Scipedia: Collection of open chapters of books in transport research

Maize price volatility: does market remoteness matter?

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 12:48:41 +0200

This paper addresses the role of market remoteness in explaining maize price volatility in Burkina Faso. A model of price formation is introduced to demonstrate formally that transport costs between urban and rural markets exac¬erbate maize price volatility. Empirical support is provided to the proposition by exploring an unusually rich data set of monthly maize price series across 28 markets over 200413. The methodology relies on an autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model to investigate the statistical effect of road quality and distance from urban consumption cen¬ters on maize price volatility. The analysis finds that maize price volatility is greatest in remote markets. The results also show that maize-surplus markets and markets bordering Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Togo have experienced more vola¬tile prices than maize-deficit and non-bordering markets. The findings suggest that enhancing road infrastructure would strengthen the links between rural markets and major consumption centers, thereby also stabilizing maize prices. (Résumé d'auteur)

Document type: Book

Rural Roads and Local Economic Development

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:35:11 +0200

Nearly one billion people worldwide live in rural areas without access to the paved road network. This paper measures the impacts of India's $40 billion national rural road construction program using regression discontinuity and data covering every individual and firm in rural India. The main effect of new feeder roads is to allow workers to obtain nonfarm work. However, there are no major changes in consumption, assets or agricultural outcomes. Nonfarm employment in the village expands only slightly, suggesting the new work is found outside of the village. Even with better market connections, remote areas may continue to lack economic opportunities.

Document type: Book

The ecological impact of transportation infrastructure

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:42:08 +0200

There is a long-standing debate over whether new roads unavoidably lead to environmental damage, especially forest loss, but causal identification has been elusive. Using multiple causal identification strategies, this paper studies the construction of new rural roads to over 100,000 villages and the upgrading of 10,000 kilometers of national highways in India. The new rural roads had precise zero effects on local deforestation. In contrast, the highway upgrades caused substantial forest loss, which appears to be driven by increased timber demand along the transportation corridors. In terms of forests, last mile connectivity had a negligible environmental cost, while expansion of major corridors had important environmental impacts.

Document type: Book

Traffic, Air Pollution, and Distributional Impacts in Dar es Salaam: A Spatial Analysis with New Satellite Data

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:13:46 +0200

Air pollution from vehicular traffic is a major source of health damage in urban areas. The problems of urban traffic and pollution are essentially geographic, because their incidence and impacts depend on the spatial distribution of economic activities, households, and transport links. This paper uses satellite images to investigate the spatial dynamics of vehicle traffic, air pollution, and exposure of vulnerable residents in the Dar es Salaam metro region of Tanzania. The results highlight significant impacts of seasonal weather (temperature, humidity, and wind-speed factors) on the spatial distribution and intensity of air pollution from vehicle emissions. These effects on the metro region's air quality vary highly by area. During seasons when weather factors maximize pollution, the worst exposure occurs in areas along the wind path of high-traffic roadways. The research identifies core areas where congestion reduction would yield the greatest exposure reduction for children and the elderly in poor households.

Document type: Book

Exposure of Belt and Road Economies to China Trade Shocks

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:26:00 +0200

The Belt and Road Initiative seeks to deepen China's international integration by improving infrastructure and strengthening trade and investment linkages with countries along the old Silk Road, thereby linking it to Europe. This paper uses detailed bilateral trade data for 1995-2015 to assess the degree of exposure of Belt and Road economies to China trade shocks. The econometric results reveal that China's trade growth significantly affected the exports of Belt and Road economies. Between 1995 and 2015, the magnitude of China's demand shocks was larger than that of its competition shocks. However, competition shocks became more important in recent years, and were highly heterogeneous across countries and industries. Building on these findings, the paper documents the current degree of exposure of Belt and Road economies to China trade shocks, and discusses policy options to deal with trade-induced adjustment costs.

Document type: Book

Big Data in Transportation: An Economics Perspective

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:03:19 +0100

This paper reviews the emerging big data literature applied to urban transportation issues from the perspective of economic research. It provides a typology of big data sources relevant to transportation analyses and describes how these data can be used to measure mobility, associated externalities, and welfare impacts. As an application, it showcases the use of daily traffic conditions data in various developed and developing country cities to estimate the causal impact of stay-at-home orders during the Covid-19 pandemic on traffic congestion in Bogota, New Dehli, New York, and Paris. In light of the advances in big data analytics, the paper concludes with a discussion on policy opportunities and challenges.

