Cutillas 2024a - Revision history

Sergicutillas at 18:03, 10 October 2024

2024-10-10T18:03:42Z

Sergicutillas at 18:00, 10 October 2024

2024-10-10T18:00:12Z

Danieldomingo: Danieldomingo moved page Review 382396694226 to Cutillas 2024a

2024-05-31T13:19:48Z

Danieldomingo moved page Review 382396694226 to Cutillas 2024a

Sergicutillas: Sergicutillas moved page Draft Cutillas 648606656 to Review 382396694226

2024-05-30T16:52:28Z

Sergicutillas moved page Draft Cutillas 648606656 to Review 382396694226

Sergicutillas at 16:39, 30 May 2024

2024-05-30T16:39:30Z

Sergicutillas at 16:31, 30 May 2024

2024-05-30T16:31:35Z

Sergicutillas at 16:20, 30 May 2024

2024-05-30T16:20:30Z

Sergicutillas at 16:17, 30 May 2024

2024-05-30T16:17:45Z

Sergicutillas: Created page with "==1 Title, abstract and keywords

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 "Catalunya davant del nou context de contesa imperial
-US hegemony, also called Pax Americana, has been based largely on US control over the dollar, which has acted as world money since 1945. This hegemony has consisted of two periods; the first phase, which runned from 1945 until the fall of the Soviet bloc and based on the dominant global role of its domestic accumulation, and the second, based on the so-called Washington Consensus, and its aggressive imposition of the neoliberal agenda on the periphery through the provision of loans accompanied by conditions on domestic policies and forcing the opening of trade and financial flows.
+Aquest article examina l'hegemonia global dels Estats Units, el seu control del dòlar i les dues fases de dominació que han caracteritzat la seva influència: la primera, basada en l'acumulació interna, i la segona, marcada pel neoliberalisme i la globalització. Amb l'emergència de la Xina com a competidor econòmic, la situació hegemònica s'ha complicat, donant lloc a un nou ordre multipolar. En aquest context, Catalunya, com a nació sense estat, ha d'evitar subordinar-se a l'Estat espanyol o pactar amb potències imperialistes. En canvi, hauria de construir aliances regeneratives basades en la descentralització i l'ús de noves tecnologies, mantenint un enfocament que empoderi les comunitats locals. A més, es ressalta la necessitat de combinar aquest model amb polítiques estatals tradicionals de redistribució de la riquesa, mobilització de recursos i propietat pública. Aquesta aproximació pot liderar la transició cap a una Catalunya més sobirana, justa i sostenible, allunyada de les estructures hegemòniques globals.
-−
-The second hegemonic phase is also the phase in which the euro was created, which will act as both a domestic currency and a international means of payment between Eurozone member states, as well as a future potential competitor to the dollar. However, the European currency would only serve to project German hegemonic power regionally, creating new peripheries within Europe, not achieving the role of competitor to the dollar and generating structural problems in the old continent.
-−
-This phase was also marked by China's incorporation into the WTO, with the expectation on the part of the American elites that the country would adhere totally to the neoliberal workings and that it would be politically transformed. The expected changes did not take place, whereas, in 2010, China was already the world's largest exporter, doubling exports from the United States. Currently, its exports have a large presence in the manufacturing sectors of low, medium and high added value, especially in telecommunications equipment and electric vehicles. China's emergence has taken place in parallel to American disputes with Russia since the mid-2010s, a power with strong military and industrial capacity that has been demonstrated in the current war with Ukraine.
-−
-Despite rising as a serious competitor for hegemony, China is still unable to compete with the US in the field of finance and world money. However, following the growing global tensions and sanctions imposed by the US onto other states, among which most notably the freezing of Russian reserves in 2022, a group of countries led by China and Russia are exploring alternative arrangements that bypass American control over monetary and financial institutions by exploiting new distributed ledger technologies.
-−
-This article aims to review these developments and question the subordinate strategy followed by Western European countries in the current hegemonic contest of the US with the emerging bloc led by China. The article aims to offer a perspective of how this subordination in the neoliberal period that is reaching its exhaustion, has placed European states, especially those on the southern periphery such as Spain, in a situation of political and economic dependence that does not offer a viable alternative for the future.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==ABSTRACT==
-"The role of world money and finance in the current contest for global hegemony
+"Catalunya davant del nou context de contesa imperial
 US hegemony, also called Pax Americana, has been based largely on US control over the dollar, which has acted as world money since 1945. This hegemony has consisted of two periods; the first phase, which runned from 1945 until the fall of the Soviet bloc and based on the dominant global role of its domestic accumulation, and the second, based on the so-called Washington Consensus, and its aggressive imposition of the neoliberal agenda on the periphery through the provision of loans accompanied by conditions on domestic policies and forcing the opening of trade and financial flows.

