Scipedia: Documents published in 2019

La sonoridad de la culpa y de la gracia en los autos sacramentales de Calderón: el caso de «La vida es sueño»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:19:25 +0100

El artículo comienza con un breve repaso del debate sobre el alcance de los sentidos de la vista y el oído en el ámbito religioso. Dada la importancia del oído en el catolicismo, se propone investigar con mayor énfasis estructuras sonoras en los autos sacramentales de Calderón. Se demuestra cómo la psicomaquia de los autos sacramentales se plasma directamente en la estructura sonora de la obras, llevando al alma por la asonancia en u-a al pecado y en a-a, de Gracia, a la redención.

La entropía de la honra conyugal en Calderón: una aproximación sacrificial

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:18:36 +0100

Este artículo examina las tragedias de honra conyugal de Calderón de la Barca a partir de los esquemas hermenéuticos propuestos por Réné Girard. Estos se muestran especialmente útiles para analizar la culpabilidad o inocencia de las esposas, la importancia del código de honor como agente dramático o el mismo papel del poderoso, ya que de la interpretación de estas cuestiones problemáticas parece depender la recepción última de estas piezas.

Normas y usos cotidianos en el convento trinitario de Sant Esperit de Palma de Mallorca (1533-1622)

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:17:54 +0100

El presente texto describe la evolución del convento de los trinitarios de Palma de Mallorca durante el proceso de reforma de la orden entre 1533 y 1622. El estudio presenta las problemáticas vividas en el seno de una comunidad conventual masculina del siglo XVI, las propuestas y actuaciones de reforma y los resultados derivados de estas acciones.

Auristela divinizada: un análisis desde el neoplatonismo de Marsilio Ficino

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:17:20 +0100

El presente estudio se centra en Auristela, la protagonista femenina del Persiles de Miguel de Cervantes. En torno a ella se realiza un análisis textual que busca dar cuenta del simbolismo del personaje, expresado a través de atributos de la Virgen María y la diosa Venus, que convergen en Auristela. Esta convergencia se explica desde la filosofía amorosa de Marsilio Ficino, y se expone al interior de la novela.

La antropología agustiniana puesta a prueba: la ética del episodio palaciego en el «Persiles»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:16:52 +0100

Este estudio interpreta el episodio palaciego del Persiles a la luz de la antropología de Agustín de Hipona. Se propone que Cervantes crea personajes, y de ellos enredos, que prueban los límites de las afirmaciones agustinianas sobre la corrupción de la voluntad. Lo que resulta reivindica la dicotomía agustiniana de elegidos y condenados como suficiente para explicar la complejidad de la psique humana junto con la diversidad de capacidades y motivos que supone la raza humana.

Función y significación de la cueva en «Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda, historia setentrional»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:15:43 +0100

En el Siglo de Oro diversos autores construyen una imagen del Norte asociada a lo fantástico, la oscuridad y el paganismo. Este artículo se centra en analizar la funcionalidad de los espacios fronterizos ficticios, en concreto las cuevas, y los modos de representación de los personajes y tipos de narrador asociados a esos espacios en el Persiles. Para ello incidiré en los aportes conceptuales y terminológicos acuñados por Arnold Van Gennep y Victor Turner, caracterizando los espacios representados de nuestro objeto de estudio como liminares.

El concepto de la peregrinación literaria. Sobre la soberanía de la narración en el «Persiles»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:15:05 +0100

Este artículo defiende la tesis de que la instancia narrativa del Persiles se caracteriza por una soberanía comparable a la del Quijote. Aunque la última novela de Cervantes no contiene una poética que reflexiona la teoría de la prosa novelesca, el narrador del Persiles, que representa un complejo narratológico más homogéneo que la figura irónica de Cide Hamete Benengeli, ejecuta un poder casi absoluto sobre la filosofía de la «historia» y el destino de sus protagonistas. La perspectiva mundana sobre la teología de la peregrinación del hombre en la tierra destaca una filosofía humanista e inmanente y demuestra el valor de una (proto-)etnografía comparada de lo ajeno.

El Maestro Tirso de Molina y “don Juan Tarsis de Malinas” (conde de Villamediana). Una lectura “en clave” de «El burlador de Sevilla»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:14:23 +0100

En este estudio aporto algunos datos de interés sobre la biografía de Gabriel Téllez (Tirso de Molina), analizo su seudónimo literario y establezco relaciones biográficas con el conde de Villamediana, tanto similitudes como diferencias. Pongo en relación su obra El burlador de Sevilla, especialmente los personajes que aparecen en la misma, con la vida y muerte de Juan de Tarsis, buscando el origen del mito de don Juan y una lectura “en clave” de la obra que apoya la tesis mantenida por Gregorio Marañón y otros.

«Ragion di Stato» y «gelosia»: jesuitas ingleses y el lenguaje político en tiempo de la Armada

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:13:55 +0100

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el marco general de la circulación de los jesuitas ingleses en Europa, en el contexto de la persecución a los católicos en Inglaterra y a los padres de la Compañía de Jesús. La investigación pone el foco en los jesuitas que se aliaron con Felipe II, creando el partido católico liderado por William Allen, Robert Persons y Joseph Creswell. Durante más de veinte años, estos jesuitas desarrollaron una intensa labor física, desplazándose por el continente europeo, fundando colegios ingleses y buscando recursos para la empresa de Inglaterra. Sin embargo, la principal herramienta que emplearon fue la pluma. En 1588 y otra vez en 1596, ellos fueron los responsables de plantear y justificar la opción política de la candidatura de la infanta Isabel Clara al trono de Inglaterra. Al hacer uso de un concepto novedoso en la época, el de la razón de Estado, los jesuitas fraguaron el lenguaje político de la Monarquía Hispánica como anclaje del equilibrio de la república cristiana. Antes que Botero publicase la obra Della ragion di Stato, ellos formularon el concepto de razón de Estado que, según su semántica política, significaba básicamente la justa defensa de los intereses dinásticos de los príncipes cristianos y no, como se atribuye a Maquiavelo, el puro apetito de poder.

Semblanza del único obispo angelopolitano de origen criollo en el periodo de los Austria: Alonso de la Mota y Escobar

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:13:35 +0100

Don Alonso de la Mota y Escobar fue un hombre instruido y con gran experiencia política que ocupó la mitra angelopolitana, en ese momento todavía obispado de Tlaxcala, destacando por sus buenas relaciones con las autoridades virreinales y el desarrollo de obras de gran relevancia en la educación. El presente trabajo, basado en un análisis histórico, muestra el desarrollo de su labor en lo que sería la diócesis de Puebla.

Reminiscencias plautinas en el teatro del Siglo de Oro: «El príncipe constante» de Calderón de la Barca

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:13:04 +0100

En este trabajo analizamos la influencia del teatro latino y, concretamente, de la obra de Plauto en la producción dramática de Calderón de la Barca; una cuestión que, hasta ahora, apenas ha sido abordada por la crítica. Concretamente, nos centraremos en El príncipe constante, una de las principales piezas del canon calderoniano que, curiosamente, presenta llamativas concomitancias temáticas, formales y relativas a la construcción de caracteres con una conocida obraplautina, Captivi. De esta manera pretendemos, a partir de un mayor conocimiento de las fuentes calderonianas, ahondar en la interpretación de un texto tan fascinante como El príncipe constante.

Reforma católica y Reforma protestante. Su incidencia cultural

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:12:21 +0100

Durante algún tiempo prevaleció la opinión que señalaba dos Reformas: la «Reforma» (luterana o protestante) y la «Contrarreforma» (católica) dando a entender que la Reforma Católica había sido una consecuencia de la Reforma protestante, y que habría empezado solamente después del Concilio de Trento. Esta idea ha sido desmentida por la moderna historiografía, la cual ha demostrado de manera fehaciente que el movimiento de reforma en la Iglesia Católica había empezado antes, si bien se fue abriendo paso lentamente a lo largo de la Baja EdadMedia hasta culminar en la gran Reforma católica tridentina.Este trabajo ofrece una síntesis significativa la Reforma católica en sus diversas manifestaciones, en especial en el ámbito español, y en torno a ella su relación con la Reforma protestante. Las preguntas que surgen son: ¿fue Lutero el único que se propuso la reforma de una Iglesia en decadencia? ¿hubo más intentos reformatorios por parte de otros agentes cristianos? Y si hallamos varias «Reformas»: ¿qué relación hubo entre ellas? ¿cuál fue primero? ¿hubo una cierta dependencia mutua? Y también ¿qué incidencia tuvieron en los diversos ámbitos culturales de la época? (filosofía, teología, literatura, filología, derecho, universidad, mística, etc.).

«Donde todas las cosas caben»: Periandro como geografía y lugar retórico de exilio

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:11:48 +0100

«Yo, señor Arnaldo, soy hecho como esto que se llama lugar, que es donde todas las cosas caben, y no hay ninguna fuera del lugar, y en mí le tienen todas las que son desgraciadas». Así se define Periandro antes de relatar sus desventuras en el capítulo XII de la segunda parte de Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda. Historia septentrional de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1617). Periandro, originario del septentrión, concita en su camino hacia el sur un grupo procedente de diversos países y lenguas (daneses, irlandeses, ingleses, portugueses, franceses, italianos). Estos emigrantes forzosos comparten y narran los conflictos que los alejan temporalmente de su patria hacia los límites septentrionales de la Europa civilizada, cuyo carácter bárbaro, frío, oscuro y misterioso se alza extraño a todos pero facilita un espacio discursivo colectivo y transnacional. Desde los principios del arte de la memoria renacentista sobre el locus como espacialidad narrativa y el análisis de la cartografía humana de los conflictos presentados en la novela, desarrollaré una definición cervantina del septentrión como lugar y mapa retórico de encuentro para estas narraciones de exilio y marginación.

Teología, religión y religiosidad en «Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:11:29 +0100

En una lectura inmediata del Persiles, es claro que tiene una temática religiosa muy evidente; se notan con más fuerza las insistentes afirmaciones ortodoxas de fe y la enunciación de los principios tridentinos, que las manifestaciones realmente religiosas. Pero el debate entre ortodoxia obligada y religión sincera en esta obra no ha sido resuelto por la crítica. El mundo religioso de Cervantes en esta novela se presenta constantemente, y con todo detalle. Pero presenta características peculiares, revela contradicciones, y sobre todo se trenza insistentemente con el mundo fantástico y aventurero que guía la novela.

«Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda» en Alemania desde la Historia de la Traducción

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:10:47 +0100

En este trabajo pretendemos llevar a cabo un recorrido por las traducciones al alemán de la última obra de Miguel de Cervantes, Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda, la novela bizantina situada entre el Septentrión y el sur de España por la que el autor creía que iba a pasar a la historia. De esta forma, tras situar en el tiempo dichas traducciones y describir las características principales de las respectivas ediciones, así como presentar los distintos traductores que han dado a conocer la obra entre el público alemán, realizaremos una pequeña comparación de algunos fragmentos del primer capítulo en dos de esas traducciones, obra ambas de dos mujeres: una de las primeras traducciones modernas, la de Dorothea Tieck, publicada en 1837 con el título de Die Leiden des Persiles und der Sigismunda, y la última versión en lengua alemana, obra de Petra Strien, que vio la luz en 2016 con motivo del 400 aniversario del nacimiento de Cervantes con el título de Die Irrfahrten des Persiles und der Sigismunda.

