Scipedia: Documents published in 2018

Strategic Thinking for Sustainability: A Review of 10 Strategies for Sustainable Mobility by Bus for Cities

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:51:49 +0100

The sustainable mobility of the future comes about through sustainable ways of transport, such as walking, cycling, or collective transport. This includes the bus, the underground, and trains in big cities. This article reviews bus-related policies and initiatives worldwide. It also analyses ten cities looking at medium and long-term strategies for the urban bus service. The main ideas are: the forecasts for the use of the urban bus system indicate a significant increase in demand, therefore, there is a need for expanding the offered services; efforts to change the fleets towards Compressed Natural Gas and Electric vehicles; support of technological innovation for communication and accessibility; improving commercial speed and frequencies by infrastructure improvements, operation optimisation and technology; and, the link between these strategies and the air quality of cities. The transition towards a sustainable transport will happen based on the belief that the bus service is no longer the transport of the past or the present, but of the future.

Document type: Article

Sustainability Framework for Assessing Urban Freight Transportation Measures

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:46:14 +0100

"jats:p"The salient scope of this paper is to enable the knowledge and understanding of urban freight transportation and provide guidance for implementing sustainable policies and measures in a city. To achieve this goal, an evaluation framework for city logistics policies and measures is developed, which demonstrates the complexity of urban freight transportation systems, through selected performance indicators, taking into account divergent stakeholders’ interests, conflicting business models and operations. Evaluation follows a hierarchical process; sustainability disciplines (economy and energy, environment, transportation and mobility, society), applicability enablers (policy and measure maturity, social acceptance and users’ uptake), multiple criteria and indicators, capturing the lifecycle impact of policies and measures and multiple stakeholders. Apart from the multicriteria context, the framework embeds methodologies, including, Impact Assessment, Social Cost Benefit Analysis, Transferability and Adaptability, and Risk Analysis. To demonstrate its applicability a case study is set for the City of Graz assessing the establishment of an Urban Consolidation Center. Results show that there is an overall improvement of 2.2% in the Logistics Sustainability Index when comparing before and after implementation cases of the Urban Consolidation Center.

Document type: Article

Determinants of urban public transport efficiency: case study of the Czech Republic

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:45:17 +0100

Purpose The aim of this paper is to identify the factors influencing efficiency of urban public transport (UPT) systems and to benchmark Czech UPT systems according to their efficiency. Methods The analysis was carried out on a sample of 19 UPT systems in the Czech Republic during 2010–2015. Efficiency was evaluated through a two-stage analysis. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used in the first stage. It was based on three inputs (employees, rolling stock and energy) and one output (passengers). DEA efficiency scores were computed for all 19 systems for each year and under two different assumptions regarding returns to scale. In the second stage of the analysis, DEA scores were used in Tobit regression with a set of operational, socio-economic, and demographic explanatory variables in order to find determinants of efficiency. Results Several variables were identified as factors increasing efficiency - proportion of drivers, average vehicle age, the presence of tramlines in the city, total vehicle kilometres, and population density. Some variables were identified as decreasing efficiency – ticket price, proportion of subsidies in revenues, and presence of a two-city system. Czech cities with most efficient transport systems were Prague, Brno, Mariánské Lázně, Olomouc, and Pilsen. The least efficient cities were Chomutov–Jirkov, Ostrava, and Děčín. Conclusions The principal lesson from this study is that bigger cities with greater population densities are more efficient than smaller cities, and the key efficiency factors that local authorities have under their control are the ticket price, rate of subsidies, and structure of the city transport system. The paper contributes to current debate about the efficiency of the urban transport systems and their determinants. There was not much difference between the constant and variable returns to scale results. The results from the second stage could help policy makers make the public transport systems more efficient. Future research could be devoted to gaining data on additional operators which would also enable using additional inputs and outputs for DEA analysis.

Document type: Article

Generation of electrical energy at gas pipelines using a transported natural gas technological pressure drop

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:44:41 +0100

The article discusses the possibilities of generating electricity without burning fuel by expanding high-pressure natural gas at gas distribution stations with lower specific capital costs. It is proposed to reduce the pressure of the transported natural gas using expander-generator units instead of traditional throttle devices.

Document type: Article

Multidimensional Scaling-Based Data Dimension Reduction Method for Application in Short-Term Traffic Flow Prediction for Urban Road Network

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:39:27 +0100

This study develops a multidimensional scaling- (MDS-) based data dimension reduction method. The method is applied to short-term traffic flow prediction in urban road networks. The data dimension reduction method can be divided into three steps. The first is data selection based on qualitative analysis, the second is data grouping using the MDS method, and the last is data dimension reduction based on a correlation coefficient. Backpropagation neural network (BPNN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models are employed in four kinds of urban traffic environments to test whether the proposed method improves the prediction accuracy of traffic flow. The results show that prediction models using traffic data after dimension reduction outperform the same prediction models using other datasets. The proposed method provides an alternative to existing models for urban traffic prediction.

Document type: Article

Emissions from the road traffic of West African cities : assessment of vehicle fleet and fuel consumption

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:37:51 +0100

Traffic source emission inventories for the rapidly growing West African urban cities are necessary for better characterization of local vehicle emissions released into the atmosphere of these cities. This study is based on local field measurements in Yopougon (Abidjan, Cô

te d&rsquo

Ivoire) in 2016

a site representative of anthropogenic activities in West African cities. The measurements provided data on vehicle type and age, traveling time, fuel type, and estimated amount of fuel consumption. The data revealed high traffic flow of personal cars on highways, boulevards, and backstreets, whereas high flows of intra-communal sedan taxis were observed on main and secondary roads. In addition, the highest daily fuel consumption value of 56 L·

day&minus

1 was recorded for heavy vehicles, while the lowest value of 15 L·

1 was recorded for personal cars using gasoline. This study is important for the improvement of uncertainties related to the different databases used to estimate emissions either in national or international reports. This work provides useful information for future studies on urban air quality, climate, and health impact assessments in African cities. It may also be useful for policy makers to support implementation of emission reduction policies in West African cities.

Document type: Article

Shell Analysis and Optimisation of a Pure Electric Vehicle Power Train Based on Multiple Software

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:28:40 +0100

Motor end cover mounting fracture is a problem recently encountered by novel pure electric vehicles. Regarding the study of the traditional vehicle engine mount bracket and on the basis of the methods of design and optimisation available, we have analysed and optimised the pure electric vehicle end cover mount system. Multi-body dynamic software and finite element software have been combined. First, we highlight the motor end cover mount bracket fracture engineering problems, analyse the factors that may produce fracture, and propose solutions. By using CATIA software to establish a 3D model of the power train mount system, we imported it into ADAMS multi-body dynamic software, conducted 26 condition analysis, obtained five ultimate load conditions, and laid the foundations for subsequent analysis. Next, a mount and shell system was established by the ANSYS finite element method, and modal, strength, and fatigue analyses were performed on the end cover mount. We found that the reason for fracture lies in the intensity of the end cover mount joint, which leads to the safety factor too small and the fatigue life not being up to standard. The main goal was to increase the strength of the cover mount junction, stiffness, safety coefficient, and fatigue life. With this aim, a topology optimisation was conducted to improve the motor end cover. A 3D prototype was designed accordingly. Finally, stiffness, strength, modal, and fatigue were simulated. Our simulation results were as follows. The motor end cover suspension stiffness increases by 20%, the modal frequency increases by 2.3%, the quality increases by 3%, the biggest deformation decreases by 52%, the maximum stress decreases by 28%, the minimum safety factor increases by 40%, and life expectancy increases 50-fold. The results from sample and vehicle tests highlight that the component fracture problem has been successfully solved and the fatigue life dramatically improved.

Document type: Article

Global reshaping of competitive relationships in Auto industry

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:27:28 +0100

Business environment at the beginning of the 21st century is characterized by disruptive and frequent changes. These changes lead to restructuring of some traditional industries, such as automotive industry. Great recession, technology innovations and changes in government regulations unfreezed the structure of automotive industry. Consequently, competitors in the industry have to fit their strategies to new reality. Great recession resulted in financial troubles or even bankruptcy of some significant incumbents and created market space for late followers from emerging markets. Digital innovations have created preconditions for emergence of autonomous cars and carsharing and ridesharing service industry. Global pollution puts pressure on national governments to establish higher gas emission standards and ban diesel vehicles in city centers, which encourages development of electric cars. It is hard to predict the course of development of carsharing service industry, autonomous and electric cars due to high risks and uncertainties. Therefore, auto companies focus their efforts on some smaller market segments, form strategic alliances and acquire targets with complementary resources.

Document type: Article

Key performance indicators for assessing the impacts of automation in road transportation

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 17:58:26 +0100

This report documents the survey, which was designed to investigate views on the importanceof different key performance indicator (KPIs) for expressing the impact of automation in roadtransportation in several impact areas. It documents the rating results and additional KPIsproposed by the 77 experts in Europe, US and Japan who filled in the survey.The Trilateral Impact Assessment Subgroup of ART WG will use these results when decidingthe recommendations for the KPIs to be used in the impact assessment studies. Therecommendations and a full list of potential KPIs (KPI repository) will be added to the version2.0 of their impact assessment framework (expected in April 2018).

Extensions to RSVP-TE for Label Switched Path (LSP) Egress Protection

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:44:19 +0100

This document describes extensions to Resource Reservation Protocol - Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) for locally protecting the egress node(s) of a Point-to-Point (P2P) or Point-to-Multipoint (P2MP) Traffic Engineered (TE) Label Switched Path (LSP).