Analytic Prognostic in the Linear Damage Case Applied to Buried Petrochemical Pipelines and the Complex Probability Paradigm

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:21:41 +0100

In 1933, Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov established the system of five axioms that define the concept of mathematical probability. This system can be developed to include the set of imaginary numbers by adding a supplementary three original axioms. Therefore, any experiment can be performed in the set C of complex probabilities which is the summation of the set R of real probabilities and the set M of imaginary probabilities. The purpose here is to include additional imaginary dimensions to the experiment taking place in the "real" laboratory in R and hence to evaluate all the probabilities. Consequently, the probability in the entire set C = R + M is permanently equal to one no matter what the stochastic distribution of the input random variable in R is; therefore the outcome of the probabilistic experiment in C can be determined perfectly. This is due to the fact that the probability in C is calculated after subtracting from the degree of our knowledge the chaotic factor of the random experiment. Consequently, the purpose in this chapter is to join my complex probability paradigm to the analytic prognostic of buried petrochemical pipelines in the case of linear damage accumulation. Accordingly, after the calculation of the novel prognostic model parameters, we will be able to evaluate the degree of knowledge, the magnitude of the chaotic factor, the complex probability, the probabilities of the system failure and survival, and the probability of the remaining useful lifetime; after that a pressure time t has been applied to the pipeline, which are all functions of the system degradation subject to random and stochastic influences.

Introducing automated shuttles in the public transport of European cities: The case of the AVENUE project.

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:22:15 +0100

International audience

Assessing Cognitive Processing and Human Factors Challenges in NextGen Air Traffic Control Tower Team Operations

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:36:43 +0100

Previous research of Terminal Radar Control Facilities and Standard Terminal Automation Replacement Systems interactions by the authors examined how combined NextGen digitized technology affects air traffic controller functions. Applying their updated SHELL model, human factors implications on the Tower Team before and after implementing NextGen technology were examined, focusing on cognitive loading and automated functions affecting each team member. A survey examined where cognitive difficulties occur when controllers are responsible for multiple screen views, remote airfields or helipads, and digitized cameras and blind spots. Scanning challenges were identified where local traffic, ground operations, and data converge onto one screen, and when attention is diverted to distant screens. Also studied were automatic aircraft handoffs and potential for missed handoffs, and, assessing changes from voice communication to text messaging for human error. Findings indicated a necessity for controllers to manage balanced tasking, vigilance pacing, and resource management.

Corrosion Wear of Pipelines and Equipment in Complex Stress-Strain State

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:44:54 +0100

Traffic, Air Pollution, and Distributional Impacts in Dar es Salaam: A Spatial Analysis with New Satellite Data

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:49:37 +0100

Education and training

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:18:55 +0100

The Institution of Plant Engineers (IPlantE) had its origins in the Second World War, when engineers who found themselves responsible for the operation and maintenance of the large excavators and other mobile plant brought from the USA to work open-cast coal met together for the exchange of information and to discuss their problems. These meetings were so successful that the engineers concerned decided to continue them in a more formal manner through the medium of a properly incorporated body. The Institution amalgamated with the Institute of Road Transport Engineers to form a new body called the Society of Operations Engineers (SOE). The Society of Operations Engineers is a small-scale reflection of the engineering profession as a whole, embracing a wide range of disciplines and activities. The purpose of the Society is to promote safe, efficient, and environmentally sustainable operations engineering to the benefit of society. Its vision is to be the preferred professional body for those engaged in the life cycle management of systems, facilities, vehicles, and equipment, and the recognized authority on these matters.

Phrasal verbs in general english and traffic engineering and their serbian equivalents

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:55:45 +0200

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Societal issues and environmental citizenship

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:59:45 +0200

This chapter investigates the role of Environmental Citizenship within the twenty-first-century societal issues of human activities - urban development, transport systems, tourism, and cultural heritage. The first part of the chapter analyses the relationship between Environmental Citizenship, urban development, and cultural landscapes. Cities are home to the majority of the worlds population and are responsible for most of the resource consumption and waste production, which places them in the focus of Environmental Citizenship discourses. The issues of urbanisation and Environmental Citizenship are followed by issues of sustainable transport that, among others, have a goal of reducing transport disadvantage of marginalized social groups. Cultural heritage is identified as a new fourth pillar of sustainable development (along with environment, economy and society), and its role in Environmental Citizenship is explored. Sustainable tourism is reviewed using new approaches that have adopted elements of Environmental Citizenship and were introduced as a reaction to unsustainable mass tourism. Finally, the chapter presents certain practices of Environmental Citizenship within the investigated fields of expertise that could be promoted and implemented elsewhere. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Evolution of Scikit-Learn Pipelines with Dynamic Structured Grammatical Evolution

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:24:52 +0100

The deployment of Machine Learning (ML) models is a difficult and time-consuming job that comprises a series of sequential and correlated tasks that go from the data pre-processing, and the design and extraction of features, to the choice of the ML algorithm and its parameterisation. The task is even more challenging considering that the design of features is in many cases problem specific, and thus requires domain-expertise. To overcome these limitations Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) methods seek to automate, with few or no human-intervention, the design of pipelines, i.e., automate the selection of the sequence of methods that have to be applied to the raw data. These methods have the potential to enable non-expert users to use ML, and provide expert users with solutions that they would unlikely consider. In particular, this paper describes AutoML-DSGE - a novel grammar-based framework that adapts Dynamic Structured Grammatical Evolution (DSGE) to the evolution of Scikit-Learn classification pipelines. The experimental results include comparing AutoML-DSGE to another grammar-based AutoML framework, Resilient ClassificationPipeline Evolution (RECIPE), and show that the average performance of the classification pipelines generated by AutoML-DSGE is always superior to the average performance of RECIPE; the differences are statistically significant in 3 out of the 10 used datasets.