Navegar en el (a)mar: una talasología de los afectos en el «Persiles»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:10:05 +0100

En contraste con el paisaje mayormente deshidratado de Don Quijote, Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda es lo que podría llamarse una novela “húmeda”. Gran parte de la Historia setentrional tiene lugar en el mar y la acción narrativa depende estrechamente de la incertidumbre de las fortunas marítimas, sea en aguas del Norte o del Mediterráneo. Aunque la comparación entre la navegación y la composición literaria ha sido un lugar común desde la Antigüedad, últimamente los críticos literarios de otras disciplinas se han interesado mucho por lo que se ha acuñado «los estudios oceánicos» o «las humanidades azules». Propongo explorar cómo el mar interviene específicamente en las relaciones afectivas de los personajes del Persiles y cómo las emociones se nutren de su ambiente náutico. El amor, la tristeza, el miedo y la ansiedad están ligados íntimamente a metáforas e imaginería hidráulica o marítima en la novela. Como análogo exotizado del Mediterráneo que tan bien conocía Cervantes, los mares septentrionales le permitieron experimentar con emociones todavía más intensas, que a su vez nos invitan a reflexionar sobre cómo navegar un paisaje o un texto que depende tanto del agua.

¿Siete colinas o siete estrellas?: una reevaluación de las heterotopías septentrionales y meridionales en «Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:09:41 +0100

Este artículo pretende indagar el papel peculiar que desempeña el espacio en Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda. Por medio de los conceptos de la heterotopía de Michel Foucault y la trialéctica espacial de Henri Lefebvre, se llegará a la aseveración de que Cervantes pone en tela de juicio la firmeza de los espacios utópicos y distópicos por hacer que sus personajes viajen por un plano geográfico sumamente heterotópico. Para concluir, se usará esta idea para mostrar, al recurrir a la teoría de caos, la infinidad de posibilidades que Cervantes nos brinda en el espacio limitado y cerrado de la novela.

Al hilo del personaje de Clodio. Reflexiones sobre «Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:09:13 +0100

Este estudio reflexiona sobre el personaje de Clodio, caracterizado en el Persiles como representante de la sátira maledicente, pero también del espíritu libre y la inteligencia racional. Detestable a los ojos del autor por sus insidias y maledicencia, Clodio presta su voz al lector formulando sus dudas sobre un relato aparentemente inequívoco. Por otra parte, planteamos la hipótesis de que Clodio sea un trasunto de Fray Juan Blanco de Paz, por el daño que éste le causó, y las similitudes entre el personaje real y el ficticio.

Comer y vestir en el «Persiles»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:08:36 +0100

La comida y el vestido son dos elementos narrativos presentes en numerosas obras literarias, y el Persiles cervantino no es la excepción, por lo general accesorios, que además de las funciones relacionadas con la construcción de una historia, indudablemente tienen una función de dar verosimilitud a la narración, pues son los elementos más evidentes y directos para relacionar una historia con un tiempo y un espacio determinados, pero además pueden tener otras funciones en la historia debido a significados simbólicos o ideológicos, o servir incluso para la caracterización de personajes, actividades como celebraciones o situaciones concretas en las cuales el vestido o el tipo de comida son definitorios. En este sentido, Cervantes desarrolla diversas formas estilísticas y constantes en relación con la comida y el vestido.

El personaje de Antonio de Villaseñor, llamado «El bárbaro». La presencia del referente histórico del «Persiles» al «Quijote»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:08:05 +0100

Antonio de Villaseñor «El bárbaro» es uno de los personajes capitales del Persiles (1617). Aparece caracterizado como natural del Quintanar de la Orden en La Mancha, una población real que Cervantes ya había citado dos veces en ambas partes del Quijote (1605-1615), y es hijo de Diego de Villaseñor y padre de una hija llamada Constanza.En este primer acercamiento a su figura, mediante documentación de archivo completamente inédita, pretendemos demostrar que la elección de estos nombres por parte de Cervantes no es fruto de la casualidad, sino de un conocimiento directo de la familia ya que los tres son muy comunes en el linaje de los Villaseñor, sobre todo durante la primera mitad del siglo XVI.Queda pendiente saber la procedencia de esta información así como la intención final del autor de realizar un “homenaje” a esta familia o una cita directa a uno de los cinco Antonio de Villaseñor que vivieron durante el siglo XVI en la Mancha y en diversas partes de Andalucía, aunque curiosamente no en el propio Quintanar de la Orden tal y como se nos dice en la novela.

La adaptación del «Persiles» de Rojas Zorrilla bajo el prisma del teatro áulico

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:07:15 +0100

La adaptación de la novela cervantina Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda hecha por el dramaturgo Rojas Zorrilla es un buen ejemplo de lo que se denomina trasvase genérico. En este caso la versión del dramaturgo difiere en bastantes aspectos del relato cervantino seguramente por exigencias de la recepción de una obra teatral destinada a un público cortesano. Todo ello condiciona su escritura y la elección del género dramático.

Dando crédito al Septentrión: Ricla y el naufragio de Pietro Querini en la isla de Røst

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:06:30 +0100

Este artículo propone una interpretación de la ‘bárbara caritativa’ Ricla como personaje de inspiración tanto, o más, septentrional que ‘americana’. Esta interpretación se basa en una nueva lectura del relato del naufragio del gentilhombre veneciano, Pietro Querini, en la costa norte de Noruega en el año 1431-1432, un relato recogido en el segundo volumen de la muy difundida obra de Giovanni Battista Ramusio Delle navigationi et viaggi (1550 -1559), y que como ha reconocido la crítica bien pudo conocer Cervantes. El artículo argumenta que el elogio de la caridad y piedad cristiana de los habitantes de la isla de ‘Røst’ de parte de los venecianos naufragados, sobre todo de las mujeres, haya inspirado a Cervantes en la construcción del personaje Ricla.

El Cratilo cervantino, rey septentrional y criado real de Vandalucía

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:06:03 +0100

La crítica reciente ubica el ficticio reino cervantino de Bituania sobre la costa norteña de Noruega. Las leyendas de la región, recogidas por historiadores como Olaus Magnus, contienen elementos que figuran en el Persiles —reyes que doman caballos potentes y rescatan tripulaciones marinas atrapadas en el hielo ártico, piratas que invernan en sus barcos— pero el nombre de Cratilo nunca se ha utilizado entre la realeza noruega. ¿Dónde, entonces, lo encontró Cervantes en el contexto de Escandinavia y por qué se lo confirió al ejemplar guardián de Sulpicia, la princesa de su narrativa? Se destaca el nombre en La verdadera historia del rey Rodrigo del morisco Miguel de Luna, obra que sin duda conocía Cervantes y que se escribió para refutar el neo-goticismo de los reinantes Habsburgos. El personaje creado por Luna es visigodo y guardián de otra princesa, Egilona. Ambas jóvenes son amenazadas por la agresión de hombres plebeyos, pero en sendos casos son salvadas por un heroico joven noble; Persiles salva a Sulpicia, un general moro a Egilona. Las princesas se enamoran de su salvador, pero al fin su amor es frustrado por fuerzas políticas/narrativas más poderosas. En fin, el noruego Cratilo aboga por la defensa cervantina de la excelencia de la moral escandinava, en contra de la corrupción moral que Luna atribuye a los visigodos y el Vaticano a los protestantes septentrionales.

Los «colores de la fantasía» en Cervantes y Bécquer: la representación de personajes sobrenaturales en el «Persiles» y «La corza blanca»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:05:13 +0100

Este trabajo pretende relacionar la estrategia narrativa, basada en una consciente ambigüedad, con que dos autores aparentemente distantes como Cervantes y Bécquer abordan la presencia de personajes sobrenaturales en sus relatos. Para ello, nos centraremos en episodios de carácter fantástico y onírico del Persiles y de la leyenda «La corza blanca», estableciendo también algunas conexiones con otras obras.

Paradigmas de la metaficción cervantina: la escritura en el «Persiles»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:04:30 +0100

A través de su acostumbrada formulación metaliteraria Cervantes remata en el Persiles una cosmovisión de la escritura como expresión especulativa del acto de la creación y de la recepción del relato en la ficción, asociados a motivos retóricos, epistemológicos y literarios en el género bizantino. El universo del Persiles permite descubrir el último intento cervantino de desatar los meandros de la escritura como expansión refleja de la condición del escritor, de la composición del relato, de su recepción intrínseca y de la conciencia de las relaciones entre realidad e invención. El prólogo del Persiles es una elocuente declaración de la escritura como acto circunflejo de la propia existencia.

«Amor sin celos»: un debate académico en el «Persiles». Apuntes sobre una idea cristiana

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:03:33 +0100

Cuando el grupo de peregrinos llega a Milán en el libro III del Persiles de Cervantes, oyen decir a un huésped que aquel día se disputaba en la Academia de los Entronados «si podía haber amor sin celos». Este artículo presenta algunas calas en que se analiza el trasfondo ideológico de dicho debate académico y las ideas fundamentales del breve diálogo entre Auristela y Periandro. Al comparar este debate con perspectivas expresadas por Cervantes en otras de sus obras, principalmente en La Galatea, se evidencia el origen estoico y cristiano (bíblico) de los conceptos de dicho debate académico.

La redención religiosa de cautivos baleares entre 1575-1618

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:02:48 +0100

Los trinitarios y los mercedarios llevaron a cabo numerosas misiones al norte de África para redimir cristianos, capturados por los cristianos musulmanes. Partiendo de los numerosos trabajos que han analizado su labor a nivel general, este texto se centra en examinar dos aspectos de dicha cuestión para el caso de las Baleares entre 1575-1618. En primer lugar, se valora el apoyo prestado por las autoridades isleñas a la recaudación de las limosnas que financiaban las expediciones redentoras. También analiza cuántos cautivos isleños fueron rescatados gracias a ellas y si su número pudo ajustarse al tercio de los ingresos marcado por la norma. En segundo lugar, estudia las características de los baleares redimidos para señalar quiénes se beneficiaron más de la tarea de ambas órdenes.

Solicitación y abusos en los monasterios femeninos de Indias a inicios del siglo XVII: una aproximación

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:02:01 +0100

El estudio de las distintas trasgresiones de la vida monástica femenina a lo largo de la Edad Moderna parece vivir días prósperos. Actualmente, contamos con trabajos que aportan nueva luz sobre asuntos tan controvertidos, pero a la vez tan presentes, como el quebrantamiento de la clausura, el abandono de la vida en común y, por supuesto, la solicitación en los confesionarios de monjas. Teniendo lo anterior en cuenta, este artículo pretende sacar a relucir, en primer lugar, la existencia de desmanes y abusos que se repetían en numerosos monasterios femeninos de la América postridentina. A continuación, se pondrá énfasis en algunos casos particulares de obispos que intentaron implantar la estela del Concilio en sus respectivas diócesis, abriendo el camino a unas reformas que, por supuesto, fueron finalmente asumidas por sus sucesores durante el siglo XVIII.

La influencia del mito de Hero y Leandro en la literatura española del Siglo de Oro: el códice «Flores de Baria Poesía» (México, 1577)

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:01:32 +0100

El presente artículo pretende ofrecer un acercamiento al mito clásico de Hero y Leandro, su influjo en el Siglo de Oro y su presencia en el códice Flores de Baria Poesía. Para llevar a cabo el estudio nos centraremos, por un lado, de modo introductorio y panorámico, en la presencia de la mitología en nuestra literatura, por otro lado, en los testimonios del mito de los jóvenes de Sesto y Abido y su representación en el Renacimiento, y, finalmente, en la manifestación directa de este en el manuscrito mexicano.

