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Scipediacontent at 00:30, 23 March 2021

2021-03-23T00:30:09Z

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Scipediacontent moved page Draft Content 645478050 to 238,295ml

Scipediacontent: Created page with " == Abstract == Background: Achieving clear visibility through a windshield is one of the crucial factors in manufacturing a safe and comfortable vehicle. The optic flow (OF)..."

2021-03-23T00:26:34Z

Created page with " == Abstract == Background: Achieving clear visibility through a windshield is one of the crucial factors in manufacturing a safe and comfortable vehicle. The optic flow (OF)..."

New page

== Abstract ==

Background: Achieving clear visibility through a windshield is one of the crucial factors in manufacturing a safe and comfortable vehicle. The optic flow (OF) through the windshield has been reported to divert attention and could impair visibility. Although a growing number of behavioral and neuroimaging studies have assessed drivers' attention in various driving scenarios, there is still little evidence of a relationship between OF, windshield shape, and driver's attentional efficacy. The purpose of this research was to examine this relationship. Methods: First, we quantified the OF across the windshield in a simulated driving scenario with either of two types of the windshield (a tilted or vertical pillar) at different speeds (60 km/h or 160 km/h) and found more upward OF along the tilted pillar than along the vertical pillar. Therefore, we hypothesized that the predominance of upward OF around the windshield along a tilted pillar could distract a driver and that we could observe the corresponding neural activity. Magnetic resonance scans were then obtained while the subjects performed a visual detection task while watching the driving scene used in the OF analysis. The subjects were required to press a button as rapidly as possible when a target appeared at one of five positions (leftmost, left, center, right, and rightmost). Results: We found that the reaction time (RT) on exposure to a tilted pillar was longer than that on exposure to a vertical pillar in the leftmost and rightmost conditions. Furthermore, there was more brain activity in the precuneus when the pillar was tilted than when it was vertical in the rightmost condition near the pillar. In a separate analysis, activation in the precuneus was found to reflect relative changes in the amount of upward OF when the target was at the rightmost position. Conclusions: Overall, these observations suggest that activation in the precuneus may reflect extraneous cognitive load driven by upward OF along the pillar and could distract visual attention. The findings of this study highlight the value of a cognitive neuroscientific approach to research and development in the motor vehicle manufacturing industry.

Document type: Article

== Full document ==
<pdf>Media:Draft_Content_645478050-beopen1349-1780-document.pdf</pdf>

== Original document ==

The different versions of the original document can be found in:

* [http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7264157 http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7264157] under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by

* [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/pdf https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/pdf]

* [https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full],
: [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183] under the license cc-by

* [https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full],
: [https://doaj.org/toc/1662-5161 https://doaj.org/toc/1662-5161] under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

* [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full],
: [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/pdf https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/pdf],
: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32528266 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32528266],
: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32528266 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32528266],
: [https://philpapers.org/rec/SASTSO-11 https://philpapers.org/rec/SASTSO-11],
: [https://www.safetylit.org/citations/index.php?fuseaction=citations.viewdetails&citationIds[]=citjournalarticle_649731_17 https://www.safetylit.org/citations/index.php?fuseaction=citations.viewdetails&citationIds[]=citjournalarticle_649731_17],
: [https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/3031982348 https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/3031982348]

