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		<title>Contents 2016ac - Revision history</title>
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		<id>https://www.scipedia.com/wd/index.php?title=Contents_2016ac&amp;diff=3218&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Coupledcontentes at 15:05, 20 July 2016</title>
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				<updated>2016-07-20T15:05:01Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 15:05, 20 July 2016&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot; &gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Abstract ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Abstract ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;A general approach to modelling various degradation processes in porous building materials, due to combined action of variable chemical, hygro-thermal and mechanical loads, is presented. Mechanics of multiphase porous media and damage mechanics are applied for this purpose. Kinetics of physicochemical processes, like for example: salt crystallization/dissolution, calcium leaching, Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR), and water freezing/thawing, is described with evolution equations based on thermodynamics of chemical reactions. The mass-, energy- and momentum balances, the evolution equations describing chemical reactions, as well as the constitutive and physical relations are briefly summarized. The mutual couplings between the chemical, hygral, thermal and mechanical processes are presented and discussed, both from the viewpoint of physicochemical mechanisms and mathematical modelling. Numerical methods used for solution of the model governing equations are presented. For this purpose the finite element method is applied for space discretization and the finite difference method for integration in the time domain.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;A general approach &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[&amp;lt;span id='cite-1'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#1|1]]] &lt;/ins&gt;to modelling various degradation processes in porous building materials, due to combined action of variable chemical, hygro-thermal and mechanical loads, is presented. Mechanics of multiphase porous media and damage mechanics are applied for this purpose. Kinetics of physicochemical processes, like for example: salt crystallization/dissolution &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[&amp;lt;span id='cite-2'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#2|2]]]&lt;/ins&gt;, calcium leaching &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[&amp;lt;span id='cite-3'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#3|3]]]&lt;/ins&gt;, Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[&amp;lt;span id='cite-4'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#4|4]]]&lt;/ins&gt;, and water freezing/thawing &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;[&amp;lt;span id='cite-5'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#5|5]]]&lt;/ins&gt;, is described with evolution equations based on thermodynamics of chemical reactions. The mass-, energy- and momentum balances, the evolution equations describing chemical reactions, as well as the constitutive and physical relations are briefly summarized. The mutual couplings between the chemical, hygral, thermal and mechanical processes are presented and discussed, both from the viewpoint of physicochemical mechanisms and mathematical modelling. Numerical methods used for solution of the model governing equations are presented. For this purpose the finite element method is applied for space discretization and the finite difference method for integration in the time domain.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Four examples of the model application for analysing transient chemo-hygro-thermo-mechanical processes in porous building materials are presented and discussed. The first example concerns the salt crystallization during drying of a wall made of concrete or ceramic brick, causing degradation of surface layer due to development of crystallization pressure. The second one deals with calcium leaching from a concrete wall due to chemical attack of pure water, exposed to gradients of temperature and pressure. The third one describes cracking of concrete element, caused by development of expanding products of ASR. The fourth example concerns freezing and thawing of a wet concrete wall in variable temperature and relative humidity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Four examples of the model application for analysing transient chemo-hygro-thermo-mechanical processes in porous building materials are presented and discussed. The first example concerns the salt crystallization during drying of a wall made of concrete or ceramic brick, causing degradation of surface layer due to development of crystallization pressure. The second one deals with calcium leaching from a concrete wall due to chemical attack of pure water, exposed to gradients of temperature and pressure. The third one describes cracking of concrete element, caused by development of expanding products of ASR. The fourth example concerns freezing and thawing of a wet concrete wall in variable temperature and relative humidity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l23&quot; &gt;Line 23:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 23:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [//congress.cimne.com/coupled2015/frontal/default.asp IV Coupled] Official Website of the Conference.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [//congress.cimne.com/coupled2015/frontal/default.asp IV Coupled] Official Website of the Conference.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [//www.cimnemultimediachannel.com/ CIMNE Multimedia Channel]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [//www.cimnemultimediachannel.com/ CIMNE Multimedia Channel]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;==References==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[#cite-1|[1]]] D. Gawin, M. Koniorczyk and F. Pesavento, “Modelling of hydro-thermo-chemo-mechanical&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;phenomena in building materials”, Bulletin of The Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sciences, Vol. 61(1), pp. 51-63, (2013).&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[#cite-2|[2]]] M. Koniorczyk and D. Gawin, “Modelling of salt crystallization in building materials with&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;microstructure - poromechanical approach”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 36, pp.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;860-873, (2012).&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[#cite-3|[3]]] D. Gawin, F. Pesavento and B.A. Schrefler, “Modeling deterioration of cementitious materials&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;exposed to calcium leaching in non-isothermal conditions”, Computer Methods in Applied&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 198(37-40), pp. 3051-3083, (2009).