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	<title><![CDATA[Scipedia: Documents published in 2018]]></title>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/sitemaps/year/2018?offset=2900</link>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Folch_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 23 Feb 2018 12:53:02 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Folch_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Balanços i patrimonialització ambiental: per un model econòmic postindustrial]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>No hi ha cap problema ambiental. Els mecanismes biol&ograve;gics funcionen, les lleis de l&rsquo;ecologia es compleixen, l&rsquo;ambient (clima incl&ograve;s) varia com sempre ha fet. El problema &eacute;s el desacoblament entre el moment ambiental i la forma de concebre i desenvolupar l&rsquo;activitat extractiva, productiva i consumptiva. &Eacute;s un problema de model econ&ograve;mic; l&rsquo;actual &eacute;s ambientalment insostenible. En efecte, basem la nostra macroestrat&egrave;gia econ&ograve;mica en l&rsquo;ampliaci&oacute; constant de capital, cosa que ens porta a la demanda il&middot;limitada i creixent de recursos. Altrament, substitu&iuml;m les amortitzacions ambientals amb una estrat&egrave;gia d&rsquo;externalitzaci&oacute; constant de disfuncions. El model econ&ograve;mic respon a un paradigma obsolet en haver-se magnificat els par&agrave;metres que eren irrellevants en la matriu conceptual del passat. La identificaci&oacute;, valoraci&oacute; i incorporaci&oacute; en els balan&ccedil;os dels actius ambientals i la reinternalitzaci&oacute; de costos inherent a la idea de l&rsquo;economia circular, inclosos els serveis ambientals, podria ser un cam&iacute;. No &eacute;s tasca d&rsquo;ec&ograve;legs, com jo mateix, sin&oacute; d&rsquo;economistes ambientalment informats, com la majoria del plausibles lectors d&rsquo;aquestes consideracions: han de ser enteses com una estimulant provocaci&oacute; benigna, m&eacute;s que res.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Daniel Quer</dc:creator>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Arimany-Serrat_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 23 Feb 2018 03:24:03 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Arimany-Serrat_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Situació econòmica financera de les empreses d’Osona]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Actualment estem en un per&iacute;ode de grans canvis a les empreses, per la irrupci&oacute; tecnol&oacute;gica i la necess&agrave;ria innovaci&oacute; que afecta a diferents sectors d&rsquo;activitat, i les empreses d&rsquo;Osona no en queden excloses; aquest estudi presenta la salut ec&ograve;mica i financera de les empreses d&rsquo;Osona, segons la diferent tipolog&iacute;a d&rsquo;empreses de la comarca, com a indicador fonamental de la supervivencia i competitivitat empresarial del territori en el per&iacute;ode de crisis sist&egrave;mica 2008-2015.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Núria Arimany-Serrat</dc:creator>
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<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/CECOT_COSSIO_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 22 Feb 2018 17:53:02 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/CECOT_COSSIO_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Un nou paradigma de formació professional i professionalitzadora]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Des del punt de vista de l&#39;acompliment professional, vivim inequ&iacute;vocament en la societat de l&#39;aprenentatge. Les previsions publicades per la UE en la seva Estrat&egrave;gia 2020 indiquen que el 40% de les noves ocupacions tindran en el futur una gran exig&egrave;ncia de coneixement espec&iacute;fic i d&#39;autonomia professional i que la majoria dels oficis existents en l&#39;actualitat hauran d&#39;adaptar-se a transformacions que requeriran una permanent adequaci&oacute; de les persones ocupades en ells.</p><p>En aquest context, la formaci&oacute; de les persones es converteix en una necessitat perempt&ograve;ria per a elles mateixes, per a les empreses i per a la societat en el seu conjunt. Per tant, el sistema de formaci&oacute; professional (d&#39;ara endavant, FP) &eacute;s un element essencial per articular l&#39;adaptaci&oacute; en el model productiu, en la doble perspectiva de la competitivitat empresarial i de la millora quantitativa i qualitativa de l&#39;ocupaci&oacute;.</p><p>El World Economic Forum (WEF) elabora anualment un &Iacute;ndex de Capital Hum&agrave; basat en la mescla de r&agrave;tios de sistema educatiu-formatiu al costat dels del mercat laboral per esbrinar el grau d&#39;aprofitament del capital hum&agrave; i de preparaci&oacute; de la for&ccedil;a laboral d&#39;un pa&iacute;s per enfrontar-se als reptes econ&ograve;mics. En el seu informe de 2016 Espanya passa del lloc 41&ordm; al 45&ordm; i se situa per darrere de pa&iuml;sos com Kazakhstan, Portugal, Romania o Gr&egrave;cia, i en el pen&uacute;ltim lloc dels membres de la Uni&oacute; Europea. La persistent taxa de desocupaci&oacute;, especialment el juvenil i la constataci&oacute; que gaireb&eacute; la meitat de la poblaci&oacute; activa espanyola manca de qualificaci&oacute; b&agrave;sica que reflecteix la EPA posen tamb&eacute; de manifest que el nostre sistema de FP no compleix adequadament la seva comesa.</p><p>En aquest sentit, els mediocres resultats de l&#39;ocupaci&oacute; i la feblesa de qualificaci&oacute; global de la poblaci&oacute; activa s&oacute;n simples indicadors de defectes conceptuals i estructurals en el nostre sistema educatiu-formatiu. Sigui el que sigui l&#39;&agrave;mbit competencial o territorial, segueix predominant una visi&oacute; escolar o educativa de la FP, m&eacute;s preocupada per la regulaci&oacute; de la formaci&oacute; com una fi en si mateixa que per la seva relaci&oacute; simbi&ograve;tica amb la producci&oacute; i l&#39;ocupaci&oacute;. Com a conseq&uuml;&egrave;ncia, &eacute;s testimonial el paper assignat a les empreses i les seves necessitats enfront de la preponder&agrave;ncia dels centres o de les entitats de formaci&oacute;. Segueix imposant-se una visi&oacute; burocr&agrave;tica i administrativa de la FP sobre la flexibilitat que precisa la compatibilitzaci&oacute; de la formaci&oacute; i el treball.</p><p>Precisament per aix&ograve;, sorpr&egrave;n l&#39;esc&agrave;s debat social, econ&ograve;mic o pol&iacute;tic sobre els grans objectius de qualificaci&oacute; de la poblaci&oacute; activa del pa&iacute;s. Sobretot en comparaci&oacute; d&#39;altres assumptes d&#39;actualitat econ&ograve;mica que, sent rellevants, afecten a la competitivitat i a l&#39;ocupaci&oacute; en molt menys que un sistema de FP veritablement eficient. L&#39;abs&egrave;ncia d&#39;objectius estrat&egrave;gics de la qualificaci&oacute; professional fa que tampoc es q&uuml;estioni el finan&ccedil;ament necessari per aconseguir-los, ni els aspectes essencials per a la seva consecuci&oacute;, com el paper de les empreses en els processos d&#39;aprenentatge o en l&#39;avaluaci&oacute;, reconeixement i acreditaci&oacute; de la compet&egrave;ncia adquirida a trav&eacute;s de l&#39;experi&egrave;ncia laboral, o la relaci&oacute; del nostre sistema de FP amb l&#39;espai europeu d&#39;educaci&oacute; superior i, per tant, amb l&#39;&agrave;mbit universitari. De fet, malgrat l&#39;evid&egrave;ncia de la dificultat de l&#39;acc&eacute;s a la primera ocupaci&oacute;, del d&egrave;ficit de qualificaci&oacute; i de la seva correlaci&oacute; amb la desocupaci&oacute; massiva i estructural, fa m&eacute;s d&#39;una d&egrave;cada, des de l&#39;aprovaci&oacute; de la Llei Org&agrave;nica 5/2002, que no s&#39;explicita la necessitat d&#39;integrar el sistema de FP per articular-ho coherentment amb l&#39;organitzaci&oacute; del mercat de treball i les necessitats del sistema productiu. I han transcorregut gaireb&eacute; dues d&egrave;cades, des del 2&ordm; Programa nacional de FP, sense que es formulin objectius estrat&egrave;gics comuns i concertats per al conjunt de la FP.</p><p>A difer&egrave;ncia d&#39;altres pa&iuml;sos europeus que han reaccionat amb una profunda reflexi&oacute; sobre la idone&iuml;tat del sistema educatiu-formatiu, la reforma de la FP amb prou feines apareix al debat pol&iacute;tic en relaci&oacute; amb la superaci&oacute; de la crisi econ&ograve;mica, la reforma del mercat laboral o els canvis necessaris en el sistema productiu. Tampoc ha estat una q&uuml;esti&oacute; principal en la negociaci&oacute; col&middot;lectiva, encara que el recent III Acord Nacional sobre Negociaci&oacute; Col&middot;lectiva publicat el 20 de juny de 2015 contempla algunes refer&egrave;ncies noves. Per comprendre millor aquesta abs&egrave;ncia de debat de fons sobre la formaci&oacute;, cal comparar-ho amb el proc&eacute;s de debat pol&iacute;tic-social i amb el contingut de la recent reforma francesa en la Llei sobre la formaci&oacute; professional, ocupaci&oacute; i democr&agrave;cia social (llei n&deg; 2014-288 de 5 de Mar&ccedil;, publicada en el JO de 6 febrer 2014). Aquesta reforma aclareix les expectatives dels destinataris i articula els resultats esperats del sistema de FP en els seus elements essencials: la seva visi&oacute; integral en forma de sistema, el seu valor econ&ograve;mic, la seva vinculaci&oacute; amb l&#39;ocupaci&oacute;, especialment amb l&#39;acc&eacute;s inicial i les pol&iacute;tiques d&#39;activaci&oacute;, la seva relaci&oacute; amb el di&agrave;leg social refor&ccedil;at sobre formaci&oacute; i compet&egrave;ncies professionals, la seva concreci&oacute; en instruments i procediments necessaris com el compte personal de formaci&oacute;, la convalidaci&oacute; dels coneixements adquirits per l&#39;experi&egrave;ncia professional, la preparaci&oacute; operativa a l&#39;ocupaci&oacute; individual i col&middot;lectiva, la formaci&oacute; dirigida a col&middot;lectius concrets de treballadors i la relaci&oacute; amb contractes formatius mitjan&ccedil;ant un enfocament dual, ja sigui a trav&eacute;s d&#39;un contracte &uacute;nic d&#39;inserci&oacute;, amb depend&egrave;ncia d&#39;estructures d&#39;inserci&oacute; o amb contracte d&#39;aprenentatge. Coherentment, la nova llei francesa reforma la taxa d&#39;aprenentatge i el model de finan&ccedil;ament i de responsabilitat de tots els organismes finan&ccedil;adors de la FP en funci&oacute; de les formacions que financen.</p><p>La transcend&egrave;ncia del sistema de FP requereix una reflexi&oacute; profunda, un consens ampli, una s&ograve;lida perspectiva estrat&egrave;gica, com a premisses de la seva reforma. Requereix tamb&eacute; que es concerti amb els representants empresarials i sindicals, ja que el centre d&#39;una veritable reforma de la FP hauria de ser la seva relaci&oacute; amb l&#39;ocupaci&oacute;, essencialment a trav&eacute;s de f&oacute;rmules contractuals espec&iacute;fiques que generalitzin l&#39;aprenentatge dual, de l&#39;acreditaci&oacute; de la compet&egrave;ncia a trav&eacute;s de l&#39;experi&egrave;ncia laboral i de la seva coher&egrave;ncia amb l&#39;organitzaci&oacute; del treball i la negociaci&oacute; col&middot;lectiva. Aquest canvi d&#39;enfocament hauria de permetre una major inversi&oacute; en formaci&oacute; per part de les empreses i dels mateixos treballadors, avan&ccedil;ant cap a f&oacute;rmules de cooperaci&oacute; p&uacute;blic-privades, cap a la distribuci&oacute; de la responsabilitat de finan&ccedil;ament en ra&oacute; del tipus de formaci&oacute; que es realitzi i de qui capitalitza els seus resultats. La conjuntura d&#39;un creixement econ&ograve;mic previsible en els propers anys &eacute;s una nova oportunitat per a aix&ograve;. Des d&#39;aquesta perspectiva, l&#39;objecte d&#39;aquest document &eacute;s formular una reflexi&oacute; sobre l&#39;evoluci&oacute; desitjable del sistema de FP perqu&egrave; pugui complir les seves finalitats: contribuir a la competitivitat del nostre sistema productiu i als objectius quantitatius i qualitatius de l&#39;ocupaci&oacute; de la poblaci&oacute; activa.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>EULALIA MARTINEZ PUIG</dc:creator>
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<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Troiano_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 22 Feb 2018 10:37:36 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Troiano_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Podem dir que la universitat promou l’equitat?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>En aquest treball s&rsquo;utilitza l&rsquo;enquesta del 2017 sobre inserci&oacute; dels graduats universitaris que fa l&rsquo;AQU peri&ograve;dicament amb la intenci&oacute; d&rsquo;actualitzar algunes an&agrave;lisis realitzades per a edicions anteriors de l&rsquo;enquesta. Primer s&rsquo;explora comparativament l&rsquo;evoluci&oacute; de la inserci&oacute; dels graduats en les diferents edicions de l&rsquo;enquesta, que es corresponen amb contextos molt diferents. La conclusi&oacute; &eacute;s que es nota una certa recuperaci&oacute; de la inserci&oacute; en conson&agrave;ncia amb la millora del mercat laboral, per&ograve; que els indicadors no assoleixen els nivells pre-crisi. I en segon lloc, s&rsquo;estudia en relaci&oacute; a l&rsquo;enquesta del 2014 els canvis en les desigualtats per origen social.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Helena Troiano</dc:creator>
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	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Tarrats-Pons_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 22 Feb 2018 09:26:35 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Tarrats-Pons_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[¿Analfabetos financieros en la educación obligatoria?]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>En nuestros tiempos los cambios econ&oacute;micos globales han tenido un fuerte impacto en la construcci&oacute;n de los modelos del siglo XXI. Asimismo, el ejercicio responsable del consumo precisa desarrollar competencias para un uso racional de los recursos econ&oacute;micos. La alfabetizaci&oacute;n financiera en este sentido, es clave para dotar a la ciudadan&iacute;a de las adecuadas competencias para poder gestionar las finanzas individuales y colectivas a fin de conseguir indicadores financieros equilibrados, huyendo de endeudamientos excesivos o sencillamente de la exclusi&oacute;n financiera. De esta manera garantizamos que, la ciudadan&iacute;a pueda evaluar con mayor efectividad las ganancias o p&eacute;rdidas potenciales de una determinada operaci&oacute;n financiera y contribuir al ejercicio de una ciudadan&iacute;a responsable. Analizamos a continuaci&oacute;n si desde la educaci&oacute;n obligatoria se puede o debe facilitar el proceso de alfabetizaci&oacute;n econ&oacute;mica y financiera que proporcione las herramientas b&aacute;sicas al futuro ciudadano para entender el mundo econ&oacute;mico en el que se est&aacute; inmerso.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Elisenda Tarrats-Pons</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/PERE_GARCIA_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 21 Feb 2018 11:29:18 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/PERE_GARCIA_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[La formación por alternancia-dual. Interacciones empresa y centro deformación:acompañamiento y experiencia.]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Se propone exponer un sistema de formaci&oacute;n en alternancia dentro de la formaci&oacute;n profesional reglada y continua, teniendo en cuenta la experiencia actual en Catalunya e igualmente a nivel internacional, presentando los elementos que la formaci&oacute;n por alternancia a&ntilde;ade al sistema dual, actualmente de moda en nuestro pa&iacute;s.</p><p>Despu&eacute;s de una s&iacute;ntesis que permita conocer los fundamentos, medios, fines y difusi&oacute;n mundial del sistema pedag&oacute;gico de alternancia, se mostrar&aacute; la importancia de la formaci&oacute;n asociada: formaci&oacute;n general, t&eacute;cnica y general, de forma transdisciplinar.</p><p>Actualmente hay muchas instituciones educativas, sistemas pedag&oacute;gicos y leyes de educaci&oacute;n, que incorporan ciertos componentes de la alternancia en sus planteamientos de la formaci&oacute;n profesional formal, de la profesionalizaci&oacute;n de los trabajadores e incluso de la formaci&oacute;n universitaria. La validaci&oacute;n de lo adquirido por la experiencia (VAE) y la validaci&oacute;n de lo adquirido por la profesi&oacute;n (VAP), permiten que la formaci&oacute;n profesional no sea &ldquo;finalizadora&rdquo;, sino que sea un punto de partida en el proceso y carrera profesional de las personas.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>PUIG CALVO PERE</dc:creator>
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<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Ficapal_Mestres_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 21 Feb 2018 08:53:23 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Ficapal_Mestres_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Escollint el futur: reptes immediats de la Formació Professional]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;">El nostre iceberg es fon. El t&iacute;tol ve del llibre que public&agrave; el professor de Harvard John Kotter el 2006 com a seq&uuml;ela del seu exit&oacute;s &ldquo;Leading change de 1995, i que ha esdevingut el m&eacute;s influent marc te&ograve;ric per a la gesti&oacute; dels processos de canvi organitzatiu i sist&egrave;mic.</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;">El m&oacute;n del treball i la formaci&oacute; no han deixat de transformar-se, especialment en les &uacute;ltimes d&egrave;cades, i han mirat de respondre, d&rsquo;una o altra manera, als reptes i les necessitats del moment, per&ograve; ara les evid&egrave;ncies ens indiquen que assistirem a una etapa d&rsquo;acceleraci&oacute; del canvi.</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;">Quins seran els llocs de treball el 2030 a Catalunya i quines compet&egrave;ncies professionals seran les m&eacute;s demandades? Quina formaci&oacute; professional hem de planificar i per a quin escenari? Mirar cap al futur pot semblar tal vegada especulatiu, o fins i tot un exercici caprici&oacute;s, perqu&egrave; l&#39;experi&egrave;ncia ens diu que les prediccions sobre com ser&agrave; el m&oacute;n d&rsquo;aqu&iacute; a uns anys estan destinades a ser inexactes. </span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;">Aquest tipus d&#39;exercici mai ha estat tan rellevant com ara que tractem de donar sentit al futur en un paisatge de canvis r&agrave;pids i profunds. Per exemple, el potencial efecte pertorbador sobre l&#39;ocupaci&oacute; dels aven&ccedil;os en la rob&ograve;tica, la intel&middot;lig&egrave;ncia artificial, la impressi&oacute; 3-D, o les operacions log&iacute;stiques automatitzades, per posar alguns exemples, &eacute;s motiu de debat i reflexi&oacute;. La tecnologia ja est&agrave; transformant les nostres vides en formes que no podr&iacute;em haver somiat fa nom&eacute;s uns pocs anys, i aquestes mateixes tecnologies tamb&eacute; estan redibuixant els llocs i les formes de treball. </span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;">&Eacute;s en aquest context que la societat i, en particular, els individus i els ocupadors, com a part de les seves carreres i del desenvolupament empresarial, prendran decisions sobre la inversi&oacute; en compet&egrave;ncies. Decisions que s&oacute;n cr&iacute;tiques en la mesura que les compet&egrave;ncies professionals adquirides juguen un paper fonamental en la determinaci&oacute; de l&#39;ocupabilitat individual i de la productivitat i la competitivitat de les empreses.</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></span></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jordi Ficapal Mestres</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Farriols_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2018 23:58:02 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Farriols_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[La Col·laboració Públicoprivada en el seu context. Reflexió en clau de sistema econòmic i d’assignació de recursos]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Aquesta pon&egrave;ncia es proposa posar de manifest la relaci&oacute; entre la CPP i diferents components del context intel&middot;lectual, institucional i econ&ograve;mic en el que s&rsquo;ha desenvolupat. Argumenta la compatibilitat de la CPP amb quatre aspectes fonamentals d&rsquo;evoluci&oacute; del sistema segons la literatura seleccionada:</p><p>1 Solidaritat: La CPP permet ampliar l&rsquo;abast de l&rsquo;estat del benestar</p><p>2 Canvi cultural: Els canvis d&rsquo;actitud dels actors dels sectors p&uacute;blic i privat s&oacute;n un element d&rsquo;evoluci&oacute; del sistema coherent amb la CPP. La visi&oacute; d&rsquo;aquest aspecte parteix de l&rsquo;experi&egrave;ncia professional.</p><p>3 Innovaci&oacute;: La transfer&egrave;ncia de coneixement facilita la millora de la gesti&oacute;. Hom destaca que l&rsquo;&uacute;s de t&egrave;cniques com l&rsquo;an&agrave;lisi cost-benefici &eacute;s molt important per a l&rsquo;avaluaci&oacute; p&uacute;blica de projectes; tanmateix, d&rsquo;acord amb aportacions recents, no sembla suficient per a orientar la conveni&egrave;ncia de desenvolupar-los en col&middot;laboraci&oacute;. Aqu&iacute; &eacute;s on sorgeix el controvertit concepte de Valor per Diner i l&rsquo;an&agrave;lisi del que es coneix com les 4 &ldquo;E&rdquo;: Efic&agrave;cia, Efici&egrave;ncia, Efectivitat i Igualtat (Equality).