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 "The role of world money and finance in the current contest for global hegemony
-US hegemony, also called Pax Americana, has been based largely on US control over the dollar, which has acted as world money. This hegemony has consisted of two periods; the first phase, which runned from 1945 until the fall of the Soviet bloc and based on the dominant global role of its domestic accumulation, and the second, based on the so-called Washington Consensus, and the aggressive imposition of the neoliberal agenda on the periphery through the provision of loans accompanied by conditions on domestic policies,  and forcing the opening of trade and financial flows.
+US hegemony, also called Pax Americana, has been based largely on US control over the dollar, which has acted as world money since 1945. This hegemony has consisted of two periods; the first phase, which runned from 1945 until the fall of the Soviet bloc and based on the dominant global role of its domestic accumulation, and the second, based on the so-called Washington Consensus, and its aggressive imposition of the neoliberal agenda on the periphery through the provision of loans accompanied by conditions on domestic policies and forcing the opening of trade and financial flows.
-The second hegemonic phase is also the phase in which the euro was created, which will act as both a domestic currency and a means of payment between Eurozone member states, and will be proposed as a potential competitor to the dollar. However, the European currency will only serve to project German hegemonic power regionally, creating new peripheries within Europe, not achieving the role of competitor to the dollar and generating structural problems in the old continent.
+The second hegemonic phase is also the phase in which the euro was created, which will act as both a domestic currency and a international means of payment between Eurozone member states, as well as a future potential competitor to the dollar. However, the European currency would only serve to project German hegemonic power regionally, creating new peripheries within Europe, not achieving the role of competitor to the dollar and generating structural problems in the old continent.
-This phase will also be marked by China's incorporation into the WTO, with the expectation on the part of the American elites that the country would adhere totally to the neoliberal workings and that it would be politically transformed. The expected changes have not occurred, whereas, in 2010, China was already the world's largest exporter, doubling exports from the United States. Currently, its exports have a large presence in the manufacturing sectors of low, medium and high added value, highlighting its role as a producer of telecommunications equipment and electric vehicles. China's emergence has been paired with disputes with Russia since the mid-2010s, a power with strong military and industrial capacity demonstrated in its current war with Ukraine.
+This phase was also marked by China's incorporation into the WTO, with the expectation on the part of the American elites that the country would adhere totally to the neoliberal workings and that it would be politically transformed. The expected changes did not take place, whereas, in 2010, China was already the world's largest exporter, doubling exports from the United States. Currently, its exports have a large presence in the manufacturing sectors of low, medium and high added value, especially in telecommunications equipment and electric vehicles. China's emergence has taken place in parallel to American disputes with Russia since the mid-2010s, a power with strong military and industrial capacity that has been demonstrated in the current war with Ukraine.
-Despite rising as a serious competitor for hegemony, China is still unable to compete with the US in the field of finance and world money. However, following the growing tensions and sanctions imposed by the US, among which most notably the freezing of Russian reserves in dollars in 2022, a group of countries led by China, Russia and Iran are exploring alternatives arrangements that bypass American control over monetary and financial institutions by exploiting new distributed ledger technologies.
+Despite rising as a serious competitor for hegemony, China is still unable to compete with the US in the field of finance and world money. However, following the growing global tensions and sanctions imposed by the US onto other states, among which most notably the freezing of Russian reserves in 2022, a group of countries led by China and Russia are exploring alternative arrangements that bypass American control over monetary and financial institutions by exploiting new distributed ledger technologies.
-This article aims to review these developments and question the subordinate strategy followed by Western European countries in the US' current hegemonic contest with the emerging bloc led by China. The article aims to offer a perspective of how this subordination in the neoliberal period that is reaching its exhaustion, has placed European states, especially those on the southern periphery, such as Spain, in a situation of political and economic dependence that does not offer a viable alternative for the future.
+This article aims to review these developments and question the subordinate strategy followed by Western European countries in the current hegemonic contest of the US with the emerging bloc led by China. The article aims to offer a perspective of how this subordination in the neoliberal period that is reaching its exhaustion, has placed European states, especially those on the southern periphery such as Spain, in a situation of political and economic dependence that does not offer a viable alternative for the future.

