Forte et al 2022a - Revision history

Move page script: Move page script moved page Review 526539931865 to Forte et al 2022a

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Move page script moved page Review 526539931865 to Forte et al 2022a

Xmartinez at 05:56, 20 June 2022

2022-06-20T05:56:29Z

Xmartinez: Se han realizado pequeños cambios en el formato del artículo por parte del equipo editorial de la revista

2022-06-20T05:55:05Z

Se han realizado pequeños cambios en el formato del artículo por parte del equipo editorial de la revista

Vforte: Vforte moved page Draft Valentin 539118086 to Review 526539931865

2022-04-29T13:54:54Z

Vforte moved page Draft Valentin 539118086 to Review 526539931865

Vforte at 13:44, 29 April 2022

2022-04-29T13:44:18Z

Vforte at 13:40, 29 April 2022

2022-04-29T13:40:29Z

Vforte at 13:39, 29 April 2022

2022-04-29T13:39:04Z

Vforte at 13:29, 29 April 2022

2022-04-29T13:29:57Z

Vforte at 13:28, 29 April 2022

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Vforte at 13:27, 29 April 2022

2022-04-29T13:27:17Z

@@ Line 144: / Line 144: @@
 One of the critical features of the proposed solution is the integration of the part-program development within the control of the machine, simplifying the determination of the optimal trajectories and working parameters. The other essential part of the innovation was the development of specific materials adapted to the necessities of the AM process. The results obtained have demonstrated an extraordinary behavior of the parts produced, with excellent thermal stability and mechanical strength, which validated the TorresPrint3D® technology for the manufacturing of tools with complex geometries, curing molds for short series. The investigation results also confirmed that this manufacturing process is capable of reducing the manufacturing costs and the manufacturing time considerably.
-== '''References'''<br>  ==
+== '''References'''  ==
 [1] Osama Abdulhameed et al. “Additive manufacturing: Challenges, trends, and applications.” In: Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11(2) (2019), pp. 1- -27. DOI: DOI:10.1177/1687814018822880.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== '''New Additive Manufacturing Process to Produce Large Components: TorresPrint3D®''' ==
+==  '''1. Introduction''' ==
-−
-=== ''Valentín Forte, Jose Ramón Vidal, Alejandro Cerezuela, Pedro Alzórriz'' ===
-−
-==== ''MTorres Diseños Industriales S.A.U.'' ====
-−
-=== '''Abstract''' ===
-Additive manufacturing (AM) for large volume parts is a rising technology with the potential to reduce the fabrication costs and lead times for components. It has practical applications in multiple industrial fields. AM technology can be instrumental in producing large pieces with complex geometries, especially for tooling and ancillary equipment. Despite these advantages, several technological aspects limit the use of AM for massive manufacturing.
-−
-One of the limitations is the need to maintain the part and the working area at an elevated temperature using heating systems. Another critical limitation is the size of the 3D printing system, limiting the size of the components that can be produced using this technology and imposing some restrictions regarding the components’ geometry and thickness.
-−
-Research has been carried out to solve these primary issues, and specific solutions have been developed and matured. The solution shown on this article comprises:
-−
-. A system that can alter the required temperature locally without using a heated working environment
-−
-. A moving base that supports the part during the manufacturing process eliminates the part dimension’s limits, allowing for the manufacture of large -“infinite”- parts
-−
-. The material applying process design allows depositing the material increased flexibility and perfect control of the thickness and layer overlap.
-−
-These new technologies have been tested extensively by manufacturing and testing large industrial molds obtaining excellent results. The fields of application of this technology are limitless. The principal industries that can benefit from immediate uses are the aerospace, wind energy, naval, and railway sectors. This technology will revolutionize the mold manufacturing industry, allowing the curing mold manufacturers to produce large curing molds at a low cost and shorter delivery times.
-−
-Keywords: Large Components, Additive Manufacturing (AM), Curing Molds
-−
-=== <br> '''1. Introduction''' ===
 Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has opened new possibilities to manufacture parts for the general industry. Initially oriented to small-scale, prototype-like components, recent advancements and developments allow using this technology to produce more complex pieces for daily applications [7].
@@ Line 32: / Line 9: @@
 The generation of large parts is limited by the displacement of the moving system holding the additive manufacturing head and the dimensions of the tempered zone. These restrictions impose limitations on the size of parts produce using BAAM, requiring, at the same time, significant initial investments. This article analyzes and presents the results obtained manufacturing large parts using an equipment developed by MTorres (TorresPrint3D®) with a configuration where the part heating system is incorporated into the extrusion head. The part size limitations are removed by employing a moving table that supports the part during the fabrication.
-=== '''2. Description of the developed solution, TorresPrint3D®''' ===
+== '''2. Description of the developed solution, TorresPrint3D®''' ==
 Since 2020, a new concept capable of producing large parts using additive manufacturing has been in development by MTorres. The research focused on designing an extrusion head capable of achieving high productivity rates, laying down up to 50 Kg/hour (110lb/hour), and heating the material up to 350°C (662°F) allowing the use of diverse types of materials. The final configuration of the AM system is composed of a horizontal axis extrusion head placed on a robotic platform. The robotic platform has an additional axis along the transversal direction (Fig. 1) that increases the size of the produced parts in the horizontal transversal direction(Y-axis).
@@ Line 95: / Line 72: @@
 Figure 7: Example of tools and molds that can be manufactured using the proposed AM system
-=== '''3. Experimental Results''' ===
+== '''3. Experimental Results''' ==
 During the initial TorresPrint3D® system testing, Mtorres focused its efforts on finding the optimal parameters of the process. The parameters that most influenced the quality of the final part are the temperature of the material that is fed through the nozzle ([Figure 8). This temperature is critical to obtain good adhesion between the layer being placed and the previous one. Incorrect temperatures lead to the typical warping and cracking defects of AM processes. Mtorres developed algorithms that used process parameters as temperature sensors located on the extrusion nozzle, lay-up speed, and extrusion head rotation speed, among others, to control accurately the heating ramp of the material being extruded.
@@ Line 162: / Line 139: @@
 From the point of view of manufacturing lead times, TorresPrint3D® can produce large parts requiring substantially less time. As a reference, making a 25m long metallic component using the traditional manufacturing method can take up to 12 weeks. The proposed cell can build a similar in less than 20 days.
-=== '''4. Conclusions''' ===
+== '''4. Conclusions''' ==
 As a result of the development phase, MTorres has produced an innovative additive manufacturing system focused on manufacturing large components using an equipment configuration designed to make these large parts without controlling the external environmental conditions. The proposed system integrates the subsystems required to precondition the materials and the in-process part. The extrusion head was installed on a robotic platform that included an extra y-axis, allowing the manufacturing of large parts. The proposed system is versatile enough to install it on other types of movement configurations, like Cartesian or gantry-type machines.
 One of the critical features of the proposed solution is the integration of the part-program development within the control of the machine, simplifying the determination of the optimal trajectories and working parameters. The other essential part of the innovation was the development of specific materials adapted to the necessities of the AM process. The results obtained have demonstrated an extraordinary behavior of the parts produced, with excellent thermal stability and mechanical strength, which validated the TorresPrint3D® technology for the manufacturing of tools with complex geometries, curing molds for short series. The investigation results also confirmed that this manufacturing process is capable of reducing the manufacturing costs and the manufacturing time considerably.
-=== '''References'''<br>  ===
+== '''References'''<br>  ==
 [1] Osama Abdulhameed et al. “Additive manufacturing: Challenges, trends, and applications.” In: Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11(2) (2019), pp. 1- -27. DOI: DOI:10.1177/1687814018822880.

