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Created page with "== Abstract == The high-podium Roman Period temple, with a semi-circular plan scheme, was discovered by Lanckoroński and his team in Side, Turkey and named after..."

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== Abstract ==

The high-podium Roman Period temple, with a semi-circular plan scheme, was
discovered by Lanckoroński and his team in Side, Turkey and named after ‘P’ in 1890 [1].
The temple was unearthed by Mansel [2] and his team in 1947 through archaeological
excavations. In 2013, further studies started on the temple. The aim of the still ongoing work is
to seek answers to such issues that haven’t been clarified yet, as the plan scheme, to whom it
was dedicated, and the date of construction.
In this context, the construction structure of the Temple P was investigated during the present
study based on in-situ and precise documentation: At least five different types of stones were
classified by purpose, including conglomerate, travertine, sandstone, marble and rubble stone
mixed with mortar as infilling material. It was seen that fit-to purpose use of the material was
considered more important than the ideal and repeated dimensions of the building blocks.
Moreover, local material was used except for the outsourced marble.
In addition to the large-sized clamps and dowels in the load-bearing core blocks of the
walls, the spaces between the coatings and the load-bearing core were filled with mortar.
In this construction technique, opus revinctum and opus caementitium were used
together. The partition walls separating the three rooms of the lower floor and the vault
cover made with mortar and formwork system belong to the construction period of the
temple. However, there are indications that the outer walls, about 2,5 m thick, originated
from the foundations of a precursor structure. Four construction stages of the pillar profiles of
the orthostat coating blocks of the podium, each having different lengths, can be
traced from the upper surface workmanship, without scalping. The podium, which is
approximately 2,30 cm high, is reached by one main and two side stairs. Numerous, high
quality marble blocks in front of the cella on the podium indicate the presence of a
monumental entrance structure made in opus revinctum technique. Unlike the profiled
orthostat blocks of the podium, which were processed in situ after assembly, the cassette
and cornice blocks of the entrance structure were produced 'on the ground' previously. The
restitution of the marble cassette ceiling of the monumental entrance structure has been
developed by combining the 1:10 scale precision surveys of the blocks via a computer aided
method. The efforts for a modular planning and production are witnessed in the construction
of cassette ceilings.

== Full document ==
<pdf>Media:Draft_Content_497771265p552.pdf</pdf>
== References ==

[1] K. G. Lanckoroński, Städte Pamphyliens und Pisidiens I (1890)

[2] A. M. Mansel, E. Bosch ve J. İnan, 1947 Senesi Side Kazılarına Dair Önrapor - Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Side im Jahre 1947, TTK (1951).

[3] H.-O. Lamprecht, Opus Caementitium. Bautechnik der Römer (1996). Römisch- Germanisches Museum Köln, Beton-Verlag.

[4] E. R. Fiechter, Der Ionischer Tempel am Ponte Rotto in Rom. S. Maria Egiziaca. Mitteilungen des kaiserlich deutschen archäologischen Instituts. Band 21. 1906, 220-279.

[5] H. von Hesberg, Römische Baukunst (2005).

[6] G.R.H. Wright, Ancient Building Technology, Vol.1, Historical Background, (2000). Leiden-Boston-Köln: Brill.

[7] A. Kieslinger, Gesteinskunde für Hochbau und Plastik. Fachkunde, für Steinmetz, Bildhauer, Architekten und Baumeister (1951). Wien: österreichischer Gewerbeverlag.

[8] E. M. Winkler, Stone in Architecture. Properties, Durability3 (1994). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

[9] M.–H. Wanetschek, Naturstein und Architektur. Materialkunde und Anwendung Steintechnik (1992). München: Callwey: 16.

[10] C. Aschenheim, Der Sockel: seine Form und Entwicklung in der griechischen und hellenistisch-römischen Architektur und Dekoration von den ältesten Zeiten bis zur Verschüttung Pompejis. von M. Vetter (1910). VIII Bl. (Zur Kunstgeschichte des Auslandes; 75), Straßburg: Heitz

[11] F. Hueber, Ephesos gebaute Geschichte. Sonderheft AW (1997)

[12] J. B. Ward-Perkins, Roman Imperial Architecture7 (1990). London: Penguin.

[13] J. İnan, Roman Sculpture in Side, TTK 5, 30a, Antalya bölgesinde araştırmalar 8. Researches in the Region of Antalya 8 (1975).

[14] J. Nollé, Side im Altertum. Geschichte und Zeugnisse I, Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 43 (Bonn 1993).

[15] W. Hoepfner, Zum Problem griechischer Holz- und Kassettendecken, in: Bautechnik der Antike, internationale Kolloquium in Berlin vom 15.-17. Februar 1990 veranstaltet vom Architekturreferat der DAI in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Seminar für klassische Archäologie der Freien Universität Berlin. Herausgegeben von Adolf Hoffmann, Ernst- Ludwig Shwandner, Wolfram Hoepfner und Grunnar Brands, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein, (1991), 90-98.

[16] G. Gruben, Die Rolle der Architekten in der Geschichte, (50-58) in: Aus der Geschichte der Bautechnik, Fritz Scheidegger (ed.), Band 1: Grundlagen, (1990). Basel, Boston, Berlin: Birkhäuser Verlag.

[17] R. Mark (ed.), Vom Fundament zum Deckengewölbe: Großbauten und ihre Konstruktion von der Antike bis zur Renaissance, Basel

[18] B. Cech, Technik in der Antike2 (2011), Darmstadt: Theiss Verlag.

[19] J. B. Ward-Perkins, Architektur der Römer (1975). Stuttgart: Belser

[20] F. W. Deichmann, Westliche Bautechnik im römischen und rhomäischen Osten, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung, Bd. 86, 1979, S. 473 f. Mainz.

[21] G. Haegermann, Vom Caementum zum Zement, in: Vom Caementum zum Spannbeton, Bd. 1, (1964). Wiesbaden: Bauverlag. 3-72

[22] G. Kaymak, Kültürel mirasın yapı malzemeleri tarihine katkı boyutu: Belevi Mausoleumu Örneği, in: TMMOB yayınları, 5. Ulusal Yapı Malzemeleri ve Sergisi Kongresi, Istanbul, 03-05 Kasım 2010, 205-218.

[23] H.-O. Lamprecht, Verwendung von Beton bei Wasserbauten in der Antike, Mitt.bl. BAW Nr. 65, Bundesverband der deutschen Zementindustrie, Köln 1989

[24] P. M. Vitruvius, Mimarlık Üzerine On Kitap (çev. S. Güven), İstanbul, 1990.

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Scipediacontent: Created page with "== Abstract == The high-podium Roman Period temple, with a semi-circular plan scheme, was discovered by Lanckoroński and his team in Side, Turkey and named after..."