&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[#cite-4|[4]]] F. Pesavento, D. Gawin D., M. Wyrzykowski, B.A. Schrefler and L. Simoni, “Modeling alkalisilica&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;reaction in non-isothermal, partially saturated cement based materials”, Computer Methods&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 225-228, pp. 95-115, (2012).&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[#cite-5|[5]]] D. Gawin, M. Koniorczyk and F. Pesavento, “Modelling of water freezing in water saturated&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;building materials – kinetic approach” (in preparation).&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Coupledcontentes</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.scipedia.com/wd/index.php?title=Contents_2016ac&amp;diff=3003&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Scipediacontent at 09:32, 19 July 2016</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.scipedia.com/wd/index.php?title=Contents_2016ac&amp;diff=3003&amp;oldid=prev"/>
				<updated>2016-07-19T09:32:33Z</updated>
		
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				&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan='2' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 09:32, 19 July 2016&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot; &gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Abstract ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A general approach to modelling various degradation processes in porous building materials, due to combined action of variable chemical, hygro-thermal and mechanical loads, is presented. Mechanics of multiphase porous media and damage mechanics are applied for this purpose. Kinetics of physicochemical processes, like for example: salt crystallization/dissolution, calcium leaching, Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR), and water freezing/thawing, is described with evolution equations based on thermodynamics of chemical reactions. The mass-, energy- and momentum balances, the evolution equations describing chemical reactions, as well as the constitutive and physical relations are briefly summarized. The mutual couplings between the chemical, hygral, thermal and mechanical processes are presented and discussed, both from the viewpoint of physicochemical mechanisms and mathematical modelling. Numerical methods used for solution of the model governing equations are presented. For this purpose the finite element method is applied for space discretization and the finite difference method for integration in the time domain.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Four examples of the model application for analysing transient chemo-hygro-thermo-mechanical processes in porous building materials are presented and discussed. The first example concerns the salt crystallization during drying of a wall made of concrete or ceramic brick, causing degradation of surface layer due to development of crystallization pressure. The second one deals with calcium leaching from a concrete wall due to chemical attack of pure water, exposed to gradients of temperature and pressure. The third one describes cracking of concrete element, caused by development of expanding products of ASR. The fourth example concerns freezing and thawing of a wet concrete wall in variable temperature and relative humidity.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Recording of the presentation ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{| style=&amp;quot;font-size:120%; color: #222222; border: 1px solid darkgray; background: #f3f3f3; table-layout: fixed; width:100%;&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{| style=&amp;quot;font-size:120%; color: #222222; border: 1px solid darkgray; background: #f3f3f3; table-layout: fixed; width:100%;&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|- style=&amp;quot;border-bottom: 1px solid darkgray; text-align: center;&amp;quot;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| Recording of the presentation&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- &amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- &amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| {{#evt:service=youtube|id=https://youtu.be/Bh68gevAm_U alignment=center}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| {{#evt:service=youtube|id=https://youtu.be/Bh68gevAm_U &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;| &lt;/ins&gt;alignment=center}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot; &amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|- style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot; &amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Location: San Servolo Complex. &amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| Location: San Servolo Complex. &amp;#160;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l14&quot; &gt;Line 14:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 18:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Location: San Servolo Complex, Venice, Italy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Location: San Servolo Complex, Venice, Italy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Date: 18 - 20 May 2015, San Servo Island, Venice, Italy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Date: 18 - 20 May 2015, San Servo Island, Venice, Italy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Secretariat: [//www.cimne.com/ CIMNE] &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;Centre Internacional de Metodes Numerics&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Secretariat: [//www.cimne.com/ &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (&lt;/ins&gt;CIMNE&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;)&lt;/ins&gt;].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== External Links ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== External Links ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [//congress.cimne.com/coupled2015/frontal/default.asp IV Coupled] Official Website of the Conference.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [//congress.cimne.com/coupled2015/frontal/default.asp IV Coupled] Official Website of the Conference.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [//www.cimnemultimediachannel.com/ CIMNE Multimedia Channel]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [//www.cimnemultimediachannel.com/ CIMNE Multimedia Channel]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;

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		<author><name>Scipediacontent</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.scipedia.com/wd/index.php?title=Contents_2016ac&amp;diff=2191&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Coupledcontentes: Coupledcontentes moved page Draft Contents 860777068 to Contents 2016ac</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.scipedia.com/wd/index.php?title=Contents_2016ac&amp;diff=2191&amp;oldid=prev"/>