Governance cultures and sociotechnical imaginaries of self-driving vehicle technology: Comparative analysis of Finland, UK and Germany

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:25:06 +0100

As an emerging technology, the potential deployment of self-driving vehicles (SDVs) in cities is attributed with significant uncertainties and anticipated consequences requiring responsible governance of innovation processes. Despite a growing number of studies on policies and governance arrangements for managing the introduction of SDVs, there is a gap in understanding about country-specific governance strategies and approaches. This chapter addresses this gap by presenting a comparative analysis of SDV-related policy documents in Finland, UK, and Germany, three countries which are actively seeking to promote the introduction of SDVs and which have distinct administrative traditions. Our analytical framework is based on the set of premises about technology as a complex sociotechnical phenomenon, operationalized using governance cultures and sociotechnical imaginaries concepts. Our comparative policy document analysis focuses on the assumed roles for SDV technology, the identified domains and mechanisms of governance, and the assumed actors responsible for steering the development process. The results highlight similarities in pro-automation values across three different countries, while also uncovering important differences outside the domain of traditional transport policy instruments. In addition, the results identify different types of potential technological determinism, which could restrict opportunities for responsiveness and divergent visions of mobility futures in Europe. Concluding with a warning against further depolitization of technological development and a dominant focus on economic growth, we identify several necessary directions for further developing governance and experimentation processes.

Commercial arrangements and liability for crossing pipelines power cables and telecom cables connectors on the seabed

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:44:20 +0200

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Green Transportation in Green Supply Chain Management

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:28:06 +0100

An Overview Across Europe

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:32:19 +0100

This paper gathers experiences and results from several demonstration projects in the field of grid integration of electric vehicles. The analyzed research projects are selected among research institutes and universities that are part of the European Energy Research Alliance Joint Program on Smart Grids. The paper provides an overview of recent trends in the field of electric vehicles integration issues and then dives deeper into specific aspects of each project. Twelve research projects are presented in general terms, while detailed information can be retrieved from the references and the websites. Although each project has its focus, a common element that can be devised is that the charging process can be technically controlled based on different interests and algorithms, but its role in the market is still under development. Particular focus is always given to the behavior of the user, which ultimately determines the possible level of flexibility that the electric vehicle can provide to the grid.

Chapter 3 - Mobility on demand (MOD) and mobility as a service (MaaS): early understanding of shared mobility impacts and public transit partnerships

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:36:37 +0100

Technology is changing the way we move and reshaping cities and society. Shared and on-demand mobility represent notable transportation shifts in the 21st century. In recent years, mobility on demand (MOD)âwhere consumers access mobility, goods, and services on-demand by dispatching shared modes, courier services, public transport, and other innovative strategiesâhas grown rapidly due to technological advancements; changing consumer preferences; and a range of economic, environmental, and social factors. New attitudes toward sharing, MOD, and mobility as a service (MaaS) are changing traveler behavior and creating new opportunities and challenges for public transportation. This chapter discusses similarities and differences between the evolving concepts of MaaS and MOD. Next, it characterizes the range of existing public transit and MOD service models and enabling partnerships. The chapter also explores emerging trends impacting public transportation. While vehicle automation could result in greater public transit competition in the future, it could also foster new opportunities for transit enhancements (e.g., microtransit services, first- and last-mile connections, reduced operating costs). The chapter concludes with a discussion of how MOD/MaaS partnerships and automation could enable the public transit industry to reinvent itself, making it more attractive and competitive with private vehicle ownership and use.

Enacting Data Science Pipelines for Exploring Graphs: From Libraries to Studios

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:39:28 +0100

This paper proposes a study of existing environments used to enact data science pipelines applied to graphs. Data science pipelines are a new form of queries combining classic graph operations with artificial intelligence graph analytics operations. A pipeline defines a data flow consisting of tasks for querying, exploring and analysing graphs. Different environments and systems can be used for enacting pipelines. They range from graph NoSQL stores, programming languages extended with libraries providing graph processing and analytics functions, to full machine learning and artificial intelligence studios. The paper describes these environments and the design principles that they promote for enacting data science pipelines intended to query, process and explore data collections and particularly graphs.

