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== Abstract ==

Viruses have gained a notoriously bad reputation as infectious agents, but they are nonetheless fascinating for biologists, not least because they are the most numerous and fastest evolving organisms on the planet. Moreover, viruses have had a significant role in the evolution of all other organisms, from bacteria through vertebrates to humans. But the full extent of this role is only just emerging, and scientists are reappraising not just the relationship between viruses and their hosts, but also the main principle of evolution: that it operates largely on the basis of gene mutation coupled with selection. > …viruses have had a significant role in the evolution of all other organisms, from bacteria through vertebrates to humans In fact, infectivity is only the tip of the viral iceberg, and cohabitation is actually the norm—as is the case for bacteria. Similarly to bacteria and other microorganisms, most viruses and their hosts have co‐evolved either into commensal relationships where the parasite's impact is neutral, or into mutually beneficial symbiotic arrangements. Of course, for viruses there is also the additional genomic dimension: they insert themselves into the host's DNA and in doing so can generate novel proteins and RNA molecules that might be valuable to the host. Moreover, it also allows the virus to manipulate the host genomic structure itself. Although this ability could wreak potential genetic havoc, it might also trigger significant structural and functional changes in the host genome that could not occur through random mutation alone. Viruses have the unique ability to incorporate themselves permanently into the genomes of their hosts—a phenomenon known as endogenization—and thus lose their ability to infect other individuals. In return, they gain immortality, as they are passed down to successive generations of hosts. Yet, although no other microorganisms can invade the genome, endogenization has a parallel among …

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DOIS: 10.1038/embor.2008.152 10.1038/nrmicro1112 10.3167/trans.2015.050305 10.1177/2158244012455179 10.2307/1003196 10.2307/j.ctvh1dm0t.17 10.2469/dig.v41.n3.22 10.1145/242417.242462 10.1097/00006247-200105000-00015 10.1215/00182702-7023554 10.1113/expphysiol.1968.sp001939 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61942-3 10.1080/01619565409536521 10.5951/at.23.6.0410 10.1016/s0033-3182(83)73164-6 10.1145/1063669.1063671 10.1145/1159803.1159816 10.1038/s42254-019-0021-y 10.37307/j.2195-0326.2013.03.19 10.1596/28229 10.1093/nq/s8-vi.154.447h 10.1038/nrn2904 10.1007/bf02926183 10.1002/9781118324905.ch23 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662098.003.0006 10.1097/00005110-197107000-00001 10.2307/336869 10.1080/03087298.1982.10443053 10.1007/978-1-4613-0195-0_19 10.1049/ee.1996.0013 10.1108/eum0000000004022 10.4324/9780203456309.ch2 10.21706/kd-7-2-144 10.1163/18754112-20200002 10.1097/pts.0b013e3181eee2ab 10.1007/bf03024304 10.1016/b978-0-444-53860-4.00008-8 10.1016/0002-9378(78)90262-4 10.1016/0047-2484(75)90090-1 10.2307/j.ctvpbnq82.11 10.1145/633332.633333 10.1163/9789004391949_011 10.1038/419121a 10.4324/9780203889374.ch44 10.1093/nq/s10-ii.42.317g 10.2307/j.ctt1pv899s.7 10.1145/633292.633333 10.1145/1160074.1159816 10.1038/embor.2009.267 10.1049/me:19970504 10.1007/978-3-319-00095-4_8 10.1038/35096029 10.1145/1145660.1145666 10.1038/nrn2549 10.1108/09604529210029164 10.1136/bmj.2.5191.39-a 10.7748/ns.5.37.52.s70 10.1108/02630800010322490

Alison 2015a - Revision history

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