@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 === '''3. Experimental Results''' ===
 During the initial TorresPrint3D® system testing, Mtorres focused its efforts on finding the optimal parameters of the process. The parameters that most influenced the quality of the final part are the temperature of the material that is fed through the nozzle ([Figure 8). This temperature is critical to obtain good adhesion between the layer being placed and the previous one. Incorrect temperatures lead to the typical warping and cracking defects of AM processes. Mtorres developed algorithms that used process parameters as temperature sensors located on the extrusion nozzle, lay-up speed, and extrusion head rotation speed, among others, to control accurately the heating ramp of the material being extruded.
 Figure 8: AM head placing material in the vertical plane
 Figure 9: Mold type part aspect after milling process
 The materials used during the development and testing phase of the TorresPrint3D® system were:
@@ Line 111: / Line 117: @@
 ·        AC004XXAR1 from Sabic (LNP™ THERMOCOMP™ AM, ABS + CF) (Fig.11)
 Figure 10: Example of a part made of ABS+GF after milling and polishing
 Figure 11: Example of a part made of ABS+CF
 After completing the part’s manufacture using the TorresPrint3D® head, pieces are milled and primed (Fig. 9 and 12). Considering that some produced part will be used as a curing mold, MTorres tested some pieces under thermal cycling. Vacuum leaking (Fig.13) and dimensional stability after each thermal cycle were measured. The results obtained were according to what was expected. One of the main goals of this test was to produce a part that does not require repairs after entering into production due to vacuum leaks or dimensional variations.
 Figure 12: Example of mold after milling and priming
 Typical results obtained during the vacuum tests (Table 1 contains an example of the results for a leak test) are:
@@ Line 127: / Line 142: @@
 Table 1: Vacuum levels during the tests
 Figure 13: Leaking tests configuration
 More than sixty complete thermal cycles without dimensional variations or vacuum leaking issues were performed. During the tests, MTorres used a standard thermal cycle employed for the curing of composite materials (Fig. 14).
 Figure 14: Temperature cycle used during dimensional stability tests
 The results obtained after sixty thermal cycles showed good dimensional stability, without appreciable deviations, the appearance of cracks, or other defects on the surfaces. Flaws in the mold’s coating were not observed, confirming that one of the main applications of this technology will be the production of molds used to manufacture short series of autoclave cured composite parts.