Proceedings of the Academic Track at State of the Map 2020

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:39:40 +0100

Proceedings of the Academic Track at State of the Map 2020 - Online (originally planned in Cape Town, South Africa), July 4-6, 2020. Editors Marco Minghini â European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy Serena Coetzee, Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria Levente JuhÃ¡sz â GIS Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States A. Yair Grinberger â Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Peter Mooney â Department of Computer Science, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland Godwin Yeboah â Institute for Global Sustainable Development, School of Cross-faculty Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

Transport de charges lourdes sur les voies navigables internes

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:42:20 +0100

International audience; Die Nette verband das rÃ¶mische Steinbruch- und Bergbaurevier um Mayen mit dem Rhein als wichtiger WasserstraÃe. Ausgehend von der Nette werden die Argumente vorgestellt, welche fÃ¼r die Nutzung auch anderer kleiner WasserlÃ¤ufe fÃ¼r Schwerlasttransporte in der Antike sprechen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird besonders auf die Verteilung von rÃ¶mischen WerkstÃ¤tten, Lagern und GrabdenkmÃ¤lern entlang kleiner FlÃ¼sse hingewiesen.; The river Nette connected the Roman quarry and mining district around Mayen with the important waterway of the Rhine. Starting from the Nette the arguments are presented which speak for the use also of other small water courses for heavy load transport in Antiquity. In this context special reference is given to the distribution of Roman workshops, storehouses and funerary monuments along small rivers.; La Nette reliait le district des carriÃ¨res et des mines romaines autour de Mayen Ã l'importante voie navigable du Rhin. En se basant sur la Nette, des arguments sont prÃ©sentÃ©s qui plaident aussi en faveur de l'utilisation d'autres petits cours d'eau pour le transport de charges lourdes dans l'AntiquitÃ©. Dans ce contexte, une rÃ©fÃ©rence particuliÃ¨re est faite Ã la rÃ©partition des ateliers, des entrepÃ´ts et des monuments funÃ©raires romains le long des petits cours d'eau.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Study on the feasibility, costs and benefits of retrofitting advanced driver assistance to improve road safety

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:42:34 +0100

The European Parliament has adopted regulation (EU) 2019/2144, which will make several ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) mandatory in new models from June 2022 onward and in all new vehicles from June 2024 onwards. However, due to the slow renewal of the vehicle fleet, it will take several years before a meaningful portion of the fleet is equipped with these lifesaving systems. To compensate for this, the safety of existing vehicles could be improved with retrofit ADAS systems. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility, costs and benefits of retrofitting ADAS. This study examined the technical feasibility of various retrofit ADAS systems and assessed the following in greater detail: Forward Collision Warning, Lane Departure Warning, Advanced Driver Distraction Warning, Speed Limit Information, Reversing Detection, Tyre Pressure Monitoring system, Turn Assistant for trucks and 112 eCall. The study examines the potential safety impacts of retrofitting the vehicle fleet and presents a cost-benefit assessment for the measures. This report addresses voluntarily installable measures as well as mandatory measures.

Study of Severe Trauma Mechanism of Victims and Prediction of Outcomes of Patients in Road Transport and Other Accidents: Forensic and Clinic Issues

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:44:41 +0100

The Transforming Dutch City seen through the Infrastructural Changes: Railways and the Case of Amsterdam

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:45:14 +0100

The relation between infrastructures and urban transformations is a complex matter. When we look at the Randstad, this part of the Netherlands is characterized by not only its urban development in the last 150 years, but also by the fact that the territory changed; herein geomorphology, waterways, and railroads play an important role. Since the Middle Ages, a well-developed system of canals is ordering landscape and cities, while roads had shallow relevance. Therefore, it is not a coincidence that the first Dutch railroads were positioned parallel to the canals. Land expropriation was easier there and the railway layout could be kept as straight as possible, saving resources.

Air Traffic Complexity as a Source of Risk in ATM

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:51:43 +0100

Section VI: Submarine Cables and Pipelines

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:53:48 +0100

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

The Pathway to Sustainable Transport

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:58:13 +0100

Risk management of industrial enterprises: theory and methodology

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:59:45 +0100

The monograph explores theoretical basis of risk management and corporate governance, construction of the system and development of measures for risk management of the corporation of industrial enterprises of railway transport, the improvement of approaches to the classification of risks of industrial enterprises and developing risk management framework of industrial enterprises. The monograph is intended for economists, management professionals, scientists, executives and specialists of government bodies, heads of industrial enterprises and top managers of corporations, specialists and practitioners interested in the problems of managing industrial enterprises. Ð£ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÐ»ÑÐ´Ð¶ÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÐµÐ¾ÑÐµÑÐ¸ÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸ ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¸ ÑÐ° ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ, Ð¿Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð° ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¸ ÑÐ° ÑÐ¾Ð·ÑÐ¾Ð±ÐºÐ° Ð·Ð°ÑÐ¾Ð´ÑÐ² ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾ ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¸ ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ°ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ´Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ÑÑÐ² Ð·Ð°Ð»ÑÐ·Ð½Ð¸ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÑÑ, ÑÐ´Ð¾ÑÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ´ÑÐ¾Ð´ÑÐ² Ð´Ð¾ ÐºÐ»Ð°ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐºÐ°ÑÑÑ ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¸ÐºÑÐ² Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ´Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ÑÑÐ² ÑÐ° ÑÐ¾Ð·ÑÐ¾Ð±ÐºÐ° ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¸ ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ´Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ÑÑÐ². ÐÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð·ÑÐ°ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð° Ð½Ð° ÐµÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ÑÑÑÑÐ², Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐµÑÑÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð»ÑÐ² ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ, Ð½Ð°ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²ÑÑÐ², ÐºÐµÑÑÐ²Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑÐ² ÑÐ° ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ²ÑÑÐ² Ð´ÐµÑÐ¶Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ³Ð°Ð½ÑÐ², ÐºÐµÑÑÐ²Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑÐ² Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ´Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ÑÑÐ² ÑÐ° ÑÐ¾Ð¿- Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ´Ð¶ÐµÑÑÐ² ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¹, ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ²ÑÑÐ² ÑÐ° Ð¿ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸ÐºÑÐ², Ð·Ð°ÑÑÐºÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ´Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸.