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 US hegemony, also called Pax Americana, has been based largely on US control over the dollar, which has acted as world money. This hegemony has consisted of two periods; the first phase, which runned from 1945 until the fall of the Soviet bloc and based on the dominant global role of its domestic accumulation, and the second, based on the so-called Washington Consensus, and the aggressive imposition of the neoliberal agenda on the periphery through the provision of loans accompanied by conditions on domestic policies,  and forcing the opening of trade and financial flows.
-The second hegemonic phase is also the phase in which the euro was created, which will act as both a domestic currency and a means of payment between Eurozone member states, and will be proposed as a potential competitor to the dollar. However, the European currency will only serve to project German hegemonic power regionally, creating new peripheries within Europe, not achieving the role de competidor esperat i alhora generant problemes estructurals al vell continent.
+The second hegemonic phase is also the phase in which the euro was created, which will act as both a domestic currency and a means of payment between Eurozone member states, and will be proposed as a potential competitor to the dollar. However, the European currency will only serve to project German hegemonic power regionally, creating new peripheries within Europe, not achieving the role of competitor to the dollar and generating structural problems in the old continent.
-This phase will also be marked by China's incorporation into the WTO, with the expectation on the part of the American elites that the country would adhere totally to the neoliberal framework and that it would be transformed politically. The expected changes have not occurred, while, in 2010, China was already the world's largest exporter, doubling exports from the United States. Currently, its exports have a large presence in the manufacturing sectors of low, medium and high added value, highlighting its role as a producer of telecommunications equipment and electric vehicles. China's emergence has been accompanied by disputes with Russia since the mid-2010s, a power with military and industrial capacity, which has been demonstrated in the current war with Ukraine.
-However, the main dispute is with China, which despite rising as a serious competitor for hegemony still cannot compete with the US in the field of finance and world money. That is why, following the sanctions imposed on Russia, mainly the seizure of its reserves in dollars, some periphery countries, led by China and Russia, are proposing alternatives in the financial and monetary field based on new trade and monetary agreements, which could exploit new distributed ledger technologies.
+This phase will also be marked by China's incorporation into the WTO, with the expectation on the part of the American elites that the country would adhere totally to the neoliberal workings and that it would be politically transformed. The expected changes have not occurred, whereas, in 2010, China was already the world's largest exporter, doubling exports from the United States. Currently, its exports have a large presence in the manufacturing sectors of low, medium and high added value, highlighting its role as a producer of telecommunications equipment and electric vehicles. China's emergence has been paired with disputes with Russia since the mid-2010s, a power with strong military and industrial capacity demonstrated in its current war with Ukraine.
-This article aims to review these developments and question the subordinate strategy followed by Western European countries in the US' current hegemonic dispute with the emerging bloc led by China. The article aims to offer a perspective of how this subordination in the neoliberal period that is reaching its exhaustion, has placed European states, especially those on the southern periphery, such as Spain, in a situation of political and economic dependence that does not offer a viable alternative for the near future.

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 "The role of world money and finance in the current contest for global hegemony
-US hegemony, also called Pax Americana, has been based largely on US control over the dollar, which has acted as world money.
+US hegemony, also called Pax Americana, has been based largely on US control over the dollar, which has acted as world money. This hegemony has consisted of two periods; the first phase, which runned from 1945 until the fall of the Soviet bloc and based on the dominant global role of its domestic accumulation, and the second, based on the so-called Washington Consensus, and the aggressive imposition of the neoliberal agenda on the periphery through the provision of loans accompanied by conditions on domestic policies,  and forcing the opening of trade and financial flows.
-This hegemony has consisted of two periods; the first phase, which runs from 1945 until the fall of the Soviet bloc and based on the dominant global role of its domestic accumulation, and the second, based on the so-called Washington Consensus, and the aggressive imposition of the neoliberal agenda on the periphery through the provision of loans accompanied by conditions on domestic policies,  and forcing the opening of commercial and financial flows. These two phases made it possible to secure American hegemony, even when it seemed that it might enter into crisis, after the domestic crises of the 1970s.
 The second hegemonic phase is also the phase in which the euro was created, which will act as both a domestic currency and a means of payment between Eurozone member states, and will be proposed as a potential competitor to the dollar. However, the European currency will only serve to project German hegemonic power regionally, creating new peripheries within Europe, not achieving the role de competidor esperat i alhora generant problemes estructurals al vell continent.
 This phase will also be marked by China's incorporation into the WTO, with the expectation on the part of the American elites that the country would adhere totally to the neoliberal framework and that it would be transformed politically. The expected changes have not occurred, while, in 2010, China was already the world's largest exporter, doubling exports from the United States. Currently, its exports have a large presence in the manufacturing sectors of low, medium and high added value, highlighting its role as a producer of telecommunications equipment and electric vehicles. China's emergence has been accompanied by disputes with Russia since the mid-2010s, a power with military and industrial capacity, which has been demonstrated in the current war with Ukraine.

← Older revision	Revision as of 13:19, 31 May 2024
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← Older revision	Revision as of 16:52, 30 May 2024
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-==1 Title, abstract and keywords<!-- Your document should start with a concise and informative title. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible. Capitalize the first word of the title.
+==ABSTRACT==
-Provide a maximum of 6 keywords, and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field should be used. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.
+"The role of world money and finance in the current contest for global hegemony
-−
-An abstract is required for every document; it should succinctly summarize the reason for the work, the main findings, and the conclusions of the study. Abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, references and hyperlinks should be avoided. If references are essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. -->==
 ==2 The main text<!-- You can enter and format the text of this document by selecting the ‘Edit’ option in the menu at the top of this frame or next to the title of every section of the document. This will give access to the visual editor. Alternatively, you can edit the source of this document (Wiki markup format) by selecting the ‘Edit source’ option.