DOIS: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 == Abstract ==
-Background: Achieving clear visibility through a windshield is one of the crucial factors in manufacturing a safe and comfortable vehicle. The optic flow (OF) through the windshield has been reported to divert attention and could impair visibility. Although a growing number of behavioral and neuroimaging studies have assessed drivers' attention in various driving scenarios, there is still little evidence of a relationship between OF, windshield shape, and driver's attentional efficacy. The purpose of this research was to examine this relationship. Methods: First, we quantified the OF across the windshield in a simulated driving scenario with either of two types of the windshield (a tilted or vertical pillar) at different speeds (60 km/h or 160 km/h) and found more upward OF along the tilted pillar than along the vertical pillar. Therefore, we hypothesized that the predominance of upward OF around the windshield along a tilted pillar could distract a driver and that we could observe the corresponding neural activity. Magnetic resonance scans were then obtained while the subjects performed a visual detection task while watching the driving scene used in the OF analysis. The subjects were required to press a button as rapidly as possible when a target appeared at one of five positions (leftmost, left, center, right, and rightmost). Results: We found that the reaction time (RT) on exposure to a tilted pillar was longer than that on exposure to a vertical pillar in the leftmost and rightmost conditions. Furthermore, there was more brain activity in the precuneus when the pillar was tilted than when it was vertical in the rightmost condition near the pillar. In a separate analysis, activation in the precuneus was found to reflect relative changes in the amount of upward OF when the target was at the rightmost position. Conclusions: Overall, these observations suggest that activation in the precuneus may reflect extraneous cognitive load driven by upward OF along the pillar and could distract visual attention. The findings of this study highlight the value of a cognitive neuroscientific approach to research and development in the motor vehicle manufacturing industry.
+Over the past few years the population of older drivers has substantially increased across the United States. Older drivers are a group of special interest because of their potential age-related deficiencies. It is essential to understand their driving behavior and adjust the conditions of roadway systems according to their requirements. Likewise, driving behavior of older drivers needs to be considered in order to adequately estimate capacities at intersections. In the past few years, research projects were performed by the University of South Florida to analyze the differences of driving behavior among different driver age groups. Typically, the driving behavior of older drivers was evaluated by analyzing their start-up lost time and saturation headway at signalized intersections as compared to young and mid-age driver groups. Research results were based on data collected from signalized intersections with different land-use types. These intersections are located in west and central Florida where the elderly population has been increasing rapidly in recent years. From the results it was found that the presence of older drivers significantly reduced intersection capacity at all study sites because of their higher lost times and lower saturation flow rates. Therefore, driving behavior of older drivers should be considered in designing intersections located in places with a significant older driver population. In the research, models were developed to predict start-up lost time and saturation headway values generated by older drivers. Then, the variation in capacities with an increasing percentage of older drivers in the traffic stream was modeled. Finally, adjustment factors for different percentages of older drivers were developed to adjust intersection capacity. These factors are believed to account for the presence of older drivers in the traffic stream. The adjustment factors may be used in capacity analysis and design procedures for intersections with a significant older driver population.
 Document type: Article
 == Full document ==
-<pdf>Media:Draft_Content_645478050-beopen1349-1780-document.pdf</pdf>
+<pdf>Media:238,295ml-beopen1350-1720-document.pdf</pdf>
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 The different versions of the original document can be found in:
-* [http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7264157 http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC7264157] under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
+* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0386-1112(14)60031-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0386-1112(14)60031-5]
-* [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/pdf https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/pdf]
+* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0386-1112(14)60031-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0386-1112(14)60031-5] under the license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
-* [https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full],
+* [https://doi.org/10.1016/s0386-1112(14)60031-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0386-1112(14)60031-5] under the license cc-by-nc-nd
-: [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183] under the license cc-by
-* [https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full],
+* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0386111214600315 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0386111214600315],
-: [https://doaj.org/toc/1662-5161 https://doaj.org/toc/1662-5161] under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
+: [https://doaj.org/toc/0386-1112 https://doaj.org/toc/0386-1112]
-* [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full],
+* [https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0386111214600315?httpAccept=text/xml https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0386111214600315?httpAccept=text/xml],
-: [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/pdf https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/pdf],
+: [https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0386111214600315?httpAccept=text/plain https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0386111214600315?httpAccept=text/plain],
-: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32528266 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32528266],
+: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0386-1112(14)60031-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0386-1112(14)60031-5] under the license https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/
-: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32528266 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32528266],
-: [https://philpapers.org/rec/SASTSO-11 https://philpapers.org/rec/SASTSO-11],
-: [https://www.safetylit.org/citations/index.php?fuseaction=citations.viewdetails&citationIds[]=citjournalarticle_649731_17 https://www.safetylit.org/citations/index.php?fuseaction=citations.viewdetails&citationIds[]=citjournalarticle_649731_17],
-: [https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/3031982348 https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/3031982348]
+* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0386111214600315 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0386111214600315],
+: [http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10006466472 http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10006466472],
+: [https://www.iatss.or.jp/common/pdf/en/publication/iatss-research/24-2-08.pdf https://www.iatss.or.jp/common/pdf/en/publication/iatss-research/24-2-08.pdf],
+: [https://iatss.or.jp/english/research/24-2/pdf/24-2-08.pdf https://iatss.or.jp/english/research/24-2/pdf/24-2-08.pdf],
-DOIS: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00183/full
+: [https://trid.trb.org/view/674791 https://trid.trb.org/view/674791],

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