Mujeres violentas y feminismo: «La burlada Aminta y venganza del honor» de María de Zayas

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:00:47 +0100

En este trabajo nos interesamos por las mujeres violentas en La burlada Aminta y venganza del honor, novela corta de María de Zayas que forma parte de las Novelas amorosas y ejemplares publicadas en 1637. Ponemos en relación este tema con un aspecto muy comentado entre la crítica contemporánea; a saber, el feminismo de la autora, preguntándonos si forma parte esta mujer violenta del discurso feminista de Zayas. Un estudio de los personajes y de la narración permite mostrar que, si bien existe una dimensión didáctica de índole feminista, la novela no traduce una preocupación de coherencia ideológica sino que traduce una preocupación por complacer al lector, gracias a los resortes de la narración y de la escritura, una escritura que se funda en una literarización estetizante de la violencia.

Violencia de Gila, violencia de mujer: «La serrana de la Vera» (1613) de Vélez y su adaptación (2004) por Luis Landero

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:00:03 +0100

En el teatro de Luis Vélez de Guevara (1578-1644) se manifiesta una fascinación por la figura de la mujer violenta, salvaje, sanguinaria, monstruosa, fascinación que dio lugar a múltiples y muy distintas interpretaciones críticas. Entre tantas mujeres violentas, destaca la Gila de La serrana de la Vera, espacio de convergencia y fusión de materiales preexistentes tan heterogéneos como múltiples y objeto central de este trabajo, que va a proponer un estudio de tipo comparatista.En julio de 1613 se estrena La serrana de la Vera, tragedia escrita por Luis Vélez de Guevara para la famosa y sulfurosa actriz Jusepa Vaca, y puesta en escena por el auctor de comedias Juan de Morales Medrano, marido de la actriz. En 2004, bajo la dirección de María Ruiz, la Compañía Nacional de Teatro Clásico lleva a escena, en el teatro Pavón de Madrid, una versión —firmada por el novelista Luis Landero— de la obra del dramaturgo del Siglo de Oro. Este trabajo se propone dar una medida del impacto dramático e ideológico producido por la adulteración de los esquemas inherentes a la creación veleciana.

Pragmática del insulto: de la prescripción al uso en la agresión verbal entre mujeres

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:59:00 +0100

En este artículo se analiza el comportamiento lingüístico de la mujer como agente de violencia verbal, contrastando la prescripción de leyes y tratados con el uso cotidiano. En una primera parte, se revisan las sanciones legales a este respecto como reflejo de una realidad social, y se compara el ideal cortesano con la advertencia de los moralistas sobre la propensión femenina a la comisión de pecados de lengua. En la segunda parte, el análisis de intercambios comunicativos de insultos entre mujeres permite, por un lado, afirmar la quiebra de los tópicos más comunes sobre la lengua femenina y, por otro, caracterizar los usos femeninos frente a los masculinos a partir de los tipos de reacción a la injuria propios de cada sexo.

¿Una guerra de religión o una religión para la guerra? El elemento confesional en la Guerra de los Treinta Años

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:56:48 +0100

En el presente artículo pretendemos destacar cómo el hecho confesional no supuso, en realidad, la causa profunda de la guerra si no que, al contrario, fue el instrumento perfecto para proporcionar coberturas ideológicas y aglutinar voluntades en un mundo imbuido de un fuerte sentimiento religioso. En este sentido se recogen ejemplos precisos que debilitan la visión confesional de la guerra y se propone al final una explicación del porqué dicha interpretación ha tenido y tiene tanto predicamento en diferentes historiografías.

Festejar el parto: literatura para celebrar el nacimiento de Carlos II

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:55:58 +0100

En 1661, tras la muerte de Felipe Próspero, último descendiente varón de Felipe IV, la noticia del nacimiento de Carlos II fue acogida con gran alegría en todos los territorios afines a la Monarquía Hispánica. La celebración no se hizo esperar y la corte madrileña festejó el alumbramiento que parecía reparar el problema dinástico tras la muerte de su hermano. Dada la importancia de este nacimiento para la Monarquía en la segunda mitad del siglo XVII, este trabajo pretende hacerun primer acercamiento al tema del parto en dos academias literarias impresas dedicadas a la llegada al mundo del nuevo príncipe.

Codiphagia in Diego Muñoz Camargo’s «Descripción de la ciudad y provincia de Tlaxcala» (1584)

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:55:03 +0100

The concept of «codiphagia», coined by Bolívar Echeverría, allows a broadening of the semiotic-ontological understanding of culture and proposes the conceptual basis for a critical reflection on Diego Muñoz Camargo’s Descripción de la ciudad y provincia de Tlaxcala (1584)

Príncipes musulmanes conversos sobre las tablas: «El bautismo del príncipe de Marruecos», de Lope, y «El gran príncipe de Fez», de Calderón

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:53:43 +0100

En el panorama teatral del siglo XVII resultan excepcionales dos obras de argumento similar que dramatizan la conversión al cristianismo de un príncipe musulmán: El bautismo del príncipe de Marruecos (c. 1593-1603), de Lope de Vega, y El gran príncipe de Fez (1669), de Calderón de la Barca. En este artículo me propongo estudiar el tratamiento que se da al islam y a los musulmanes enambas obras, así como las semejanzas y diferencias de los procesos de conversión que son dramatizados en ellas.

¿Existe una violencia femenina en el teatro de Tirso de Molina?

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:53:12 +0100

Este artículo se interesa primero en una violencia bien conocida, que es la violencia masculina producida por mujeres, para mostrar rápidamente que, en este sentido, no se puede hablar de violencia femenina propiamente dicha; en un segundo momento intenta poner en evidencia lo que caracteriza la violencia femenina en los textos tirsianos como propiamente femenina; y en un tercer momento, simétrico del primero, trata de mostrar que existen, en este mismo teatro, personajes masculinos que producen una violencia típicamente femenina.

«Dale un bofetón ella»

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:51:32 +0100

En las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres, muy a menudo conflictivas, el significado y las implicaciones de un bofetón cambian radicalmente según quién es la víctima del golpe. Con muy pocas excepciones, los ejemplos espigados (El laberinto de amor de Cervantes; Del mal, lo menos, El primero Benavides, La fuerza lastimosa, El duque de Viseo, Las ferias de Madrid, Los locos de Valencia, Por la puente, Juana y El perro del hortelano de Lope; El condenado por desconfiado, Doña Beatriz de Silva, El amor médico, La celosa de sí misma de Tirso; Las manos blancas no ofenden de Calderón) no hacen sino confirmar que un lance violento, aunque sea el de un mero bofetón, pertenece al mundo masculino, y que puede atañer al comportamiento femenino tan solo en el mundo al revés de la risa carnavalesca, siendo los celos amorosos o el gratuito disparate festivo los pretextos dramáticos para que las manos blancas puedan soltar una bofetada más bien dada.

La concepción luterana sobre la libertad y la doctrina de la Contrarreforma. Su reflejo en nuestros literatos del Siglo de Oro

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:51:06 +0100

El tema del libre albedrío fluye transversalmente en las obras teatrales, líricas y en prosa de muchos de nuestros literatos españoles del Siglo de Oro. No es casual. La concepción antropológica que subyace en muchas de nuestras obras de los siglos XVI y XVII es deudora de la controversia suscitada por Lutero respecto a la negación de la libertad del hombre y la reacción que supuso la doctrina de la Contrarreforma. El presente ensayo plantea un recorrido histórico y teológico desde la posición de Lutero a la defensa que nuestros literatos hicieron de la libertad de la persona, plasmada en tantas de sus obras literarias.

La divulgación humanista de los saberes: lo que el viento se llevó. Desde Pedro Mexía a Michel de Montaigne en la Europa del siglo XVI

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:50:42 +0100

Tanto Montaigne en Francia como Mexía en España encuentran en las obras de los autores pasados referencias adecuadas para estimular o renovar los conocimientos y saberes de su época, para promover la reflexión crítica y las humanidades. Ambos a la luz de su inteligencia singular y de su experiencia propia, en estos tiempos muy difíciles del siglo XVI , probaron la inestabilidad y la complejidad de todas estas referencias, lo que los llevó a la misma certidumbre/incertidumbre en cuanto a la vida y a la muerte de sí y del mundo. Así se elabora una nueva filosofía moral y natural: lo que el viento se llevó.

«Veloz rayo»: mujer y violencia en las comedias de la Primera parte de Calderón

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:49:19 +0100

En este trabajo se propone una aproximación panorámica a la primera colección de comedias de Calderón a partir de la presencia de la mujer y la violencia. Con estos dos vectores fundamentales, se examina tanto la función de los personajes femeninos como el alcance, las formas y las funciones de la violencia mujeril en las doce comedias, con especial atención a La gran Cenobia, La devoción de la cruz y La puente de Mantible.

Violencia, teatralidad y mujer: «Hécuba triste» de Hernán Pérez de Oliva

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:38:41 +0100

Hernán Pérez de Oliva (Córdoba, 1494-Valladolid, 1531), figura clave del Renacimiento europeo, presenta una praxis teatral muy peculiar para su momento. Sus dos tragedias (La vengança de Agamenón y Hécuba triste) y su comedia (Muestra de la lengua castellana en el nascimiento de Hércules o Comedia de Amphitrión) procuran, por vez primera, adaptar el modelo clásico grecolatino al pensamiento, el estilo y la lengua castellana en un proceso de enaltecimiento del valor del castellano como lengua vehicular de conocimiento. Lejos de encontrarnos con una mera traducción dispuesta como ejercicio escolar, Hécuba triste es un ejemplo perfecto de la praxis teatral culta. En una variatio de espíritu plenamente renacentista, Pérez de Oliva presenta una serie de variaciones que afectan a todos los niveles de la obra, al espacio teatral, dramático y escénico así como a la fábula en sí. Las variaciones de Oliva amplían el papel protagónico de Hécuba. En breve, Hécuba triste es, como casi toda la literatura del Renacimiento, un ejercicio de emulación de los clásicos, cuya rica materia teatral sirve de fundamento para una praxis escénica plena que complementa el objetivo no velado el siglo: la instauración del lenguaje vernáculo en la cima de la cultura.

UV laser processing in reparison task of monolotithic laminate of carbon fibre elements. Influence of processing direction

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 21:01:18 +0200

In aeronautical sector, the step of removing damaged fabrics included in the process of reparison of carbon fibre elements is performed via manual grinding. This procces is few automatable and shows high level of dificulty in depth control of removed material. Owing to the trend to procceses automation, different automatable technologies are being studied as alternatives that enable to obtaing higher control of this process. This work studies the use of an UV laser system to perform this task. This technologies led to a salective and controlled revomal of fabrics by the control of processing paramenters. Firstly, values of power, processing speed and frequency have been optimised in order to obtain an acceptable rermoved material amount to time ratio. Furthermore, the influence of fibre relative orientation with respect to processing direction on the amount of removed material has been studied. For that purpose, unidirectional tape samples have been laser processed with different processing direction, and the amount of removed material for all of them has been measured. Once optimized the processing direction, the number of shadows required to remove one entire fabric has been determined. Processing conditions that enable to remove selectivley and controlled fabrics of composite material have been determined. This would allow to automate the process of removing fabrics included in bonded breparison of elements of carbon fibre.