</p><p>4 Cooperaci&oacute;</p><p>En la regulaci&oacute; de problemes col&middot;lectius i en la provisi&oacute; de bens p&uacute;blics s&rsquo;aconsella la coordinaci&oacute; i horitzontalitat. La governan&ccedil;a de la CPP encaixa en aquesta tend&egrave;ncia general.</p><p>La consolidaci&oacute; dels indicadors ex-ante representatius de la bondat de les propostes de CPP podrien repercutir favorablement en l&rsquo;assignaci&oacute; de recursos del sistema.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Xavier Farriols</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Farran_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 20 Feb 2018 14:32:02 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Farran_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Transició Energètica. L’energia del futur a l’agenda política del present]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>El M&oacute;n s&rsquo;enfronta a un canvi de paradigma on el sistema energ&egrave;tic centenari, centralitzat, f&ograve;ssil,&nbsp; nuclear i contaminant&nbsp; pot donar pas a un nou model distribu&iuml;t, digital, democr&agrave;tic i renovable. Som davant d&rsquo;una transici&oacute; energ&egrave;tica o a d&rsquo;una disrupci&oacute; tecnol&ograve;gica? Interconnexi&oacute; de bateries residencials convertides en plantes virtuals de generaci&oacute;, comunitats solars que intercanvien energia amb tecnologia blockchain, vehicles el&egrave;ctrics que aporten electricitat a una xarxa bidireccional i intel&middot;lig&egrave;ncia artificial per garantir que la demanda &eacute;s el mecanisme de flexibilitat a la generaci&oacute; renovable intermitent. I l&rsquo;energia solar com a revulsiu del canvi.</p><p>Catalunya &eacute;s a punt per crear l&rsquo;ecosistema legal, territorial, econ&ograve;mic i social que ho faci possible?</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Assumpta Farran</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Mussons_Olivellla_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 19 Feb 2018 14:02:03 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Mussons_Olivellla_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Fiscal responsiveness to public debt: an analysis of the uncertainty of regional debt limits in Spain]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>L&rsquo;elevat endeutament p&uacute;blic &eacute;s un dels llegats de la gran crisi, i en especial pel que fa a les comunitats aut&ograve;nomes. Aquesta situaci&oacute; &eacute;s especialment preocupant atesa la responsabilitat d&rsquo;aquestes en la prestaci&oacute; de serveis b&agrave;sics de l&rsquo;estat del benestar. Els treballs de Bohn (1998) i Gosh et al. (2013) ens permeten plantejar una aproximaci&oacute; al llindar on la sostenibilitat del deute pot ser q&uuml;estionada. L&rsquo;any 2015 la r&agrave;tio del deute se situava a la banda baixa de la regi&oacute; que compr&egrave;n aquest llindar, en concret, entre el 24% i el 36% del VAB. La prud&egrave;ncia aconsella disposar d&rsquo;un marge de maniobra suficient (en termes de capacitat d&rsquo;endeutament) per poder afrontar xocs negatius plausibles.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Joan Maria Mussons Olivella</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Perez_Santamaria_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Sun, 18 Feb 2018 11:58:02 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Perez_Santamaria_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Les Cooperatives, els principis cooperatius i el futur]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>En el 2on trimestre del 2017 es van crear a Catalunya un 6,2% m&eacute;s d&rsquo;empreses cooperatives que el mateix trimestre de l&rsquo;any anterior i per seguir amb estad&iacute;stiques, at&egrave;s que aquest proc&eacute;s de creaci&oacute; &eacute;s sostingut, el 2016 es van crear 177 cooperatives m&eacute;s que les creades al 2015, que van ser 113 m&eacute;s que el 2014.</p><p>Aquest creixement sostingut en els darrers anys posa en evid&egrave;ncia que les cooperatives s&oacute;n un model d&rsquo;empresa cada vegada m&eacute;s vigent i relevant.</p><p>Les empreses cooperatives, s&oacute;n institucions que es regulen per unes normes conegudes com a principis i valors cooperatius. Aquests, s&oacute;n molt m&eacute;s que un simple reglament que cal complir. Actualment, moltes de les normes que recomanen i difonen les millors escoles de negocis per fer les empreses competitives i eficients, s&oacute;n de fet, els principis cooperatius.</p><p>L&rsquo;objectiu d&rsquo;aquest treball &eacute;s doncs presentar un nou model d&rsquo;empresa cooperativa equitativa i eficient, at&egrave;s que aquesta competeix en els mercats, en igualtat de condicions amb l&rsquo;empresa capitalista.</p><p>L&rsquo;estudi de diversos casos, ens portar&agrave; a considerar el de Catalunya com un model l&iacute;der en la creaci&oacute; d&rsquo;ocupaci&oacute; desde la crisi del 2008.</p><p>L&rsquo;estudi d&rsquo;algunes cooperatives, (Mondragon i Legacoop (Mil&agrave;)), aix&iacute; com Evergreen a Clevelad (USA), ens fa veure la import&agrave;ncia que per l&rsquo;&egrave;xit de l&rsquo;empresa t&eacute; constituir una xarxa de cooperatives integrada econ&ograve;micament i no una cooperativa individual, qu&egrave; en molts casos, &eacute;s pot convertir en un frac&agrave;s. Per aix&ograve; analitzarem tamb&eacute;, qu&egrave; s&oacute;n les xarxes d&rsquo;empreses.</p><p>En aquest model veurem com els principis i valors cooperatius, generen capital social, que permet a les empreses i/o grups cooperatius, activar la capacitat d&rsquo;absorci&oacute; del coneixement i aix&iacute; crear innovaci&oacute;.</p><p>Com per aconseguir innovar &eacute;s fonamental el coneixement i el seu &uacute;s, analitzarem tamb&eacute; la gesti&oacute; del coneixement i si aquest &eacute;s t&agrave;cit.</p><p>I per &uacute;ltim veurem a trav&eacute;s dels principals Grups Cooperatius de Catalunya, com el seu &egrave;xit dona versemblan&ccedil;a al model que proposem, en els diferents cap&iacute;tols d&rsquo;aquest treball.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jose Luis Perez Santamaria</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Fanega_Macias_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Sat, 17 Feb 2018 20:09:02 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Fanega_Macias_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Las grandes concesiones administrativas de instalaciones deportivas en Cataluña: planificación, control, seguimiento e intervención.]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>La entrada en vigor de la nueva Ley 9/2017, de Contratos del Sector P&uacute;blico, pone de relevancia, todav&iacute;a m&aacute;s, la importancia de la correcta elaboraci&oacute;n de dichos contratos. Nos centraremos en aquellos contratos que afectan a los servicios deportivos municipales, de competencia propia de las corporaciones locales.</p><p>Abordaremos las diferentes fases necesarias en esos contratos , y estudiaremos iniciativas de innovaci&oacute;n en la redacci&oacute;n de estos nuevos contratos, para poder profundizar en la necesidad de la confianza mutua y de compartir objetivos y resultados entre la administraci&oacute;n p&uacute;blica y las empresas privadas, como base de la colaboraci&oacute;n p&uacute;blico privada.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Laureà Fanega Macías</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Caicedo_et_al_2017b</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 16 Feb 2018 15:10:10 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Caicedo_et_al_2017b</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Computational multiscale modeling of fracture problems and its model order reduction]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>This work focuses on the numerical modeling of fracture and its propagation in heterogeneous materials by means of hierarchical multiscale models based on the FE2 method, addressing at the same time, the problem of the excessive computational cost through the development, implementation and validation of a set of computational tools based on reduced order modeling techniques.</p><p>For fracture problems, a novel multiscale model for propagating fracture has been developed, implemented and validated. This multiscale model is characterized by the following features:</p><p>- At the macroscale level, were adapted the last advances of the Continuum Strong Discontinuity Approach (CSDA), developed for monoscale models, devising a new finite element exhibiting<br />
&nbsp;good ability to capture and model strain localization in bands which can be intersect the finite element in random directions; for failure propagation purposes, the adapted Crack-path<br />
&nbsp;field technique, was used.</p><p>- At the microscale level, for the sake of simplicity, and thinking on the development of the reduced order model, the use of cohesive-band elements, endowed with a regularized isotropic<br />
&nbsp; continuum damage model aiming at representing the material decohesion, is proposed. These cohesive-band elements are distributed within the microscale components, and their boundaries.</p><p>The objectivity of the solution with respect to the failure cell size at the microscale, and the finite element size at the macroscale, was checked. In the same way, its consistency with<br />
respect to Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS), was also tested and verified.</p><p>&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/trullen_Figuls_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 16 Feb 2018 13:57:27 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/trullen_Figuls_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA["Creixement inclusiu urbà: desigualtat i risc de pobresa a Catalunya i la metròpoli de Barcelona",]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>L&rsquo;estudi s&rsquo;inscriu en un programa de recerca&nbsp; que es planteja identificar les caracter&iacute;stiques del model de creixement de l&rsquo;economia de la metr&ograve;poli de Barcelona i la seva relaci&oacute; amb la distribuci&oacute; de la renda. El programa s&rsquo;adre&ccedil;a a identificar les bases d&rsquo; un nou model de creixement inclusiu de base urbana.</p><p>La pon&egrave;ncia &nbsp;se centra en l&rsquo;an&agrave;lisi d&rsquo;indicadors de distribuci&oacute; de la renda i risc de pobresa. Es mesura de la desigualtat a Catalunya i la metr&ograve;poli de Barcelona a partir del coeficient de Gini pel per&iacute;ode 2006-2016. S&rsquo;estudia l&rsquo;evoluci&oacute; de la distribuci&oacute; de la renda &nbsp;segons el lloc d&rsquo;origen de la poblaci&oacute;. S&rsquo;estudia la taxa de risc de pobresa i l&rsquo;efecte del &nbsp;lloguer imputat de l&rsquo;habitatge.</p><p>Es detecta una especial incid&egrave;ncia de la crisi sobre la poblaci&oacute; estrangera, tant en indicadors relacionats amb la&nbsp; distribuci&oacute; de la renda&nbsp; com en indicadors de risc de pobresa. Es mesura l&rsquo;impacte positiu del lloguer imputat sobre la desigualtat excepte&nbsp; en dos col&middot;lectius: els joves i les persones nascudes a l&rsquo;estranger.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Joan Trullén</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Amarelo_et_al_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 16 Feb 2018 13:47:57 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Amarelo_et_al_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Panorama general de la pobresa a Catalunya]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Aquest treball presenta els principals resultats de l&rsquo;Enquesta de Condicions de Vida per Catalunya (ECV) els darrers anys. L&rsquo;ECV &eacute;s una enquesta harmonitzada a nivell europeu que permet con&egrave;ixer la renda bruta de les llars i tamb&eacute; altres aspectes relacionats amb la pobresa, la desigualtat i l&rsquo;exclusi&oacute; social.</p><p>Despr&eacute;s que amb la crisi econ&ograve;mica es produ&iacute;s un fort increment de la taxa de risc de pobresa i un augment de la desigualtat en la distribuci&oacute; de la renda, els resultats per als anys 2015 i 2016 experimenten una millora, gr&agrave;cies a la recuperaci&oacute; econ&ograve;mica. En particular, la poblaci&oacute; en risc de pobresa a Catalunya ha passat d&rsquo;un 20,9% l&rsquo;any 2014 a un 19,2% el 2016, mentre que la desigualtat comen&ccedil;a a millorar segons indicadors com la r&agrave;tio S80/S20 o l&rsquo;&iacute;ndex de Gini. Els ingressos de la poblaci&oacute; han crescut i destaca la millora significativa de dos dels components de la taxa AROPE: la taxa de persones que viuen en llars amb baixa intensitat de treball (BIT), i la taxa de persones amb privaci&oacute; material severa (PMS). No obstant aix&ograve;, les repercussions negatives de la recessi&oacute; encara s&oacute;n profundes, amb l&rsquo;exist&egrave;ncia de col&middot;lectius especialment vulnerables a la pobresa, com ara els menors de 16 anys, les llars monoparentals, els immigrants i els aturats de llarga durada.</p><p>Cal tenir en compte que, amb la crisi econ&ograve;mica, els indicadors de pobresa i de desigualtat es van deteriorar de manera acusada, en bona mesura degut al dr&agrave;stic ajust al mercat de treball, que va conduir a m&agrave;xims en la taxa d&rsquo;atur. A m&eacute;s, en la segona fase de la recessi&oacute;- amb la crisi del deute p&uacute;blic a la zona euro-, es va produir un ajust fiscal molt significatiu, que va limitar el marge de maniobra. Amb la recuperaci&oacute; econ&ograve;mica, el panorama ha comen&ccedil;at a millorar, per&ograve; d&rsquo;una manera moderada: encara existeixen greus problemes estructurals (com l&rsquo;atur de llarga durada), i al mateix temps la nova ocupaci&oacute; creada presenta unes condicions salarials m&eacute;s desfavorables que en el per&iacute;ode previ a la crisi&nbsp; &ndash; i sovint amb situacions laborals for&ccedil;a vulnerables, com ara l&rsquo;augment de formes de treball com el temps parcial involuntari, o la contractaci&oacute; per empreses multiservei.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Cristina Amarelo</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Valls_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 15 Feb 2018 20:31:10 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Valls_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Oportunitats d’innovació al sector turístic  català]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: 12.8px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400;">This paper analyzes the innovative effort compared in the management areas and scopes of the Catalan tourist industry, to know the effect towards the competitiveness of the sector. After identifying which are both and developing a fieldwork measuring the innovative intensity of the companies, the conclusion is that there is an innovative effort deficit in those areas and scopes related to the effective customer orientation, such as the technology, the channels of commercialization and sale, and the co-creation. This can negatively affect the tourist leadership of the tourist region, given that they are the key factors in digital transformation.</span></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Josep Francesc Valls</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Surinach_et_al_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 12 Feb 2018 19:05:21 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Surinach_et_al_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Impactes econòmics generats pel sistema públic català d’universitats i d’R+D+i sobre l’economia catalana (2015)]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>En aquest estudi es quantifica l&rsquo;impacte monetari que t&eacute; l&rsquo;activitat del conjunt del sistema d&rsquo;Universitats p&uacute;bliques catalanes (m&eacute;s la UOC) i del conjunt del sistema p&uacute;blic d&rsquo;R+D+I sobre l&rsquo;economia catalana. S&rsquo;aproxima l&rsquo;impacte a partir d&rsquo;un enfocament de demanda, analitzant l&rsquo;impacte directe, indirecte i indu&iuml;t. L&rsquo;any d&rsquo;an&agrave;lisi &eacute;s el 2015. Els resultats globals, subestimats perqu&egrave; no s&rsquo;ha pogut tenir dades del conjunt de centres ni del conjunt d&rsquo;efectes sobre l&rsquo;economia, obtenen que l&rsquo;aportaci&oacute; al PIB &eacute;s de l&rsquo;1,7% (3660 M&euro;), suposa una facturaci&oacute; de 5714M&euro;, i genera 60313 llocs de treball (ETC). Hi ha altres efectes rellevants, qualitatius, que complementen aquest impacte estimat.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Jordi Suriñach</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Zarate_Cornejo_Velázquez_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 12 Feb 2018 15:07:05 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Zarate_Cornejo_Velázquez_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[FEM2DEM User’s manual v1.0]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>This document explains the operation of the user interface of the FEM2DEM program to analyse two-dimensional solids using the simple FEM-DEM procedure proposed by Zarate &amp; O&ntilde;ate [A simple FEM&ndash;DEM technique for fracture prediction in materials and structures. Comp. Part. Mech. (2015) 2: 301-314] that is used to predict the initiation and propagation of fractures .</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Francisco Zarate</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Xnet_Levi_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Sat, 10 Feb 2018 21:07:01 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Xnet_Levi_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Governança i control ciutadà de fluxos financers]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Des de fa molts anys estem investigant i proposant un concepte de democr&agrave;cia m&eacute;s adequat al segle XXI, en el que la ciutadania pugui controlar les seves institucions de forma distribu&iuml;da a trav&eacute;s de mecanismes rigorosos de governan&ccedil;a. Considerem que dins aquest marc s&#39;ha d&#39;enquadrar tamb&eacute;, per un costat, el control distribu&iuml;t dels fluxos</p><p>financers a trav&eacute;s d&#39;eines p2p com el blockchain i, per l&#39;altre, la vigil&agrave;ncia sobre la transpar&egrave;ncia i la lluita contra la corrupci&oacute; sist&egrave;mica amb les implementacions de canals que alliberin les dades i la informaci&oacute; i endrecin el seu processament i usabilitat.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Simona Levi</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/mañe_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 06 Feb 2018 19:58:47 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/mañe_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[La formació dual: condicionants per assegurar el seu èxit]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Un dels efectes m&eacute;s devastadors de la crisi econ&ograve;mica ha estat l&rsquo;empitjorament de la situaci&oacute; laboral dels joves, especialment d&rsquo;aquells amb baix nivell de qualificaci&oacute;. Els seus nivells d&rsquo;atur han augmentat extraordin&agrave;riament i l&rsquo;ocupaci&oacute; ha esdevingut m&eacute;s prec&agrave;ria. Aquesta situaci&oacute; ha posat als sistemes de Formaci&oacute; Professional de nou en el centre del debat ja que es considera que el seu bon funcionament &eacute;s la clau per assegurar la millora de les oportunitats dels joves que per manca de recursos, qualificacions o motivaci&oacute; no obtenen formaci&oacute; universit&agrave;ria. A m&eacute;s a m&eacute;s, les difer&egrave;ncies entre pa&iuml;sos respecte a la severitat dels problemes d&rsquo;acc&eacute;s al mercat de treball i a l&rsquo;ocupaci&oacute; dels joves han estat relacionades amb les caracter&iacute;stiques i el funcionament del sistema de FP. En concret, la formaci&oacute; professional dual ha esdevingut el paradigma organitzatiu associat als millors resultats i, en conseq&uuml;&egrave;ncia, diversos organismes internacionals l&rsquo;han posat en valor com a mesura per fer front al repte de la formaci&oacute; i l&rsquo;ocupaci&oacute; dels joves. Catalunya no ha estat una excepci&oacute; en aquesta din&agrave;mica, tant pel que fa a l&rsquo;empitjorament de la situaci&oacute; laboral dels joves com en el diagnosi de la necessitat d&rsquo;ajustar el funcionament del sistema de FP amb especial atenci&oacute; a la formaci&oacute; dual.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>La meva aportaci&oacute; estaria en la l&iacute;nia de presentar algunes directrius b&agrave;siques del sistemes de formaci&oacute; dual, tot incidint en com aquestes caracter&iacute;stiques influeixen en el potencial benefici d&rsquo;aquest sistema formatiu. Aquesta introducci&oacute; serviria per a recolzar una avaluaci&oacute; respecte a en quina mesura l&rsquo;actual model de desenvolupament del sistema de formaci&oacute; dual a Catalunya compleix amb aquestes directrius. La darrera part del treball es centraria en intentar derivar algunes recomanacions per tal de poder, si escau, millorar el disseny del sistema.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Ferran Mañe</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Zarate_Cornejo_Velázquez_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 01 Feb 2018 17:31:04 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Zarate_Cornejo_Velázquez_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Manual de Usuario de FEM2DEM v1.0]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11pt;">Este documento explica el funcionamiento de la interface de usuario del programa FEM2DEM para analizar s&oacute;lidos bidimensionales utilizando el sencillo procedimiento FEM-DEM propuesto por Zarate &amp; O&ntilde;ate, ( </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11pt;">A simple FEM&ndash;DEM technique for fracture prediction in materials and structures. Comp. Part. Mech. 2015 &nbsp;2: 301-314&nbsp;</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 11pt;">) que se utiliza para predecir el inicio y la propagaci&oacute;n de fracturas .