Solution Approaches for Vehicle and Crew Scheduling with Electric Buses

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:00:54 +0100

extabstractThe use of electric buses is expected to rise due to its environmental benefits. However, electric vehicles are less exible than conventional diesel buses due to their limited driving range and longer recharging times. Therefore, scheduling electric vehicles adds further operational dificulties. Additionally, various labor regulations challenge public transport companies to find a cost-effcient crew schedule. Vehicle and crew scheduling problems essentially define the cost of operations. In practice, these two problems are often solved sequentially. In this paper, we introduce the integrated electric vehicle and crew scheduling problem (E-VCSP). Given a set of timetabled trips and recharging stations, the E-VCSP is concerned with finding vehicle and crew schedules that cover the timetabled trips and satisfy operational constraints, such as limited driving range of electric vehicles and labor regulations for the crew while minimizing total operational cost. An adaptive large neighborhood search that utilizes branch-and-price heuristics is proposed to tackle the E-VCSP. The proposed method is tested on real-life instances from public transport companies in Denmark and Sweden that contain up to 1,109 timetabled trips. The heuristic approach provides evidence of improving efficiency of transport systems when the electric vehicle and crew scheduling aspects are considered simultaneously. By comparing to the traditional sequential approach, the heuristic finds improvements in the range of 1.17-4.37% on average. A sensitivity analysis of the electric bus technology is carried out to indicate its implications for the crew schedule and the total operational cost. The analysis shows that the operational cost decreases with increasing driving range (120 to 250 kilometers) of electric vehicles.

Localization and grasping of small load carriers with autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:18:22 +0100

The application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in the area of inspection, survey or urban logistics has become a rapidly developing research domain. While the feasibility of material transports with UAVs has already been shown in the scope of different projects, the payload is thereby usually transferred manually into the UAVâs load handling device. A decisive factor for the economic usability of UAVs for aerial transportation, however, is a fully automated system including the autonomous recognition and pick-up of the cargo. We therefore present a solution for the automated detection, localization and grasping of small load carriers with UAVs. The system includes a specialized load handing device, a camera-based real-time tracking solution for small load carriers and a fusion of the global and relative position measurements to achieve the in-flight positioning accuracy required for the autonomous cargo pick-up.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Black Box Explanation by Learning Image Exemplars in the Latent Feature Space

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:19:19 +0100

We present an approach to explain the decisions of black box models for image classification. While using the black box to label images, our explanation method exploits the latent feature space learned through an adversarial autoencoder. The proposed method first generates exemplar images in the latent feature space and learns a decision tree classifier. Then, it selects and decodes exemplars respecting local decision rules. Finally, it visualizes them in a manner that shows to the user how the exemplars can be modified to either stay within their class, or to become counter-factuals by "morphing" into another class. Since we focus on black box decision systems for image classification, the explanation obtained from the exemplars also provides a saliency map highlighting the areas of the image that contribute to its classification, and areas of the image that push it into another class. We present the results of an experimental evaluation on three datasets and two black box models. Besides providing the most useful and interpretable explanations, we show that the proposed method outperforms existing explainers in terms of fidelity, relevance, coherence, and stability.

Geography vs. topology in the evolution of the global container shipping network (1977-2016)

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:22:48 +0100

International audience; The dynamical properties of so-called spatial and complex networks are often overlooked in graph theory and network science in general. Container shipping provides a rare example of a global transport network that went through tremendous technological and geographic changes in the last decades or so. This chapter proposes for the first time an empirical analysis of no less than 40 years of inter-port vessel movement data (1977-2016) to describe the evolving properties of the global container shipping network. Main results confirm a number of stylized facts such as the growing size, connectivity, and centralization of this network due to several factors such as economies of scale in liner shipping and the rationalization of related maritime services, the emergence of hub ports, etc. We also provide a new cartography of how had the global container shipping network been geographically distributed over time, thereby highlighting major shifts in terms of port hierarchies and main corridors. We believe that this chapter will contribute to a better understanding of the complex linkages between network structure, technological change, and spatial change, opening the way for new research paths on maritime transport research and network science in general when focusing on evolutionary dynamics.

Achieving Driving Comfort of AVs by Combined Longitudinal and Lateral Motion Control

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:31:34 +0100

As automated vehicles (AVs) are moving closer to practical reality, one of the problems that needs to be resolved is how to achieve an acceptable and natural risk management behaviour for the on-board users. Cautious automated driving behaviour is normally demonstrated during the AV testing, by which the safety issue between the AV and other road users or other static risk elements can be guaranteed. However, excessive cautiousness of the AVs may lead to traffic congestion and strange behaviour that will not be accepted by drivers and other road users. Human-like automated driving, as an emerging technique, has been concentrated on mimicking a human driverâs behaviour in order that the behaviour of the AVs can provide an acceptable behaviour for both the drivers (and passengers) and the other road users. The human driversâ behaviour was obtained through simulator based driving and this study developed a nonlinear model predictive control to optimise risk management behaviour of AVs by taking into account human-driven vehiclesâ behaviour, in both longitudinal and lateral directions.

