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<p>Created page with &quot; == Abstract == In this study we calculate the private costs, marginal external costs, and degree of internalization for all modes in&lt;br&gt; Flanders for the period 2000-2014, w...&quot;</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div><br /> == Abstract ==<br /> <br /> In this study we calculate the private costs, marginal external costs, and degree of internalization for all modes in&lt;br&gt; Flanders for the period 2000-2014, with an outlook towards 2016. The private costs are the costs for the user.&lt;br&gt; For road transport these include the vehicle purchase costs, insurances, maintenance, fuel costs, etc. For transport&lt;br&gt; services (bus, train, plane) this is the ticket price. Marginal external costs are the costs the user does not take into&lt;br&gt; account when deciding to make a trip. They are called marginal as we focus on the additional effect of that one&lt;br&gt; trip. We considered congestion, environment (air pollution and greenhouse gasses), noise, safety, infrastructure&lt;br&gt; wear &amp;amp; tear and health.&lt;br&gt; The internalization of external costs determines the extent to which the user does take into account part of these&lt;br&gt; external costs via taxes and levies. In the case of full internalization, the user pays for all the costs he causes via&lt;br&gt; taxes and levies. Today, in most cases, the user does not pay the full costs he causes.&lt;br&gt; Based on our calculations we assessed the evolution of the degree of internalization over time. Is Flanders&lt;br&gt; heading towards the “polluter pays principle”? Which steps are needed to evolve to a better pricing? We found&lt;br&gt; that over the years the level of internalisation is mainly driven by changes in external costs rather than by a&lt;br&gt; targeted adjustment of taxes. Recent changes in taxation such as the changes in the car registration tax, the yearly&lt;br&gt; road tax and the km charge for trucks did lead to an increase in internalisation, but we are still far from full&lt;br&gt; internalisation. Moreover, it would be better to differentiate taxes not only on environmental performance but&lt;br&gt; also on time and place. The levels of internalisation are also very different – not only between modes but also&lt;br&gt; within the road mode.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Original document ==<br /> <br /> The different versions of the original document can be found in:<br /> <br /> * [https://zenodo.org/record/1963400 https://zenodo.org/record/1963400] under the license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode<br /> <br /> * [https://zenodo.org/record/1963400 https://zenodo.org/record/1963400],<br /> : [http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1963399 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1963399] under the license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode<br /> <br /> * [https://zenodo.org/record/1963400 https://zenodo.org/record/1963400],<br /> : [http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1963400 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1963400] under the license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> DOIS: 10.5281/zenodo.1963399 10.5281/zenodo.1963400</div>

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