</span></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Francisco Zarate</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Oñate_et_al_2014d</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 01 Feb 2018 16:22:01 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Oñate_et_al_2014d</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Lagrangian formulation for finite element analysis of quasi-incompressible fluids with reduced mass losses]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>We present a Lagrangian formulation for finite element analysis of quasi-incompressible fluids that has excellent mass preservation features. The success of the formulation lays on a new residual-based stabilized expression of the mass balance equation obtained using the Finite Calculus (FIC) method. The governing equations are discretized with the FEM using simplicial elements with equal linear interpolation for the velocities and the pressure. The merits of the formulation in terms of reduced mass loss and overall accuracy are verified in the solution of 2D and 3D quasi-incompressible free-surface flow problems using the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM, www.cimne.com/pfem). Examples include the sloshing of water in a tank, the collapse of one and two water columns in rectangular and prismatic tanks and the falling of a water sphere into a cylindrical tank containing water. Copyright c 0000 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Scipedia content</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Pouplana_Oñate_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 2018 16:12:48 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Pouplana_Oñate_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Development of new computational methods for fluid-structure interaction analysis of multi-fractured media]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>The objective of this monograph is the derivation and implementation of a robust Finite Element formulation for the solution of solid-pore fluid coupled problems in multi-fractured porous media.</p><p>A coupled displacement-pore pressure FEM formulation for solving solid-pore fluid interaction problems is first introduced. The interaction between both components is governed by two equations: the balance of momentum for the mixture solid-fluid and the mass balance for the pore fluid.</p><p>Under nearly undrained-incompressible conditions, such formulation suffers from instability problems because of the violation of Babuska-Brezzi conditions. In order to work with elements of equal order interpolation for the displacement and pore pressure, the formulation is stabilized by means of the Finite Increment Calculus method (FIC). The FIC-stabilized formulation is tested against stable elements with a higher order interpolation for the displacement field in 2D and 3D examples.</p><p>Continuum damage mechanics is the basis of the crack growth strategy for the proposed fracture propagation technique. The strain softening models used for quasi-brittle materials favour spurious strain localization and ill-posedness of the boundary value problem if the damage variable only depends on the strain state at the point under consideration.</p><p>An integral-type non-local damage model associated to a characteristic length parameter is presented as a method to control the size of the fracture process zone and fully regularize the problem. Two examples are solved assessing the robustness of the model in front of changes in the spatial discretization.</p><p>Quasi-zero-thickness interface elements are formulated to represent discontinuities in the porous domain. A bilinear cohesive fracture model is used to describe its mechanical behaviour, and a formulation derived from the cubic law models the fluid flow through the crack.</p><p>Finally, a new methodology for the simulation of fracture propagation processes in saturated porous media is presented. The non-local damage model is used in conjunction with the interface elements to predict the degradation pattern of the domain and insert new fractures followed by remeshing. Fluid-driven fracture propagation examples in 2D and 3D are presented to illustrate the accuracy of the proposed technique.</p><p>&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Valero_2018b</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 2018 15:00:36 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Valero_2018b</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Por una economía Inspiral, más allá de la Economía Circular]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>El vocablo &quot;Econom&iacute;a Circular&quot; es confuso, pues no es teor&iacute;a econ&oacute;mica, ni es circular. A pesar de ello, es necesario defenderlo pues es una revoluci&oacute;n en la manera de proceder con los recursos naturales. El objetivo de este art&iacute;culo es reflexionar sobre el impacto de la EC en la Econom&iacute;a convencional y en la Contabilidad global de los recursos naturales, y plantear una visi&oacute;n ecointegradora de dichos recursos.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Antonio Valero</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Valero_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 30 Jan 2018 11:58:48 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Valero_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Por una economía Inspiral, más allá de la Economía Circular]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p><strong>Por una Econom&iacute;a Inspiral, m&aacute;s all&aacute; de la Econom&iacute;a Circular</strong></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Antonio Valero</strong></p><p>Instituto CIRCE, Universidad de Zaragoza</p><p>Miembro del Club de Roma, <a>valero@unizar.es</a></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>El vocablo &quot;Econom&iacute;a Circular&quot; es confuso, pues no es teor&iacute;a econ&oacute;mica, ni es circular. A pesar de ello, es necesario defenderlo pues es una revoluci&oacute;n en la manera de proceder con los recursos naturales. El objetivo de este art&iacute;culo es reflexionar sobre el impacto de la EC en la Econom&iacute;a convencional y en la Contabilidad global de los recursos naturales, y plantear una visi&oacute;n ecointegradora de dichos recursos.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Antonio Valero</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Raya_2018b</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 29 Jan 2018 17:05:02 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Raya_2018b</link>
	<title><![CDATA[L’avaluació socioeconómica del turisme a Catalunya: implicacions fiscals]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>El present estudi presenta una primera aproximaci&oacute; a una avaluaci&oacute; socioecon&ograve;mica del Turisme a Catalunya. Com a metodologia, es segueix l&rsquo;an&agrave;lisi cost-benefici (ACB) que &eacute;s un instrument que t&eacute; com a objecte avaluar pol&iacute;tiques p&uacute;bliques i projectes d&#39;inversi&oacute; des del punt de vista de les necessitats de la societat, i permetre aix&iacute; establir prioritats a l&#39;hora de prendre decisions. Aix&iacute;, l&rsquo;ACB consisteix en quantificar, en termes monetaris, els beneficis i els costos que comporta sobre el conjunt de la societat el turisme. Per tant, un benefici o un cost del turisme, no &eacute;s nom&eacute;s all&ograve; que produeix un guany monetari, sin&oacute; tot el que millora o empitjora el benestar (externalitats negatives o positives). Recopilant informaci&oacute; de fons de dades diverses aix&iacute; com d&rsquo;estudis previs de la literatura cient&iacute;fica tur&iacute;stica l&rsquo;estudi pret&eacute;n donar indicacions per realitzar una avaluaci&oacute; ( en termes monetaris) no nom&eacute;s els beneficis i costos econ&ograve;mics sin&oacute; tamb&eacute; aspectes com els beneficis per la imatge de la destinaci&oacute; catalana o els costos d&rsquo;un volum de turisme excessiu en determinats punts tur&iacute;stics. En aquest sentit, s&rsquo;avalua la taxa tur&iacute;stica com a instrument fiscal que serveixi, no nom&eacute;s per obtenir ingressos recaptatoris sin&oacute; per corregir externalitats negatives. Finalment, tan l&rsquo;avaluaci&oacute; econ&ograve;mica com la pol&iacute;tica tur&iacute;stica i fiscal est&agrave; influenciada pel fenomen de l&rsquo;economia col&middot;laborativa (Airbnb, Uber...). El treball acaba amb una discussi&oacute; de les principals implicacions d&rsquo;aquesta avaluaci&oacute; econ&ograve;mica, especialment en termes de pol&iacute;tica tur&iacute;stica.</p><p>&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>José María Raya</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Todo_2018b</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 2018 10:47:01 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Todo_2018b</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Les funcions de regulació i supervisió del Banc d’Espanya: el seu paper en la crisi bancaria]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>El paper&nbsp;analitzar&agrave; les causes de l&#39;&uacute;ltima gran crisi bancaria a Espanya, que s&#39;inicia l&#39;any 2007 (encara no tancada del tot) i que ha suposat la desaparici&oacute; de 38 entitats financeres, passant de 50 a 12. El cost d&#39;aquesta crisi ha estat de milers de milions de recursos p&uacute;blics destinats al rescat bancari i tamb&eacute; la p&egrave;rdua de milions de llocs de treball.</p><p>Analitzarem quin va ser el paper del Banc d&#39;Espanya en la previsi&oacute;, o no, de la crisi, quins mecanismes reguladors i de supervisi&oacute; van fallar i com es va acabar gestionant aquesta crisi bancaria un cop es va veure, l&#39;any 2011, que la crisi econ&ograve;mica tindria forma de W. Finalment, es presentaran unes breus reflexions de car&agrave;cter general sobre com millorar els aspectes reguladors i supervisors, ara ja en mans del Banc Central Europeu.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Adolf Todó</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Díaz_Álvarez_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 23 Jan 2018 22:02:14 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Díaz_Álvarez_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Límites y posibles efectos de la fiscalidad ambiental]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Si bien la fiscalidad ambiental durante mucho tiempo no consigui&oacute; dejar de ser un complemento de otros tributos en los sistemas fiscales de los diferentes pa&iacute;ses, la crisis econ&oacute;mica alter&oacute; esta situaci&oacute;n de forma notable, b&aacute;sicamente por dos razones: por su capacidad recaudatoria y por los beneficios ambientales que pueden derivarse de la aplicaci&oacute;n de estos instrumentos.</p><p>Aunque la funci&oacute;n recaudatoria sea en muchos casos prioritaria, es preciso tener en cuenta que en el caso de la fiscalidad ambiental no puede ser &eacute;ste el principio rector, sino que deber&iacute;a estar dise&ntilde;ada de tal modo que cumpliera con los principios siguientes:</p><ul><li>Eficacia ambiental: el principal objetivo de los impuestos ambientales debe ser la correcci&oacute;n del problema ambiental considerado.</li>
	<li>Eficiencia econ&oacute;mica: el impuesto deber&aacute; lograr internalizar la externalidad ambiental, siendo capaz adem&aacute;s de discriminar entre contaminadores en funci&oacute;n de sus costes de reducci&oacute;n.</li>
	<li>Viabilidad pr&aacute;ctica: los impuestos deben estar dise&ntilde;ados para poder ser aplicados en el mundo real.</li>
	<li>Incidencia distributiva: la carga fiscal debe distribuirse entre los distintos agentes de los costes que generan, teniendo en cuenta, por una parte, la posible traslaci&oacute;n de la carga entre los agentes, y por otra el cumplimiento del principio &ldquo;quien contamina paga&rdquo;.</li>
</ul><p>A partir de lo anterior, analizaremos cu&aacute;les son los l&iacute;mites de la fiscalidad ambiental y hasta qu&eacute; punto la aplicaci&oacute;n en la pr&aacute;ctica de medidas fiscales ambientales ha seguido o no los principios mencionados anteriormente, centr&aacute;ndonos en los requisitos que las pol&iacute;ticas ambientales de la Uni&oacute;n Europea se&ntilde;alan que deben cumplir:</p><ul><li>No afectar a la competitividad</li>
	<li>No incrementar la carga fiscal, sino redistribuirla</li>
	<li>Tener como objetivo b&aacute;sico el cambio de conductas y no la recaudaci&oacute;n en s&iacute; misma</li>
	<li>No suponer un obst&aacute;culo o un factor para la instalaci&oacute;n de empresas en funci&oacute;n del territorio</li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Amelia Díaz Álvarez</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/ESPINOSA_SAENZ_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 23 Jan 2018 10:47:09 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/ESPINOSA_SAENZ_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[La formació de postgrau al futur: perfils professionals i directius]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Si acceptem que algunes de les caracter&iacute;stiques/perfils professionals en un futur pr&ograve;xim poden focalitzar-se en:</p><p>1) La intel&middot;lig&egrave;ncia social, entesa com a l&rsquo;&uacute;s d&rsquo;informaci&oacute; social per promoure la cooperaci&oacute;, la capacitat per relacionar-se amb els altres de manera efectiva i la capacitat per identificar les relacions existents entre les persones.<br />
:2) La col&middot;laboraci&oacute; virtual i transcultural. La capacitat per treballar de forma productiva mitjan&ccedil;ant l&rsquo;&uacute;s de diferents eines tecnol&ograve;giques com a membre de grups virtuals formats per persones de geografies, &egrave;tnies, religions, g&egrave;neres i generacions diferents.</p><p>3) El pensament digital considerat com la capacitat per traduir enormes quantitats de dades en conceptes abstractes i comprendre la seva l&ograve;gica.<br />
4) La transdisciplinarietat com a capacitat adaptativa i coherent.<br />
5) La reflexi&oacute; &egrave;tica.<br />
Sense oblidar la compet&egrave;ncia creativa que, sense ser una nova compet&egrave;ncia, resulta imprescindible.</p><p>Cal situar aquestes capacitats en el marc de la Quarta Revoluci&oacute; Industrial que, entre d&rsquo;altres aspectes, ens col&middot;loca davant de la intel&middot;lig&egrave;ncia artificial, de la rob&ograve;tica... per&ograve; tamb&eacute; davant de l&rsquo;impacte i les oportunitats de les tecnologies per donar resposta als reptes del medi ambient, l&rsquo;agricultura, l&rsquo;energia, la sostenibilitat... i tot dinamitzat i potenciat per les xarxes.</p><p><strong>Com hauria de ser la formaci&oacute; o educaci&oacute;?</strong><br />
Sens dubte, inspiradora i, alhora, un est&iacute;mul per innovar (nous negocis per satisfer necessitats en nous entorns), &eacute;s a dir, per canviar les regles. L&rsquo;avaluaci&oacute; de la formaci&oacute;, entesa com la difer&egrave;ncia entre les expectatives i la realitat, ser&agrave; un element clau en el futur de la formaci&oacute; d&rsquo;executive education.</p><p>I &eacute;s a partir d&rsquo;aquest punt que podr&iacute;em plantejar algunes q&uuml;estions o interrogants:</p><p>Com podem adaptar la nostra estrat&egrave;gia formativa al nou marc i en l&iacute;nia amb els perfils definits? Qu&egrave; necessitaran les nostres empreses i els nostres directius? Cal repensar totes les metodologies que utilitzem ara? Quin rol pot tenir la gesti&oacute; per projectes en entorns digitals i cooperatius?<br />
Coneixent, per mitj&agrave; de diferents an&agrave;lisis existents, que hi ha un gap entre el coneixement/aplicabilitat i la percepci&oacute; dels directius en el proc&eacute;s de digitalitzaci&oacute; present, i entenent la digitalitzaci&oacute; no com un conjunt d&rsquo;instruments, sin&oacute; com una estrat&egrave;gia integral per repensar el conjunt de les nostres organitzacions, quines conclusions i experi&egrave;ncies podem deduir del rol de la digitalitzaci&oacute; en la formaci&oacute; i en el conjunt de les organitzacions?<br />
A qu&egrave; ens referim quan parlem de la gesti&oacute; de la diversitat en un sentit ampli?<br />
Com podrem compatibilitzar aquesta formaci&oacute; en l&rsquo;espai/temps dels directius a nivell global? Com percebem cadascun de nosaltres la globalitzaci&oacute;? Quins elements podem identificar com a claus per gestionar la nostra direcci&oacute; d&rsquo;all&ograve; global?<br />
Com ens podem conscienciar que l&rsquo;element m&eacute;s significatiu per als directius seran les persones amb les quals hauran de treballar, persones que, al llarg de la seva vida professional, hauran de reinventar-se en diferents ocasions?<br />
&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>MIQUEL ESPINOSA SAENZ</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Manca_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 22 Jan 2018 09:48:34 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Manca_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[El edificio nZEB, el nuevo modelo arquitectónico que consuma cero: la experiencia de Picharchitects]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p><em>Este trabajo se basa en el conocimiento obtenido a partir del an&aacute;lisis y modelizaci&oacute;n de diversos edificios realizados, a lo largo de los a&ntilde;os, &nbsp;por Picharchitects,&nbsp;</em><em>empresa l&iacute;der de la arquitectura sostenible en Espa&ntilde;a</em><em>. Las conclusiones muestran como la propia arquitectura, antes que la maquinaria a&ntilde;adida, es el vector principal en la obtenci&oacute;n de edificios Nzeb y un par&aacute;metro determinante para la obtenci&oacute;n de un modelo constructivo&nbsp;</em><em>coherente en t&eacute;rminos de calidad, coste y beneficio econ&oacute;mico, en el contexto actual donde el sector de la edificaci&oacute;n es responsable del 40% del consumo global de energ&iacute;a.</em></p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Mauro Manca</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Mendoza_Mayordomo_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 19 Jan 2018 20:55:05 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Mendoza_Mayordomo_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Tendències en mercats geogràfics des de la perspectiva de la implantació de les empreses]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>El prop&ograve;sit de la contribuci&oacute; &eacute;s fer una aproximaci&oacute; a quines seran les tend&egrave;ncies de localitzaci&oacute; geogr&agrave;fica de les implantacions internacionals de les empreses catalanes en un mig termini. Altrament dit, quins seran els mercats geogr&agrave;fics que, per exig&egrave;ncia o per oportunitat, les empreses hauran de considerar per obrir les seves filials?</p><p>La resposta a aquesta pregunta s&rsquo;articula en quatre apartats. El punt de partida &eacute;s con&egrave;ixer, segons les darreres dades disponibles, en quins pa&iuml;sos i regions internacionals tenen filials les empreses amb seu social a Catalunya, tot distingint els patrons de localitzaci&oacute; de les empreses propietat d&rsquo;inversors nacionals dels d&rsquo;aquelles que s&oacute;n filials de multinacionals estrangeres.</p><p>En el segon apartat s&rsquo;analitza, d&rsquo;una banda, l&rsquo;evoluci&oacute; recent dels fluxos i dels estocs d&rsquo;inversi&oacute; directa als principals pa&iuml;sos i regions internacionals i, de l&rsquo;altra, l&rsquo;evoluci&oacute; recent de la xifra de negoci, nombre d&rsquo;empleats, marge sobre vendes i rendibilitat de les filials a l&rsquo;exterior de les empreses catalanes, en ambd&oacute;s casos en relaci&oacute; amb els principals pa&iuml;sos i regions internacionals. Com &eacute;s conegut, els beneficis empresarials s&oacute;n un dels millors predictors d&rsquo;inversions futures.</p><p>El tercer apartat aporta una visi&oacute; de les tend&egrave;ncies internacionals pel que fa a la localitzaci&oacute; geogr&agrave;fica de la inversi&oacute; directa per part de les empreses residents a economies avan&ccedil;ades, que es complementa amb les previsions que fan alguns organismes internacionals&nbsp; i centres d&rsquo;estudis de reconegut prestigi sobre quins pa&iuml;sos mostren un major potencial de creixement a mitj&agrave;-llarg termini.</p><p>El quart i darrer apartat sintetitza les principals conclusions de les an&agrave;lisis anteriors en termes de les tend&egrave;ncies previsibles (i desitjables) en un mig termini de localitzaci&oacute; geogr&agrave;fica de les implantacions internacionals de les empreses catalanes.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Xavier Mendoza Mayordomo</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Bonet_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 19 Jan 2018 11:09:29 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Bonet_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Las relaciones entre la universidad y la empresa como factor de competitividad]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Desde la perspectiva empresarial, el activo m&aacute;s importante es su capital humano. La disposici&oacute;n de recursos humanos abundantes y con las capacitaciones y habilidades precisas para el desarrollo de las tareas asignadas es determinante para la innovaci&oacute;n, la asimilaci&oacute;n y aprovechamiento tecnol&oacute;gico, la productividad y la competitividad de las empresas. Y, en definitiva, para su sostenibilidad y progreso.