Environmental and Corporate Crimes: The Case of Polluting Industries in France

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:43:33 +0100

International audience; Drawing inspiration from researches on environmental crime and corporate crime, this chapter examines the case of air pollution caused by road transport and industry in France. The purpose of the author is first to document the nature and extent of these health threats to populations and second to highlight the existence of delinquent practices (defined as deliberate violations of legal norms) that sometimes play a major role in perpetuating these threats. The author first examines the issue of pollution caused by automobile engines and returns to âDieselgate.â It then details the pollution problems observed in the Fos-sur-Mer industrial area in the south of France and its consequences on the health of local populations.

Optimization of the Quality of Information Support for Consumers of Cooperative Surveillance Systems

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:46:21 +0100

The paper discusses the place and the role of cooperative airspace surveillance systems in the information support of airspace use and air traffic control systems. A brief description of the signals used in the considering systems is given. Based on the presentation of cooperative surveillance systems as two-channel data transmission systems, the statistical interpretation of consumer data transmission is considered and it is shown that the probability of information support can be an integral quality indicator of consumers information support in the considered systems. That is defined as the product of the probability of detecting the request signals by the aircraft responder, aircraft responder availability factor, probability of detection of an air object by the requester, the probability of correct reception of on-board information and the probability of combining the flight and coordinate information. The variants for optimization each of the components of these probabilities are considered. The optimization issues of measurement parameters of signals in cooperative observation systems, which determine the probability of combining flight and coordinate information, are also considered.

Balancing competing interests when building marine energy infrastructures the case of the nord stream pipelines

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 12:52:32 +0200

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Diakoptical Method of Inter-area Routing with Load Balancing in a Telecommunication Network

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:35:01 +0100

In this paper, the diakoptical method of inter-area routing with load balancing in a telecommunication network was proposed. The method allows to increase the scalability of routing solutions in comparison with the centralized approach without reducing the efficiency of the network, estimated by the maximum value of link load threshold. The method involves the decomposition of the general routing problem in a multi-area network into several routing subtasks of smaller size that can be solved for each individual area followed by combining the solutions obtained for the whole telecommunication network. The foundation of the method is a flow-based routing model based on the implementation of the concept of Traffic Engineering and focused on minimizing the maximum value of link load threshold. The results of the analysis confirmed the operability of the method on a variety of numerical examples and demonstrated the full correspondence of the efficiency of the obtained diakoptical routing solutions to the centralized approach. The advantage of the proposed method is also the absence of the need to coordinate routing solutions received on subnetworks, which positively affects both the time of solving the set task and the amount of service traffic circulated in the network associated with the transfer of data on the state of network areas and coordinating information.

Machine Learning and Text Analysis in an Artificial Intelligent System for the Training of Air Traffic Controllers

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:36:47 +0100

This chapter presents the application of new information technology in education for the training of air traffic controllers (ATCs). Machine learning, multi-criteria decision analysis, and text analysis as the methods of artificial intelligence for ATCs training have been described. The authors have made an analysis of the International Civil Aviation Organization documents for modern principles of ATCs education. The prototype of the neural network for evaluating the timeliness and correctness of the decision making by ATCs has been developed. The new theoretical and practical tasks for simulation and pre-simulation training have been obtained using expert judgment method. The methodology for sentiment analyzing the airline customers' opinions has been proposed. In addition, the examples of artificial intelligence systems and expert systems by the authors, students and colleagues from National Aviation University, Ukraine and Gdansk University of Technology, Poland have been proposed.

The Evaluation of Traffic Congestion Analysis for the Srinagar City Under Mixed Traffic Conditions

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:38:51 +0100

Flying safely by bilevel programming

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 12:58:18 +0200

International audience; Preventing aircraft from getting too close to each other is an essential element of safety of the air transportation industry, which becomes ever more important as the air traffic increases. The problem consists in enforcing a minimum distance threshold between flying aircraft, which naturally results in a bilevel formulation with a lower-level subproblem for each pair of aircraft. We propose two single-level reformulations, present a cut generation algorithm which directly solves the bilevel formulation and discuss comparative computational results.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Blended Antilock Braking System Control Method for All-Wheel Drive Electric Sport Utility Vehicle

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:01:38 +0100

At least two different actuators work in cooperation in regenerative braking for electric and hybrid vehicles. Torque blending is an important area, which is responsible for better manoeuvrability, reduced braking distance, improved riding comfort, etc. In this paper, a control method for electric vehicle blended antilock braking system based on fuzzy logic is promoted. The principle prioritizes usage of electric motor actuators to maximize recuperation energy during deceleration process. Moreover, for supreme efficiency it considers the batteryâs state of charge for switching between electric motor and conventional electrohydraulic brakes. To demonstrate the functionality of the controller under changing dynamic conditions, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation with real electrohydraulic brakes test bed is utilized. In particular, the experiment is designed to exceed the state-of-charge threshold during braking operation, what leads to immediate switch between regenerative and friction brake modes.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

