Castro et al 2022a - Revision history

Materiales.Compuestos at 18:36, 1 November 2022

2022-11-01T18:36:13Z

Materiales.Compuestos at 18:35, 1 November 2022

2022-11-01T18:35:09Z

Materiales.Compuestos at 18:33, 1 November 2022

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Materiales.Compuestos at 18:33, 1 November 2022

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Materiales.Compuestos at 18:32, 1 November 2022

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Materiales.Compuestos at 18:31, 1 November 2022

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Materiales.Compuestos at 18:29, 1 November 2022

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Materiales.Compuestos at 18:25, 1 November 2022

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Materiales.Compuestos at 18:24, 1 November 2022

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Materiales.Compuestos at 18:23, 1 November 2022

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-'''c)'''
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 |  colspan='2'  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure 2.''' Modified Wilhelmy test, a) With fluid contact, b) Without fluid contct, c) FAVIMAT fiber tester.</span>

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+'''c)'''
 |-
 |  colspan='2'  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure 2.''' Modified Wilhelmy test, a) With fluid contact, b) Without fluid contct, c) FAVIMAT fiber tester.</span>

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 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure 1.''' Different flow regimes depending of the modified capillary number: a) Ca*<10<sup>-3</sup> b) 10<sup>-3</sup><Ca*<10<sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup> c) Ca*>10<sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup>.</span></div>

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 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure 1.''' Different flow regimes depending of the modified capillary number: a) Ca*<10<sup>-3</sup> b) 10<sup>-3</sup><Ca*<10<sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup> c) Ca*>10<sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup></span></div>
+<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure 1.''' Different flow regimes depending of the modified capillary number: a) Ca*<10<sup>-3</sup> b) 10<sup>-3</sup><Ca*<10<sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup> c) Ca*>10<sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup>.</span></div>
 The effect of surface tension in the capillary forces are often neglected in many process, for example in LCM at the microscopic scale. However, the prominence of capillary forces in the flow process at the microscale is the cause for creating some of the voids in the material. Therefore, several authors started to work in this topic in the field of composites [7,8,9] and is one of the main goals for this work. Here, we will focus on understanding the fundaments of the physics of infiltration at the microlevel using advanced characterization techniques based on X-ray tomography through the spontaneous and forced impregnation of individual dry fiber bundles.

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 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Table 1'''. Properties of the fluids used in the study</span></div>
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 |  style="border-bottom: 2pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">56±0.2</span>
 |}
 The surface tension was measured using a modified Wilhelmy test. To this end, a dry filter paper 1x2mm<sup>2</sup> and 0.3mm thickness is used to ensure that the contact angle with the fluid is very small &#x03b8;=0 allowing a direct measurement by means of the force transmitted during the extraction of the wet paper as it is shown in Figure 2a) and b). A fiber tester apparatus FAVIMAT with 0.1 µN resolution was adapted for this purpose with a small fluid container for the measurements of the surface energy, Figure 2c).
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 <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Table 2'''. Contact angle with three of the fluids</span></div>
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 |  style="border-bottom: 2pt solid black;text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">35±5</span>
 |}
+</div>
 ==3  In-situ micro flow assesment==
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 <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
-<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure 4.''' a) </span>Sketch of the infiltration device. b) Picture of the experiment performed in PETRA III Synchrotron.</div>
+<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure 4.''' a) Sketch of the infiltration device. b) Picture of the experiment performed in PETRA III Synchrotron.</span></div>
 The vacuum is applied through a vacuum pump. The pump used can reach up to -0.95bar. It is connected to the outlet of the device through a catch pot to avoid fluid infiltration into the vacuum pump. The outlet port is situated in a mechanised piece made of Aluminium. A cut head of a 5ml syringe is located on the top part of this piece. Hence, a 0.8 mm in diameter needle can be positioned on the syringe and vacuum can be conducted through both. Another needle is also introduced into the bottom side of the sample. The tested samples during in-situ infiltration correspond to (1, 2 or 3) tows of E-glass inside a polyethylene (PE) vacuum bag. PE was selected due to the higher X-ray resistance with respect to usual Nylon. The vacuum bag has a thickness of 0.4mm while the tow measures 54 mm in length and 4 mm in width. To avoid leaks near the needles connection, a tacky tape is utilised to seal the sample. The remaining perimeter of the bag is thermally sealed in order to avoid tacky tape (a material with high X-ray absorption coefficient) and therefore extra absorbing material in the Field of View (FOV).