Map of Texas showing oil and gas fields, pipelines, and areas of exposed basement rocks

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:43:38 +0100

Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:43:01 +0100

How large are the benefits of transportation infrastructure projects, and what explains these benefits? To shed new light on these questions, I collect archival data from colonial India and use it to estimate the impact of India's vast railroad network. Guided by six predictions from a general equilibrium trade model, I find that railroads: (1) decreased trade costs and interregional price gaps; (2) increased interregional and international trade; (3) eliminated the responsiveness of local prices to local productivity shocks (but increased the transmission of these shocks between regions); (4) increased the level of real income (but harmed neighboring regions without railroad access); (5) decreased the volatility of real income; and (6), a sufficient statistic for the effect of railroads on welfare in the model accounts for virtually all of the observed reduced-form impact of railroads on real income. I find similar results from an instrumental variable specification, no spurious effects from over 40,000 km of lines that were approved but never built, and tight bounds on the estimated impact of railroads. These results suggest that transportation infrastructure projects can improve welfare significantly, and do so because they allow regions to exploit gains from trade.

Map of New Mexico showing test wells for oil and gas, oil and gas fields, and pipelines

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:36:53 +0100

Map of Arizona showing oil, gas, and exploratory wells, pipelines, and areas of igneous and metamorphic rocks

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:34:48 +0100

Proximity of pipelines and storage facilities for gas and oil to major aquifers in Connecticut

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:34:06 +0100

Short Sea Shipping Network and Finance Model for the Caribbean

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:29:14 +0100

n analysis was carried out to provide policy and investment recommendations for improving the quality and frequency of short sea shipping (SSS) networks in the Caribbean. The methodology used a combination of stakeholder consultations; data-gathering on port infrastructure, trade, and shipping route patterns in the region; investigation of case studies of SSS experiences; identification of intervention scenarios; and formulation of a financial model to select the scenarios with the greatest potential for implementation, based in inter-island connectivity and time performance. Finally, the study presents governance and organizational considerations, as well as an action plan and schedule for the implementation of the selected networks. It is recommended that a “Direction Reversal Scenario” and a “Port Handling Tariff Reductions for Less-than-Container-Load (LCL) Containers” Scenario should be developed, preferably to a Ferry Service model.

OSPF Traffic Engineering (OSPF-TE) Link Availability Extension for Links with Variable Discrete Bandwidth

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:27:20 +0100

A network may contain links with variable discrete bandwidth, e.g., microwave and copper. The bandwidth of such links may change discretely in response to a changing external environment. The word "availability" is typically used to describe such links during network planning. This document defines a new type of Generalized Switching Capability-Specific Information (SCSI) TLV to extend the Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. The extension can be used for route computation in a network that contains links with variable discrete bandwidth. Note that this document only covers the mechanisms by which the availability information is distributed. The mechanisms by which availability information of a link is determined and the use of the distributed information for route computation are outside the scope of this document. It is intended that technology-specific documents will reference this document to describe specific uses.

Map of Nebraska showing areal distribution of pre-Pennsylvanian rocks, anticlines and basins, oil and gas fields, pipelines, and unsuccessful test wells

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:21:54 +0100

Map of Mississippi showing oil and gas fields, unsuccessful test wells, salt domes, and pipelines

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:20:52 +0100

Map of Wyoming showing test wells for oil and gas, anticlines, oil and gas fields, and pipelines

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:20:30 +0100

Network-Assigned Upstream Label

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:19:32 +0100

This document discusses a Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Resource reSerVation Protocol with Traffic Engineering (RSVP- TE) mechanism that enables the network to assign an upstream label for a bidirectional Label Switched Path (LSP). This is useful in scenarios where a given node does not have sufficient information to assign the correct upstream label on its own and needs to rely on the downstream node to pick an appropriate label. This document updates RFCs 3471, 3473, and 6205 as it defines processing for a special label value in the UPSTREAM_LABEL object.

A Comparison of Bicyclist Attitudes in Two Urban Areas in USA and Italy

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:18:59 +0100

Over the past 40 years, the number of people using bicycles as their primary means of transportation has increased significantly. Transportation agencies around the world now promote bicycling as a way to reduce pollution and traffic congestion. However, the lack of bicycling infrastructure in many cities could significantly impede the future growth of bicycle usage. This paper used a web survey to evaluate the attitudes and preferences of bicyclists in two cities: Lexington, Kentucky, USA and Catania, Sicily, Italy. The goal of the survey was to document impediments to bicycling in both cities, determine how infrastructure could be improved, and identify features of smartphone app to aid bicyclists in route selection. Descriptive statistics and test of hypothesis were applied to the survey data to analyze participant responses and their level of agreement. Confirming previous research, respondents in both cities overwhelmingly cited lack of infrastructure as a major obstacle to bicycling more often. Respondents indicated that improving bicycle infrastructure and pavement conditions would result in an increased number of bicycle trips. Participants expressed a strong desire for a smartphone app that contains information on route safety level, a feature not currently available in any apps, which mainly provide route geometry information and distance between origin-destination pairs. While the survey findings lend support to the idea that bicyclists around the world harbor similar attitudes about what improvements are needed to increase cycling and enhance their experiences, local conditions and practices also influence perceptions about the relevance of specific issue.

Framework for Scheduled Use of Resources

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:18:22 +0100

Time-scheduled reservation of traffic engineering (TE) resources can be used to provide resource booking for TE Label Switched Paths so as to better guarantee services for customers and to improve the efficiency of network resource usage at any moment in time including future planned network usage. This document provides a framework that describes and discusses the architecture for supporting scheduled reservation of TE resources. This document does not describe specific protocols or protocol extensions needed to realize this service.

Oil and Gas Fields, Pipelines and Processing Plants, 1970, Eastern Canada

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:17:33 +0100

Map of New Mexico showing oil and gas fields, unsuccessful test wells, Precambrian rocks, and pipelines

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:16:25 +0100

Map of Wyoming showing test wells for oil and gas, anticlinal axes, oil and gas fields, pipelines, unit areas, and land district boundaries

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:15:10 +0100

Development and exploitation of a methodology to evaluate the viability and user experience of the integration of innovative technologies into an electric vehicle

Scipedia content — Tue, 09 Feb 2021 09:23:13 +0100

The use case for electric vehicles penetration. Cost benefit analysis for low voltage grid management solutions

Scipedia content — Tue, 09 Feb 2021 08:59:27 +0100

Towards a model for sustainable platooning cooperation in road transport

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 12:34:52 +0100

Platooning trucks drive as a well-trained cycling peloton, which allows for significant (up to 20 per cent) fuel savings. Platooning could thus make an important contribution to the sustainability of road transport. Technology for platooning is now available and the remaining step is thus operational innovation. Logistic research mainly focusses on ad hoc platooning, whereby individual trucks constitute platoons, while driving on the highway. However, as a network-technology a large-scale transition would be required in order for this to be successful. A more accessible model seems therefore to lie in coopetive (cooperation between competitors) platooning networks, whereby different road carriers set up the platoons in a coordinated way. However, such a model comes with important legal questions, regarding membership, operation and liability. In order for such cooperation to be successful, a framework which receives sufficient industry support, adds to legal certainty and predictability while at the same time reducing transaction costs and providing a fair balance of interests is necessary. By combining transplants of sharing economy models from other domains(in specific cargo bundling) and theoretical research with industry preferences, this research aims to successfully design such model and proposes rules on membership, operation and liability.

An Assessment of Airport Governance Policies with a Stakeholder Perspective

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 12:24:06 +0100

While airports traditionally have been seen as classic examples of public enterprises, the government’s role in airport management has been changing throughout the world. This study explores airport governance models with a focus on stakeholder issues. Relatively little is known empirically about how public, private, or public–private partnership (PPP) provision of airport services affects different stakeholders. The main aim of this study is to develop a better understanding of the impact of airport governance forms on stakeholders. For this purpose, a theoretical background focused on identifying airport stakeholders and their conflicting interests is followed by a qualitative content analysis using past studies on airport management. The results suggest that a balanced approach is required to deal with stakeholder interests detached from their governance structures.

Interface concepts for intent communication from autonomous vehicles to vulnerable road users

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:25:27 +0100

This paper presents six interface concepts for Autonomous Vehicles to communicate their intention to Vulnerable Road Users. The concepts were designed to be scalable and versatile, and attempt to address some of the limitations of existing concepts towards an unambiguous communication. The interfaces exist currently as initial concepts generated from brainstorming sessions and are in the process of being validated through prototype development and controlled studies.

EEG-Based Mental Workload and Perception-Reaction Time of the Drivers While Using Adaptive Cruise Control

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:25:11 +0100

Car driving is a complex activity, consisting of an integrated multi-task behavior and requiring different interrelated skills. Over the last years, the number of Advanced Driver Assistance systems integrated into cars has grown exponentially. So it is very important to evaluate the interaction between these devices and drivers in order to study if they can represent an additional source of driving-related distraction. In this study, 22 subjects have been involved in a real driving experiment, aimed to investigate the effect of the use of the Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) on mental workload and Perception-Reaction Time of the drivers. During the test physiological data, in terms of brain activity through Electroencephalographic technique and eye gaze through Eye-Tracking devices, and vehicle trajectory data, through a satellite device mounted on the car, have been recorded. The results obtained show that the use of ACC caused an increase in mental workload and Perception-Reaction Time of the drivers.