ICAO Risk Tolerability Solution via Complex Indicators of Air Traffic Control Students’ Attitude to Risk

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:17:12 +0100

AVATAR - Machine Learning Pipeline Evaluation Using Surrogate Model

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:22:06 +0100

The evaluation of machine learning (ML) pipelines is essential during automatic ML pipeline composition and optimisation. The previous methods such as Bayesian-based and genetic-based optimisation, which are implemented in Auto-Weka, Auto-sklearn and TPOT, evaluate pipelines by executing them. Therefore, the pipeline composition and optimisation of these methods requires a tremendous amount of time that prevents them from exploring complex pipelines to find better predictive models. To further explore this research challenge, we have conducted experiments showing that many of the generated pipelines are invalid, and it is unnecessary to execute them to find out whether they are good pipelines. To address this issue, we propose a novel method to evaluate the validity of ML pipelines using a surrogate model (AVATAR). The AVATAR enables to accelerate automatic ML pipeline composition and optimisation by quickly ignoring invalid pipelines. Our experiments show that the AVATAR is more efficient in evaluating complex pipelines in comparison with the traditional evaluation approaches requiring their execution.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Mobility

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:22:23 +0100

International audience; This chapter looks at how sustainable mobility in Bordeaux, France, has largely come to be consolidated in planning for intermodality. The current transport network in the metropolitan area (comprising 28 municipalities, 800,000 inhabitants) is made up of a road system with a low capacity for change, a public transport system that has reached the limit of its capacity (i.e., the tram network) and the promotion of new forms of mobility (carpooling, cycling, walking) which are conditional upon a change of practices and habits among the residents. The major challenge for the local government is to define a new mobility offer based on better concentric links that can optimize the existing network and deliver the necessary improved connections between residential and economic areas in the growing metropolitan area. This need for an improved transport network has been coupled with the emergence of a change in urban planning in Bordeaux that focuses on densification along the public transport axes. The notions of multimodality and intermodality, which are associated with stations and interchange hubs, have become the main tools for a shifting mobility offer, and they are now an integral part of the local governmentâs attempts to achieve a less energy-intensive metropolis.

Integrated On-demand Modeling for Configuration of Trusted ICT Supply Chains

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:24:50 +0100

Digital enterprises and their networks increasingly rely on advanced decision-making capabilities, however, development of decision-making models requires significant effort and is often performed independently of other digitalization activities. Additionally, dynamic nature of many decision-making problems requires rapid ramp-up of decision-making capabilities. To addresses these challenges, this position paper proposes to elaborate a method for integrated on-demand decision modeling. The method combines mathematical programming and data analytics models to create case specific models on the basis of generic decision-making models. The integrated model and its data supply pipelines are configured using enterprise models allowing for consistent and rapid model deployment. The integrated model is intended for the trusted ICT supply chain configuration problem though it can be used for solving various types of decision-making problems. The main expected results are formulation of the new type decision-making model and the method for on-demand configuration of such models.

The Transforming Dutch City seen through the Infrastructural Changes

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:43:17 +0100

Research on Short-Term Urban Traffic Congestion Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation and Machine Learning

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:01:43 +0100

There are many factors that affect urban traffic flow. In the case of severe traffic congestion, the vehicle speed is very slow, which results in the GPS positioning systemâs estimation of the vehicle speed being very inaccurate, which in turn leads to poor reliability of the estimated congestion time of the road segment. The main contents of this study are: in the case of urban traffic congestion, the prediction and analysis of the degree of traffic congestion and the length of congestion. Taking the dynamic traffic data of Shenzhen on June 9, 2014 as an example, the road section of Binhe Avenue is selected, and the data of traffic flow, average speed of traffic volume and traffic volume density in the current time period are calculated after data preprocessing, as a measure of traffic. The main impact indicators of congestion status. Then we use the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to divide TSI as a traffic congestion evaluation index and divide the road congestion into four levels. In this way, we can get the congestion of the road in each time period of the day and the time required to pass. Then we use the random forest, adaboost, GBDT, Lasso CV and BP neural networks in the machine learning algorithm to build models to measure traffic congestion for training and testing. Finally, the BP neural network has the best effect on this problem, and mean square error is 0.0190. Finally, we used BP neural network to predict and congest the road in the next three hours. From the experimental simulation results, this method can effectively analyze and predict the real-time traffic congestion.