</p><p>Desde la &oacute;ptica empresarial, en la actualidad existe un desajuste entre la ense&ntilde;anza que se imparte en los distintos niveles educativos y las habilidades y conocimientos demandados en el mercado laboral. Al tiempo, una de las causas del reducido tama&ntilde;o medio del tejido empresarial es la falta de capital humano, especialmente en determinados &aacute;mbitos de gesti&oacute;n y en los cuadros de direcci&oacute;n de las empresas.</p><p>Con mayor concreci&oacute;n, para las empresas, la Universidad, presenta buenos resultados globales en la generaci&oacute;n de conocimientos, pero adolece de diversas debilidades, como la reducida vinculaci&oacute;n con la empresa, la gesti&oacute;n burocratizada, la escasa transferencia de conocimientos del sistema de I+D+i a las empresas, la masificaci&oacute;n en determinadas titulaciones, la lenta adaptaci&oacute;n a las nuevas demandas o el insuficiente est&iacute;mulo del esp&iacute;ritu emprendedor.</p><p>El resultado se resume en un dato revelador: apenas un tercio de las compa&ntilde;&iacute;as espa&ntilde;olas ha colaborado con las Universidades en su actividad productiva.</p><p>El an&aacute;lisis planteado trata de profundizar en la identificaci&oacute;n de las necesidades del tejido empresarial en su relaci&oacute;n con el mundo universitario, ofreciendo asimismo una visi&oacute;n sobre las oportunidades existentes para transitar hacia una mayor interrelaci&oacute;n en aras del inter&eacute;s general.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Inmaculada Riera</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Vilalta-Bufi_2018b</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 18 Jan 2018 17:28:01 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Vilalta-Bufi_2018b</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Education choices in Catalonia]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>We study whether parental education affects the choice of tertiary education in Spain. We analyze two qualitative characteristics of the university studies: the length of the program and its academic prestige. We identify for which individuals parental background matters the most. For the choice of a long program, parental background changes the most likely outcome for students with low grades in the academic track and those with excellent grades in the vocational track. Regarding the prestige of the program, parental background matters the most for the worse performing boys and the girls with rather good grades in the academic track.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Montserrat Vilalta-Bufi</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Proenza_Melgarejo_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 17 Jan 2018 01:12:19 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Proenza_Melgarejo_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Materias primas minerales críticas: una visión en el contexto de los recursos geológicos globales y de Cataluña]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>A la industria minera le gusta decir &ldquo;si no se cultiva, habr&aacute; que extraerlo de una mina&rdquo;. Los recursos minerales son imprescindibles para el desarrollo de la sociedad, y muy particularmente los recursos minerales a partir de los cuales se extraen los denominados metales de alta tecnolog&iacute;a (&ldquo;high-tech metals&rdquo;). Estos metales son componentes esenciales en diversas aplicaciones t&eacute;cnicas de alta gama, tales como las denominadas tecnolog&iacute;as verdes asociadas a las energ&iacute;as renovable, la reducci&oacute;n de gases de efecto invernadero y la eficiencia energ&eacute;tica. Con la creciente importancia de las nuevas tecnolog&iacute;as y la revoluci&oacute;n energ&eacute;tica, han surgido preguntas sobre la disponibilidad futura de recursos de materias primas minerales, particularmente las denominadas &ldquo;cr&iacute;ticas&rdquo;. La &ldquo;criticidad&quot; es una estimaci&oacute;n del riesgo de suministro de materias primas, la escasez que puede poner en peligro el funcionamiento de una sociedad.</p><p>El reciclaje de los recursos existentes, incluso si se pudiera conseguir que fuera 100% eficiente, no puede satisfacer todas las necesidades. Indiscutiblemente, la denominada econom&iacute;a circular es una parte de la soluci&oacute;n a la &ldquo;molestia&rdquo; de la miner&iacute;a y sus impactos ambientales asociados, pero no es la soluci&oacute;n definitiva debido al aumento de la poblaci&oacute;n y la mejora del nivel de vida global. Lo m&aacute;s probable es que la demanda de minerales contin&uacute;e aumentando en el futuro.</p><p>Las reservas minerales globales son, en principio, adecuadas, pero la producci&oacute;n est&aacute; limitada y/o dominada por algunos pa&iacute;ses. En esta contribuci&oacute;n presentamos una visi&oacute;n sobre las materias primas minerales cr&iacute;ticas (ej: metales del grupo del platino, tierras raras, Nb, Co, Ge, etc.) desde una perspectiva de los recursos geol&oacute;gicos a nivel de global y de Catalu&ntilde;a.</p><p>Aunque se tiene la idea de que Catalu&ntilde;a&nbsp;no es un pa&iacute;s de tradici&oacute;n minera, lo cierto es que la mineria en Catalu&ntilde;a es de las m&aacute;s antiguas y continuadas en el mundo. En cuanto a potencial, cuenta con recursos conocidos propios pero jam&aacute;s evaluados para Au, PGE, Ag, F, Ba, Sc, REE, Rb y Cs.&nbsp; Adem&aacute;s, hay suficiente know-how para poder apoyar inversi&oacute;n en minerales cr&iacute;ticos en terceros pa&iacute;ses.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Joaquín A. Proenza</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Machado_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 15 Jan 2018 21:41:13 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Machado_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Una alternativa numérica en la solución de un sistema que modela la producción de biogás]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>We study a simplified model of the Anaerobic Digestion Model Number One (ADM1) that represents Anaerobic Digestion for the biogas production and wastewater treatment. This system is modeled by systems of nonlinear differential equations. First, we implemented the Dimensional Analysis to obtain an equivalent model with non-dimensional variables and parameters. Then, numerical solutions are solved both the initial model and the non-dimensional model, and we comparative graph between their corresponding numerical solutions. where we see the advantages of working with the non-dimensional model with respect to the original model.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Maximiliano Machado</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/LIU_Liu_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 12 Jan 2018 09:48:02 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/LIU_Liu_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[The mapping between Chinese medicine and signaling molecules]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Knowledge of signal transduction pathways and their corresponding signaling molecules is critical in evaluating potential therapeutic targets. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) used Yang and Yin to describe the physiological processes in human body, but its scientific basis is unknown. According to &ldquo;Yellow Emperor&rsquo;s Inner Canon&rdquo; (YEIC)―the fundamental doctrinal source for TCM―there are five elements of Yang-Yin, each pertaining to particular physiological functions. Their interaction and relationship determine the physiological conditions of human being. In this work, iterative selection method was used to correlate YangYin-Qi with signal molecules. It is revealed that the signal transduction pathways are identical to the dialectical relationships of Yang-Yin-Qi(s). With the direct mapping between Yang-YinQi(s) and signaling molecules, the signal transduction pathways are consistent with TCM therapeutic strategies too. In addition, it is demonstrated that the Chinese herbal medicine regulates signal transductions. With the correlation between Yang―Yin(s) and signal transduction pathways, it is evident that the modern medicine and TCM identified the same pathogenesis of diseases, such as hematuria, constipation, hemorrhoidal disease, nocturnal enuresis, frequent urination, gall stone, acute cholecystitis and hypertension, etc; with highly similar treatment strategy, albeit using different terminologies.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Yang Liu</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Arcarons_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 11 Jan 2018 14:28:08 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Arcarons_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Qualificació, ocupació i model productiu (2002-2017)]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>La primera part d&rsquo;aquest treball descriu entre 2002 i 2017, a partir de l&rsquo;EPA, l&rsquo;evoluci&oacute; de la composici&oacute; de la poblaci&oacute; ocupada per nivells de formaci&oacute; assolida. Aix&ograve; permet observar el comportament de l&rsquo;ocupaci&oacute; en el tram final del cicle expansiu que finalitza el 2008, al llarg de la doble recessi&oacute; entre 2008 i 2013 i en els posteriors anys de reactivaci&oacute; fins al 3r trimestre de 2017. Es posa en relleu la diferent din&agrave;mica de l&rsquo;ocupaci&oacute; en els tres nivells (baix, mitj&agrave; i alt) d&rsquo;estudis.&nbsp; En la segona part, es formulen diferents descripcions de la din&agrave;mica de l&rsquo;ocupaci&oacute; pel nivell de qualificaci&oacute; (<em>skill level</em>) de les ocupacions (llocs de treball ocupats). L&rsquo;objectiu &eacute;s comparar l&rsquo;evoluci&oacute; del nivell de formaci&oacute; de les persones ocupades amb la del nivell competencial requerit per les ocupacions que exerciten. Per a aix&ograve;, s&rsquo;assagen dues agrupacions dels grans grups de la CIUO-08 per estratificar l&rsquo;ocupaci&oacute; en tres nivells competencials. Primer, s&rsquo;assaja una extrapolaci&oacute; del criteri que l&rsquo;OIT aplica en la CIUO-08 i s&rsquo;agrupen, amb el mateix criteri, els nivells competencials de les ocupacions i els nivells d&rsquo;estudis dels ocupats. Les possibles objeccions a aquest procediment porten a aplicar un procediment alternatiu, seguint el sistema d&rsquo;indicadors publicat el 2015 per l&rsquo;Observatori d&rsquo;Empresa i Ocupaci&oacute;. Les comparacions entre la distribuci&oacute; de la poblaci&oacute; ocupada per nivells educatius i per nivell de qualificaci&oacute; de l&rsquo;ocupaci&oacute;, realitzades amb un i altre m&egrave;tode, no desmenteixen una situaci&oacute; de notable desajust vertical en el mercat laboral de Catalunya. Finalment es formulen conclusions i se sost&eacute; la conveni&egrave;ncia d&rsquo;un indicador de major precisi&oacute; per avaluar l&rsquo;evoluci&oacute; de la concordan&ccedil;a entre el nivell formatiu de les persones i el nivell competencial de les ocupacions, sense que aix&ograve; impliqui l&rsquo;acceptaci&oacute; d&rsquo;una noci&oacute; adequacionista.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Melcior Arcarons</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Puig_et_al_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 10 Jan 2018 16:43:58 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Puig_et_al_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[La configuració de les autoritats de competència. Un model per a la regulació d’organismes independents i per a la reforma de l’administració pública]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>La pol&iacute;tica de compet&egrave;ncia contribueix decisivament a un funcionament <strong>eficient i equitatiu de l&#39;economia</strong>. I &eacute;s que, <strong>nom&eacute;s en un marc de compet&egrave;ncia es pot garantir la millor assignaci&oacute; possible de recursos</strong> que maximitzi la generaci&oacute; de b&eacute;ns i serveis. A m&eacute;s, la pol&iacute;tica de compet&egrave;ncia t&eacute; tamb&eacute; un interessant component equitatiu en la mesura que actua com a mecanisme que <strong>vetlla per l&#39;abs&egrave;ncia de barreres injustificades a l&#39;entrada al mercat</strong> - facilitant doncs un marc igualitari en termes d&#39;oportunitats - i pel fet que contribueix a <strong>garantir que els grans operadors competeixin entre s&iacute;</strong> de tal manera que se&#39;n vegin beneficiats els consumidors i usuaris (en preus, qualitat i innovaci&oacute;).</p><p>Els <strong>mecanismes a disposici&oacute; de les autoritats de compet&egrave;ncia s&oacute;n rellevants</strong>. En relaci&oacute; a les administracions p&uacute;bliques les poden sancionar quan actuen com operadors, criticar la regulaci&oacute; que emeten i fins i tot impugnar-la davant dels tribunals. Les <strong>temptacions per tal que una autoritat de compet&egrave;ncia no sigui veritablement independent</strong> s&oacute;n significatives.</p><p>Davant d&rsquo;aquest risc, el document se centrar&agrave; en desenvolupar un condicionant necessari per tal que el seu funcionament sigui &ograve;ptim: la seva <strong>independ&egrave;ncia.</strong></p><p>S&#39;exposar&agrave; com es pot assegurar que les autoritats de compet&egrave;ncia gaudeixin de la independ&egrave;ncia que la seva actuaci&oacute; exigeix a trav&eacute;s de l&#39;an&agrave;lisi d&#39;elements com: la <strong>forma jur&iacute;dica</strong> que adopta la instituci&oacute;, la <strong>gesti&oacute; del seu propi personal</strong> <strong>i garanties d&#39;estabilitat</strong> del mateix, la <strong>gesti&oacute; econ&ograve;mica del pressupost</strong> que se li assigna i com determinar-lo, el <strong>nomenament i les causes de remoci&oacute;</strong> dels seus alts c&agrave;rrecs aix&iacute; com la <strong>rendici&oacute; de comptes</strong> de la instituci&oacute;.</p><p>L&#39;inter&egrave;s del document va m&eacute;s enll&agrave; de les autoritats de compet&egrave;ncia. Les seves <strong>conclusions</strong> poden ser <strong>extrapolables a organismes reguladors</strong> i, tot plegat, pot constituir la llavor d&#39;una <strong>nova manera de funcionar de les administracions p&uacute;bliques</strong>.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Marc Realp</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Ginesta_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 10 Jan 2018 12:16:44 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Ginesta_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[La qualitat del treball i la seva relació amb la sostenibilitat i futur del sistema de benestar i pensions]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<div><p>Som en una fase expansiva del mercat de treball i al bell mig de la recuperaci&oacute; de llocs de treball que hav&iacute;em arribat a tenir. Recuperaci&oacute; que es constata, tant en la reducci&oacute; del nombre de persones aturades registrades i les que no, com tamb&eacute; en la millora de les taxes d&rsquo;ocupaci&oacute; i d&rsquo;activitat. No obstant, s&rsquo;evidencia, i &eacute;s percebut per la ciutadania, que aquesta recuperaci&oacute; avan&ccedil;a en perjudici de la qualitat del treball i dels drets de les persones treballadores. Es significa especialment en l&rsquo;eix de la temporalitat i la parcialitat, i s&rsquo;observa en les taxes, en les estad&iacute;stiques de contractaci&oacute;, i tamb&eacute;, en l&rsquo;estoc de persones en alta al r&egrave;gim general de la seguretat social.</p><p>Aquesta recuperaci&oacute; intensa esdev&eacute; indefectiblement feble, pel que fa a la seva consist&egrave;ncia en la l&ograve;gica del mercat com en la sostenibilitat social del model, en el benent&egrave;s que ha vingut acompanyada tamb&eacute; per una contenci&oacute; salarial, per&ograve; alhora, una reducci&oacute; d&rsquo;ingressos de les persones pel propi efecte de l&rsquo;increment de la temporalitat i la parcialitat.</p><p>Esdev&eacute; clau pel futur de Catalunya que es trobi l&rsquo;encaix entre la creaci&oacute; de treball sostenible i que aquest permeti projectes vitals dignes per les persones que el desenvolupen. Trencar la dicotomia de que no &eacute;s possible crear treball amb drets i estable. Aquest encaix ha de venir de la millora de la productivitat, de la introducci&oacute; de sistemes d&rsquo;avaluaci&oacute; del rendiment o retiment de comptes, i en definitiva, per crear llocs de treball de valor afegit que permetin guanyar consci&egrave;ncia de quin &eacute;s el valor que aporta i com s&rsquo;incrementa; la sostenibilitat d&rsquo;un lloc de treball entesa com aquell que permet donar valor al compte de resultats de l&rsquo;empresa i al projecte vital de la persona que l&rsquo;executa. Per&ograve; tamb&eacute; esdev&eacute; clau que comencem a aprofundir en pol&iacute;tiques d&rsquo;ocupaci&oacute; que m&eacute;s que ancorar a l&rsquo;individu en un lloc de treball, permetin el seu apoderament i fortalesa en un mercat de treball din&agrave;mic i amb ocupacions vol&agrave;tils.</p><p>Tamb&eacute; esdev&eacute; clau, en el marc d&rsquo;unes societats amb grans reptes al voltant de l&rsquo;envelliment, l&rsquo;increment de la depend&egrave;ncia i de l&rsquo;esperan&ccedil;a de vida, amb sistemes de protecci&oacute; social amb taxes de retorn gestades en entorns socials i demogr&agrave;fics diferents, que el treball pugui continuar sent el principal instrument de finan&ccedil;ament directe i indirecte del benestar. Que es cre&iuml; treball suficient per crear sistemes de redistribuci&oacute; de rendes que permetin sistemes impositius capa&ccedil;os de generar ingressos suficients, per&ograve; alhora, treball que per la seva qualitat, assegurin que la generaci&oacute; de tributs i cotitzacions per c&agrave;pita, permeti un adequat equilibri entre els actius necessaris per sostenir els passius existents.</p></div>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Josep Ginesta</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Roig_2018b</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 10 Jan 2018 00:22:01 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Roig_2018b</link>
	<title><![CDATA[La regulació de les tecnologies emergents]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>No sembla possible regular les noves tecnologies nom&eacute;s amb regles o principis generals. Cada cop m&eacute;s es fa &uacute;s de Impact Assessment o an&agrave;lisi de riscos. Ara b&eacute;, no &eacute;s possible pensar en una optimitzaci&oacute; final dels riscos, sin&oacute; en un proc&eacute;s c&iacute;clic de re-avaluaci&oacute; constant. La institucionalitzaci&oacute; d&rsquo;aquesta mena de proc&eacute;s de co-regulaci&oacute; tot just comen&ccedil;a: plataformes digitals informals adquireixen funcions co-reguladores, ignorades encara per les t&egrave;cniques oficials de &ldquo;Better Regulation&rdquo; de la UE. Un alineament entre la regulaci&oacute; i la tecnologia podria beneficiar no nom&eacute;s al legislador, m&eacute;s eficient i actualitzat, sin&oacute; tamb&eacute; als usuaris i als actors.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Antoni Roig</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Castelltort_et_al_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 09 Jan 2018 23:44:19 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Castelltort_et_al_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[L’Agència Nacional d’Economia del Coneixement (ANEC). Un vehicle integral per a la innovació i transferència de tecnologia a Catalunya]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>&Eacute;s &agrave;mpliament reconegut el gap existent entre els excel&middot;lents resultats generats pel sistema catal&agrave; de recerca i el desenvolupament de productes o serveis que impactin en la societat. Refor&ccedil;ar i integrar els processos i instruments de valoritzaci&oacute; o transfer&egrave;ncia tecnol&ograve;gica &eacute;s quelcom prioritari en una economia amb projecci&oacute; global i basada en el coneixement. Les limitacions del sistema actual s&oacute;n (1) la fragmentaci&oacute; de la inversi&oacute; en transfer&egrave;ncia, (2) la redu&iuml;da retenci&oacute; del talent en aquest &agrave;mbit, (3) l&rsquo;exist&egrave;ncia de micro-portafolis, (4) el risc individualitzat, (5) el posicionament fragmentat davant del client i del finan&ccedil;ament de proves de validaci&oacute; i (6) un marc legal que no accelera la transfer&egrave;ncia de coneixement al mercat. Per tal de superar els reptes anteriors es proposa la creaci&oacute; d&rsquo;una Agencia Nacional d&rsquo;Economia del Coneixement (ANEC), amb la missi&oacute; de definir i implementar una &uacute;nica estrat&egrave;gia de transfer&egrave;ncia de coneixement per a tot el sistema de recerca i innovaci&oacute; de Catalunya. Els objectius principals d&rsquo;aquesta estructura serien: crear sistemes d&rsquo;atracci&oacute; i retenci&oacute; de professionals en transfer&egrave;ncia de coneixement, generar un portafoli integrat amb estrat&egrave;gies de desenvolupament de negoci en base als sectors prioritzats a Catalunya, optimitzar els processos interns i l&rsquo;acceleraci&oacute; de projectes de valoritzaci&oacute; i prova de concepte, desenvolupar instruments de risc compartit i crear un marc legal que permeti millorar la competitivitat de la recerca i innovaci&oacute; catalanes. Les estructures actuals als centres prove&iuml;dors de coneixement estarien focalitzades en la identificaci&oacute; i generaci&oacute; de projectes de transfer&egrave;ncia i els professionals dels centres treballarien en coordinaci&oacute; amb l&rsquo;ANEC per transferir la responsabilitat en el desenvolupament de negoci i comercialitzaci&oacute; dels projectes. En resum, l&rsquo;ANEC constitueix un vehicle integral i inclusiu en la professionalitzaci&oacute; de la transfer&egrave;ncia de coneixement a Catalunya.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Xavier Quer Zamora</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Tost_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 09 Jan 2018 20:28:25 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Tost_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Economia Circular a Catalunya]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>La contribuci&oacute; d&rsquo;una gesti&oacute; eficient dels residus al foment de l&rsquo;economia circular.<br />