UV laser surace activation in co-bonding of CFRP elements. Comparison with other certified methods

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 21:01:07 +0200

There is an increasing trend towards the substitution of mechanical joining by adhesive bonding in carbon fibre elements (CFRP) in aeronautical sector. However, it is mandatory to perform a previous step of surface preparation in order to obtain the best adhesive properties to the surface. There are some certified superficial preparation methods by the aeronautical sector, being shot peening, grinding and peel-ply the most used ones. All of them have the disadvantage of not being automatable. Hence, new potentially automatable methods for surface activation are being studied. In this work it has been studied the use of UV laser radiation as a surface activation method previous to adhesive bonding, and its behaviour has been compared to peel-ply activated samples. To this end, an advanced surface characterization has been performed, by means of surface free energy determination, surface chemical composition determination by XPS measurement, surface roughness and morphology observation with SEM. Mode I fracture toughness test have been performed for all surface activation methods. The obtained results show that adhesive bonding of UV laser treated samples have mode I fracture toughness comparable values to those obtained for peel-ply and peel-ply plus grinding samples. Furthermore, all the failure modes observed are accepted by the sector normative. This makes that UV laser surface preparation could be considered as an alternative for certified surface method of CFRPs.

Smart behaviour of CNT modified adhesive films for carbon fiber composite repair

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 21:00:57 +0200

Epoxy adhesives films were doped by spraying an aqueous dispersion of carbon nanotubes. Sensing capability of carbon fiber reinforced composite coupons with bonded patch repairs was evaluated; several single lap shear and Mode-I fracture energy tests were conducted and their electrical responses were characterized. It was observed that electrical resistance increases with mechanical strain due to tunnelling effect on CNT percolating networks and increases of electrical resistance associated to crack propagations could be also detected. Once the smart behaviour if the adhesive joints was identified by means of mechanical tests in normalized adhesive joined specimens, panels (400 x 400mm) with square co-bonded patches, made using the same curing cycle based on the repaired material one, were prepared using CNT doped adhesive films. These panels were mechanical tested to determine the effect of the doping treatment on the mechanical behaviour of the repairs, at the same time that electric measurements were carried out to identified local failures during testing. Obtained results showed that structural film adhesives could be surface doped with CNT providing sensing capabilities to be used in structural health monitoring of adhesive repairs in composite structures.

Application of functionally graded adhesives in aluminium-composite joints

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 21:00:45 +0200

Adhesive joints are characterized by non-uniform distribution of stresses and strains along the bond-lines, with maximum values near the ends of the overlaps. This phenomenon can cause the premature failure of the joints, being specially critical when brittle or semi-brittle structural adhesives are considered. This has motivated the research in the field of ‘functionally graded adhesive’ (FGA) or ‘multiple-adhesive’ joints, which reduce the phenomena described through a combination of rigid and brittle adhesives with more flexible and ductile ones. In this way, these strategies allow to notably increase the joints maximum load capacity. In this field, this article presents the work carried out by ITAINNOVA within the project SAFEJOINT. Specifically, the potential of the techniques based on ‘banded’ gradings as approximations of the continuum gradings is analysed. The study is focused in aluminium-composite single lap shear (SLS) joints with epoxy adhesives. The work done covers both the numerical optimisation of the joints and the fabrication and testing of samples in order to verify experimentally the potential for improvement of the technique comparing with mono-adhesive joints. Finally, an example of application of the technology is presented.

Bonding of composite parts: advantages and benefits of Structural Adhesives and Self-adhesive Tapes

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 21:00:35 +0200

The bonding process of composite materials is a challenging method in growing markets like Transportation and Construction. Differents methods exist today for the assembly of composite materials: mechanical fixing, ultrasonic welding, structural adhesives and acrylic foam tapes. Each method has its own advantages and drawbacks, but bonding with structural adhesives or acrylic foam tapes offer important benefits compared to mechanical assemblies. Adhesives and tapes allow to bond dissimilar substrates while keeping mechanical performance and improving aesthetics of composite materials. The Transportation market is leading the increasing demand of composite materials and design engineers look for detailed information on bonding methods and the performance of adhesives for the designed vehicles: mechanical and vibrations resistance, tenacity and elasticity, durability and capability to withstand extreme conditions. Design engineers require more than a bonding solution, they need technology partners like 3M providing technical support for project development, materials and adhesives testing, and process consultants for the optimization and automation of bonding processes. Los ingenieros quieren algo más que una solución adhesiva, y buscan socios tecnológicos como 3M. The purpose of this article is to create awareness on 3M new adhesive and tape technologies for multi-material bonding integrating a composite material. Assembly types and solutions allow to find the best adhesive technology for optimal bond design and manufacturing process.

Experimental evaluation of the quality of a composite-composite adhesive joint by peeling tests

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 21:00:24 +0200

The evaluation of the quality of composite-composite bonded joints is a major problem for the aeronautical sector given by the fact that a defective joint not only could paralyze the productive process, but it could also involve very high restoration costs. Currently, the quality of the bond is quantified by an interlaminar fracture toughness test. This test measures GIC in a test piece that is bonded theoretically under the same conditions as the actual piece. The measurement of GIC is performed by the DCB test or by the Drum Peel test. Both tests cannot be carried out on the actual part or "in situ". The present article shows a device that carries out the peeling test on the real part allowing to obtain results comparable to those that could be obtained with the traditional procedures of DCB and Drum Peel. In order to verify the validity of the new device that has been designed, an experimental campaign has been carried out to test non-symmetrical composite-composite laminates with different techniques, by comparing the different GIC values obtained. A numerical study carried out in another paper confirms that the evaluation of GIC obtained with the experimental results is adequate.

Analysis of the behaviour of adhesive composite repairs subjected to static loads

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 21:00:14 +0200

Aircraft structural components made of composite materials are susceptible of being damaged during their service life. The high level of integration and large size of these structural components may make very difficult the replacement of damaged parts; thus, repair damaged components is a solution that can save economic and temporal costs. Adhesively-bonded repairs offer certain advantages when compared to mechanical repairs, therefore there is an increasing interest in the study of their mechanical response to static loads, and a detailed structural analysis depend on several parameters. In this work, a finite-element numerical model was developed in Abaqus/Explicit commercial code. The model was validated experimentally. The numerical model was used to analyse the mechanical response of patch repaired laminates subjected to tensile static loads. The effect of the repair patch shape (rectangular or circular) and repair patch size on the failure load and elastic stiffness was evaluated by carrying out a series of virtual tests using the validated numerical model.

Out of autoclave bonded repair process and implementation for aircraft composite structures

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 21:00:05 +0200

With the entry into service of aircrafts with a very high percentage of composite materials the necessity of efficient repairs for such structures arises. Airbus has developed an out of autoclave bonded repair process for highly loaded composite primary structures of the A350XWB. It can be used at production plants but also in the in-service operation of the aircraft. Bonded repairs eliminate the requirement of rivets in carbon fibre parts allowing flush repairs that complies with the original component functionality and requirements. The repair process includes removing the damaged plies by successive milling steps, each one equal to a single ply thickness. The repair technique consists on the application of a soft patch with specific repair materials, different from those involved in the manufacturing process and with the unique characteristic of curing at low temperature in out of autoclave conditions. The aforesaid facilitates application in plenty of circumstances and scenarios. This paper describes the coordinated investigation performed in order to provide a robust and sound out of autoclave repair system and process. The combination of feasibility trials in actual repair conditions and material characterization tests proved to be essential to understand the critical steps and to optimize the process performance.

Design of adhesive-bonded structure solutions, contribution of the modelling of the adhesive

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:59:52 +0200

Finite element modelling of adhesive joints has been analysed in this work, applying the results and conclusions of the design process of a multi-material base of an elevator. The main approach of the study has been the modelling of the adhesive joint, different parameters and its application in complex models. For that purpose, a case study has been carried out in a simply supported plate model. Several modelling techniques have been analysed and design recommendations have been proposed. Characterization of composite materials and adhesives has also been studied, given the fact that the anisotropy of the composites is an additional difficulty in the Finite Element Analysis. Having the real properties of these materials is a very important factor for efectiveness in terms of economical and computational cost. The correlation of simulation and experimental results has been analysed in the practical case study and the contribution of the adhesive modelling has been studied. To conclude, the importance of the material characterization and the sensitiveness to the variation of their properties are to be mentioned. The work offers the designer several recommendations on adhesive joint modelling as well as parameters that might affect the analysis of a structure that contains adhesive bonding.

Study of alternative materials for Portland cement replacement in civil construction

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:59:42 +0200

The proposal of this work is to study materials, which initially were classified as disposable, in building construction as new alternative materials. In this way, this research studied the partial replacement of Portland cement in mortars by the following pozzolans: sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA), rice husk ash (RHA), metakaolin (MK) and silica fume (SA). Theses composites were compared with a control mixture, which no Portland cement replacement, in the following tests: compressive strength, consistency, water capillarity and water immersion. The replacements percentages carried out were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% for SCBA, RHA and metakaolin, and 5, 10 and 15% for silica fume by weight. The compressive strength test was performed at curing times of 3, 7, 28 and 90 days, whereas water capillarity and water immersion were carried out at 28 days. In the early ages, few mixtures showed resistance above the reference, but with 90 days, six mixtures passed the control. All mixtures with pozzolans presented less water absorption by immersion and capillarity. Sustainably, the use of SCBA, RHA, MK and SA is viable.

Design and development of an innovative structural system based on composites applied on the constrction of maritme lighthouses with lower maintenance requeriments (FAROCOMP)

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:59:28 +0200

The overall objective of the project was to develop a structure based entirely on polymer matrix composite materials intended for use as a sea lighthouse. This project was developed as part of the works corresponding to the North expansion of the Port of Valencia promoted by the Port Authority of Valencia. The work carried out covered both the definition and execution of the structural design and calculation strategy as well as the development and characterization of the materials and the different manufacturing processes employed, as well as the strategy of assembly and installation of the structure in its final location. Throughout the project an optimum cost / performance ratio was maintained, fulfilling the specific requirements of the structure and the pertinent regulations.

Characterization of the CRTM process applicated to a door reinforcement

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:59:15 +0200

The automotive industry has benefited to some extent from composites for several decades, especially for non-primary structural applications. Technologies such as GMT, LFT or SMC are used to manufacture interior components, functional parts or body parts, with productivity standards and very competitive prices. But despite these successful applications, their expansion to more structural parts is not possible because of the limited properties of the materials and largely because the current manufacturing processes and facilities are not ready for mass manufacturing. When it is intended to manufacture pieces with high fiber contents and / or large pieces, the increase in fiber content decreases the permeability of the preform, necessitating longer filling times, and generating impregnation problems and high pore contents. In order to solve these drawbacks associated with conventional RTM, different alternatives have been explored: increasing the injection pressure, injecting through multiple entries or reducing the viscosity of the resin among others. One of the most promising is the combination of RTM and compression, called CRTM (Compression RTM). Comparing with conventional RTM, the mold remains partially open in the injection phase, generating a space not occupied by the fibers that exerts a preferred flow path for the resin without having to penetrate the preform. The objective of the project has been to characterize the CRTM process and apply this knowledge in the manufacture of a side door reinforcement.