Attribute Assessment for Sustainable Transportation Planning for Metropolitan Cities: A Fuzzy Approach

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:02:16 +0100

Policy implications of the potential carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and energy impacts of highly automated vehicles

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:02:31 +0100

Abstract This chapter explores the extent to which the adoption of highly automated vehicles (AVs) will lead to carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction in the future. Additionally, policy implications are given. Based on existing literature, this chapter shows that the adoption of AVs will result in a modest improvement of CO2 emission per kilometer traveled compared to non-autonomous vehicles in the future. Combined with the expectations that AVs will lead to a modest to, even, high growth in vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) compared to business as usual, the net energy and CO2 emission balance for AVs seems, at its best, to be neutral, but is probably negative. The potential accelerating role of AVs in relation to the uptake of electric vehicles might have the largest positive impacts on the CO2 emissions per kilometer driven, but this accelerating role of AV technology in relation to the uptake of electric vehicles is uncertain. For the time being the most useful policy implication to curb road transport CO2 emissions seems to be to continue with policies that promote the use of alternatives for fossil fuels, such as electricity.

Transportation of Hazardous Materials

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:03:23 +0100

The transportation of hazardous materials by pipeline, road, and rail is presented. The main accident scenarios that can occur in pipelines are commented. A methodology for the assessment of the risk associated with a pipeline is developed through an illustrative case. The associated frequencies and probabilities are given. A risk analysis procedure for road and rail transportation is presented. The main safety and emergency measures are commented. Finally, three real cases are analyzed.

Scaling Genomics Data Processing with Memory-Driven Computing to Accelerate Computational Biology

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:21:54 +0100

Research is increasingly becoming data-driven, and natural sciences are not an exception. In both biology and medicine, we are observing an exponential growth of structured data collections from experiments and population studies, enabling us to gain novel insights that would otherwise not be possible. However, these growing data sets pose a challenge for existing compute infrastructures since data is outgrowing limits within compute. In this work, we present the application of a novel approach, Memory-Driven Computing (MDC), in the life sciences. MDC proposes a data-centric approach that has been designed for growing data sizes and provides a composable infrastructure for changing workloads. In particular, we show how a typical pipeline for genomics data processing can be accelerated, and application modifications required to exploit this novel architecture. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the isolated evaluation of individual tasks misses significant overheads of typical pipelines in genomics data processing.

Fusion the Coordinate Data of Airborne Objects in the Networks of Surveillance Radar Observation Systems

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:33:54 +0100

In this paper, we provide a classification of surveillance radar surveillance systems of airspace, which are among the main information sources of the airspace control system and air traffic control. A brief description of the information processing process in survey radar systems for observing airspace is given and it is shown that the complexity of the processing system does not allow formalization and analysis of its robots as a whole; therefore, it is necessary to preliminarily divide the system into elements and study their functioning separately. The tasks of information processing at the stage of signal processing are considered, as well as a brief description of the primary, secondary and tertiary data processing. It is shown that the fusion of information from the same air objects can be carried out at all stages of data processing. It is shown that the transition to the assessment of the four-dimensional location (4D) of an airborne object changes the procedures for merging individual measurements carried out by various radar observation systems with different rates of data output. This is due to the fact, that from the output of the primary data processing by monitoring systems, an airborne object form is issued, which includes the time to estimate the coordinates of the airborne object with the necessary accuracy.

Air Transport Management: An International Perspective 2nd Ed.

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:35:00 +0100

Mobility on Demand in the United States

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:41:22 +0100

The growth of shared mobility services and enabling technologies, such as smartphone apps, is contributing to the commodification and aggregation of transportation services. This chapter reviews terms and definitions related to Mobility on Demand (MOD) and Mobility as a Service (MaaS), the mobility marketplace, stakeholders, and enablers. This chapter also reviews the U.S. Department of Transportationâs MOD Sandbox Program, including common opportunities and challenges, partnerships, and case studies for employing on-demand mobility pilots and programs. The chapter concludes with a discussion of vehicle automation and on-demand mobility including pilot projects and the potential transformative impacts of shared automated vehicles on parking, land use, and the built environment.

Governance cultures and sociotechnical imaginaries of self-driving vehicle technology

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:45:57 +0100

Abstract As an emerging technology, the potential deployment of self-driving vehicles (SDVs) in cities is attributed with significant uncertainties and anticipated consequences requiring responsible governance of innovation processes. Despite a growing number of studies on policies and governance arrangements for managing the introduction of SDVs, there is a gap in understanding about country-specific governance strategies and approaches. This chapter addresses this gap by presenting a comparative analysis of SDV-related policy documents in Finland, UK, and Germany, three countries which are actively seeking to promote the introduction of SDVs and which have distinct administrative traditions. Our analytical framework is based on the set of premises about technology as a complex sociotechnical phenomenon, operationalized using governance cultures and sociotechnical imaginaries concepts. Our comparative policy document analysis focuses on the assumed roles for SDV technology, the identified domains and mechanisms of governance, and the assumed actors responsible for steering the development process. The results highlight similarities in pro-automation values across three different countries, while also uncovering important differences outside the domain of traditional transport policy instruments. In addition, the results identify different types of potential technological determinism, which could restrict opportunities for responsiveness and divergent visions of mobility futures in Europe. Concluding with a warning against further depolitization of technological development and a dominant focus on economic growth, we identify several necessary directions for further developing governance and experimentation processes.