Josep Maria Tost<br />
Director de l&#39;Ag&egrave;ncia de Residus de Catalunya</p><p>L&#39;economia circular &eacute;s un model econ&ograve;mic i productiu que estableix que qualsevol residu &eacute;s un recurs. Aplicant les seves bases, aconseguim:</p><p>-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Millorar els resultats econ&ograve;mics reduint l&#39;&uacute;s dels recursos<br />
-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Identificar i crear noves oportunitats de creixement econ&ograve;mic<br />
-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Garantir la seguretat del subministrament de recursos essencials<br />
-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Lluitar contra el canvi clim&agrave;tic (un 3% del factor clim&agrave;tic t&eacute; a veure amb la gesti&oacute; de residus)<br />
A Catalunya s&rsquo;ha plantejat un horitz&oacute; del 60% de recollida selectiva per a 2020 i, tenint en compte que actualment s&rsquo;est&agrave; en el 38% de, cal avan&ccedil;ar en les estrat&egrave;gies per millorar aquests resultats. Les administracions, les empreses i la societat en general s&oacute;n claus per tal d&rsquo;assolir un circularitat dels residus com a recursos.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Josep Maria Tost</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Oliveira_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 13 Dec 2017 16:32:14 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Oliveira_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Estimation of kinetic parameters in a chromatographic separation model via Bayesian inference]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>The modeling of adsorption processes appears quite frequently in the chemical industry, petrochemical plants and refineries, for example for separation and purification of mixtures in Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) units. In the mathematical formulation, the accurate determination of the model parameters is an important step for the design of chromatographic conditions for continuous separation in SMB processes. This work is aimed at the estimation of the model parameters in adsorption processes, using a chromatographic column for the separation of glucose and fructose. The Bayesian framework for inverse problems is investigated through the implementation of Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods (MCMC) and a critical comparison against the classical Maximum Likelihood approach, with the minimization of the objective function via two different stochastic techniques, namely the Particle Collision Algorithm (PCA), and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is performed. Different cases are presented in order to investigate the statistical significance of the estimates obtained, and perform comparisons between the solution via Bayesian inference and via the minimization of the objective function with the stochastic methods. The results demonstrate that the Bayesian approach employs less computational effort to achieve estimates with comparable statistical information.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Gonzalez_Luo_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 04 Dec 2017 10:39:33 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Gonzalez_Luo_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Use of the SVD method for the stability analysis of tensegrity structures]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>In this paper, the application of the singular value decomposition SVD for the analysis of tensegrity structures is presented. For this purpose, the SVD method is described generally, without detailing the calculating method. Next, the equilibrium equations of tensegrity structures are defined. The solution to the homogeneous system of equilibrium of the tensegrity structures is developed using the SVD method, and the meaning of the values in the matrices is presented. The method is used for the solution of several structures, some of them widely studied and some new.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Andrés González-Fallas</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Rodríguez_2017b</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 21 Nov 2017 05:39:01 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Rodríguez_2017b</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Sobre los alcances del dominio de validez de los diagramas de Venn-Euler]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>En este trabajo se muestra de forma rigurosa que los m&eacute;todos de diagramas de Venn s&iacute;&nbsp;son procedimientos formales de demostraci&oacute;n de las f&oacute;rmulas de conjuntos para ciertos subconjuntos, determin&aacute;ndose de forma exacta la familia de conjuntos que cumplen con esta condici&oacute;n.<br />
Cabe mencionar que en este trabajo solo se considera la teor&iacute;a de conjuntos cl&aacute;sica que acepta la hip&oacute;tesis del continuo, por lo que el dominio de validez de los diagramas de Venn que aqu&iacute;&nbsp;se demuestra s&oacute;lo es aplicable a los conjuntos considerados bajo este supuesto.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Carlos Rodríguez</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Cargnelutti_et_al_2017b</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2017 14:18:02 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Cargnelutti_et_al_2017b</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Simulation of the two-dimensional flow of the initiation channel of the Itaipu hydroelectric power plant by the lattice Boltzmann method]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>This paper analyzes the ability of the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with multiple relaxation times (MRT) in the simulation of flow in practical engineering problems. The case study covered refers to the first section of the initiation channel, which is part of the piracema channel, located in the Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant. The initiation channel has submerged obstacles distributed from one margin to the other, in order to reduce water velocity and allow the piracema cycle to occur. The governing equations of flow are the shallow water equations, which will be solved through the LBM-MRT. The non-slip bounce-back scheme was used on walls and obstacles, constant discharge at the inlet and fixed depth at the outlet of the channel. Due to the characteristics of the problem to be simulated, a large eddy simulation (LES) technique was incorporated into the computational code, which allows to obtain results that are closer to the actual behavior of the flow. In addition, the stability of the simulation at all points of the mesh is evaluated for each step of time and, together with the property of the consistency of the LBM, the convergence of the solution is obtained. The simulation provides the depth, velocities in the x and y directions, and the magnitude of water vorticity.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Rodríguez_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 02 Nov 2017 15:25:03 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Rodríguez_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Design of an inflatable, modular and portable footbridge]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Optimization of the use of resources and adaptability of the structures to their environment are new concerns in architecture and structural engineering. At the same time, ephemeral structures are gaining relevance in the market for their uses in maintenance and repair, organization of events, rescue and emergencies and temporary works. Inflatable structures satisfy two of the points aforementioned: they require small amounts of materials and are adequate for ephemeral structures, due to their low deflated volume and lightness. They are also adaptable in the sense that their overpressure determines their load carrying capacity. However, they are inadequate for environments where high external loads may be present. Tensairity appears as a solution to this problem, increasing the carrying capacity of inflatable structures without renouncing to their advantages. This technology adds two extra structural elements to inflatable beams, with greater strengths, in order to redistribute stresses along it. The inflatable element serves then to couple the two stiff elements and to avoid buckling. This work presents and explores design possibilities of Tensairity beams with special focus on their computational modelling. Then, research is carried out regarding modular Tensairity beams, thought as a solution for deployable footbridges. A prototype was built and tested in serviceability conditions to prove the fitness of the proposal to a commercial level.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Irazábal_González_Oñate_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 02 Nov 2017 15:03:18 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Irazábal_González_Oñate_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Numerical analysis of railway ballast behaviour using the Discrete Element Method]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>The development of high-speed train lines has increased significantly during the last twenty-five years, leading to more demanding loads in railway infrastructures. Most of these infrastructures were constructed using railway ballast, which is a layer of granular material placed under the sleepers whose roles are: resisting to vertical and horizontal loads and facing climate action. Moreover, the Discrete Element Method was found to be an effective numerical method for the calculation of engineering problems involving granular materials. For these reasons, the main objective of the work is the development of a numerical modelling tool based on the Discrete Element Method which allows the users to understand better the mechanical behaviour of railway ballast. The first task was the review of the specifications that ballast material must meet. Then, the features of the available Discrete Elements code, called &#39;&#39;DEMPack&#39;&#39;, were analysed. After those revisions, it was found that the code needed some improvement in order to reproduce correctly and efficiently the behaviour of railway ballast. The main deficiencies identified in the numerical code were related to the contact between discrete element particles and planar boundaries and to the geometrical representation of such a irregular material as ballast. Contact interactions between rigid boundaries and Discrete Elements are treated using a new methodology called the Double Hierarchy method. This new algorithm is based on characterising contacts between rigid parts (meshed with a Finite Element-like discretisation) and spherical Discrete Elements. The procedure is described in the course of the work. Moreover, the method validation and the assessment of its limitations are also displayed. The representation of irregular particles using the Discrete Element Method is a very challenging issue, leading to different geometrical approaches. In this work, a deep revision of those approaches was performed. Finally, the most appropriate methods were chosen: spheres with rolling friction and clusters of spheres. The main advantage of the use of spheres is their low computational cost, while clusters of spheres stand out for their geometrical versatility. Some improvements were developed for describing the movement of each kind of particles, specifically, the imposition of the rolling friction and the integration of the rotation of clusters of spheres. In the course of this work the way to fill volumes with particles (spheres or clusters) was also analysed. The aim is to control properly the initial granulometry and compactness of the samples used in the calculations. After checking the correctness of the numerical code with simplified benchmarks, some laboratory tests for evaluating railway ballast behaviour were computed. The aim was to calibrate the ballast material properties and validate the code for the representation of railway ballast. Once the material properties were calibrated, some examples of a real train passing through a railway ballast track were reproduced numerically. This calculations allowed to prove the possibilities of the implemented tool.</p><p>This publication is a revised version of the text of the PhD Thesis &ldquo;Numerical analysis of railway ballast behaviour using the Discrete Element Method&rdquo; of Joaqu&iacute;n Iraz&aacute;bal, presented at the Technical University of Catalonia on October 6th 2017</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Villota_Codina_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 18 Oct 2017 09:51:10 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Villota_Codina_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Approximation of the shallow water equations with higher order finite elements and variational multiscale methods]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>In this article, we present approximations with finite elements of high order using stabilized variational multiscale methods to approximate the equations of motion of a fluid in shallow waters. We write these equations as a system of non-linear and transient convection-diffusion-reaction (CDR) equations and we perform our developments in this general framework. Variational multiscale methods (VMS) are based on the decomposition of the unknowns of the continuous problem in a resolved component in the finite element space and another component that cannot be captured by the finite element mesh, and that we call subscale. The subscale is approximated in terms of the finite element solution, obtaining a robust numerical scheme, which in particular allows one to use the same interpolation for all unknowns and the possibility to deal with convection dominated flows (we will not consider the possibility of dealing with shocks). The two VMS methodologies that we will consider are called algebraic subscales (ASGS) and orthogonal subscales (OSS).</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Ramon Codina</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/MARTIN_CHICA_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 19 Sep 2017 12:30:59 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/MARTIN_CHICA_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Another FEM: Rectangular element of 4 nodes]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>In both of the traditional FEM and the proposed methodology in this article, the compatibility equations are obtained from the same interpolation functions, so the elementary matrix that relates deformations in the nodes of the element with the displacements of that nodes are the same in both procedures. But, whereas in that one the PVW is applied to establish the Equivalent Nodal Forces to be used for the achievement of the equilibrium equations of all the nodes of the structure, in which these forces are obtained from the hypothesis that the stresses on all four sides of the elemental rectangle vary linearly along these sides and are thus to replace said stresses as statically equivalent, concentrated forces. Since the system of equations used in this procedure is given in all the unknowns of the problem explicitly, and it is possible to impose any kind of restriction on any of these unknowns, so that, in addition to the conditions of essential support to avoid movement as a solid rigid, conditions of equilibrium are imposed on every one of the elements that discretize the structure, which is not possible with the usual procedure that, therefore, must resign to be fulfilled in a way such a balance. The practical examples studied at the end show somewhat improved results with respect to the FEM usual procedure.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Felipe Martin Chica</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Vielma-Perez_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 02 Aug 2017 22:10:13 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Vielma-Perez_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Improved procedure for determining the ductility of buildings under seismic loads]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Displacement ductility is a parameter that characterizes the seismic response of structures. Moreover, displacement ductility can be used in order to determine whether a structural design, performed according to a specific seismic code or not, may achieve the main goal of the seismic design: to develop energy dissipation in a stable manner. Determination of displacement ductility is not an easy task, because the structural response usually does not show a clear location of the points that define yield and ultimate displacements. In this paper, some of the main procedures for ductility displacement are revised and compared, and then improvements are performed to such procedures in order to compute the displacement ductility. A new procedure is then introduced, leading to determine the ultimate displacement using the seismic collapse threshold and the yield displacement, achieving the balance of dissipated energy. The procedure has been used to calculate displacement ductility of reinforced concrete framed buildings.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Juan-Carlos Vielma-Perez</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Rodrigues_et_al_2017</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 13 Jul 2017 17:18:13 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Rodrigues_et_al_2017</link>
	<title><![CDATA[High-order CE/SE scheme for dam-break flow simulation]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>This paper presents a new explicit scheme for the solution of shallow water equations in one and two space dimensions, developed from the space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) method. The basis functions used are second-order Taylor expansions in time and space. This increase in the order of the approximation functions produces an increase in the number of unknowns in the scheme, therefore, besides the flow variables and their slopes, their second-order partial derivatives are also unknown in the present scheme. An iterative process for the calculation of the first and second order derivatives is formulated for problems with shocks and discontinuities. Computational experiments demonstrate third-order accuracy. The one-dimensional and two-dimensional dam-break problems presented validate the accuracy and robustness of this scheme.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Vicenç Aparicio Nogué</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Hua_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 13 Jul 2017 04:42:04 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Hua_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[A new mechanical structural damage feature index based on HHT]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>A new damage feature index is presented for the structural health monitoring based on Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT). The energy marginal spectrum of the dynamic signal is used to construct damage characteristic parameter, which can reflect the signal energy variation and benefit the structural damage detection. A sinusoidal wave with frequency change and a composite plate vibration experiment with pre-defined damage are designed to verify the effectiveness of characteristic parameter in damage detection. Results obtained from simulation and test show that the extracted non-model-based damage feature index is available and sensitive in damage detection of time-varying system.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Lin Hua</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Alfarah_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 04 Jul 2017 12:08:13 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Alfarah_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Advanced computationally efficient modeling of RC structures nonlinear cyclic behavior]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Under severe seismic excitation, structural behavior of buildings and other constructions is highly complex. It involves, among other issues, soil-structure interaction, large strains and displacements, damage, plasticity, and near-collapse behavior. Moreover, in reinforced concrete structures, there are several coupled degradation and failure modes: cracking, crushing and spalling of concrete, yielding and pull-out of tensioned reinforcement, yielding and buckling of compressed reinforcement. Furthermore, another circumstance makes the situation more alarming: given the increasing awareness and concern on the huge worldwide seismic risk, earthquake engineering has experienced in last years substantial advances. New design and analysis strategies have been proposed, leading to relevant developments. These developments rely on extensive testing and numerical simulation mainly based on oversimplified models referred in this work as structural component-based models, as a result of their moderate computational cost. Therefore, there is a strong need of verifying the reliability of the new developments by comparison with analyses performed using more advanced simulation tools and with experiments. This work is organized in two parts. First part presents an accurate model, while the second part deals with a more simplified model, although highly computational efficient.