				<updated>2016-06-30T13:09:50Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Coupledcontentes moved page &lt;a href=&quot;/public/Draft_Contents_860777068&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; title=&quot;Draft Contents 860777068&quot;&gt;Draft Contents 860777068&lt;/a&gt; to &lt;a href=&quot;/public/Contents_2016ac&quot; title=&quot;Contents 2016ac&quot;&gt;Contents 2016ac&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;diff diff-contentalign-left&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'&gt;
				&lt;td colspan='1' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan='1' style=&quot;background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 13:09, 30 June 2016&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan='2' style='text-align: center;' lang='en'&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-diff-empty&quot;&gt;(No difference)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Coupledcontentes</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.scipedia.com/wd/index.php?title=Contents_2016ac&amp;diff=2183&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Coupledcontentes at 11:30, 30 June 2016</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.scipedia.com/wd/index.php?title=Contents_2016ac&amp;diff=2183&amp;oldid=prev"/>
				<updated>2016-06-30T11:30:25Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.scipedia.com/wd/index.php?title=Contents_2016ac&amp;amp;diff=2183&amp;amp;oldid=2182&quot;&gt;Show changes&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Coupledcontentes</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.scipedia.com/wd/index.php?title=Contents_2016ac&amp;diff=2182&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Coupledcontentes: Created page with &quot;==1 Title, abstract and keywords==  Your paper should start with a concise and informative title. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations a...&quot;</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.scipedia.com/wd/index.php?title=Contents_2016ac&amp;diff=2182&amp;oldid=prev"/>
				<updated>2016-06-30T11:30:04Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Created page with &amp;quot;==1 Title, abstract and keywords==  Your paper should start with a concise and informative title. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations a...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;==1 Title, abstract and keywords==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Your paper should start with a concise and informative title. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible. Capitalize the first word of the title.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Provide a maximum of 6 keywords, and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field should be used. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An abstract is required for every paper; it should succinctly summarize the reason for the work, the main findings, and the conclusions of the study. Abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, references and hyperlinks should be avoided. If references are essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==2 The main text==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can enter and format the text of this document by selecting the ‘Edit’ option in the menu at the top of this frame or next to the title of every section of the document. This will give access to the visual editor. Alternatively, you can edit the source of this document (Wiki markup format) by selecting the ‘Edit source’ option.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most of the papers in Scipedia are written in English (write your manuscript in American or British English, but not a mixture of these). Anyhow, specific journals in other languages can be published in Scipedia. In any case, the documents published in other languages must have an abstract written in English.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===2.1 Subsections===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1, 1.2, etc. and then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ... Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Capitalize the first word of the headings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===2.2 General guidelines===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some general guidelines that should be followed in your manuscripts are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:*  Avoid hyphenation at the end of a line.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:*  Symbols denoting vectors and matrices should be indicated in bold type. Scalar variable names should normally be expressed using italics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:*  Use decimal points (not commas); use a space for thousands (10 000 and above).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:*  Follow internationally accepted rules and conventions. In particular use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, give their equivalent in SI.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===2.3 Tables, figures, lists and equations===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Please insert tables as editable text and not as images. Tables should be placed next to the relevant text in the article. Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text (&amp;lt;span id='cite-_Ref382560620'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#_Ref382560620|table 1]], table 2, etc.) and place any table notes below the table body. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span id='_Ref382560620'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{| style=&amp;quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto;border: 1pt solid black;border-collapse: collapse;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot;|Thickness&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot;|3.175 mm&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot;|Young Modulus&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot;|12.74 MPa&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot;|Poisson coefficient&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot;|0.25&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot;|Density&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot;|1107 kg/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; font-size: 75%;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Table 1: Material properties&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Graphics may be inserted directly in the document and positioned as they should appear in the final manuscript.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span id='_Ref448852946'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Scipedia.gif|center|480px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div class=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; font-size: 75%;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Figure 1. Scipedia logo.