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 Figure 1: TorresPrint3D® Robotic Platform with extra horizontal axis (Y-Axis)
 With this equipment configuration, the extrusion head places the melted material in the vertical plane that moves along the length of the working table (Fig. 2). The table provides support for the part, allowing manufacturing parts up to 25 meters in length (82 ft.). The AM system performs the fabrication by placing layers of the material in the vertical plane. Once the material layer is completed, the table moves a distance equivalent to the thickness of the layer, what is called a pulse, allowing the extrusion head to lay up the next material layer on top of the previous one.
@@ Line 44: / Line 45: @@
 Figure 2: Horizontal table used to produce large parts
 The proposed system configuration would allow manufacturing parts by placing the material in other orientations. This flexibility would make installing the extrusion head in a Cartesian system or on a gantry-type system possible, making it possible to work with the extruder axis located on horizontal or vertical position. The AM system can be combined with high-speed milling equipment installed in the same cell (Fig. 3), which would mill the part while it is on top of the horizontal table to its final dimensions.
@@ Line 50: / Line 52: @@
 Figure 3: TorresPrint3D® cell including the high-speed milling equipment
 And it is also possible to have a multi-functional machine, with a robot, gantry or whatever other kinematic configuration supporting alternatively a milling or additive manufacturing end effector, with automatic end effector exchange between them.
@@ Line 58: / Line 61: @@
 Figure 4: Summary of the specifications of the TorresPrint3D® manufacturing system
 [[File:Draft_Valentin_539118086_8761_5.png]]
 Figure 5: Summary of the specifications of the TorresPrint3D® manufacturing system
 The main components of the TorresPrint3D® extrusion system (Fig. 6) are the extrusion head (complete additive manufacturing end effector), the material feeder, the local heating system, and the extrusion nozzle.
@@ Line 76: / Line 81: @@
 Figure 6: Extrusion Head Subcomponents
 One of the main goals of the new development was to design an AM system that would not require control of the environmental conditions using heated rooms, which is one of the main limitations of the existing equipment to produce large parts.

@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 With this equipment configuration, the extrusion head places the melted material in the vertical plane that moves along the length of the working table (Fig. 2). The table provides support for the part, allowing manufacturing parts up to 25 meters in length (82 ft.). The AM system performs the fabrication by placing layers of the material in the vertical plane. Once the material layer is completed, the table moves a distance equivalent to the thickness of the layer, what is called a pulse, allowing the extrusion head to lay up the next material layer on top of the previous one.
 Figure 2: Horizontal table used to produce large parts
 The proposed system configuration would allow manufacturing parts by placing the material in other orientations. This flexibility would make installing the extrusion head in a Cartesian system or on a gantry-type system possible, making it possible to work with the extruder axis located on horizontal or vertical position. The AM system can be combined with high-speed milling equipment installed in the same cell (Fig. 3), which would mill the part while it is on top of the horizontal table to its final dimensions.
 Figure 3: TorresPrint3D® cell including the high-speed milling equipment
@@ Line 50: / Line 54: @@
 The developed cell can produce parts up to 4.5 meters in width (14.75 ft.), 1.55 meters in height (5 ft.), and a length of up to 25 meters (82 ft.). The overall dimensions and specifications of the extrusion head are summarized in Figures 4 and 5.
 Figure 4: Summary of the specifications of the TorresPrint3D® manufacturing system
 Figure 5: Summary of the specifications of the TorresPrint3D® manufacturing system
@@ Line 64: / Line 72: @@
 • An IR-heating system (it would be possible to install another heating system as a hot air blast). The heating system rotates concentrically to the extrusion nozzle and uses the same control software than the compaction system.
 Figure 6: Extrusion Head Subcomponents
@@ Line 74: / Line 84: @@
 The proposed solution was engineered, focusing on the manufacturing of large molds. The traditional way of manufacturing these large parts is costly and requires a long manufacturing process that can last several months. Choosing carefully the materials used in the AM process, it would be possible to use AM to produce molds capable of withstanding the high temperatures used in the autoclave. The TorresPrint3D® system also allows manufacturing parts and tools with complex geometries (Fig.7).
 Figure 7: Example of tools and molds that can be manufactured using the proposed AM system

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	[7] Panagiotis Stavropoulos et al. “Addressing the challenges for the industrial application of additive manufacturing: Towards a hybrid solution.” In: International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture 1.2 (2018), pp. 157- -168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2018.07.002.		[7] Panagiotis Stavropoulos et al. “Addressing the challenges for the industrial application of additive manufacturing: Towards a hybrid solution.” In: International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture 1.2 (2018), pp. 157- -168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2018.07.002.

−	[8] Syed A.M. Tofail et al. “Additive manufacturing: scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities.” In: Materials Today 21.1 (2018), pp. 22- -37. ~~􀂗􀃊􀂮~~: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.001.	+	[8] Syed A.M. Tofail et al. “Additive manufacturing: scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities.” In: Materials Today 21.1 (2018), pp. 22- -37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.07.001.