Design of 3D printed cores to improve radial compression behaviour of pultruded composite tubes

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:59:03 +0200

E-glass/vinylester composite crash structures manufactured by ultraviolet (UV) pultrusion process have shown high values of especific energy absorption (SEA). However, comparing the radial compression behaviour of the tubular structures with the axial crushing behaviour, it has been noticed that the stiffness and the strength of the structures to radial compression is too low. In order to improve the radial compression behaviour of the structures manufactured by UV pultrusion, different cores have been designed and manufactured by 3D printing using FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technology. On the one hand, an hexagonal core consit on a thin external skin made with ABS and filled with 3D printing support material has been analyzed. Otherwise, an hexagonal core designed following the honeycomb concept has been printed and tested. The composite structures with the cores have been tested in radial compression in quasi-static conditions and they have shown higher stiffness and strengh due to the 3D printed internal cores. The composite structure with the hexagonal ABS skin core and support material has improved the stiffness of the composite tubular structure 9 times while the strength has increased 5 times. In the case of the honecomb ABS core, the stiffness of the structure has increased from 1.15 kN/mm to 22 kN/mm (19 times more). Meanwhile, the strenght values using the ABS honeycomb core has been 17 times higher than the empty composite structure.

Thermoplastic composite penetration in the aerospace structures

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:58:52 +0200

FIDAMC(Fundación para la Investigación, Desarrollo y Aplicación de Materiales Compuestos) , has been investigating different technologies, under the frame of several research projects funded by Clean Sky initiatives and Spanish governmental entities, in order to demonstrate that thermoplastic can be directly manufactured via automation without autoclave consolidation and the full integration of the structure by co-consolidation method fusing together the skin and stringers in only one melting step. Our Center is currently involved in an interesting project with a complete manufacturing solution of a thermoplastic wing skin using Automatic Fiber Placement (AFP) with assisted laser system as heating source techniques. This new Out-of-Autoclave procedure will be validated with ground/flying tests in 2020. This paper provides an overview of several research projects aimed to develop the automated lamination and in-situ co-consolidation technology and includes a review of automated methods to lay up PEEK prepreg from the first AFP head, in cooperation with the Spanish supplier MTORRES and installed six years ago in FIDAMC, the evolution of this machine and the up-to-the minute configuration of new Multi-tows head to produce the feasibility demonstrator panel with co-consolidated "T" shaped stringers and scale up the methods to the final stiffened wing panel to incorporate in Clean Sky 2 as Flight test Bed developed by Airbus.

Use of composite materials in aerodinamic seals

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:58:43 +0200

This paper describes the use of composite materials in the manufacture of aerodynamic seals. Specifically, the design of the seals between the wing and the belly fairing, made by ALESTIS AEROSPACE, is reviewed for the A350 XWB.In the process, FEM simulations and tests have been performed to obtain the levels of stifness required by the aerodynamic specifications. These tests are made to find the right balance between stifness and adaptability of the seals to the wing geometry, and compliance with the boundary conditions imposed by the pressure difference between the interior of the belly fairing and the exterior (static and dynamic pressure ). Due to the variation of seal boundary conditions, both pressure levels and displacements to be absorbed, in addition to the life requirements, the materials used provide different degrees of rigidity: Matrix: silicone Reinforcements: Polyester fabric Fiberglass fabric Glass composite material Matrix: polyester resin Reinforcement: glass fabric Finish: polyester fabric with low friction treatment The use of suitable combinations of materials allows for lighter and more efficient seals.

Manufacturing of complex parts based on unidirectional tapes. Technology transfer from automotive towards aeronautic industry

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:58:31 +0200

CTAG, together with FORTAPE1 partners, developed an optimized and more efficient system for the manufacturing of parts with complex geometries, based on the use of thermoplatic tapes reinforced with unidirectional fibres (glass and carbon fibre) for its use in the automotive and aeronautical sectors. The effors were focused on the process automation, which enables to obtain high production volumes, and on the material and energy consumption, allowing a considerable weight and cost reduction on the final component. Moreover, CTAG is partnering AEROCAR2 consortium, a project that has started in the third quarter of 2016 and that aims to create a technology transfer network between the automotive and aeronautic sector. The final purpose is to imporve the productivity through the creation of new technologies, materials and/or processes to put into value the synergies between the concerned sectors. The principal challenges to be faced in collaboration with companies and technology centres are the use of new materials and the process automation.

Manufacture of a suspension subframe through CAPROCAST technology (T-RTM)

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:58:08 +0200

The main objective of this work has been the manufacture , and subsequent flexural and fatigue tests, of automotive real parts, made of thermoplastic composites. This has been achieved by incorporation continuous carbon fiber (textile) to polyamide matrix, through an specific process very similar to a thermoplastic RTM. The fatigue behaviour of any composite is governed by the toughness of the material. Because of this and the low cost, the polyamide has been considered as a polymer matrix. The process involves an in-situ polymerization, that the low viscosity of the monomer,e-caprolactama (e-CL), allows the infiltration of preforms and textiles. The demonstration part has been completely redesigned by BATZ and TECNALIA to fullfill mechanical requirements and manufacture ability. In particular, it has been fabricated a suspension subframe with an 52%vol. of a commercial carbon fiber and thickness variations from 3 to 8mm within the same part, obtaining a significant reduction in weight relative to the metal part (6,8 kg vs 3,48 kg) and the established mechanical requirements. As far as the fatigue/durability test are concerned, they have been performed to evaluate the strength of the composite and to increase the correlation between CAE analysis and the real behavior of the hybrid component. All the tested parts support 2.000.000 cycles (the stipulated for this part in metal) without break, only with small deformations in the bushings holes. As far as the flexural test are concerned, they evaluate the maximum quasi-static strength of the component. All the parts tested deform considerably, recovering much of this deformation once the load is removed.

Methodology for wishbone manufacturing for a F1 ar based on carbon fiber

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:57:55 +0200

The following article proposes a methodology for the creation of a fork of a single-seater of formula 1 with composite material of bidirectional carbon fiber and epoxy resin in a laminate of 6 layers with angles [90, -45, + 45] having as aim a fork with a faster and less expensive process compared to those used in the world of formula 1.

Mechanical characterization and validation of biocomposites in small ship hull construction. Life Cycle Assessment.

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:57:32 +0200

Nowadays, glass fiber reinforced polyester laminates are widely used in manufacturing small ship hulls by hand lay-up. The main drawbacks of the use of these composite materials are: the dependence of hydrocarbons on the synthesis of resins, the high energy cost to obtain glass fiber and the emission of volatile harmful compounds in the manufacturing process. In this work, the advantages of using flax fiber reinforced bioresins are analyzed. Tensile and flexural standard tests were performanced. After that, a small craft of less than 24 meters in length is designed in accordance with the international norm ISO 12215-5. The results indicate that despite the need for greater thickness, the total weight of the vessel is reduced by 12% using biocomposites. Besides, Finite Element Analysis (FEM) indicates that the structural design can be clearly optimizated. Finally, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) reveals an environmental improvement of the boat made of biocomposite instead of glass fiber. However, this improvement is limited by land occupation and the high water footprint of flax fiber in its production process.

Development of Titanium Matrix Composites for Aerospace applications

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:52:30 +0200

Titanium Matrix Composites are very interesting for aerospace applications. These materials typically present higher Young Modulus and resistance than conventional titanium alloys. The ceramic reinforcement can be continuous or discontinuous (fibers or particles). Main advantages of discontinuously reinforced TMCs are the isotropic mechanical properties and the lower production costs. This work presents the development of discontinuously reinforced TMCs with TiC as reinforced particles. The reinforcement was obtained by Combustion Synthesis and the final consolidation by Spark Plasma Sintering. Main advantage of this PM process is the short processing time. Regarding the thermos-mechanical characterization, the material presents higher stiffness and resistance with higher thermal conductivity than conventional Ti-6Al-4V. This work also presents the scale-up of the SPS process to obtain aerospace demonstrators. Machining and joining issues are also considered.

Metallic composite material to protect against high-velocity projectiles and high energy impacts

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:52:17 +0200

The catastrophic failure of structures due to the impact of high energy waves or high speed projectiles can occur in a wide range of situations, including ballast impacts on high speed trains, manmade terrorist acts or accidental industrial events. High energy absorbing materials are therefore essential for the protection of both the hardware as well as personnel. One common requirement in all applications is the development of materials with reduced weight whilst guaranteeing high energy absorption levels. The aim of this work has been the investigation of lighter weight metallic composite systems with suitable properties aimed primarily at withstanding high-velocity projectiles and high energy impacts. (E≈ 100 J or v ≈ 120 m/s). Metallic hybrid test panels have been designed and manufactured using both aluminum and aluminum foam layers. To evaluate their efficiency in the case of a high energy impact the panels have been tested under simulated high-velocity projectile impact conditions by means of a pneumatic air cannon.. The tested panels have been assessed using visual inspection as well as X-ray tomography and IR thermography. The panel deformation as well as the delamination between structural layers has been assessed for the different proposed solutions.

Development of a novel fabrication method to obtain Al/AlN composite

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:52:06 +0200

In situ metal matrix composites are novel composites for which the reinforcement is formed within the parent alloy by controlling chemical reactions during the composite fabrication. The aim of this research is to develop a novel methodology to manufacture good-quality in situ Al-AlN composites in a cost effective way. In situ Al-AlN composite powder was synthesized with laser equipment with a high power diode laser connected to a coaxial nozzle and projecting an aluminum powder in a N2 as carrying gas. The composite powder fabricated was characterized. Distribution of the projected particles temperature during the fabrication process was evaluated to identify the reaction mechanism. In all cases, the reaction mechanism is a surface type. Also, a relation between the particles temperature achieved during the fabrication process and the AlN atomic structure was analyzed. This composite powder can be directly deposited as coating on magnesium and aluminum alloys conventionally used in the automotive and aerospace industries or can be used to produce pulvimetallurgy composite materials.

Silanization treatment for improve adhesion in Al-PP surfaces

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:51:55 +0200

In this work, a wide range of different silane based compounds has been studied with the aim of preparing the surfaces of the Al2024 and the polypropylene (PP). Afterwards, these materials have been joined with two kinds of adhesives: two-component structural adhesive DP8005 and double-sided adhesive tape RP45 (due to its interest in fast assembling operations). The compounds used for surface treatments are based on silane agents. Likewise, same authors have presented non-silane based treatments in other work (1). Both works, complement each other and provide the basis for a third one where the experimental design of measuring properties, mechanical properties in particular, is discussed (3).

Chemical superficial treatments in Al2024 for improve the adhesion on polypropylene

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:51:44 +0200

The joint of materials employing adhesives has been used for a long time. However, the possibility of generating joints between materials with remarkably dissimilar surface free energies, as in the case of joining metals and polymeric materials (with hydrophobic nature), is the main goal of this work and a novel area of investigation. In this work, a broad range of different compounds to prepare surfaces of Al2024 and polypropylene (PP) has been studied, in order to be joined subsequently by two kinds of adhesives: structural two-component adhesive DP8005 and double-sided adhesive tape RP45 (due to its interest in fast assembling operations). Surface treatments used in this work are based on non-silane compounds, in particular, two agents of maleinization (in solution), a nitrant agent at different concentrations, due to its behaviour depends on if it reacts as strong acid, oxidant agent or nitrant agent, following by a microwave treatment; a phosphating process; a glycidyl methacrylate treatment and, by a way of comparison, a conventional priming agent. The silane treatments are reported in other work (1).

Development of hydrofopic release agent by using SiO2 nanoparticles

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:51:34 +0200

This research group has developed a hydrophobic release agent using hydrophobic silica nanoparticles containing hydrophilic functional groups, which form hydrogen bonds with the water present in the fresh concrete and hydrophobic groups (CH3) that are distributed on the surface of the concrete providing hydrophobic properties to the surface. A vegetable oil was used as a support for the development of the release agent, using different types of nanoparticles and modifying the molar ratio between the precursors Methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) and Tetraethylethylsilicate (TEOS). Each release agent was used for the impregnation of standardized molds in the manufacture of concrete specimens. The hydrophobic properties of the test specimens were studied by measuring the contact angle of the water respect to the .It was observed that the best release agent was manufactured by using a nanosilica having a molar ratio of 2.5, which presents a contact angle higher than 145 º.