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number the figures according to their sequence in the text (&amp;lt;span id='cite-_Ref448852946'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#_Ref448852946|figure 1]], figure 2, etc.). Ensure that each illustration has a caption. A caption should comprise a brief title. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. Try to keep the resolution of the figures to a minimum of 300 dpi. If a finer resolution is required, the figure can be inserted as supplementary material&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For tabular summations that do not deserve to be presented as a table, lists are often used. Lists may be either numbered or bulleted. Below you see examples of both.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. The first entry in this list&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. The second entry&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.1. A subentry&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. The last entry&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* A bulleted list item&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Another one&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You may choose to number equations for easy referencing. In that case they must be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in parentheses on the right hand side of the page. Below is an example of formulae that should be referenced as eq. &amp;lt;span id='cite-_Ref424030152'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#_Ref424030152|(1)]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| style=&amp;quot;width: 100%;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;vertical-align: top;&amp;quot;| &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;{\nabla }^{2}\phi =0&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: right;&amp;quot;|&amp;lt;span id='_Ref424030152'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(1)&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===2.4 Supplementary material===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Supplementary material can be inserted to support and enhance your article. This includes video material, animation sequences, background datasets, computational models, sound clips and more. In order to ensure that your material is directly usable, please provide the files with a preferred maximum size of 50 MB. Please supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==3 Bibliography==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span id='_Ref449344604'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Citations in text will follow a citation-sequence system (i.e. sources are numbered by order of reference so that the first reference cited in the paper is [&amp;lt;span id='cite-1'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#1|1]]], the second [&amp;lt;span id='cite-2'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#2|2]]], and so on) with the number of the reference in square brackets. Once a source has been cited, the same number is used in all subsequent references. If the numbers are not in a continuous sequence, use commas (with no spaces) between numbers. If you have more than two numbers in a continuous sequence, use the first and last number of the sequence joined by a hyphen (e.g. [&amp;lt;span id='cite-1'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#1|1]], &amp;lt;span id='cite-3'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#3|3]]] or [&amp;lt;span id='cite-2'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#2|2]]-&amp;lt;span id='cite-2'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#4|4]]]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span id='_Ref449084254'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
You should ensure that all references are cited in the text and that the reference list. References should preferably refer to papers published in Scipedia. Unpublished results should not be included in the reference list, but can be mentioned in the text. The reference data must be updated once publication is ready. Complete bibliographic information for all cited references must be given following the standards in the field (IEEE and ISO 690 standards are recommended). If possible, a hyperlink to the referenced publication should be given. See examples for Scipedia’s articles [&amp;lt;span id='cite-1'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#1|1]]], other journal articles [&amp;lt;span id='cite-2'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#2|2]]], books [&amp;lt;span id='cite-3'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#3|3]]], book chapter [&amp;lt;span id='cite-4'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#4|4]]], conference proceedings [&amp;lt;span id='cite-5'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#5|5]]], and online documents [&amp;lt;span id='cite-6'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[#6|6]]], shown in references section below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==4 Acknowledgments==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acknowledgments should be inserted at the end of the paper, before the references section.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==5 References==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span id='_Ref449083719'&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#cite-1|[1]]] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal. Article code. Available: [http://www.scipedia.com/ucode. http://www.scipedia.com/ucode.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#cite-2|[2]]] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal. Volume number, first page-last page.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#cite-3|[3]]] Author, C. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle (edition.). Volume(s). Place of publication: Publisher.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#cite-4|[4]]] Author of Part, D. (Year). Title of chapter or part. In A. Editor &amp;amp; B. Editor (Eds.), Title: Subtitle of book (edition, inclusive page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#cite-5|[5]]] Author, E. (Year, Month date). Title of the article. In A. Editor, B. Editor, and C. Editor. Title of published proceedings. Paper presented at title of conference, Volume number, first page-last page. Place of publication.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#cite-6|[6]]] Institution or author. Title of the document. Year. [Online] (Date consulted: day, month and year). Available: [http://www.scipedia.com/document.pdf http://www.scipedia.com/document.pdf]. [Accessed day, month and year].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Coupledcontentes</name></author>	</entry>

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