Horizontal Rotating Charging Platform for Electric Vehicles

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:22:26 +0100

3rd International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies, ISMSIT 2019 -- 11 October 2019 through 13 October 2019 -- -- 156063 Because of paying attention on the greenhouse gas emission of petrol powered vehicles, electric vehicles have been preferred in the last few years. Rising the number of electric vehicles in traffic brings some problems. As the number of electric vehicles are increased in our lives, the waiting time at the charging of the vehicles will be a significant problem. Another problem will be the peak loads in the electric distribution network. In order to overcome these problems, a new structure for electric vehicle charging stations is proposed. A horizontal rotating charging station with its operating principle are explained. The main advantage of the proposed platform is on the electric distribution system which provides maximum linearity. The reduction of waiting time is also another benefit of the proposed charging platform. © 2019 IEEE.

A Fuzzy Rule-Based Approach to Determine an Asymmetrical Polygonal Ship Domain

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:20:56 +0100

2019 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications Conference, ASYU 2019 -- 31 October 2019 through 2 November 2019 -- -- 156545 Navigators expect to feel comfortable while passing a ship and an obstacle at sea. This feeling has led to reveal the concept of ship domain. The ship domain is one of the criteria for navigational risk assessment and one of the parameters used in collision avoidance planning and traffic engineering at sea. Generally, navigators determine the domain size by experience, and they form it as a circle in practice. This is because it is called a fully subjective and imprecise value. Although elliptical and circle ship domains are mostly proposed, there have been some complex ship domains such as hexagonal, polygonal, etc. The methods and models to form a ship domain in the related literature are mainly based on analytical, statistical and artificial intelligence methods. In this study, a novel fuzzy rule-based approach has been proposed to determine an asymmetrical polygonal ship domain. The proposed domain is assumed to be around the own ship and its size and shape depend on the directions according to various parameters such as ship length, ship speed, maneuverability, traffic state, navigator experience, day time (daylight or night), sea state, visibility and relative bearing of the target ship (TS). A C# application based on fuzzy inference system (FIS) with Mamdani model has been implemented to form the size and shape of the domain. The logical implication rules used by navigators define the fuzzy domain. In conclusion, it is thought that the proposed model will undoubtedly contribute to the path planning, collision avoidance optimization, ship traffic engineering, and ship motion control. © 2019 IEEE.

Implementation and experimental results

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:20:41 +0100

Eco-driving aims at minimizing the energy consumption of a vehicle by changing the vehicle’s velocity. This can be formulated as an optimal control problem and this paper presents an efficient shrinking horizon implementation to solve this problem. The efficient implementation is demonstrated on a case study of a fully electric bus, driving on an inner-city public transport route. Because the bus drives on designated bus lanes, meaning that it has little interaction with other traffic, and because it has frequent and predictable stops, this case will have a good energy consumption savings potential. An energy consumption reduction of 11.43% is achieved on a simulation study for the case that the vehicle is fully autonomous and a reduction of 6.94% is achieved experimentally for the case that the driver is ‘coached’ using a driver assistance system.

The Future of Fossil and Alternative Fuels Used in Automotive Industry

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:18:51 +0100

3rd International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies, ISMSIT 2019 -- 11 October 2019 through 13 October 2019 -- -- 156063 Fossil fuels, which has determined all the important economic and political events of the last century, are the most widely used fuel type in the world. Petroleum or crude oil is a fossil fuel. In this study, the amount of petroleum reserves in the world and their lifetime are examined. Based on the studies conducted by international oil companies and independent energy organizations, it is predicted that oil reserves will be depleted in about 50 years. Paris Agreement aims to reduce fossil fuels and oil use in order to reduce air pollution by 2030. Until the 2050s, it is seen that many developed countries conduct studies on how to meet their energy needs for the areas such as electricity, heat and transportation 100% by renewable energy sources. Oil directly effects the economies of all countries in the world. In this study, oil production and consumption rates and alternative fuels that will be used in future vehicles are examined. In the upcoming years, economic growth, policy and technology will be shaped by alternative fuels. In addition, it has been determined that alternative fuel studies to replace oil have not reached the desired level yet. © 2019 IEEE.

AEROFLEX - Advanced Energy Management in Distributed Powertrains

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:17:04 +0100

This paper is part of the AEROFLEX - AEROdynamic and FLEXible Trucks for Next Generation of Long Distance Road Transport - project. It concentrates on the concept of the Advanced Energy Management in Distributed Powertrains. Powertrains in long-haul vehicles can be distributed by installing additional electric powertrains in trailers and dollies. This enables two very interesting possibilities: 1. reducing fuel consumption by hybridizing the whole vehicle combination and 2. improving the driveability of longer and heavier long-haul vehicles by adding additional drive axles, which e.g. improve gradeability. This paper gives an overview over the concept, the control approach and the communication between the individual parts of the vehicle combination. It also discusses the torque demand of different vehicle configurations and provides furthermore simulation results for the fuel consumption. Both underline the potential of distributed electric powertrains in future long-haul vehicles.

The Development of Resilience Management Guidelines to Protect Critical Infrastructures in Europe

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:15:51 +0100

The capability to be resilient in the face of crises and disasters is a topic of highest political concern in Europe especially as far as critical infrastructures and urban environments are concerned. Critical infrastructures are systems or part of systems essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions, the disruption or destruction of which would have a significant impact on the well-being of people. Examples of them are transportation services, energy infrastructures, water and wastewater systems, health and emergency services, financial services, communication infrastructures, etc. The symposium focuses on the experience of four different projects funded under the Horizon 2020 Programme: DARWIN, RESILIENS, RESOLUTE, SMR. The projects are all dealing with the application of resilience engineering, community resilience and urban resilience concepts to concrete examples of crises and situations of emergency. Such principles are translated into guidelines covering different resilience abilities that the organizations managing critical infrastructure should possess.

Open IoT Ecosystem for Smart EV Charging

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:15:09 +0100

| openaire: EC/H2020/688203/EU//BIoTope Many domains are trying to integrate with the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, such aspublic administrations starting Smart City initiatives all over the world. Cities are becomingsmart in many ways: smart mobility, smart buildings, smart environment and so on. However, theproblem of non-interoperability in IoT hinders the seamless communication between all kinds ofIoT devices. Different domain specific IoT applications use different interoperability standards. These standards are usually not interoperable with each other. IoT applications and ecosystems therefore tend to use a vertical communication model that does not allow to share data horizontally across the different IoT ecosystems. In 2014, The Open Group published two domain-independent IoT messaging standards O-MI and O-DF aiming to solve the interoperability problem.In this article we want to describe the practical use of O-MI/O-DF standards in a mobile application for the smart city context, in particular for the Smart Mobility domain, electric vehicle (EV) charging use case. The proof-of-concept of the mobile application for EV charging was developed as a part of an EU (Horizon 2020) Project bIoTope. Peer reviewed

Legal and policy perspectives on civil-military cooperation for the establishment of space traffic management

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:13:03 +0100

Space Traffic Management (STM) is already acknowledged as a concept for the regulation of space activities by the Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS). The current United Nations assumption is comprehensive for all space activities and facilitates this conceptualisation. However, very little is known about how the respective requirements are met in practice. STM policies and strategies have been developed at the governmental, intergovernmental and international level demonstrating the wide acceptance of its relevance for the growing challenges in the space sector. This paper, in particular, addresses elements of civil and military cooperation as an emerging dynamic with implications for the development of STM. Hence, it examines this issue by looking into comparable traffic regimes: air traffic, maritime traffic and radio frequency spectrum. Drawing on the fundamental principle of international cooperation and the peaceful uses of outer space, this paper aims to contribute to the further refinement of a STM regime.

Finite Element Analysis of Mitigation Measures for AC Interference on Buried Pipelines

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:12:49 +0100

This paper deals with the problem of AC interference on buried metallic pipelines located in proximity of HVAC power lines. A numerical technique for the assessment of the induced electromagnetic variables on the conductors of the right-of-way is introduced and applied to a realistic interference case, involving a non-parallel routing of the pipeline with respect to the power line. The presented approach is then employed to evaluate the efficacy of mitigation measures that can put in place to suitably lower the electromagnetic impact on the considered metallic pipeline. Finally, a dedicated interpolation technique is applied to the gathered data, and it is shown how it can consistently be used to extend the range of applicability of the computed results.

Evaluating Technology Innovation for E-Mobility

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:11:47 +0100

GreenCharge is an European research project that aims at integrating and deploying innovative technologies and associated business models to facilitate the transition towards electro mobility (e-mobility). In this paper the GreenCharge approach for the evaluation of technology innovation is presented. Three Pilots will apply the proposed framework according to their specific requirements and objectives.

Investigating Neighborhood Generation Methods for Explanations of Obscure Image Classifiers

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:03:47 +0100

Given the wide use of machine learning approaches based on opaque prediction models, understanding the reasons behind decisions of black box decision systems is nowadays a crucial topic. We address the problem of providing meaningful explanations in the widely-applied image classification tasks. In particular, we explore the impact of changing the neighborhood generation function for a local interpretable model-agnostic explanator by proposing four different variants. All the proposed methods are based on a grid-based segmentation of the images, but each of them proposes a different strategy for generating the neighborhood of the image for which an explanation is required. A deep experimentation shows both improvements and weakness of each proposed approach.