Effect of the cross-linker content and type of graphene on the thermo-mechanical properties of nanocomposites

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:51:23 +0200

In this paper we study the influence of the type of graphene (GNP) and the different ratios of the crosslinking agent (XB)-resin epoxy (LY) on the thermo-mechanical properties of epoxy-graphene nanocomposites (GNP). Epoxy/GNP nanocomposites have been prepared using two different types of graphene: one non-functionalized (GNPn) and one amino functionalized graphene (GNPNH2). The content of graphene has been 6% and 10% by weight. The thermo-mechanical properties of the LY-XB thermoset and the nanocomposites have been determined through dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and tensile tests in a universal testing machine. The glass transition temperature and the storage modulus in the elastomeric zone (T>Tg) of the thermoset LY-XB and the nanocomposites have maximum values for slightly rich amine content. The addition of graphene significantly increases the elastic modulus of the nanocomposites compared to the neat epoxy thermoset (LY-XB), both in the vitreous region (TTg). The thermoset LY-XB shows the best strength and toughness for the stoichiometric ratio XB/LY. The addition of graphene leads to more rigid but more fragile materials.

Curing of graphene-epoxy nanocomposites: influence of cross-linking / resin ratio

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:51:13 +0200

In the present work the influence of the graphene type (GNP) and the different crosslinking agent ratios in the curing of graphene-epoxy dispersions and in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the formed nanocomposite is studied. The epoxy resin type DGEBA (LY) has been crosslinked with an aromatic polyamine (XB). Two types of graphene have been used: one non-functionalized (GNPn) and another functionalized with amino groups (GNPNH2). In the two systems, 5 compositions with different XB / LY ratios have been studied and, the content of graphene has been varied (6 and 10% by weight). The curing reaction has been studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. It has been observed that the presence of graphene accelerates the curing reaction and that the enthalpy of reaction depends on stoichiometry and graphene content. It has also been found that the variation of the Tg of the material with the stoichiometry, depends on the curing protocol.

Graphene-Carbon Nanotubes Thermosetting Epoxy Materials: Water Absorption Influence on their Properties

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:51:02 +0200

This work presents the effect of hydrothermal aging in distilled water on several epoxy hybrid materials that have a certain amount of carbon nanotubes and/or graphene nanoplatelets. Two types of graphene nanoplatelets have been used: amino functionalized graphene (GNH2) and non functionalized graphene. When functionalized graphene is used, covalent bonds between the graphene nanoplatelets and the epoxy matrix are expected to be formed over the curing process. Non functionalized graphene platelets are used to prove this effect. Gravimetric study of the absorption process has been done as well as the effect of the water absorption on the thermo-mechanical properties and the electric conductivity.

Graphene filled polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites made by melt-compounding

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:50:53 +0200

In the present work, a graphene nanocomposite material using as matrix a high performance thermoplastic polymer (PEEK) is presented. Composite was made by a simple extrusion-compounding process, followed by an injection-moulding process. The main advantage of this process is that it could produce large quantities at the scales needed for use in industrial applications as structural applications. Nanocomposites with different percentages of graphene 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 wt.% were characterized and compared with neat PEEK as baseline. The mechanical tests showed that the Young´s modulus increased when adding graphene while the strenght remained constant. In addition, a change in the failure mode was observed when the graphene was added. Nanocomposites with high contents of graphene had lower strain at break than neat PEEK.

Improvement of the process of the direct synthesis of polyamide to obtain a high properties material

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:50:43 +0200

Under the NANOTEK+ project, POLIFLUOR and TECNALIA propose to develop and scale industrially a polyamide obtained by direct synthesis. These properties, mainly thermal ones, have to be improved by the addition of nanoparticles. To this end, it has been worked in the dispersión of the nanoparticles and the process of polymerization, and in the industrial production process and its evaluation from the point of view of the health security. In-situ polymerization process of anionic polyamide 6 offers important advantages for the incorporation of nanoparticles because the low viscosity of the monomer make easier the dispersion of the nanoscale reinforcemenet. Several parameters of the process have to be taken into account during the up scaling: Selection of the suitable nanoparticles and their percentage, taking into account the dispersion ability in the matrix and their chemical compatibility. Percentage of catalytic system, which can be affected by the nature of the nanoparticles. Melting, feeding and polymerization temperatures, which should not degrade the nanoparticle. Mixing rates, since the dispersion of the nanoparticles by mechanical stirring can produce air inside the obtaindes polymer. The distribution of the nanomaterial in the polymer matrix and the adhesion degree between both, have studied under formulated material, using techniques such as SEM/EDS. The correct distribution of the nanoparticles in the polyamide 6 has been observed thoughout the industrialization.

Bio-polyamide nanocomposites: influence of synthesis approach on final properties

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:50:31 +0200

Bio-polyamide nanocomposites were prepared using the two most viable techniques from the industrial point of view: the melt intercalation process and in situ polymerization. The effect of the synthesis approach and the amount of nanofibre were evaluated in order to check their influence on morphological, thermal and mechanical properties. Regardless of the preparation method, all nanocomposites showed good despersion of nanoclay in polyamide matrix and significant improvements in Young modulus, tensile strenght and heat-distortion temperature were achieved. However, the nanocomposites obtained by in situ polymerization presented higher values since the dispersion of the nanoclay occurs during polymerization, when polymer chains are growing and the viscosity of the matrix is still low.

Surface modification of sisal fibers to be used as a reinforcement in polypropylene composite materials

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:50:21 +0200

Sisal fibers have taken special focus by material investigators and commercial environment because they are economical, biodegradable and lightweight(1). Composite manufactured using natural fibers can supply properties that can be compared to other composites reinforced with synthetic fibers, as previous studies have shown (2-6). Thus, fibers that come from nature sources, such as wood, nuts fruit, jute, kenaf, hemp, sisal, etc. are being introduced in composite manufacturing (7-9). Sisal fiber has relevant economical and ecological properties (10), but it is a lignocelulosycal fiber with hydrophylic character, so it is difficult its usage with hydrophobic matrix, and it is required to use coupling agents in order to improve its interface adhesion. This work starts with sisal fibers submitted to different types of primary treatments, and for each one of these treatments, sisal fibers are submitted to secondary treatments of maleinization, mercerization, silanization, formation of nascent surface isocyanates, carboxylation and methacrylate treatment. The efficiency of these treatments has been evaluated using morphology characterization techniques by FTIR-ATR, electronic microscopy (SEM). With some of the treated fibers, thermoplastic composites have been prepared and these have been used to prepare standard probes that have been thermally and mechanically tested, as well as other additional interesting physicochemical characteristics.

Characterization of cellulosic samples obtained from sisal fibers

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:50:11 +0200

In this work the reaction conditions of different chemical treatments used for the isolation of nanocellulose were evaluated. This study clarified the effect of different reaction conditions (time or concentration) on the structure and composition of the cellulosic fibers, To achieve this objective, different chemical, thermal and morphological characterization techniques were used after each chemical treatment and the most suitable reaction conditions were selected.

Bacteriostatic effect of waterborne polyurethane-urea films containing bioactive plant extracts incorporated by different routes

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:50:00 +0200

The environmental awareness has promoted the development of new materials towards eco-friendly systems based on both, green synthesis processes as well as the renewable origin of the raw compounds. In this way, focusing on synthesis methods, the use of waterborne polyurethane-urea dispersions have gained attention due to their versatility leading to a wide variety of applications, broadening the range of applications. In addition, it is worth nothing that the dispersibility in water offers the possibility of incorporating soluble additives, such as plant extracts. Therefore, in this work Melissa officinalis L. plant was selected in order to obtain bioactive plant extract, in order to be incorporated to a waterborne polyurethane-urea dispersion, varying their content as well as using three different incorporation routes. These dispersions were characterized and employed in the preparation of films which were analyzed from the viewpoint of physicochemical, thermal and mechanical properties, among others. Finally, the antibacterial properties of the films were analyzed after 1 and 4 days of incubation, where it was observed that the content and incorporation route of the extract influenced in the behavior of the films against common pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

Study of blends based on poly (lactic acid) and vegetable oils

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:49:51 +0200

Due to the high brittleness of the poly (lactic acid) (PLA), the main purpose of this work is to obtain a more ductile material than neat PLA, and the subsequent characterization by different techniques. In order to plasticize neat PLA, some plasticizers from renewable resources, such as non-epoxidized and epoxidized and soybean oils, have been used. Neat PLA has been plasticized with 20 wt% of plasticizers and the properties of different blends have been studied. Impact test results have showed that PLA became more ductile with the addition of vegetable oils. Furthermore, PLA/epoxidized vegetable oil blends showed higher tensile and impact strength values than that for blends plasticized with non-epoxidized oils. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique has showed that the band related to the epoxy group did not completely disappear in the spectra of PLA/epoxidized vegetal oil suggesting an incomplete reaction between the epoxy group of epoxidized vegetable oils and the functional groups of PLA. Finally, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique has observed that after the addition of vegetable oils, both the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the cold crystallization temperature (Tcc) values of the neat poly (lactic acid) were decreased considerably.

Bending in two planes of unidirectional composite laminates

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:49:42 +0200

In this work bending in two planes of long fiber composite laminates is proposed as a test method for knowing the behaviour of this material in case of combined loads. Different samples have been manufactured and tested using carbon/epoxy T6T/F593 material. Three cases have been considered dendending on the value of the ratio between normal stress in fiber direction and normal stress in direction perpendicular to fibre: less tan 1, equal to 1 and greater than 1. In all cases failure has been related to matrix failure, being a linear relation between stress and deformation until failure. Stress values have been analized by three failure criteria: Rankine, Tsai-Wu and maximum strain energy. Rankine criteria fits well the first two cases. The parameter of Tsai-Wu criteria between normal stresses in fiber direction and normal stresses in direction perpendicular to fibre has been obtained using experimental results. When stress in fiber direction is much greater than stress in direction perpendicular to fiber, this small stress can be ignored in the calculus of maximum strain energy.

Experimental determination of the Weibull parameters in tensile failure using hybrid laminates

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:49:33 +0200

Composites trend to failure in their defects, which are randomly distribuited. This causes that the tensile strength decreases when the volumen of material tested increases. This fenomenon is known as size effect or volume effect. Knowing the value of the Weibull parameters is key for modeling and the correct design of large components. In this work, one tensile test are proposed, named the fragmentation test to obtain the shape and scale Weibull parameters that are validated with the scaled test. Carbon/glass hybrid composites can exhibit pseudo-ductile response in the stress-strain curves by having a part with small slope or plateau. The specimen design promotes fragmentation or gradual fracture of carbon layer and suppresses unstable delamination at the plateau. The facture events have been identified by video and accoustic emission monitoring in 11 specimens. The data of fracture strain has been adjusted to the Weibull distribution following the proposed iterative process. The process has been validated using previous results of Finite Elements. The volumen effect has been validated with the results of series of tensile tests, with dimensions scaled by factors of 2,4 and 8 in each direction. Another important advantage of hybridization is the suppression of the stress concentration in the carbon layer, which makes simple end-tab free specimens feasible. The results of two tests have been compared, obtaining very close values.