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Derin_Hames_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 26 Jun 2017 15:02:02 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Derin_Hames_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Analytical solution proposal for fast numerical algorithm in special structured higher order differential equations]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>We suggest a practical method for obtaining the particular solution of non-homogeneous higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients. The proposed method can be applied directly and simply to such problems. We revealed that is valid for the different type of problem by using sample solutions. This simple analytical solution that we have introduced will help to create a fast numerical algorithm for computers and thus simplify the numerical solutions of higher order physical problems.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Frechilla_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 26 Jun 2017 14:57:02 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Frechilla_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Modal and dynamic analysis of a footbridge in service]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Civil engineering constructions like pedestrian footbridges are structures increasingly slender, ambitious and complex in which the dynamic effects caused by the loads to which they are subjected (pedestrians) may induce service problems and / or significant or repetitive amplifications of the efforts and deformations. This fact together with the current social demands related to the perception and comfort raise the need to integrate the analysis and computer-aided design in the evaluation of the vibrations generated by the loads this type of structures supports. In the specific case of finite element commercial programs, their use has not proliferated as much as in other engineering fields due to the existence of simplified methodologies in numerous national and international guidelines and regulations and the difficulty of making realistic models in the case of complex structures. However, the knowledge generated by the analysis of this type of numerical models would be especially useful in the earlier phases of the design of similar structures, so much initial as of the necessary modifications to solve existing dynamic problems, since it is in these stages when the best solution could be applied from both a technical and an economic point of view. This article describes the process of generation and updating of the mechanical finite element model (FEM) of a footbridge in service and the simulation of two types of load: an excitation generated by a shaker and a pedestrian load, contrasting the results generated by the numerical model with those obtained experimentally.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Hinojosa_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 26 Jun 2017 14:53:08 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Hinojosa_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Parallelization using a BDD-C of a multiscale strategy with non lineal localization based on a NKS]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>In previous works, the nonlinear localization was first presented and studied in the case of large displacements but only for globally stable structural responses. In this paper, the parallelization of this computational strategy using a Balancing Domain Decomposition by Constrains (BDD-C) is presented. Finally, a validation of this implementation is carried out in lineal elasticity, verifying the &#39;&#39;speed-up&#39;&#39; and the numerical extensibility.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Abedini_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 26 Jun 2017 14:04:02 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Abedini_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Modeling the effects of high strain rate loading on RC columns using Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) technique]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>In recent years, many studies have been conducted by governmental and nongovernmental organizations across the world in an attempt to better understand the effect of explosive loads on buildings in order to better design against specific threats. This study is intended to contribute to increase the knowledge about how explosions affect reinforced concrete (RC) columns. In this study, a nonlinear model is developed to study the blast response of RC columns subjected to explosive loads. Numerical modeling of RC column under explosive load is presented using advanced finite element code LS DYNA. The obtained numerical model is validated with the experimental test and the results are in substantial agreement with the experimental data. ALE method for blast analysis is presented in the current research. The effects of scaled distance on the damage profile of RC columns are investigated. The results demonstrate that the level of damage increased with describing the scaled distance. Also the results shown duration for the blast loading, and hence the impulse, varies with charge masses at the specified scaled distance. Higher magnitude charge masses produced longer blast loading durations than lower magnitude charge masses. This means that at the same scaled distance, a charge mass of higher magnitude produced a higher impulse than the lower magnitude charge mass. The findings of this research represent the scaled distance is an important parameter that should be taken into account when analyzing the behavior of RC columns under explosive effects. The data collected from this research are being used to improve the knowledge of how structures will respond to a blast event, and improve finite element models for predicting the blast performance of concrete structures.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Cargnelutti_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 26 Jun 2017 13:57:03 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Cargnelutti_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Two-dimensional numerical simulation of channel flow with submerged obstacles using the lattice Boltzmann method]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>A two-dimensional numerical simulation of the water flow in a rectangular channel with submerged obstacles distributed alternately along its banks is presented. The governing equations of flow are the shallow water equations, which will be solved by the Boltzmann<br />
lattice method (LBM) with multiple relaxation times (MRT). The non-slip bounce-back scheme was used on walls and obstacles, constant discharge at the inlet and fixed depth at the outlet of the channel. Due to the characteristics of the problem to be simulated, a large eddy simulation (LES) technique was incorporated into the computational code, which allows to obtain results<br />
that are closer to the actual behavior of the flow. In addition, the stability of the simulation at all points of the mesh is evaluated for each step of time and, together with the property of the consistency of the LBM, the convergence of the solution is obtained. The simulation<br />
provides the depth, velocities in the x and y directions, and the magnitude of water vorticity.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Rosas_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 26 Jun 2017 11:54:02 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Rosas_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures in contact with soil]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Structural elements, in many situations, are supported by other surfaces, such as soil, which may offer movement constraints in some directions. Therefore, the static and dynamic analysis of these elements considering their interaction with the soil becomes important in the design of a structural design. This paper presents the nonlinear dynamic analysis of structural systems considering such interaction through the Finite Element Method. A geometrically nonlinear beam-column element is used to model the structure, while the soil can be idealized as a continuum foundation, through the Winkler and Pasternak models. It is assumed that the foundation reacts to tension and compression stresses, so during the deformation process the structural elements are subjected to bilateral contact constraints. The analysis is based on the modeling of the structural system using the finite element method, where the Newmark integration method and Newton-Raphson iterative strategy are used in the process of solving the nonlinear dynamic equations in the time domain. Practical situations involving the interaction between soil and structure were evaluated during the study, showing the influence of contact in the natural vibration frequency and transient response of these structures.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Acosta-Humánez_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 20 Jun 2017 13:32:20 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Acosta-Humánez_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Galoisian and numerical approach of three dimensional  linear differential systems with skew symmetric matrices defined in  a non- constant differential field]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>This work contrasts numerical methods with algebraic methods. These methods are applied to solve a three dimensional linear differential system with skew symmetric matrices defined in a non- constant differential field. Algorithms and methods of Differential Galois Theory, are used to provide an algebraic solution, while numerical methods, in particular, methods from Runge - Kutta family, are applied to the same system. Finally, the absolute and relative errors between Liouvillians solution are calculated comparing the solutions obtained by means of algebraic methods and by means of numerical methods.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Plans_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 12 Jun 2017 13:52:03 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Plans_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Composite slabs micromechanics characterization of the steel-concrete interaction with finite element models]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>This study focuses on the improvement of composite slabs characterization throughout the use of advanced finite elements models. The accurate three-dimensional modelling of a full scale commercial steel sheet and concrete slab geometries enables the analysis of the composite slab micromechanics. The inclusion of the embossments depth and slope, the steel sheet thickness, the tilting angle, the length and width and spacing of embossments, and the profiling angle of the rib shape removes the need of simplifications for the complex phenomenon at the steel &ndash; concrete interface. The accuracy observed at the finite element models once compared with the laboratory specimens enables a new approach to describe the complex stress distributions in composite slabs. In particular, this study introduces a novel representation of the longitudinal shear strength <em>t<sub>u</sub></em> and a newly defined vertical normal stress <em>&sigma;<sub>u</sub></em> between the steel and concrete that frequently define the overall composite slab bearing capacity. Subsequently, this study compares detailed stress diagrams and deformations from the finite elements models with experimental data obtained through piezoelectric gauges at the laboratory specimens.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Qiao_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 09 Jun 2017 13:29:44 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Qiao_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[A 4-node thin shell element based on co-rotational for laminated composite structures]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>The finite formulation of the 4-node thin shell element based on Co-rotational (CR) and Timoshenko`s theory was presented for the analysis of laminated composite structures. Based on the Timoshenko`s theory the present thin shell element avoids shear locking behavior, and a bilinear in-plane displacement field is introduced for the coupling of in-plane and bending actions, and such element performs simple formulation and highly efficienct. A highly efficient CR formulation was also established to define the motion of the element with large displacement. The characteristics of the element are more pronounced when shells get thin, each node of the 4-node element has five degrees of freedom. An incremental iterative method based on the Newton Raphson method was used to solve the nonlinear equilibrium equations. A number of numerical examples were given to verify that the formula is computationally efficient and the results showed good agreement.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Cortés_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 09 Jun 2017 13:26:03 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Cortés_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Comparison of algorithms for reliability-based structural optimization]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>The design of reliable structures requires robust tools that allow the analysis of the behavior of the system subject to variability in its resistance and applied loads. For this, there are several formulations and computational algorithms that enable to model the structural behavior under uncertainties. Under these requirements, the most popular and reliable optimum design methodology is the reliability based optimization (RBO), which should be implemented through the combination of high fidelity mathematical or computational models, e.g. finite element models, efficient and accurate reliability estimation methods, and efficient and effective engineering optimization algorithms. Most RBO applications for structural optimization has the latest developments in efficient computational techniques for simulation and reliability calculations, however, although a variety of optimization methods exist, they generally do not perform a selection of the optimization algorithm more appropriate for each application. In this context, the main contribution of this article is the performing of a comparative study of the computational performance of optimization algorithms applied in structural optimization by RBO. The study compared the numerical performance of optimization algorithms in three problems. Compared algorithms correspond to derivative based algorithms, direct search algorithms, and bioinspired algorithms; including the most representative algorithms of each category. The results of the comparative study point out advantages and disadvantages of the use of the different types of algorithms and allow to conclude on the criteria that must be considered for the choice of an algorithm that favors the computational performance.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Zhang_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 07 Jun 2017 16:09:43 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Zhang_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Research on rational layout of strut arms of tainter gate in vertical frame]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>The overall stability of hydraulic tainter steel gate decrease seriously, and they are caused by improper structure layout of the two-way eccentric compression of struts. Chinese and American specification method, structural mechanics method and finite element method are respectively used to study rational structural layout of strut arms in vertical frame. First of all, a unified method for rational layout of struts of tainter gate in vertical frame is deduced by using structural mechanics method that simplifies curve girder as straight girder on the basis of zero rotation in vertical girder. Second, rational layouts of struts were researched by utilizing spatial finite element method according to zero rotation in vertical girder. The 756 groups rational layout results of the above three methods with different water heads, different number of struts and different unit stiffness ratios were researched. The differences of struts stress and material dosages of various rational layout methods were evaluated. From the point of view of the forces of tainter gate struts in vertical frame, as the results shown, the layouts of struts by Chinese and American specification method, straight beam method and finite element method are large eccentric compression, small eccentric compression and axial compression respectively. The layout of struts with specification method in lower head is quite different from straight beam method and finite element method, and the layouts of deep water head with straight beam method and finite element method are tend to be consistent. Unit stiffness ratio between vertical girder and strut has little effect on layout of tainter gate struts, but has a great influence on material dosages of tainter gate. Compared with specification method, layout of tainter gate with two struts and three struts by using straight beam method and finite element method can improve stability of struts and save materials of overall tainter gate structure, and the material saving rates of tainter gate with two struts and three struts with finite element method are respectively [32.63, 47.58] (%) and [21.61, 30.01] (%). Rational layout concise charts of tainter gate with two struts and three struts by specification method, straight beam method and finite element method are given, which can be used directly for projects designs. Compared with specification method, the layout of struts of straight beam method and finite element method is not only security and economy, but also method and mechanics concept are simple, which can provide the theoretical basis for specification revision of Chinese and American.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Carreno_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 07 Jun 2017 12:09:32 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Carreno_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Fuzzy inference system for muti-hazard physical risk assessment in urban areas]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>The urban areas may be exposed to different natural hazards; in order to jointly evaluate the potential risk, this article proposes a methodology for the qualitative assessment of the multi-hazard physical risk by using a fuzzy inference system called MuHRA by its abbreviations MUlti-Hazard Physical risk assessment. This methodology is based on the fuzzy sets theory and uses expert opinions. It is applicable to the risk evaluation involving a maximum of three natural hazards and uses five levels of risk: very low, low, medium, high and very high. The proposed methodology considers the physical risk in an urban area involving at least three potential effects: predominant damage that varies with the type of hazard; impact on the population, and damage in lifelines. According to the available information for the urban area to be assessed, the physical risk to a natural hazard can be evaluated, either through expert opinion or a more detailed assessment, and then they are combined and synthesized into a single multi-hazard physical risk index (RF<sub>mh</sub>).</p><p>The MuHRA methodology is applied to the multi-hazard risk evaluation for the city Merida-Venezuela considering both, the seismic hazard and the landslides. This application shows the versatility and robustness of the methodology, which can be adapted according to the information available in each case study.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Mendoza_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 07 Jun 2017 12:01:12 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Mendoza_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[The geological history analysis of the friction angle in transported soils and their importance in the bearing capacity of shallow foundations]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>This work shows the variability of the friction angle based on the geological history, over the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This study was developed through the generation of random fields of friction angle using the matrix decomposition technique for a self-correlated lognormal distribution. In addition, to recreate the geological history, the anisotropic random fields were created using the rotation matrix with angles of 0, 45 and 90 degrees. Subsequently, these random fields were implemented in a finite element model of a continuous footing. A linear elastoplastic constitutive model was selected to represent stress-strain soil behavior together with the Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria. This last work was done in order to understand the influence of geological history and the variability of the friction angle in the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. Results include the weight of the variability of the friction angle in the bearing capacity and the influence of the dip over the friction angle and the bearing capacity.