Preparing drivers for planned control transitions in automated cars

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:03:05 +0100

In the near future we expect automated driving to be available for specific segments of a journey, e.g., when driving on the highway. At the end of such a route segment, a (planned) control transition from system to driver occurs. While immediate (unpredictable) take-over situations are heavily investigated, there is still a gap in understanding how to present planned take-over requests, especially while drivers might be involved in non-driving-related activities (NDRAs). We investigated the effect of three different visual representations to indicate planned take-over requests (TOR) on usability, comfort, and driving quality. Additionally, we explored the influences of different NDRAs and the device used for this activity. The results of our simulator study (N=24) indicate that (1) upcoming take-over requests should be displayed dynamically, (2) preferred devices depend on the performed task and (3) take-over requests should be presented with auditory, visual, and tactile cues. Based on our findings, we contribute design recommendations to support the development of safe and comfortable planned control transitions.

A Resonating Lattice TMD to Reduce Pipeline Vibrations

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:02:08 +0100

There are numerous ways to realize vibration absorbers. In this study, a new method is proposed wherein an elastomeric lattice is used. The geometrical configuration of the lattice is designed such that it transfers energy from the main system and is dissipated by the inherent material damping of the lattice material. The applicability of this system is numerically evaluated for pipelines by using two simple lattices whose geometries were optimized and the performances under harmonic loads compared with that of the theoretical optimal TMD. Eventhough they were capable of reducing the vibrations significantly, it was found to be less efficient at small mass ratios while at large mass ratios, the lattices performed similar to the theoretical optimal TMD. Nevertheless, in order to use such systems for pipelines or pipeline like structures such as chimneys, further studies are required using improved lattice configurations that can work efficiently for the whole range of mass ratios.

Load Balancing on Software Defined Networks

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:58:24 +0100

The development of cloud computing has made it possible to transport desired content to other locations via virtual servers. However, the fact that the traditional network devices are fixed and complex, it is difficult and costly to upgrade these devices to adapt to these developments. This inconsistency, led to the search for a new generation network instead of the traditional network structure. Software Defined Network (SDN) is a new generation network paradigm and separates data and control layers in network structure. With the separation of the control layer from the data layer, the management of the network resources can be performed by software. Thus, important tasks such as load balancing, traffic engineering and flow control can be carried out by loading on the controllers. From these components, the load balancing is a technique that divides the workload on the network into multiple sources and prevents overloading of a resource. In recent years, load balancing in SDN is one of the important research concerns of both industry and academia. In this paper, first load balancing problem in SDN is described and then the performances of two different load balancing algorithms (Round Robin and Dijkstra) are examined.

Low power latch based design with smart retiming

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:54:13 +0100

Flip-flops and latches are two options to construct pipelines in digital integrated circuits (ICs). In this paper, the implications for converting a flip-flop based design to a latch-based design are investigated by performing timing and power analysis. Design flows are also proposed to convert a flip-flop based design to a latch-based design as well as a latch/flip-flop-mixed design. With a new retiming strategy, the optimum operating condition is identified for both the latch based design and the mixed design, where the maximum time borrowing or performance enhancement can be obtained. Compared to the flip-flop based design, 48% and 45% frequency boosting are achieved by the latch based design and the mixed design, respectively. While maintaining the same performance as the flip-flop based design with the aid of supply voltage scaling, the latch based design and the mixed design reduce the power consumption by 21% and 16%, respectively, in an industrial 28-nm FDSOI CMOS technology.

Innovative model of transport service management

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:53:07 +0100

23rd International Scientific Conference on Transport Means 2019 -- 2 October 2019 through 4 October 2019 -- -- 152673 In order to increase the economic efficiency of the passenger complex, it is proposed to switch to an innovative management mechanism with the introduction of a new methodology based on the use of marketing data for forecasting, planning activities and developement. The principal novelty of this management mechanism is that it theoretically substantiates methodological approaches and develops a marketing and logistic model of management improvement, addresses issues of integrating the activities of the passenger complex in a unified system, with one aim and objective - to maximize the profit. According to the marketing and logistics mechanism in the management structure of the complex it is advisable to introduce the new set of functions: - organization of the company image, responding to external threats, public relations and budget; - regular study and analysis of current market trends; - study of competition in the segments of the enterprise and the activity of direct competitors in the same segments; -determination of the own position in the market, objectives and problems; - identification of the effectiveness of own strategy. The logistic model proposed by the authors establishes the optimal balance of interests of various companies and reaches on this basis the minimum total costs. © 2019 Kaunas University of Technology. All rights reserved.

Driverless electric vehicles at Businesspark Rivium near Rotterdam (the Netherlands): from operation on dedicated track since 2005 to public roads in 20120

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:50:15 +0100

This paper reports about the operation of the automated and electric ParkShuttle at the Rivium Businesspark in the Netherlands. The ParkShuttles operate without a driver on a designated lane where crossing traffic is managed with barriers. The second and current generation ParkShuttles have been operating since 2005. Having been operational for over 10 years, the ParkShuttle operation may be considered ‘proven technology’. The Rivium ParkShuttle is the only operational automated shuttle application without a steward on board. In this paper we also look forward to operation on public roads in 2020.

Workshop on methodology: evaluating interactions between automated vehicles and other road users - what works in practice?

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:49:18 +0100

Methods and metrics for studying interactions between automated vehicles and other road users in their vicinity, such as pedestrians, cyclists and non-automated vehicles, are not established yet. This workshop focuses on identifying the strengths and weaknesses of various methodologies that could potentially be used to study such interactions. The objective lies in determining the proper experimental design, sensitivity of metrics for measuring user behavior, ecological validity, generalizability of findings, extraction of insights regarding how findings can be translated into actionable requirements, and the alternatives for conducting longitudinal field studies. It will be of an interactive nature and involve hands-on activities. The workshop will consolidate existing knowledge, identify recurring issues, and explore the path towards resolving these issues. The outcome will be compiled into a paper to share this valuable knowledge with a broader research community.

Lane change manoeuvres for automated motorway driving applications

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:45:39 +0100

To develop automated systems that can execute acceptable and comfortable lane changes on the motorway, it is useful to understand how lane changes are performed by human drivers, what factors influence the lane changes, and how they can be described parametrically. More specifically, it is important to understand the acceptable thresholds for parameters which are associated with the manoeuvre execution from a driver’s perspective. Furthermore, the cognitive process of the intention and decision for a lane change needs to be addressed to provide a well-accepted automated lane change decision and timing. This work aims at gaining first qualitative insights into these aspects. Two small-scale on-road studies were conducted to initially collect data on the process of human lane change behaviour in different driving scenarios. Objective data has been collected by equipping a measurement vehicle with a broad sensor set. Qualitative subjective data was gathered through different survey methods. In the first study, both the driver and a co-driver were included by means of questionnaires. In the second study, the ‘thinking aloud’ method was utilised to gain a deeper insight into the driver’s cognitive process. Based on the analysis of the objective data a parametric description of the lane change profile has been established. They can be used to generate automated lane change trajectories based on parameters from real data. For the evaluation of such automated lane change profiles, the implementation of driving studies in a highdynamic driving simulator is useful and has been initially tested in an expert pilot study

Electric Vehicle and Charging Strategies for Upcoming Demand

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:42:15 +0100

3rd International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies, ISMSIT 2019 -- 11 October 2019 through 13 October 2019 -- -- 156063 Developing a strategy plan for electric vehicle and charging stations is required for the upcoming demand. Therefore, priorities, resources, needs should be ensured before these new technology comes to life. In the present study, corresponding key components of the electric vehicle and charging strategies are taken into account. In addition, fundamental terms are explained to understand the electric vehicle and necessary charging stations infrastructures. © 2019 IEEE.

Critical Moment for Taxi Sector: What Should Be Done by Traditional Taxi Sector After the TNC Disruption?

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:41:37 +0100

4th Conference on Sustainable Urban Mobility, CSUM 2018 -- 24 May 2018 through 25 May 2018 -- -- 222029 The biggest change in urban mobility during recent years is introduction of TNCs (Transport Network Companies) like Uber and of course the most important impact of TNC disruption happened on traditional taxi services. It is a hot topic of discussion in many countries that how the current taxi industry should respond to TNC disruption. This paper will present the current situation regarding impact of TNCs on Taxis with examples from various countries. Reaction of traditional taxi sector will be analyzed and categorized within this paper as well. Main aim is to help better understanding of different reactions, their categorization and as well potential outcomes for traditional taxi sector to be sustainable in competitive business environment and take role as part of sustainable urban mobility puzzle. There are variety of responses already given by traditional taxi industry to the TNC disruption including ‘Ignoring’, ‘Resisting’ ‘Competition’ and ‘Collaborate’ with the new actors. Different options will be evaluated and discussed in this paper and recommendations will be presented to Traditional Taxi Sector. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.

A Neural Network to Identify Driving Habits and Compute Car-Sharing Users’ Reputation

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:39:06 +0100

main question in urban environments is the continuous growth of private mobility with its negative effects such as traffic congestion and pollution. To mitigate them, it is important to promote different forms of mobility among the citizens. Car-sharing systems give users the same flexibility and comfort of private cars but at smaller costs. For this reason, car-sharing has continuously increased its market share although rather slowly. To boost such growth, car-sharing systems needs to increase vehicle fleet, improve company profits and, at the same time, make it more affordable for consumers. In this paper the promotion of car-sharing by reputation is proposed. Neural networks have been used to identify drivers’ habits in using car-sharing vehicles. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach, some experiments based on real and simulated data were carried out with promising results.