New formulations for composites cured by ultraviolet radiation

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:49:22 +0200

In the present paper a resins comparative study has been carried out, focused in out of die ultraviolet (UV) cured pultrusion process. In this new approach of the traditional pultrusion, the profile is cured outside the die with UV radiation. This fact implies th necessity of working with resins that present fast curing kinetics at the first stage of conversion in order to avoid the expansion of the profile at the exit of the die. Thus, with the aim of developing new photocurable resin formulations, it has been analysed the curing kinetics of an unsaturated polyester, epoxy-acrilate and a mixture of both resins (50%) with the photocalorimetry technique. Moreover, physical properties test and quasi-static compression test have been performed of profiles manufactured by UV pultrusion. The results prove that the mixture of both resins increase the conversion rate of unsaturated polyester, due to the faster curing kinetics of epoxy-acrylate. However, this fact has not been reflected in the percentage of voids, more elevated in the profiles manufactured by epoxy-acrilate. Nevertheless, the mixture presents higher energy absortion (SEA) values, about 22% higher than the unsaturated polyester and approximately 15% higher than epoxy-acrilate.

Prepreg, carbon fiber, thermoset autoadhesive resin for sandwich structures: advantages, disadvantages and manufacturing challenges

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:49:13 +0200

It’s thoroughly known that sandwich structures in aeronautical sector are formed by a core material, which more usual format is honeycomb, between two facings or skins made from several prepreg material layers. Nevertheless in order to obtain an adequate adherence between core and prepreg most of thermoset resin systems need the presence of a film adhesive placed among the core and prepreg to favour the adhesive menisci formation inside core cells. Main benefit asociate to autoadhesive prepregs usage in sandwich parts is adhesive elimination from part configuration which translates in a weight reduction of the structure. Present article is centered in autoadhesive prepreg materials 180º cure. After more than 3 years of work with several composite materials manufacturers and AIRBUS, key process parameters in an industrial environment have been defined along with basic characteristics in order to guarantee internal quality of the elements

Effect of interleaved fiber mats on the manufacturability and mechanical properties of carbon/epoxy composites

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:49:03 +0200

Fracture toughness is a critical property of composites, especially in the case of materials manufactured by liquid composite moulding processes because of the brittleness of the thermoset polymeric matrix. The use of thermoplastic interleaving veils can improve the fracture behaviour affecting only slightly other mechanical properties. Also, the veils can affect the manufacturability of the composites. This work presents a study of the influence of commercial and homemade veils on the manufacturability process and mechanical properties of carbon fibre reinforced composites. Results obtained show a significant improvement of fracture toughness without affecting manufactubarility.

Basic guidelines for choosing autoclave curing tool material to make composite parts. CFRP vs INVAR36

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:48:52 +0200

The correct selection of a curing tool, to make Carbon Fiber composite (CFRP) parts, is key to the success of a project. The trend in the Aeronautical industry is the reduction of costs and structural weights. The required curing tools are getting bigger and complex, which is a challenge for the manufacturers of the parts and tools. The high temperature autoclave curing cycles present a serious drawback to the use of conventional tooling materials, which has forced the development of molds made of materials with a low coefficient of thermal expansion to solve the problems arising from the different behavior of parts and molds during cycles and to ensure the tight geometric tolerances required. INVAR 36 and CFRP material with high performance resin have become standards for the manufacture of molds. The objective of the study is the comparison of properties and performance of this type of materials, as well as an estimation of the costs associated with each one, with the aim of helping the selection of the most appropriate for use in an industrial environment of high production rates. The method used consisted in the compilation of the technical characteristics of the materials that affect the performance of the tools, as well as the results of research projects and experience of the behavior in service. In addition, a simulation of costs associated with the development, manufacture, putting into production and maintenance of the molds was carried out. The results allow to evaluate qualitatively the performance of the molds manufactured with these materials as well as to have basic guidelines for the correct evaluation of them.

Effect of graphene nanoplatelets addition in benzoxazine carbon fiber laminates properties

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:48:41 +0200

In this work, the effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) addition in the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of carbon fiber composites was studied. GNPs were incorporated into benzoxazine matrix and nanocomposites with a 0.5 and 2 wt.% of graphene nanoplatelets were manufactured. The effect of this nanoreinforcement in benzoxazine mechanical properties as well as in its thermal and electrical conductivity was evaluated. Carbon fiber composites has been manufactured by means of liquid resin infusion (LRI) technique using the nanocomposites prepared. The manufacturing process with the nanocomposite containing a 2 wt.% of GNPs presented some filtration problems which hindered its characterization. The laminate with a 0.5wt.% of nanoreinforcement showed an increase in both thermal and electrical conductiviy regading to the panel with unmodified benzoxazine.

Hierarchical Composite Materials

Scipedia content — Thu, 31 Mar 2022 20:48:29 +0200

Conventional continuous fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRP) have extensively been used as structural elements in a myriad of sectors, such as civil, transport, energy and marine, among other, due to their superior mechanical properties, low weight and ease of processing. However, the relatively weak compression and interlaminar properties of these composites limit their application field. Interest is, therefore, growing in the development of hierarchical or multiscale composites, in which, a nanoscale filler reinforcement is utilized to alleviate the existing limitations associated with the matrix dominated properties. The majority of the work has focused on carbon nanotubes, CNTs due to their extraordinary intrinsic properties. In addition to their outstanding mechanical properties, CNTs possess excellent electrical and mechanical properties, making them attractive materials as reinforcement for polymer matrices. CNTs provide both intralaminar and interlaminar reinforcement, thus improving delamination resistance and through thickness properties, without compromising in-plane performance. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the use of graphene as reinforcement of polymer nanocomposites. Compared to CNTs, graphene has advantages such as lower cost, higher surface area and a greater ease of processing. Graphene is more easily dispersed in the resin and causes a lower viscosity increase, which can facilitate the impregnation of the fibers. In this work, the fabrication and characterization of hierarchical composites are analyzed through the inclusion of graphene to conventional continuous carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding.

Influence of User Preferences on the Revealed Utility Factor of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 07:08:08 +0100

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are an effective intermediate vehicle technology option in the long-term transition pathway towards light-duty vehicle electrification. Their net environmental impact is evaluated using the performance metric Utility Factor (UF), which quantifies the fraction of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) on electricity. There are concerns about the gap between Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sticker label and real-world UF due to the inability of test cycles to represent actual driving conditions and assumptions about their driving and charging differing from their actual usage patterns. Using multi-year longitudinal data from 153 PHEVs (11&ndash

53 miles all-electric range) in California, this paper systematically evaluates how observed driving and charging, energy consumption, and UF differs from sticker label expectations. Principal Components Analysis and regression model results indicated that UF of short-range PHEVs (less than 20-mile range) was lower than label expectations mainly due to higher annual VMT and high-speed driving. Long-distance travel and high-speed driving were the major reasons for the lower UF of longer-range PHEVs (at least 35-mile range) compared to label values. Enhancing charging infrastructure access at both home and away locations, and increasing the frequency of home charging, improves the UF of short-range and longer-range PHEVs respectively.

Document type: Article

Economic Assessment of Autonomous Electric Microtransit Vehicles

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 06:48:27 +0100

There is rapidly growing interest in autonomous electric vehicles due to their potential in improving safety, accessibility, and environmental outcomes. However, their market penetration rate is dependent on costs. Use of autonomous electric vehicles for shared-use mobility may improve their cost competitiveness. So far, most of the research has focused on the cost impact of autonomy on taxis and ridesourcing services. Singapore is planning for island-wide deployment of autonomous vehicles for both scheduled and on-demand services as part of their transit system in the year 2030. TUMCREATE developed an autonomous electric vehicle concept, a microtransit vehicle with 30-passenger capacity, which can complement the existing bus transit system. This study aims to determine the cost of autonomous electric microtransit vehicles and compare them to those of buses. A total cost of ownership (TCO) approach was used to compare the lifecycle costs. It was shown that although the acquisition costs of autonomous electric vehicles are higher than those of their conventional counterparts, they can reduce the TCO per passenger-km up to 75% and 60% compared to their conventional counterparts and buses, respectively.

Document type: Article

Social-Aware Driver Assistance Systems for City Traffic in Shared Spaces

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 06:46:08 +0100

Shared spaces are gaining presence in cities, where a variety of players and mobility types (pedestrians, bicycles, motorcycles, and cars) move without specifically delimited areas. This makes the traffic they comprise challenging for automated systems. The information traditionally considered (e.g., streets, and obstacle positions and speeds) is not enough to build suitable models of the environment. The required explanatory and anticipation capabilities need additional information to improve them. Social aspects (e.g., goal of the displacement, companion, or available time) should be considered, as they have a strong influence on how people move and interact with the environment. This paper presents the Social-Aware Driver Assistance System (SADAS) approach to integrate this information into traffic systems. It relies on a domain-specific modelling language for social contexts and their changes. Specifications compliant with it describe social and system information, their links, and how to process them. Traffic social properties are the formalization within the language of relevant knowledge extracted from literature to interpret information. A multi-agent system architecture manages these specifications and additional processing resources. A SADAS can be connected to other parts of traffic systems by means of subscription-notification mechanisms. The case study to illustrate the approach applies social knowledge to predict people&rsquo

s movements. It considers a distributed system for obstacle detection and tracking, and the intelligent management of traffic signals.

Document type: Article

“Gas pipeline wars” in the post-Soviet space: geographical aspect

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 06:24:13 +0100

The article discusses the transformation of the territorial organization of gas pipeline transport in the post-Soviet period under the influence of the system of international relations that developed between the countries of the post-Soviet space. Notably, the author establishes the following major geographical factors affecting this process: the level of provision with natural gas and the peculiarities of the transport and geographical position of the countries. The author specifically emphasizes an active, consistent and purposeful policy on this issue in Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan, which reinforces and strengthens the geopolitical interests of these states in the examined region. Their competitive advantages are clearly indicated. Particular attention is focused on the possibility of multipurpose use of gas pipelines thanks to the connecting pipes created between them. The interest intersection of three categories of states was revealed: those of the countries in the post-Soviet space (Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan); those of Russia and countries located in the neighboring regions (EU, China, Turkey, Iran); those of the states actively involved in investing in geological exploration, creation of mining enterprises, gas storages, construction of compressor stations on them (USA, Great Britain, Saudi Arabia, Japan, etc.).

Document type: Article

Genetic automated machine learning assistant

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 06:18:56 +0100

GAMA is an AutoML package for end-users and AutoML researchers. It uses genetic programming to efficiently generate optimized machine learning pipelines given specific input data and resource constraints. A machine learning pipeline contains data preprocessing as well as a machine learning algorithm, with fine-tuned hyperparameter settings.

Document type: Article

A Multi-objective Optimization Model for Robust Skip-Stop Scheduling with Earliness and Tardiness Penalties

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 06:16:12 +0100

Inefficient transport systems impose extra travel time for travelers, cause dissatisfaction and reduce service levels. In this study, the demand-oriented train scheduling problem is addressed using a robust skip-stop method under uncertain arrival rates during peak hours. This paper presents alternative mathematical models, including a two-stage scenario-based stochastic programming model and two robust optimization models, to minimize the total travel time of passengers and their waiting time at stations. The modeling framework accounts for the design and implementation of robust skip-stop schedules with earliness and tardiness penalties. As a case study, each of the developed models is implemented on line No. 5 of the Tehran metro, and the results are compared. To validate the skip-stop schedules, the values of the stochastic solution and the expected value of perfect information are calculated. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to test the performance of the model under different scenarios. According to the obtained results, having perfect information can reduce up to 16% of the value of the weighted objective function. The proposed skip-stop method has been shown to save about 5% in total travel time and 49% in weighted objective function, which is a summation of travel times and waiting times as against regular all-stop service. The value of stochastic solutions is about 21% of the value of the weighted objective function, which shows that the stochastic model demonstrates better performance than the deterministic model.