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Pellegrini_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 17 May 2017 23:48:09 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Pellegrini_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Sustainable Pedestrian Bridge using Advanced Materials (SUPERBAM)]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Fiber-reinforced polymer pedestrian bridges are becoming a competitive alternative to conventional concrete or steel pedestrian bridges in the span range from 5 to 30 m. In order to consider it as a viable alternative, it is necessary, among other things, to be price competitive in the total cost of the bridge, including construction and full-life maintenance. One of the ways of making the cost competitive is to normalize a few cross-sections and create a catalog of standard cross-sections and shapes depending on the load conditions and ranges of spans. The objective of this work has been to create this catalog, taking into account the following items: A detailed economic analysis of the impact of every sub cost in the total construction and maintenance cost. A detailed structural analysis and optimization, by using MEF, of different cross-section and laminate solutions has been carried out, both under static and dynamic loads, in order to achieve the best possible design. The preparation of a specialized FEM analysis software that already includes in its database the chosen laminates as well as automatized geometrical construction and standarised load cases definition. With all these tools, it is possible to make highly reusable molds for the laminates and it is possible to make the final cost of the FRP pedestrian bridge more competitive.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>Ramon Ribó</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Galina_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 15 May 2017 14:33:02 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Galina_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Application of lattice Boltzmann method for surface runoff in watershed]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Derived from simplifications of the Saint-Venant equations, the kinematic wave model has the ability to describe the behavior of surface runoff in watersheds. This paper aims to obtain the numerical simulation of the flow routing in a natural watershed, by using lattice Boltzmann method. In the computational model, the surface of the basin will be represented by a V-shaped segmented in two lateral planes and one main channel. The simulation considers the effective precipitation flowing on the watershed per unit of width at the exit of each of the planes that represent the surface of the basin. The water flowing from the planes enters the main channel in the form of lateral contribution. Hydrograms of two rain events are obtained, which present the volume drained in the outlet corresponding to the whole basin in each event. Two equilibrium distribution functions were developed by Chapmann-Enskog expansion at time scales and model D1Q3, one suitable for flow on the basin surface and another for the main channel, in order to obtain the variables of interest in each case. The numerical results obtained were compared with the KINEROS2 hydrological model.&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Matias_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 09 May 2017 14:10:06 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Matias_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Nonlinear analysis of beams, plane frames and arch using a dierent co-rotating beam element]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>The present work uses a co-rotating approach for obtain the internal forces and tangent stiness matrices for three plane beam elements. All of them are based on the same co-rotational approach, and di er by the strain de nition used in the local co-rotational coordinate system. Based on the Bernoulli assumption, the rst two elements use a linear and a shallow arch strain de nition, respectively. The third element is based on the Timoshenko assumption with linear interpolations for the displacements. Some examples are presented and the numerical results demonstrate that the beam elements here presented are able to perform the nonlinear analysis of plane frames and 2D arches and to handle large rotations too.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Medina_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 09 May 2017 13:33:02 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Medina_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Application of the Verlet method for the simulation of a gravitational system of n bodies]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>In this paper we propose a numerical solution (software simulation) of the &quot;problem of n bodies&quot; that interact gravitationally based on the formulation of Verlet. Additionally a program is designed that graphically shows the results of this numerical solution, which details the different trajectories, for different conditions of mass, speed and distance between the n objects that interact. The interaction of the user with the graphical interface, is performed particle by particle.&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Durazo_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 09 May 2017 13:25:03 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Durazo_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Control law for a robot network formation using static diffusive coupling]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>This article describes a control proposal for a formation objective of a robot network in collaborative work with static diffusive coupling using tools derived from graph theory. This proposal is guaranteed by the stability theory of Lyapunov and it is validated with results in simulation and experimentation. As an important part of this work, it is detailed like a tutorial the procedure for the formulation of the robot network addressed and also it is proposed a formation control law with procedure for non-collision between the robots that form the network using the same network topology.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Oñate_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 02 May 2017 13:26:39 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Oñate_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Advances in the DEM and coupled DEM and FEM techniques in non linear solid mechanics]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>In this chapter we present recent advances in the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and in the coupling of the DEM with the Finite Element Method (FEM) for solving a variety of problems in non linear solid mechanics involving damage, plasticity and multifracture situations.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Vega-Alvarado_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 15 Mar 2017 15:38:17 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Vega-Alvarado_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[A memetic algorithm based on Artificial Bee Colony for optimal synthesis of mechanisms]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>In this paper a novel proposal of a modular hybrid algorithm as a tool for solving real-world engineering problems is presented. A memetic algorithm, MemMABC, is implemented with this approach and applied to solve two case studies of mechanism design, in order to evaluate its efficiency and performance. Because of its modularity, the proposed algorithm is simple and flexible; these features make it quite reusable to be applied on different optimization problems, with a wide scope. The solutions of the optimization problems are also modular, following a scheme of structured programming that includes the use of global variables for configuration, and subroutines for the objective function and the restrictions. Memetic algorithms are a good option to solve hard optimization problems, because of the synergy derived from the combination of their components: a global search population-based metaheuristic and a local refinement method. The quality of simulation results suggests that MemMABC can be successfully applied to solve hard problems in engineering design.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Cordero_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Wed, 15 Mar 2017 14:44:20 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Cordero_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Robust topology optimization of continuum structures using Monte Carlo method and Kriging models]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>The aim of this paper is to introduce an efficient and accurate new approach called Monte Carlo and Kriging (MCK) to robust topology optimization. The objective is to minimize the expected value of &#39;&#39;compliance&#39;&#39; under concentrated loading uncertainty. The loading uncertainty may occur in magnitude, direction and/or position. The Monte Carlo simulation method and Kriging model are used to evaluate the objective function. To evaluate the expected value of &#39;&#39;compliance&#39;&#39; the probabilistic problem is transformed into a multiple loading deterministic one using of Monte Carlo method but with a reduced evaluations number of simulation model. A small sample obtained with a Latin Hypercube is used to build a Kriging model of the simulation model. This is utilized to estimate the &#39;&#39;compliance&#39;&#39; in those points used by Monte Carlo simulation method. Two problems are solved to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the approach. The examples are solved again using a standard Monte Carlo simulation to check the proposed approach.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Escrig_Gil_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 14 Mar 2017 15:53:15 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Escrig_Gil_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Vigas de hormigón armado reforzadas a flexión con materiales tipo Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix. Estudio experimental y analítico]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Actualmente, existen en el mercado numerosas opciones que permiten aplicar refuerzos de matriz cement&iacute;tica en estructuras en servicio. A pesar de ello, el conocimiento relativo a las propiedades del material, as&iacute; como del comportamiento mec&aacute;nico de las estructuras de hormig&oacute;n armado reforzadas con <em>TRM</em> es, m&aacute;s bien, escaso.</p><p>En la investigaci&oacute;n llevada a t&eacute;rmino, se ha estudiado y comparado el comportamiento de diferentes tipos de <em>TRM</em>, tanto a nivel de caracterizaci&oacute;n de sus propiedades mec&aacute;nicas, como relativo a refuerzo estructural a flexi&oacute;n de vigas de hormig&oacute;n armado.</p><p>A continuaci&oacute;n se exponen las principales conclusiones extra&iacute;das de los diferentes cap&iacute;tulos del presente trabajo.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Salazar_et_al_2017a</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 10 Mar 2017 14:31:12 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Salazar_et_al_2017a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[A machine learning based methodology for anomaly detection in dam behaviour]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Dam behaviour is difficult to predict with high accuracy. Numerical models for structural calculation solve the equations of continuum mechanics, but are subject to considerable uncertainty as to the characterisation of materials, especially with regard to the foundation. As a result, these models are often incapable to calculate dam behaviour with sufficient precision. Thus, it is difficult to determine whether a given deviation between model results and monitoring data represent a relevant anomaly or incipient failure.</p><p>By contrast, there is a tendency towards automatising dam monitoring devices, which allows for increasing the reading frequency and results in a greater amount and variety of data available, such as displacements, leakage, or interstitial pressure, among others.</p><p>This increasing volume of dam monitoring data makes it interesting to study the ability of advanced tools to extract useful information from observed variables.</p><p>In particular, in the field of Machine Learning (ML), powerful algorithms have been developed to face problems where the amount of data is much larger or the underlying phenomena is much less understood.</p><p>In this monograph, the possibilities of machine learning techniques are analysed for application to dam structural analysis based on monitoring data. The typical characteristics of the data sets available in dam safety are taking into account, as regards their nature, quality and size.</p><p>A critical literature review is performed, from which the key issues to consider for implementation of these algorithms in dam safety are identified.</p><p>A comparative study of the accuracy of a set of algorithms for predicting dam behaviour is carried out, considering radial and tangential displacements and leakage flow in a 100-m high dam. The results suggest that the algorithm called &ldquo;Boosted Regression Trees&rdquo; (BRT) is the most suitable, being more accurate in general, while flexible and relatively easy to implement.</p><p>The possibilities of interpretation of the mentioned algorithm are evaluated, to identify the shape and intensity of the association between external variables and the dam response, as well as the effect of time. The tools are applied to the same test case, and allow more accurate identification of the time effect than the traditional statistical method.</p><p>Finally, a methodology for the implementation of predictive models based on BRT for early detection of anomalies is presented, together with its implementation in an interactive tool that provides information on dam behaviour, through a set of selected devices. It allows the user to easily verify whether the actual data for each of these devices are within a pre-defined normal operation interval.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Santasusana_et_al_2016a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 28 Feb 2017 13:47:32 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Santasusana_et_al_2016a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Numerical Techniques for non-linear analysis of structures combining Discrete Element and Finite Element Methods]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>This works encompasses a broad review of the basic aspects of the Discrete Element Method for its application to general granular material handling problems with special emphasis on the topics of particle-structure interaction and the modelling of cohesive materials. On the one hand, a special contact detection algorithm has been developed for the case of spherical particles representing the granular media in contact with the finite elements that discretize the surface of rigid structures. The method, named Double Hierarchy Method, improves the existing state of the art in the field by solving the problems that non-smooth contact regions and multi contact situations present. This topic is later extended to the contact with deformable structures by means of a coupled DE-FE method. To do so, a special procedure is described aiming to consistently transfer the contact forces, which are first calculated on the particles, to the nodes of the FE representing the solids or structures. On the other hand, a model developed by O&ntilde;ate et al.&nbsp;for the modelling of cohesive materials with the DEM is numerically analysed to draw some conclusions about its capabilities and limitations.&nbsp;</p><p>In parallel to the theoretical developments, one of the objectives of the thesis is to provide the industrial partner of the doctoral programme, CITECHSA, a computer software called DEMPack (www.cimne.com/dem/) that can apply the coupled DE-FE procedure to real engineering projects. One of the remarkable applications of the developments in the framework of the thesis has been a project with the company Weatherford Ltd. involving the simulation of concrete-like material testing.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Diaz_et_al_2016a</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2017 14:03:03 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Diaz_et_al_2016a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Probabilistic dynamic analysis of steel buildings with long duration earthquakes]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>The probabilistic analysis of the seismic performance of a structure requires quantifying the uncertainties of the involved variables and parameters, including the seismic action and mechanical properties of its elements. In this article, the seismic performance of high-rise, mid-rise and low-rise of steel buildings, subjected to long duration seismic actions like those of Mexico City, is analyzed. The analysis is conducted by using a probabilistic approach. The seismic actions are selected to be compatible with the design spectra of the Mexican seismic code for soft soils and long duration earthquakes, characteristic for this region. The dynamic analyses are performed by using Monte Carlo simulations. The strength and ductility of the beams and columns are considered random variables; the seismic actions are also modelled in a probabilistic way. The damage index of Park and Ang is used. The results show that the uncertainties expected in the response are significant, being the randomness of the seismic action the main cause. From the comparison between the mean values of the probabilistic approach and those corresponding to the deterministic case, a good consistency of the result obtained for low-rise and mid-rise buildings is observed. Nevertheless, the consistency is lower in the case of high-rise buildings. The analyzed low-rise and mid-rise buildings show a good seismic performance to seismic actions, but the high-rise buildings show slight or moderate damage. It is concluded that the probabilistic approach provides a more complete information on the structural response.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Estrazulas_Oliveski_2016a</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2016 11:36:49 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Estrazulas_Oliveski_2016a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Numerical study of PCMs melting process in cylindrical cavity]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Several residential, commercial and industrial applications have their efficiency increased when a thermal energy storage system is incorporated. The PCMs (Phase Change Materials), due to their high latent heat of fusion, are materials that represent a viable alternative to the implementation of thermal energy storage systems. This paper presents a numerical study of RT (Rubitherm Technologies GmbH) PCMs family fusion process in cylindrical cavities. The study was conducted through a CFD &#39;&#39;(&#39;&#39;Computational Fluid Dynamics) numerical simulation, with ANSYS Fluent software. The numeric model adopted is two-dimensional and has been validated with numerical and experimental results of literature, achieving a good approximation. For PCMs here studied, increasing the temperature from 10 &#39;&#39;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C&#39;&#39; to 20 &#39;&#39;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C&#39;&#39; and 10 &#39;&#39;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C&#39;&#39; to 30 &#39;&#39;&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C&#39;&#39;, above the phase change temperature, for liquid fractions between 0.4 and 0.8, the average reduction of fusion time is approximately 55.8% and 71.8 %, respectively.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Hermosillo_et_al_2016a</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2016 11:30:02 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Hermosillo_et_al_2016a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Automatic remeshing algorithm of triangular elements during finite element analyses]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>In this paper an automatic remeshing algorithm of triangular finite elements is presented. It is well known that the element sizes of the mesh play an important role in modeling the continuum, particularly when notable material properties differences exist in contiguous areas of the medium. In such cases, the mesh must be fine enough in such areas in order to obtain reliable results. Therefore, in this paper is advanced an algorithm to carry out automatic remeshing of local areas where the &ldquo;remeshing&rdquo; criteria is activated to refine the mesh accordingly. Herein the proposed algorithm integrated into a two dimensional finite element computer program is used to analyze a classical geotechnical problem to show the importance of locally refining the mesh and to demonstrate that regardless of the geometric characteristics of the initial mesh, the algorithm yields practically equal results. Computations with the proposed method are compared with the corresponding close form solutions, whenever available, to show the usefulness and reliability of the remeshing algorithm. Furthermore, to show the algorithm&rsquo;s versality, the initial loading boundary conditions considered for the cases included in this paper are modified in order to show how the automatic local remeshing is capable of adapting the initial mesh configuration into a new one as a function of the new boundary conditions. As shown in the paper, the final resulting meshes for both load boundary conditions considered are appreciably dissimilar from each other, which leads to somehow different results.