their families with direct information that will inform their thinking about SSRI usage. All information was gathered using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Google search engines. This review considers academic and popular sources in collating evidence for the impact and efficacy of SSRIs on adolescents. Through careful analysis of the consequences and benefits associated with SSRI usage, this review provides a comprehensive scientific overview of SSRIs. To inform adolescents and their families, this review will first offer a mechanistic overview of the SSRI drug class, evaluate evidence for the neurological effects of SSRIs on the adolescent brain and then evaluate clinical testing of two specific SSRI’s, Fluoxetine and Escitalopram. Both the implications of SSRIs on adolescent brain development and their possible short-term and long-term negative side effects are also considered in this review. Most importantly, this review draws attention to the multitude of unknowns surrounding SSRI usage in adolescents and urges researchers to continue evaluating the implications of early antidepressant usage. With an adolescent centered viewpoint and a focus on comprehensivity, this report provides adolescents and their families with the resources to make personalized decisions about SSRI exposure.
 ==Key Words==
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 A person with five out of these nine symptoms possessed sufficient symptoms to be diagnosed with depression (2). This development in medical diagnosis can be mainly attributed to political factors and economic motivations. Through the classification of depression, the branch of psychiatry became a more respected segment of medical science and pharmaceutical companies were able to make immense profits (1) from the development of antidepressants in the 1950s.
-Although psychiatrists have been more commonly diagnosing patients with depression than in prior eras, data shows that overall depression rates, both globally and nationally, are on the rise. Metrics released by the World Health Organizationillustrate that following the COVID-19 pandemic, the global prevalence of anxiety and depression increased by 25% (3). A study published in the Journal of Psychiatry Research provides data about the general trend of global depression, showing that the condition has been on the rise for the past few decades. The study shows that cases of depression worldwide increased from 172 million in 1990 to 258 million in 2017, representing an increase of approximately 50% (4).
+Although psychiatrists have been more commonly diagnosing patients with depression than in prior eras, data shows that overall depression rates, both globally and nationally, are on the rise. Metrics released by the World Health Organization illustrate that following the COVID-19 pandemic, the global prevalence of anxiety and depression increased by 25% (3). A study published in the Journal of Psychiatry Research provides data about the general trend of global depression, showing that the condition has been on the rise for the past few decades. The study shows that cases of depression worldwide increased from 172 million in 1990 to 258 million in 2017, representing an increase of approximately 50% (4).
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