Electric Commercial Vehicles (ECV): Final report

Scipedia content — Sun, 07 Feb 2021 13:39:03 +0100

Improving the predictability of take-off times with Machine Learning : a case study for the Maastricht upper area control centre area of responsibility

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 22:03:09 +0100

The uncertainty of the take-off time is a major contribution to the loss of trajectory predictability. At present, the Estimated Take-Off Time (ETOT) for each individual flight is extracted from the Enhanced Traffic Flow Management System (ETFMS) messages, which are sent each time there is an event triggering a recalculation of the flight data by the Network Man- ager Operations Centre. However, aircraft do not always take- off at the ETOTs reported by the ETFMS due to several factors, including congestion and bad weather conditions at the departure airport, reactionary delays and air traffic flow management slot improvements. This paper presents two machine learning models that take into account several of these factors to improve the take- off time prediction of individual flights one hour before their estimated off-block time. Predictions performed by the model trained on three years of historical flight and weather data show a reduction on the take-off time prediction error of about 30% as compared to the ETOTs reported by the ETFMS. Peer Reviewed

Design, analysis, and assessment of an inductive power transfer system for transportation applications

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 22:02:54 +0100

© 2018 IEEE. In this paper, the parallel-series compensation approach, based on LCL circuit, for Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) is designed, analyzed, and assessed with respect to the seriesseries compensation approach for transportation applications, shedding light typically on railway systems. Moreover, the design of the primary and secondary coils is addressed since it influences the performance and efficiency of the IPT system. A study considering two different coil shapes, namely DD and oblong, is conducted to select a proper design that would provide a good coupling between the system's coils. Theoretical analysis and system design are provided for an electric railway vehicle with a rated power of 75 kW and a DC input voltage of 750V. Experimental results for a scaled down prototype, at an airgap of 1cm, are Prasented to validate the proposed concept. An output power of 215W with an efficiency of 93% of the IPT system has been achieved experimentally.

Introducing ASIL inspired dynamic tactical safety decision framework for automated vehicles

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:59:51 +0100

Existing automotive Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA) process as discussed by the international standard ISO 26262 is static in nature. While the standard describes a systematic process to incorporate functional safety in the development process of Electrical & Electronic (E/E) systems, it fails to address the needs of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Automated Driving (AD) systems. In order to ensure the safety of ADAS and AD systems, it is important to incorporate the changing nature of interactions between the system and the environment, in the safety analysis process for ADAS and AD systems. In this paper, the authors argue the need for a dynamic approach for automotive safety analysis by adapting the tactical safety for ADAS and AD systems depending on the real-time operational capability and real-time ASIL (Automotive Safety Integrity Level) rating of a situation, and discuss a framework for this process. The novelty and therefore contribution of this paper lies in the proposed ASIL inspired dynamic tactical safety framework, which evaluates the severity, controllability and exposure ratings in real-time based on the real time values of the various vehicle and environment parameters. These ratings are used to assign a real-time ASIL value which is used to determine the tactical decisions in order to lower the ASIL value in real-time by altering the functional (operational) capability of the system. Furthermore, the framework is explained with the help of a case study based on a combined Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) system.

Terminal On Rail - Air Baggage drop off during train ride to the airport

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:58:42 +0100

Supported through the increasingly extended high-speed railway network in Europe, there are a wide range of"br" considerations for replacing intra-European air traffic to a large extent with the railway. In short-haul traffic, the"br" railway can thereby replace the whole of air traffic as well as play an essential role in feeder traffic on mediumand"br" long-haul flights. In order to create a corresponding demand, the railway must be highly attractive and"br" operate within the framework of an overall airport-feeder system. The following essay deals, from the point of"br" view of travellers, with the basics that should produce a corresponding attractiveness and thus acceptance.

Efficiency of multi-modal Hinterland Terminals

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:58:31 +0100

Economic growth and the related international trade trigger a steady increase of container flow on supply chains"br" between the economic areas. Hence, operating competitive supply chains demands for cost efficient and high"br" performing intermodal transport system. Hinterland terminals (HLT) are identified as key resources of intermodality."br" However, between the sea port and Hinterland, there is an emerging complex infrastructure coined by"br" heavily discontinuities and a broad range of services. This explorative, multi-case study investigates the"br" information flow within the socio-technical system of HLTs. The research shows, that the freight transport system"br" is a highly fragmented multi-actor network and the efficiency of HLTs are strongly depending on both the vertical"br" collaboration for preparatory information flow within the order and execution system, and the horizontal"br" collaboration for defining standards in services and procedures.

Determination of Potentials for Drivers and Passengers of Integrated Ridesharing Services in Rural Areas

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:58:19 +0100

In 2013, a service which combines ridesharing with public transportation was launched in three test regions in Northern Hesse (Germany) called “Mobilfalt”. Since the launch of the service, it was observable that many citizens are willing to use it as passengers while it was only possible to recruit a small number of drivers."br" This paper describes the development of a potential model based on a household survey which was conducted in the test regions. Since the survey is representative, the extrapolated data can be used to draw conclusions about the population of the test regions. The model can be used to determine the quantity and characterization of potential drivers as well as passengers. The potential intensity was determined based on four categories: dependency on public transportation, awareness of ”Mobilfalt”, experience of riding with somebody and giving somebody a ride as well as attitudes and personality features. With the objective of gaining more private drivers, the results of this potential model are used to develop “Mobilfalt” further.

MASAI: overcoming mobility barriers by providing tools and mechanisms to enable seamless travel intelligent digital concierges in everyone's pocket

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:57:54 +0100

The vision of MASAI is to satisfy the overall requirements for the seamless delivery of the services dreamed by"br" each mobile citizen: a tailor-made aggregation of features and services - a digital concierge in everyone’s pocket."br" MASAI, as an expansion of the Mobility as a Service (MaaS) concept, allows seamless solutions for:"br" • All stages of the travel process, including changes in travelers’ mobility patterns."br" • Long-distance travel as well as local travel including all related services (transportation, tourism,"br" accommodation, events, …)."br" • Customers travelling for business as well as for leisure purposes."br" The MASAI mission is sustained by a non-profit open ecosystem of users (the MASAI Mobility Community) as"br" a community openly delivering specifications, tools and know-how

Are roadwork zones safe?

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:57:42 +0100

Increasing heavy traffic volumes and ageing of road infrastructure cause road pavement degradation, which leads to the need for repaving or rehabilitation activities – roadwork. As cars are much more enhanced than previous decade, drivers accept roadwork zone as a common condition. Work zones present more complex driving environment in consequence of possible accidents. Accidents in roadwork zones are significant problem in all European countries while noncompliance with speed limits is one of the major safety concerns. The article gives an overview of the existing traffic safety situation in roadwork zones through the EU countries. Analysis of traffic speed of different layout work zones and accidents statistics on the Lithuanian national road network is presented. Based on research this research. The most effective traffic calming measures are highlighted.

Study on the Reasons for the Mistakes in Air Traffic Control in Civil Aviation and Its Management Countermeasures

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:56:24 +0100

Economic Feasibility of an Alternative Fuel for Sustainable Short Sea Shipping: Case of Cross-Taiwan Strait Transport

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:54:18 +0100

Highly automated driving bus in urban scenarios

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:52:47 +0100

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are becoming a widely popular technology for researchers and industry. Many European Projects are dealing with application on automated vehicles, for example on passenger transportation, supporting the deployment of different Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). In that sense, the present work aims to present a first approximation to the design and implementation of an automated electric bus for people transportation within the port of Malaga - Spain. The bus will be instrumented and equipped counting with a dual mode operation where the driver can select between different driving strategies: manual, semi-automated (feet-off or hand-off) or fully automated, being the driver only responsible to be aware of the situation and take control if needed. The scenario presents a challenging environment with pedestrians, vehicles, roundabouts and intersections. An implementation of a robust controller as well as a safety based decision system focused to user comfort and energy efficiency will be developed.

Exploring and Evaluating Users' Satisfaction and Perceptions at an Urban Transport Hub

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:52:23 +0100

The present paper explores the perceptions and the users’ level of satisfaction when using the New Railway Station"br" of Thessaloniki, Greece, in terms of services’ provision and station’s operation. Eight clusters of indicators were"br" tested, including: mobility provision, way-finding information, time and movement issues in the station,"br" accessibility, comfort, station image and attractiveness, safety and security, and handling of emergency situations."br" Data were collected through an internet-based questionnaire survey, where 244 travelers participated and stated"br" their perceptions and satisfaction related to the aforementioned clusters of indicators. In addition, a decision tree"br" approach was used to indicate the key performance indicators in users’ satisfaction formulation for the urban"br" transport interchange. Findings revealed the most significant parameters that need to be modified in order to"br" increase users’ satisfaction, which will gradually also increase the overall image and attractiveness of the station.