Document type: Article

The More Stringent, the Better? : Rationing Car Use in Bogota with Moderate and Drastic Restrictions

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 05:56:29 +0100

Rationing car use based on license plate number has become a popular policy in several cities around the world to address traffic congestion and air pollution. This paper studies the effects of the moderate and drastic driving restrictions imposed as part of the Pico y Placa program on car use and air pollution in Bogota. Using data on ambient carbon monoxide, gasoline consumption, and vehicle sales and registrations, no evidence of an improvement in air quality or a reduction in car use is found in either phase of the program. On the contrary, there is some indication that, relative to the moderate phase, gasoline consumption, vehicle ownership, and carbon monoxide in the morning peak tended to increase slightly when drastic restrictions were implemented.

Document type: Article

A Bottom-Up Approach to Lithium-Ion Battery Cost Modeling with a Focus on Cathode Active Materials

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 05:49:45 +0100

In this study, we develop a method for calculating electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack performance and cost. To begin, we construct a model allowing for calculation of cell performance and material cost using a bottom-up approach starting with real-world material costs. It thus provides a supplement to existing models, which often begin with fixed cathode active material (CAM) prices that do not reflect raw metal price fluctuations. We collect and display data from the London Metal Exchange to show that such metal prices, in this case specifically cobalt and nickel, do indeed fluctuate and cannot be assumed to remain static or decrease consistently. We input this data into our model, which allows for a visualization of the effects of these metal price fluctuations on the prices of the CAMs. CAMs analyzed include various lithium transition metal oxide-type layered oxide (NMC and NCA) technologies, as well as cubic spinel oxide (LMO), high voltage spinel oxide (LNMO), and lithium metal phosphate (LFP). The calculated CAM costs are combined with additional cell component costs in order to calculate full cell costs, which are in turn scaled up to full battery pack costs. Economies of scale are accounted for separately for each cost fraction.

Document type: Article

Experiments and Fragility Analyses of Piping Systems Connected by Grooved Fit Joints With Large Deformability

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 05:45:10 +0100

The pipes with diameter of 150mm, also called DN150, are often connected by grooved fit joints and employed as the stem pipelines, which are used to transport water vertically to different building stories and distribute it horizontally to different rooms. A large deformability is often required for the grooved fit joints to accommodate the deformation concentrated between adjacent stories during an earthquake. To this end, the grooved fit joint is often improved with a wider groove to achieve such a large deformability. However, its seismic performance has not been thoroughly studied yet. This study conducted quasi-static tests on twelve DN150 grooved fit joints, including four elbow joints and eight DN150-DN80 Tee joints. The mechanical behavior, rotational capacity and failure mode were examined and discussed. The test results indicate that the fracture of the grooved fitting and the pull-out of pipes from the grooved fitting are the major damage patterns at deformations larger than 0.1rad. At small deformations less than 0.06 rad, although slight abrasion and wear were observed on the contact surface between the galvanized steel pipe and the grooved fitting, they would not result in significant leakage. Three damage states are defined accordingly and the fragility models are developed for different grooved fit joints based on test results. Finally, seismic fragility analysis of DN150 stem pipeline system in a 10-story building was conducted. It is demonstrated that the improved joints survive under the maximum credible earthquake and the leakage is highly unlikely to occur.

Document type: Article

Exploring the Influence of Truck Proportion on Freeway Traffic Safety Using Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 05:30:54 +0100

The truck operation of freeway has an impact on traffic safety. In particular, the gradually increasing in truck proportion will inevitably affect the freeway traffic operation of different traffic volume. In this paper, VISSIM simulation is used to supply the field data and orthogonal experimental is designed for calibrate the simulation data. Then, SSAM modeling is combined to analyze the impact of truck proportion on traffic flow parameters and traffic conflicts. The serious and general conflict prediction model based on the Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is proposed to determine the impact of the truck proportion on freeway traffic safety. The results show that when the truck proportion is around 0.4 under 3200 veh/h and 0.6 under 2600 veh/h, there are more traffic conflicts and the number of serious conflicts is more than the number of general conflicts, which also reflect the relationship between truck proportion and traffic safety. Under 3000 veh/h, travel time and average delay increasing while mean speed and mean speed of small car decreases with truck proportion increases. The mean time headway rises largely with the truck proportion increasing above 3000 veh/h. The speed standard deviation increases initially and then fall with truck proportion increasing. The lane-changing decreases while truck proportion increasing. In addition, ANFIS can accurately determine the impact of truck proportion on traffic conflicts under different traffic volume, and also validate the learning ability of ANFIS.

Document type: Article

Transporte aéreo estratégico militar en las operaciones militares modernas

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 05:12:11 +0100

nolDebido a la urgencia de las Operaciones Militares Modernas, las fuerzas necesitan de un medio que las proyecte en tiempos relativamente cortos, donde la Capacidad de Transporte Aereo Estrategico Militar adquiere un papel preponderante. Asimismo, es importante destacar la influencia de la tecnologia en el medio aereo, que ha permitido que la capacidad de carga y pasajeros sea cada vez mayor y con menos servidumbres terrestres. Claramente la proyeccion de fuerzas puede realizarse por otros medios de locomocion, pero la velocidad y el aumento paulatino de las bodegas de carga hacen que el medio aereo pueda dotar a las fuerzas de la movilidad y flexibilidad que se requieren en los conflictos actuales. Es por esto, por lo que la presente investigacion tiene como objetivo proporcionar un analisis de la importancia e implicaciones de la Capacidad de Transporte Aereo Estrategico Militar en las Operaciones Militares Modernas. EnglishDue to the urgency of the Modern Military Operations, the forces need a means that projects them in relatively short times, where the Strategic Military Air Transport Capacity acquires a predominant role. Also, it is essential to highlight the influence of technology on the air environment, which has allowed the capacity of cargo and passengers to be increasingly greater and with fewer terrestrial easements. Noticeably, the projection of forces can be carried out by other means of locomotion, but the speed and gradual increase of cargo holdings mean that the air environment can provide the forces with the mobility and flexibility required in current conflicts. That is why the present research aims to provide an analysis of the importance and implications of the Strategic Military Air Transport Capacity in Modern Military Operations. portuguesDevido a urgencia das Operacoes Militares Modernas, as forcas precisam de um meio que as projete em tempos relativamente curtos, em que a Capacidade Estrategica de Transporte Aereo Militar adquira um papel preponderante. Alem disso, e importante destacar a influencia da tecnologia no ambito aereo, o que permitiu que a capacidade de carga e passageiros fosse cada vez maior e com menos servidoes terrestres. Claramente, a projecao de forcas pode ser realizada por outros meios de locomocao, mas a velocidade e o aumento gradual dos estoques de carga, facam com que o ambiente aereo possa fornecer as forcas da mobilidade e a flexibilidade necessarias nos conflitos atuais. E por isso que a presente investigacao visa fornecer uma analise da importância e implicacoes da capacidade do Transporte Aereo Estrategico Militar nas Operacoes Militares Modernas.

Document type: Article

A systematic review of indicators to assess the sustainability of road infrastructure projects

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 04:56:32 +0100

Background: This study aims to examine to what extent sustainability has been incorporated into assessments of road infrastructure projects. It identifies promising approaches that include indicators reflecting core sustainability criteria, determines criteria that were insufficiently covered as indicators, and develops an integrated indicator set covering all criteria. Methods: A systematic review was performed to obtain all related papers/reports in two academic databases: Scopus and Web of Sciences. The indicators extracted from papers/reports were first coded, then evaluated by using quantitative and qualitative content analysis. Results: The project appraisal methods for decision-making is found to be a promising approach, covering more extensive criteria than others. Two criteria – namely adaptation and precaution and intergenerational equity – were hardly ever adopted as indicators. Ten main groups of indicators were extracted to construct an integrated set incorporating all core criteria. Conclusions: Some criteria appear to have become mainstream, while others deserve attention. The safest choice is to combine methods/tools or to adopt the integrated set developed for exhaustive criteria inclusion.

Document type: Article

What are the factors and needs promoting mobility-as-a-service? Findings from the Swiss Household Energy Demand Survey (SHEDS)

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 04:49:04 +0100

Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is a service that supports customers’ transportation needs by providing information and ticketing for a multitude of transport modes in one interface; thus, buy potentially fostering multimodality and public transport, it represents an important lever to reduce negative transportation impacts such as emissions and congestion. By means of an online survey conducted in Switzerland, we try to understand potential user needs as well as factors that would motivate the use of MaaS. Comparing the openness to use MaaS for specific trip purposes like commuting and leisure activities, we find the lowest level of openness for commuting and the highest for weekend leisure trips. Intention to reduce car usage was positively related to openness to MaaS in commuting. On the other hand, factors that positively influence openness to using MaaS for leisure activities include a higher education degree, experience with carsharing and the use of transport-related climate policy announcements directly affecting consumers. These findings suggest focusing specifically on either commuting or leisure activities when designing policy measures. ISSN:1867-0717 ISSN:1866-8887

Document type: Article

Departure Time Choice (DTC) Behavior for Intercity Travel during a Long-Holiday in Bangkok, Thailand

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 04:46:49 +0100

Time-of-day (TOD) or departure time choice (DTC) has become an interesting issue over two decades. Many researches have intensely focused on time-of-day or departure time choice study, especially workday departures. However, the travel behavior during long-holiday/intercity travel has received relatively little attention in previous studies. This paper shows the characteristics of long-holiday intercity travel patterns based on 2012 New Year data collected in Thailand with a specific focus on departure time choice of car commuters due to traffic congestion occurring during the beginning of festivals. 590 interview data were analyzed to provide more understanding of general characteristics of DTC behavior for intercity travel at the beginning of a Bangkok long-holiday. Moreover, the Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) was used to find the car-based DTC model. The results showed that travelers tend to travel at the peak period when the parameters of personal and household are not so significant, in contrast to the trip-related characteristics and holiday variables that play important roles in traveler decision on departure time choice. Finally, some policies to distribute travel demand and reduce the repeatable traffic congestion at the beginning of festivals are recommended.

Document type: Article

Coatings & linings for oil & gas pipelines – the most effective method of corrosion protection for aged pipelines

Scipedia content — Tue, 23 Mar 2021 04:35:01 +0100

Pipelines around the world are in danger due to ageing, deposits and corrosion. Leaky fittings and cracks are an environmental hazard and cause the loss of valuable resources such as drinking water, gas, or oil. The pipelines may get corroded internally due to the nature of the fluid flowing inside and due to various other factors. The environmental and societal impact of infrastructure failure is a primary consideration for today’s pipeline operators. Without implementing safety measures and having a corrosion control program, corrosion makes transporting hazardous material unsafe. There are many methods NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers) recommends as part of a successful corrosion control program to protect oil and gas pipelines. Coatings and linings applied to pipelines whether above or below ground and often used in combination with cathodic protection. Different linings may be used for internal corrosion protection, provided the lining material does not degrade following long-term exposure to the transported fluid, at the pipeline pressure and temperature conditions.

Document type: Article