Modeling flight delay propagation in airport and airspace network

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:51:52 +0100

International audience; An Airport-Sector Network Delays model is developed in this paper for flight delay estimation within air transport network. This model takes both airports and airspace capacities into account by iterating among its three main components: a queuing engine, which treats each airport in the network as a queuing system and is used to compute delays at individual airport, a Link Transmission Model, which computes delays at individual sector and transmits all air delays into ground delays, and a delay propagation algorithm that updates flight itineraries and demand rates at each airport on the basis of the local delays computed by the queuing engine and flow control delays computed by the Link Transmission Model. The model has been implemented to a network consisting of the 21 busiest airports in China and 2962 links that represent to 151 enroute control sectors in mainland China, and its performance is evaluated by comparing with the actual delay data and results of Airport Network Delays model. It is found that the proposed model is well-suited for simulating delays in air transport system where either airports or airspace could be the bottleneck of the system.; 143575

Classification and Tracking of Dynamic Objects with Multiple Sensors for Autonomous Driving in Urban Environments

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:50:15 +0100

Future driver assistance systems are likely to use a multisensor approach with heterogeneous sensors for tracking dynamic objects around the vehicle. The quality and type of data available for a data fusion algorithm depends heavily on the sensors detecting an object. This article presents a general framework which allows the use sensor specific advantages while abstracting the specific details of a sensor. Different tracking models are used depending on the current set of sensors detecting the object. A sensor independent algorithm for classifying objects regarding their current and past movement state is presented. The described architecture and algorithms have been successfully implemented in Tartan racingpsilas autonomous vehicle for the urban grand challenge. Results are presented and discussed.

Qualification of satellite-based localization systems for railway safety-related applications

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:47:46 +0100

GNSS plays a promising role for providing continuous as well as safety- and liability-critical localization of trains in safe train control systems. Therefore, an evaluation of the GNSS measurement quality becomes necessary for the safety acceptance of the localization function and further for the localization system. Currently, the railway environment is challenging for GNSS receivers because of the signal propagation route along the transmission path, such as multiple obstacles along and above the railway track etc. Those environments require a detailed examination to define the necessary characteristics of a train-borne localization unit. For this purpose, a tool chain has been developed to model the environment in an efficient way on the basis of satellite imagery. The developed methodology allows a receiver-independent evaluation of the environment.

Assessing the cyber security of tunnel control centres

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:47:31 +0100

The paper presents the status quo of the cyber security of road tunnel control centres and a methodology how to assess the existing cyber security level. This methodology includes aspects on a threefold level: firstly technical aspects (e.g. technical equipment used in tunnels and control centres), secondly organizational aspects (e.g. access control to operation buildings or handling of remote maintenance of hardware and software) and thirdly personnel aspects (e.g. awareness with regard to so called social engineering and knowledge about first signs of cyber attacks). In order to achieve an improvement easily, a software application accompanied by a guideline for assessing and improving the existing cyber security level was developed. Related results were achieved in the framework of the research project “Cyber-Safe” which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The contributions of all members of the consortium are gratefully acknowledged.

Tank-to-wheel emissions from articulated steered wheel loaders

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:47:15 +0100

Performing a comprehensive emission accounting via monitoring equipment to survey the performance of machinery is often an intensive work and costly. This often requiring hours of measurements and a sufficient number of observations to obtain valid findings. The purpose of current work is to introduce a screening emission accounting as a way to have a quick overview of emissions associated with non-road mobile machinery by having a simplified assessment method. To meet this aim, this study uses documented data from performances of machinery and couples them with the recently published guidebook by the European Emission Agency. To map the results, operational performances of four wheel loaders operating in quarries to move stone materials are used, equipped with Stage IV engines and net power output in a range between 130 ≤ kW

Development of a Framework for Quantitative Evaluation of Alignment Related Risk on Transport Infrastructure Ireland's Road Network

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:46:49 +0100

Historically the methodology used to support road asset management in Ireland was analysis of collision data to highlight candidate locations for network improvements. Internationally, researchers have more recently looked at a correlation between collision rate and road design inconsistencies, which can be locations where drivers could be momentarily confused by unexpected changes in the road characteristics. As a result, there may be inconsistencies between the key variables of vehicle speed and available friction for the actual vs. the intended manoeuvre. Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) has initiated studies to develop a methodology for assessing these geometrically derived design inconsistencies on the road network. The major aim is to detect and evaluate locations on the network which exhibit such inconsistencies in a proactive method. The proposed technique relies on a risk-based approach, and is an evolution of research performed to date along with adoption of innovative technologies. The purpose is to generate a dimensionless multi-criteria model, which considers the main risk and geometric consistency criteria.

Lean & Green Analytics Study of GHG emissions analysis by net transport performance as an operational indicator

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:46:22 +0100

number of different methods and programs are used to calculate greenhouse gas emissions (expressed in kg CO₂e) resulting from transport, either as a total quantity or as emissions per kilometer traveled or per product kilometer (e.g. ton-kilometer). In many cases, total emissions can be estimated reasonably well, but the figure calculated has no operational meaning, i.e. it cannot be used to identify potential improvements or monitor operational performance. In 2014 a methodology was developed within the framework of the Lean & Green program to analyze data and relate the outcome to (potential benefits for) operational performance. Moreover, the market can use Lean & Green Analytics to provide their customers with good and comparable emissions data (which cannot be ‘misused’ as a justification for demanding lower prices). In the course of two years, the data sets made available were used to test whether the methodology works in the participating companies’ everyday practice. Empirical research regarding the usability and effects of Lean & Green Analytics stimulates standardization in greenhouse gas emissions calculation and provides companies with a practicable tool. This paper presents the initial results of that research.

Internet of Things at Sea: Using AIS and VHF over Satellite in Remote Areas

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:45:57 +0100

This paper describes how the Automatic Identification System - Application Specific Message (AIS/ASM) via Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites can be used to transmit small data between ship and shore to facilitate information visibility in future maritime transport systems. The focus is on ships without advanced satellite terminals in remote areas where terrestrial infrastructure is not available. Here, AIS is proposed as a low cost and general alternative to ordinary satellite communications. In this paper, we report on how reliable ASM is for data exchange, for instance for cargo-monitoring data. One problem is to determine when the LEO satellite is in a geographic position to receive messages from the ship. Another problem is that the AIS satellite can fail to register data, even when in the radio range of the ship, because the ship antenna is constructed for horizontal radiation and sends very little signal upwards, especially when the satellite is at its closest to the ship. The study uses AIS data from the Norwegian Coastal Administration to determine the probability that specific AIS transmitters are detected by the satellites.

A New Era of Fishing Vessel Safety Emerges

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:44:37 +0100

Commercial fishing is one of the least safe activities taking place within the EU and the worldwide community today. Several accidents and fatalities have been recorded over the past years stemming from various causes related to the operation, design of the vessels and severe weather conditions. This paper describes the background while attempting to elucidate and assess the impact of a new flooding containment system for new and existing fishing vessels, leading to high levels of survivability in the damaged condition. Highly expanded foam is injected in the most vulnerable compartments, rendering the whole ship a lifeboat. One case study is presented to provide the requisite evidence.

Document type: Conference object

Scalable Workflows for Remote Sensing Data Processing with the Deep-Est Modular Supercomputing Architecture

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:43:55 +0100

The implementation of efficient remote sensing workflows is essential to improve the access to and analysis of the vast amount of sensed data and to provide decision-makers with clear, timely, and useful information. The Dynamical Exascale Entry Platform (DEEP) is an European pre-exascale platform that incorporates heterogeneous High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems, i.e., hardware modules which include specialised accelerators. This paper demonstrates the potential of such diverse modules for the deployment of remote sensing data workflows that include diverse processing tasks. Particular focus is put on pipelines which can use the Network Attached Memory (NAM), which is a novel supercomputer module that allows near processing and/or fast shared storage of big remote sensing datasets.

Compliance with Monitoring Requests, Biomechanical Readiness, and Take-Over Performance

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:43:40 +0100

In the context of automated driving, a monitoring request (MR) is a means to prepare drivers for a take-over event. However, driver compliance may be an issue because not all MRs require a take-over. In this study, we investigated how drivers’ compliance with MRs was associated with previously experienced scenarios. The compliance level was measured based on drivers’ eye, hand, and foot preparatory behaviours retrieved from manual video observation. Although drivers showed good overall compliance by looking up to the road in response to MRs in all cases, hand and foot preparatory behaviour appeared to deteriorate after experiencing an MR without a critical event, and increased after a take-over event. Results further showed a positive association between preparatory behaviour and take-over performance.

Innovative baggage drop off for intermodal air-rail trips

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:43:16 +0100

Supported through the increasingly extended high-speed railway network in Europe, there are a wide range of considerations for replacing intra-European air traffic to a large extent with the railway. In short-haul traffic, the railway can thereby replace the whole of air traffic as well as play an essential role in feeder traffic on medium- and long-haul flights. In order to create a corresponding demand, the railway must be highly attractive and operate within the framework of an overall airport-feeder system. The following essay deals, from the point of view of travellers, with the basics that should produce a corresponding attractiveness and thus acceptance.

Analysis of oil a gas pipelines environmental accidents in China

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:43:00 +0100

Gas pipelines with a pressure of up to 1.2 MPa, made from reinforced polyethylene pipes, under conditions of cold climate and permafrost soils

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:42:06 +0100

Key Trends and Developments in the European Port Sector: Main Implications for the Port Labour Industry

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:40:13 +0100

The paper presents key trends and developments in the maritime and ports sector, with emphasis on the European ports sector. These trends are grouped around five main categories, i.e. market, business, technology, socio-economic evolution and environment related, based on a series of workshops and interviews with key industry experts. Their implications to the port labour industry are discussed. The aim is to provide a better and deeper understanding of the resulting changes in the nature of port work, thus fostering the identification of the main requirements for shaping future human resource demand profiles, skills and training needs, and to contribute towards a better trained EU port labour force and consequently to more competitive European ports.

ILCO – Integrated logistics network for Combined Transport (in Austria)

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:39:47 +0100

Combined Transport only partially meets today’s market requirements in Transport sector compared to road transport. A large number of involved players lead to a complicated cascade of information flows. Within Austrian borders the transport volume in unaccompanied Combined Transport (UCT) suffers of stagnation, however on high level compared to other European countries. Analyses show that up to 5.4 m t (long distance, CT-affine groups of goods) of 345 m t inland road transport volume in 2015 can be shifted to UCT. A geographical context based on O/D-matrices shows routes of high potential for UCT, i.e. between Vienna and Upper Austria. Finally a business model, supported by a software architecture for a routing service including pre- and post-carriage could help to lower the barriers for shippers to enter the Combined Transport market.

Regulation-Oriented Filtering in Web-Based Air Traffic Exploration

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:39:08 +0100

Airspace route planning relies on many regulations and individual factors that can be hard to understand for audiences without advanced domain knowledge. This aspect is problematic if regulations are discussed in complex debates about changing air traffic distributions, affecting the broad public in negative and positive ways. To increase accessibility and transparency, we propose a regulation-oriented scheme of trajectory filters that includes a fully automated detection component for regulation deviations. The scheme further includes filters by daytime, custom areas, MTOM, and is part of a client-independent web prototype. In this publication, we specify details on individual filters and their inter- play (1st contribution), while putting a particular emphasis on the deviation detector (2nd contribution).

Research and Innovation in Predictive Management for Bus Fleets: The Ravenna Case Study

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:38:54 +0100

The paper focuses on the methodology and the test process adopted in Ravenna and Forlì (Italy), within the"br" EBSF_2 research project, where a demonstrator to improve predictive management performance was tested. This"br" relied on a maintenance software to analyze data coming from sensors assessing the engine oil quality, therefore"br" detecting potential breakdowns and replacing spare parts in advance; the system also identifies which metals or"br" problems concurred to the oil poor quality. The test involves three urban diesel-fueled urban buses in Forlì and"br" three methane-fueled urban buses in the Ravenna, for a total of 27 lines and a maintenance staff of 20 units, over"br" an 12-month testing period. Since the initial results, the sensor-based system proved to be effective. Test results"br" are analyzed and operational and environmental benefits highlighted, with the research goal to advance scientific"br" knowledge in this field.

A critical analysis of consistency measures for self-explaining roads.

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:37:30 +0100

In recent years the way in which road safety is being analyzed is changing. It is intended to make designers and drivers share responsibility for it. Thus, self-explaining roads, where drivers are expected to be induced by the road itself and adopt behavior consistent with design and function, arise. Effective measures to adopt these design criteria would imply a reduction in the incidence risk resulting in safer roads. This paper focuses on consistency measures used to evaluate the consistency between the design and the specified speed of different roads. The disadvantages presented by some of the existing measures are analyzed, in particular, a dimensional analysis of the formulas used is performed. The properties that they should have are discussed and new measures, based on a Bayesian network model for probabilistic road safety analysis that integrates different variables, such as the driver's attention and tiredness, speed, road geometry and traffic intensity are proposed. Finally, some examples of application are given to illustrate the proposals.

Substitution effect of high speed rail for air transport in case of continuous flight cancellations

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:35:19 +0100

around 0:40 p.m. on May 27, 2016, an engine fire accident occurred at the c-runway of Tokyo International Airport. Under the influence of this accident, 362 domestic flights going to arrive and depart in Tokyo International Airport were canceled, and totally 422 flights were affected. Moreover, it was reported that more than 70,000 air passengers were affected by the accident. The affected travelers were compelled to decide their subsequent correspondence. Someone canceled their trip instantly, someone kept waiting for resumption of flight operation, and someone changed transportation mode such as high speed rail to move to their destination. Actually, there are no research investigating the travel behavior just after the continuing flight cancelation. Therefore, this study analyzing the behavior of travelers encountering the flight cancelation. There are no data for analyzing this aspect. Thus, an internet survey was conducted. The respondents were limited to the affected travelers by this engine fire accident. More than 400 respondents can answer the questionnaires. In this study, the subsequent correspondence of the affected travelers was analyzed from the two aspects. One is willingness to continue their scheduled trip and the other is success or failure of trial to move to the scheduled destination on that day. The factors influencing the willingness was identified through the estimation of the discrete choice model and the factors influencing the result of the trial was also identified through the estimation of discrete choice model.

Developing the African Road Safety Observatory

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:33:19 +0100

The paper presents the development of the web portal "African Road Safety Observatory (ARSO)" within the"br" research project "SaferAfrica - Innovating dialogue and problems appraisal for a safer Africa" aiming to support"br" policy makers and stakeholders with evidence on critical risk factors, related actions and good practices drawn"br" from high quality data and knowledge. The project is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and"br" innovation programme. The African Road Safety Observatory is structured using the relevant European Road"br" Safety Observatory as reference, and adjusting it to the specific needs of African stakeholders, the particularities"br" of road safety problems and the availability and quality of data in African countries. Moreover, additional"br" crowdsourcing functions are foreseen in order to deliver a “participative” environment between experts and end"br" users. ARSO is designed based on the certain core sections, namely; Statistics, Road Safety Management, Good"br" Practices, Capacity Building and Dialogue Platform. A brief description of each section is provided and the"br" required inputs and outputs are outlined and discussed.

Collecting end-users needs regarding driver state-based automation in the ADAS&ME project

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:32:04 +0100

The EU funded project ADAS&ME (Adaptive ADAS to support incapacitated drivers & Mitigate Effectively risks through tailor made HMI under automation) develops adapted Advanced Driver Assistance Systems. A web based survey was designed to collect the opinion of ADAS&ME end-users about automated functions that could support the driver/rider during different driving tasks. In total, 1094 persons answered the survey. The results reveal that most of the participants had heard of automated functions previously, and that about half of them also had experience using such functions. Several participants indicated concerns about data security. Furthermore, the results give an insight into how end-users perceive automation and what they see as advantages and limitations for implementation of automated driving systems corresponding to the ADAS&MEs’ goals.

SDN based Network Function Parallelism in Cloud

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:31:21 +0100

Network function virtualization (NFV) based service function chaining (SFC) allows the provisioning of various security and traffic engineering applications in a cloud network. Inefficient deployment of network functions can lead to security violations and performance overhead. In an OpenFlow enabled cloud, the key problem with current mechanisms is that several packet field match and flow rule action sets associated with the network functions are non-overlapping and can be parallelized for performance enhancement. We introduce Network Function Parallelism (NFP) SFC-NFP for OpenFlow network. Our solution utilizes network function parallelism over the OpenFlow rules to improve SFC performance in the cloud network. We have utilized the DPDK platform with an OpenFlow switch (OVS) for experimental analysis. Our solution achieves a 1.40-1.90x reduction in latency for SFC in an OpenStack cloud network managed by the SDN framework.

Comment: 5 page

SMART concept of an integrated multi-sensory on-board system for obstacle recognition

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:31:06 +0100

In this paper, a conceptual solution and preliminary results regarding the integrated multi-sensory on-board obstacle detection (OD) system are presented. The presented system is under development within the project “SMART-SMart Automation of Rail Transport”, which is funded under the H2020-Shift2Rail-RIA funding scheme. The proposed SMART conceptual solution will provide prototype hardware and software algorithms for OD. The system will combine different vision technologies: thermal camera, night vision sensor (camera augmented with image intensifier), multi stereo-vision system and laser scanner in order to create a sensor fusion system for mid (up to 200 m) and long range (up to 1000 m) obstacle detection, which is independent of light and weather conditions. The overall requirements for the integrated multi-sensory object recognition system are described, and preliminary results of processing of individual sensor data are given.

Scaling Constraints for Urban Air Mobility Operations: Air Traffic Control, Ground Infrastructure, and Noise

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:30:37 +0100

The scalability of the current air traffic control system, the availability of aviation ground infrastructure, and the acceptability of aircraft noise to local communities have been identified as three key operational constraints that may limit the implementation or growth of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) systems. This paper identifies the primary mechanisms through which each constraint emerges to limit the number of UAM operations in an area (i.e. the scale of the service). Technical, ecosystem, or operational factors that influence each of the mechanisms are also identified. Interdependencies between the constraints are shown. Potential approaches to reduce constraint severity through adjustments to the mechanisms are introduced. Finally, an effort is made to characterize the severity of each operational constraint as a function of the density of UAM operations in a region of interest. To this end, a measure of severity is proposed for each constraint. This measure is used to notionally display how the severity of the constraint responds to UAM scaling, and to identify scenarios where efforts to relieve the constraint are most effective. The overall purpose of this paper is to provide an abstraction of the workings of the key UAM operational constraints so that researchers, developers, and practitioners may guide their efforts to mitigation pathways that are most likely to increase achievable UAM system scale.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Contract NNL13AA08B)

Document type: Conference object

Digital changes in travel and transportation systems and services. Using the SVIDT method to assess digital opportunities and threats.

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:30:23 +0100

Which digital changes in travel and transportation do service providers have to consider in shaping their future"br" offering portfolio? This contribution aims to answer this research question by assessing the digital changes that"br" travel and transportation service providers in Austria must consider in shaping their future offering portfolio. This"br" investigation will be carried out using the SVIDT method (Scholz, 2017) - a “Strengths, Vulnerability, and"br" Intervention Assessment related to Digital Threats”."br" The investigation analyses the Austrian railway market. The focus lies on potential future services for rail travelers"br" and how service providers should shape their own offerings to support railway companies in their digital journey."br" Concerning the potential future services, the investigation starts with a very high-level perspective and focuses on"br" end-to-end travel services going forward."br" An impact factor based system model (Scholz & Tietje, 2002) on the example of the main actor in the Austrian"br" railway market will be constructed, modeling the relationship between service providers, the railway companies"br" and their environment. Then it will be shown how a multilevel system-actor analysis can be performed, looking at"br" the various levels of the system from individual level e.g. the individual traveler to the society level e.g. the"br" Austrian Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology."br" Further digital changes that are highly relevant to affect the railway market are identified, described and their"br" impact on the constructed system model is assessed. Analyzed changes in this contribution range from fast reliable"br" wireless network infrastructure, mobile and digital workplace services, etc. to automatic train operation. A"br" formative scenario analysis applying a consistency assessment is being conducted, leading to a set of logically"br" consistent digital threat change scenarios. By using a vulnerability assessment, the logically consistent digital"br" threat change scenarios are prioritized. This process is described based on the example of one scenario."br" Finally, the paper will discuss the results from this analysis of digital changes in travel and transportation. Arising"br" suggestions on how the SVIDT method can be used to analyze digital changes in the travel and transportation"br" ecosystem, will be given for further research.

Experience-driven Networking: A Deep Reinforcement Learning based Approach

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:30:08 +0100

Modern communication networks have become very complicated and highly dynamic, which makes them hard to model, predict and control. In this paper, we develop a novel experience-driven approach that can learn to well control a communication network from its own experience rather than an accurate mathematical model, just as a human learns a new skill (such as driving, swimming, etc). Specifically, we, for the first time, propose to leverage emerging Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) for enabling model-free control in communication networks; and present a novel and highly effective DRL-based control framework, DRL-TE, for a fundamental networking problem: Traffic Engineering (TE). The proposed framework maximizes a widely-used utility function by jointly learning network environment and its dynamics, and making decisions under the guidance of powerful Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). We propose two new techniques, TE-aware exploration and actor-critic-based prioritized experience replay, to optimize the general DRL framework particularly for TE. To validate and evaluate the proposed framework, we implemented it in ns-3, and tested it comprehensively with both representative and randomly generated network topologies. Extensive packet-level simulation results show that 1) compared to several widely-used baseline methods, DRL-TE significantly reduces end-to-end delay and consistently improves the network utility, while offering better or comparable throughput; 2) DRL-TE is robust to network changes; and 3) DRL-TE consistently outperforms a state-ofthe-art DRL method (for continuous control), Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG), which, however, does not offer satisfying performance.

Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures, paper is accepted as a conference paper at IEEE Infocom 2018

Comparative Analysis of Cold Central-Plant Recycled and Unbound Base Course Bearing Capacity

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:28:51 +0100

Distresses in the pavement structure gradually develop, at a rate that is directly related to bearing capacity. Any"br" reduction in bearing capacity leads to faster pavement deterioration. To retain the same bearing capacity of whole"br" pavement structure during the year is an issue, the main reason being water accumulation in subgrade and base"br" courses, especially in spring as ice lenses melt. This paper focuses on the bearing capacity of pavement structures"br" with bound and unbound base courses in different seasons. Both pavements were affected by the same climatic"br" conditions. Bound base courses were constructed of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) blended with virgin"br" aggregate and treated with 3.1% of foamed bitumen and 2.3% of cement. Cold recycled asphalt mixture was"br" produced in a central plant. Bearing capacity of the whole pavement structure was evaluated by surface modulus,"br" which was calculated on the basis of falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data. A comparative analysis of cold"br" central plant recycled (CCPR) and unbound base course was performed considering pavement structure, side of"br" the road and season.

Design Considerations for a Variable Autonomy Exeuctive for UAS in the NAS

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:28:35 +0100

Transitioning towards a Coordinated Automated Road Transport (C-ART) system

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:25:18 +0100

Connectivity, coupled with vehicle automation, will disrupt the transport system as we know it today. In"br" parallel, new mobility trends are increasingly emerging, such as Mobility as a Service (MaaS) and shared mobility"br" models. The socio-economic and environmental impacts from these different (but entangled) trends could be"br" overwhelmingly positive (e.g. reducing accidents, congestion, emissions). However, if the transition from the"br" current status to the future mobility system is not done in a thoughtful way, it could lead to negative outcomes."br" This paper analyses future scenarios in consideration of these trends and discusses requirements for the future road"br" transport system management, proposing the novel Coordinated Automated Road Transport (C-ART) concept for"br" traffic flow and system management in highly automated and connected traffic. In future scenarios (especially in"br" the event of substantial increases in travel demand), traffic management would need to play a decisive role in"br" enabling a safe and efficient mobility, with increased control possibilities offered by a C-ART system.

Assessment of real world CO2 emissions from passenger cars using simulation models and PEMS data

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:23:16 +0100

The European vehicle type approval procedure for CO2 emissions and fuel consumption is based on controlled laboratory conditions. In this paper, the possibility to evaluate real-world CO2 emissions with generic vehicle simulation models developed on the basis of measurements with Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) is investigated. For this purpose, the CO2 emissions and fuel consumption for real-world driving profiles are simulated with validated vehicle models using OEM specifications and the results are compared against experimental data. The same procedure is repeated for newly developed vehicle models using generic data, such as the engine map and the powertrain losses. A comparison between the simulated CO2 emissions of the above mentioned vehicle model types and the measurements is conducted. Parameters that needed further calibration were highlighted and addressed. The error of total simulated CO2 emissions was lower than ±3% for all models and the error of the instantaneous cumulative fuel consumption remained within ±5% over the entire test.

The impact of self-driving cars on existing transportation networks

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:22:22 +0100

In this paper, considering the usage of self-driving, I research the congestion problems of traffic networks from both macro and micro levels. Firstly, the macroscopic mathematical model is established using the Greenshields function, analytic hierarchy process and Monte Carlo simulation, where the congestion level is divided into five levels according to the average vehicle speed. The roads with an obvious congestion situation is investigated mainly and the traffic flow and topology of the roads are analyzed firstly. By processing the data, I propose a traffic congestion model. In the model, I assume that half of the non-self-driving cars only take the shortest route and the other half can choose the path randomly. While self-driving cars can obtain vehicle density data of each road and choose the path more reasonable. When the path traffic density exceeds specific value, it cannot be selected. To overcome the dimensional differences of data, I rate the paths by BORDA sorting. The Monte Carlo simulation of Cellular Automaton is used to obtain the negative feedback information of the density of the traffic network, where the vehicles are added into the road network one by one. I then analyze the influence of negative feedback information on path selection of intelligent cars. The conclusion is that the increase of the proportion of intelligent vehicles will make the road load more balanced, and the self-driving cars can avoid the peak and reduce the degree of road congestion. Combined with other models, the optimal self-driving ratio is about sixty-two percent. From the microscopic aspect, by using the single-lane traffic NS rule, another model is established to analyze the road Partition scheme. The self-driving traffic is more intelligent, and their cooperation can reduce the random deceleration probability. By the model, I get the different self-driving ratio of space-time distribution. I also simulate the case of making a lane separately for self-driving, compared to the former model. It is concluded that a single lane is more efficient in a certain interval. However, it is not recommended to offer a lane separately. However, the self-driving also faces the problem of hacker attacks and greater damage after fault. So, when self-driving ratio is higher than a certain value, the increase of traffic flow rate is small. In this article, that value is discussed, and the optimal proportion is determined. Finally, I give a nontechnical explanation of the problem.In this paper, considering the usage of self-driving, I research the congestion problems of traffic networks from both macro and micro levels. Firstly, the macroscopic mathematical model is established using the Greenshields function, analytic hierarchy process and Monte Carlo simulation, where the congestion level is divided into five levels according to the average vehicle speed. The roads with an obvious congestion situation is investigated mainly and the traffic flow and topology of the roads are analyzed firstly. By processing the data, I propose a traffic congestion model. In the model, I assume that half of the non-self-driving cars only take the shortest route and the other half can choose the path randomly. While self-driving cars can obtain vehicle density data of each road and choose the path more reasonable. When the path traffic density exceeds specific value, it cannot be selected. To overcome the dimensional differences of data, I rate the paths by BORDA sorting. The Monte Carlo simulation ...

HOLISTIC Ship Design for Future Waterborne Transport

Scipedia content — Wed, 03 Feb 2021 21:18:48 +0100

The H2020 European Research project – HOLISHIP – Holistic Optimisation of Ship Design and Operation for Life Cycle (2016-2020) sets out to substantially advance ship design to achieve much improved vessel concepts for the 21st century. This innovative design approach, which is implemented into an integrated design software platform, considers all relevant ship design aspects, namely energy efficiency, safety, environmental compatibility, production and life-cycle cost. In the present paper we demonstrate parts of the HOLISHIP approach by the optimisation of a RoPAX ship using concurrent hydrodynamic and machinery simulation software tools to improve the design and operational behaviour of the vessel. This exercise is conducted by different partners in different sites on a common data set for the study vessel. The conducted multi-objective optimisation for improved efficiency and safety uses parametric models for ship’s hull form and internal arrangements, and demonstrates the functionality of the adopted approach in a complex design problem.