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper - RIMNI</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Valdebenito_Aparicio_2005a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 14:01:17 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Valdebenito_Aparicio_2005a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Comportamiento sísmico de puentes atirantados y disipación de energía adicional: un estado del conocimiento]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Las siguientes p&aacute;ginas corresponden a la presentaci&oacute;n de los &uacute;ltimos avances y novedades en materia de comportamiento s&iacute;smico de puentes de tirantes de gran luz. La idea ha surgido de la necesidad de unificar experiencias y criterios, y tiene como objetivo presentar al lector una visi&oacute;n actualizada acerca del comportamiento de estos sistemas y la reciente introducci&oacute;n y uso de sistemas avanzados adicionales de protecci&oacute;n pasiva y activa. A modo introductorio, se presentan los aspectos generales del comportamiento de puentes de tirantes frente a cargas est&aacute;ticas. Se exponen los resultados de las investigaciones m&aacute;s recientes acerca del comportamiento s&iacute;smico general de puentes de tirantes de gran luz, se analiza la problem&aacute;tica de la caracterizaci&oacute;n de la acci&oacute;n s&iacute;smica de entrada, se presentan los desarrollos y resultados de investigaciones recientes en materia de dispositivos de control de vibraciones aplicado a puentes, se analiza la tem&aacute;tica del comportamiento s&iacute;smico de puentes de tirantes con incorporaci&oacute;n de sistemas pasivos y activos y finalmente se presentan algunos aspectos b&aacute;sicos y actualizados relacionados con el an&aacute;lisis y dise&ntilde;o estructural.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Salgado-Galvez_et_al_2015a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2016 13:32:39 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Salgado-Galvez_et_al_2015a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Probabilistic seismic hazard and risk assessment in Spain]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>This work attempts to explain how probabilistic seismic risk assessments can be performed at different resolution levels, using, strictly speaking, the same methodology (or arithmetic) and, then, how to obtain results in terms of the same metrics; but, also, highlighting what the differences in terms of inputs for the analysis and the reasons for them (i.e. including the dynamic soil response effects which are only relevant in local assessments) are. First, a country level assessment is first performed with similarities to the presented by Cardona et al. (2014) using a coarse-grain exposure database that includes only the building stock in the urban regions of Spain. Second, a urban seismic risk assessment with the detail of state-of-the-art studies such as the ones developed by Marulanda et al. (2013) and Salgado-G&aacute;lvez et al (2013; 2014a) is performed for Lorca, Murcia. In both cases, the fully probabilistic seismic risk results are expressed in terms of the loss exceedance curve which corresponds to the main output of said analysis from where different probabilistic risk metrics, such as the average annual loss and the probable maximum loss, as well as several other relationships, can be derived (Marulanda et al., 2008; Bernal, 2014). Because of the damage data availability for the Lorca May 2011 earthquake, a comparison between the observed losses and those modelled using an earthquake scenario with similar characteristics in terms of location, magnitude and spectral accelerations was done for the building stock of the city. The results of the comparison are presented in terms of expected losses (in monetary terms) and damage levels related to the obtained the mean damage ratios compared with the observed by post-earthquake surveys.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Coll_et_al_2014b</guid>
	<pubDate>Thu, 17 Nov 2016 14:25:57 +0100</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Coll_et_al_2014b</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Robust volume mesh generation for non-watertight geometries]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Nowadays large part of the time needed to perform a numerical simulation is spent<br />
in preprocessing, especially in the geometry cleaning operations and mesh generation.<br />
Furthermore, these operations are not easy to automatize because they<br />
depend strongly on each geometrical model and they often need human interaction.<br />
Many of these operations are needed to obtain a watertight geometry. Even<br />
with a clean geometry, classical unstructured meshing methods (like Delaunay or<br />
Advancing Front based ones) present critical weak points like the need of a given<br />
quality in the boundary mesh or a relatively smooth size transition. These aspects<br />
decrease their robustness and imply an extra e ort in order to reach the nal mesh.<br />
Octree based meshers try to relax some of these requirements.<br />
In the present work an octree based mesher for unstructured tetrahedra is presented.<br />
The proposed mesher ensures the mesh generation avoiding most of the<br />
geometry cleaning operations. It is based in the following steps: t an octree<br />
onto the model, re ne it following given criteria, apply a tetrahedra pattern to<br />
the octree cells and adapt the tetrahedra close to the contours in order to represent<br />
accurately the boundary shape. An important and innovative aspect of the<br />
proposed algorithm is it ensures the nal mesh preserves the topology and the<br />
geometric features of the original model.<br />
The method uses a Ray Casting based algorithm for the identi cation of the inner<br />
and outer parts of the volumes involved in the model. This technique allows the<br />
mesh generation of volumes even with non-watertight boundaries, and also opens<br />
the use of the mesher for immersed methods only applying slight modi cations to<br />
the algorithm.<br />
The main advantages of the presented mesher are: robustness, no need for watertight<br />
boundaries, independent on the contour mesh quality, preservation of geometrical<br />
features (corners and ridges), original geometric topology guaranteed,<br />
accurate representation of the contours, valid for immersed methods, and fast performance.<br />
A lot of time in the preprocessing part of the numerical simulation is<br />
saved thanks to the robustness of the mesher, which allows skipping most of the<br />
geometry cleaning operations.<br />
A shared memory parallel implementation of the algorithm has been done. The<br />
e ectiveness of the algorithm and its implementation has been veri ed by some<br />
validation examples.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Boroomand_et_al_2004b</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2016 16:36:42 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Boroomand_et_al_2004b</link>
	<title><![CDATA[On using linear elements in incompressible plane strain problems. A simple edge based approach for triangles]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>In this paper a simple iterative method is presented for finite element solution of incompressible plane strain problems using linear elements. Instead of using a mixed formulation approach, we use an equivalent displacement/velocity approach in an iterative manner. Control volumes are taken for regions where are to exhibit incompressible behavior. For triangular elements the control volume is chosen as the area built on the parts of each pair of elements at the sides of an edge. In this case, elements are let to exchange volume. It is shown that the proposed edge based approach removes the deficiency of the linear triangular elements i.e. locking effect.Similar edge based approach is applied to the linear quadrilateral elements. However, if the control volume is chosen as the element volume the formulation gives similar results as the discontinuous mixed formulation using one pressure point without exhibiting instability behavior. The formulation is based on decomposition of the displacement/velocity field into deviatoric and volumetric parts. The volumetric part is iteratively eliminated without confronting locking or instability phenomenon. The iterative procedure is very cheap and simple to be implemented in any FEM code. Several examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the procedure.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Bernal_et_al_2015a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2016 14:19:30 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Bernal_et_al_2015a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Calibración de funciones de atenuación basadas en el espectro de fuente radiado y su aplicación en Colombia]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>En esta monograf&iacute;a se propone el desarrollo de una metodolog&iacute;a num&eacute;rica para la calibraci&oacute;n de un modelo de espectro de fuente a partir de informaci&oacute;n acelerogr&aacute;fica disponible. Esta metodolog&iacute;a ser&aacute; aplicable a cualquier territorio donde se cuente con una muestra representativa de mediciones de movimiento s&iacute;smico.&nbsp;</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Onate_et_al_2003a</guid>
	<pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2016 14:13:02 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Onate_et_al_2003a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Sistemas de ayuda a la decisión en ingeniería civil. posibilidades y perspectivas]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>La eclosi&oacute;n de las Tecnolog&iacute;as de la Informaci&oacute;n y las Comunicaciones (TIC), y en particular de Internet, ha facilitado el desarrollo de sistemas que, apoyados por bases de datos y potentes programas de simulaci&oacute;n, transforman la <em>informaci&oacute;n</em> que existe en relaci&oacute;n con un problema concreto, en <em>conocimiento</em> que permite tomar decisiones para su soluci&oacute;n. Los denominados Sistemas de Ayuda a la Decisi&oacute;n (SAD) son ya una realidad en m&uacute;ltiples &aacute;reas de la ingenier&iacute;a. En este trabajo se analizan las posibilidades y perspectivas de los SAD en ingenier&iacute;a civil y se presentan tres ejemplos concretos de su aplicaci&oacute;n a la prevenci&oacute;n del riesgo de inundaciones y a la gesti&oacute;n de las emergencias correspondientes, al dise&ntilde;o de instalaciones en proyectos urban&iacute;sticos y a la gesti&oacute;n energ&eacute;tica en municipios.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Barbu_et_al_2015a</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2016 10:23:55 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Barbu_et_al_2015a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Numerical simulation of fatigue processes. Application to steel and composite structures]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p style="font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-size: 12.8px;">The present work aims at advancing an innovative computational methodology<br />
that simulates steel and composite material fracture under cyclic loading following<br />
a phenomenological approach, with calibration from both small scale and<br />
large scale testing. This work addresses fatigue processes ranging from High Cycle<br />
to Ultra-Low-Cycle Fatigue. An assessment of the current state of the art is done<br />
for all the di erent fatigue types. Following, for Ultra-Low Cycle Fatigue a new<br />
constitutive law is proposed and validated with experimental results obtained<br />
on small scale samples. Industrial applications are shown for a large diameter<br />
straight pipe under monotonic loading conditions and for a bent pipe under cyclic<br />
loading. Emphasis is made on the capacity of the model to represent di erent<br />
failure modes depending on the loading conditions. The research regarding this<br />
part has been used in the frame of the European Project: \Ultra low cycle fatigue<br />
of steel under cyclic high-strain loading conditions&quot; (ULCF).</p><p style="font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-size: 12.8px;">Regarding High Cycle Fatigue, a classic damage model is presented in combination<br />
with an automatic load advancing strategy that saves computational time<br />
when dealing with load histories of millions of cycles. Numerical examples are<br />
shown in order to demonstrate the capabilities of the advancing strategy and a<br />
validation of the model is done on small scale samples.</p><p style="font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-size: 12.8px;">A new constitutive model is presented for Low Cycle Fatigue that uses the classic<br />
plasticity and damage theories and simultaneously integrates both processes<br />
in the softening regime. The capabilities of the model are shown in numerical<br />
examples.</p><p style="font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-size: 12.8px;">Finally, the High Cycle Fatigue damage model is applied to the constituents of<br />
a composite material and the structural behaviour is obtained by means of the<br />
serial/parallel rule of mixtures. Validation of the constitutive formulation is done<br />
on pultruded glass ber reinforced polymer pro les.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Valdebenito_et_al_2018a</guid>
	<pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 2016 10:28:06 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Valdebenito_et_al_2018a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Seismic protection of cable-stayed bridges applying fluid viscous dampers]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>Earthquakes can be really destructive. There is no doubt. Recent seismic events have demonstrated the important effects on structures, and especially on bridges. In this sense, cable-stayed bridges are not an exception, although their seismic performance during recent events has been satisfactory. Their inherent condition as part of life-lines makes the seismic design and retrofitting of such structures be seriously considered.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Traditionally, seismic protection strategies have been based on provide enough strength and ductility. In the case of buildings or bridges with adequate supports and degrees of redundancy, that approach can be satisfactory, however, in the case of structures with few degrees of redundancy, or questionable ductility, that scheme could be inadequate, and worse, dangerous, as usually happens with cable-stayed bridges. All traditional modern strategies to design seismic structures are focused on the adequate comprehension of the mechanisms involved, in which ductility can be provided by some elements specially designed for these purposes. In these sense, strategies such as performed-based design or displacement-based design consider that well-designed structures need to dissipate enough energy by hysteresis in order to obtain economic and safe structures.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The incorporation of additional energy dissipation and isolation devices, by means of passive, active, semi-active and hybrid strategies, constitutes without doubt efficient schemes to protect structures controlling or avoiding damage, in which the energy dissipation is guaranteed through the action of external elements specially designed for those purposes. By this way, now it is possible to provide enough strength and energy dissipation capacity at the same time, avoiding damage on important structural elements, with the subsequent guaranty of the functionality, very important on life-lines, even during strong ground motions.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>The present work constitutes an approach to the seismic protection of cable-stayed bridges including the incorporation of fluid viscous dampers as additional energy dissipation devices. The idea of the authors is to provide an up-to-date vision of the problem taking into account that long-period structures such as those proposed here, need to be adequately protected against strong motions, and considering that, because of their importance, an elastic behaviour is desirable. Chapter 1 describes the object to study in general terms. Chapter 2 constitutes a state-of-the-art review regarding the seismic behaviour and performance of fluid viscous dampers as external energy dissipation devices. The mechanical behaviour and technological aspects are now introduced with an energetic point of view, in which some practical applications are exposed and discussed. Chapter 3 describes the seismic response of cable-stayed bridges without external seismic protection, considering a parametric analysis in order to study the effects of the stay cable layout, stay spacing and deck level. A complete modal characterization is exposed, followed by a response spectrum analysis for comparative purposes. The effect of variations of the stay forces is analyzed, and finally, a nonlinear step-by-step analysis is performed for the critical structures, considering the velocity dependence of such bridges and the effects of far-fault and near-fault ground motions. The last Chapter exposes the seismic analysis of the selected structures including the incorporation of fluid viscous dampers as passive additional energy dissipation devices. Because of the inherent nonlinear behaviour of the structures and external devices, a mandatory nonlinear direct integration time-history analysis is performed for all the cases, in which parametric analyses are carried out in order to select the best damper parameters, and for the case of both far-fault and near-fault ground motions. In this part, comparative results are exposed with the aim to propose some practical recommendations.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Aguiar_2006a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 2016 16:55:46 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Aguiar_2006a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Evaluación rápida de la deriva máxima de piso para calcular la vulnerabilidad sísmica de estructuras]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>En la &uacute;ltima d&eacute;cada se han desarrollado importantes investigaciones en los Estados Unidos de Norte Am&eacute;rica, para evaluar en forma r&aacute;pida la vulnerabilidad s&iacute;smica de las estructuras, a partir del c&aacute;lculo de la deriva m&aacute;xima de piso. Estas investigaciones han sido efectuadas en base a sismos registrados fundamentalmente en el &aacute;rea de California y teniendo en cuenta los materiales y sistemas constructivos que ah&iacute; utilizan.</p><p>Para todos es conocido, que la peligrosidad s&iacute;smica del Estado de California es diferente de la peligrosidad s&iacute;smica de Am&eacute;rica del Sur y algo similar se puede indicar con respecto a los materiales y sistemas constructivos. Por este motivo es que la <strong>E</strong>scuela <strong>S</strong>uperior <strong>P</strong>olit&eacute;cnica del <strong>E</strong>j&eacute;rcito <strong>ESPE</strong>, Ecuador, apoy&oacute; la realizaci&oacute;n del proyecto de investigaci&oacute;n cient&iacute;fica, denominado: &ldquo;Evaluaci&oacute;n r&aacute;pida de la deriva m&aacute;xima de piso para evaluar la vulnerabilidad s&iacute;smica de estructuras de Hormig&oacute;n Armado&rdquo;.</p><p>En esta investigaci&oacute;n se obtienen relaciones entre el desplazamiento m&aacute;ximo inel&aacute;stico con respecto al desplazamiento m&aacute;ximo el&aacute;stico, de sistemas de un grado de libertad, pero a partir de sismos registrados en: Colombia, Ecuador, Per&uacute;, Argentina y Chile. En ninguno de los pa&iacute;ses indicados se cuenta con suficientes acelerogramas, de eventos s&iacute;smicos cuya aceleraci&oacute;n m&aacute;xima del suelo sea mayor al 10% de la aceleraci&oacute;n de la gravedad,&nbsp; que permitan tener una muestra bastante confiable a partir del cual se pueda realizan un estudio estad&iacute;stico pero al trabajar en conjunto se tuvo 63 registros, que es un n&uacute;mero considerable.</p><p>De igual manera se encuentran relaciones entre la deriva m&aacute;xima de piso con respecto a la deriva global del edificio pero trabajando con materiales y sistemas estructurales de Ecuador. Para el efecto se han considerado edificios de hormig&oacute;n armado de uno a seis pisos de alto, conformados por vigas de poco peralte y columnas, sin muros de corte. Este tipo de construcci&oacute;n, que son bastante flexibles, tambi&eacute;n se las encuentra en pa&iacute;ses vecinos.</p><p>Uno de los objetivos de la investigaci&oacute;n era mostrar mediante la elaboraci&oacute;n de curvas de fragilidad que las construcciones bajas, de uno a seis pisos, que se est&aacute;n realizando en buena parte del Ecuador responden a un nivel de dise&ntilde;o s&iacute;smico bajo que no est&aacute; acorde con la alta peligrosidad s&iacute;smica del Pa&iacute;s caracterizada por una aceleraci&oacute;n m&aacute;xima del suelo en roca del 40% de la aceleraci&oacute;n de la gravedad.</p><p>Se presentan dos metodolog&iacute;as de c&aacute;lculo para encontrar la deriva m&aacute;xima de piso, en la que los par&aacute;metros que intervienen en su formulaci&oacute;n han sido obtenidos en base a registros de Sur Am&eacute;rica y a sistemas constructivos de Ecuador. La bondad de estas metodolog&iacute;as se ha comprobado, comparando con los resultados que se obtienen del an&aacute;lisis no lineal, paso a paso de m&aacute;s de mil resultados, hallando una muy buena correlaci&oacute;n en los resultados medios.</p><p>En la segunda metodolog&iacute;a se halla la deriva m&aacute;xima de piso, a partir del an&aacute;lisis lineal el&aacute;stico multiplicando por un par&aacute;metro de correcci&oacute;n; esta metodolog&iacute;a puede ser aplicable cuando se tengan pocos edificios a evaluar. En cambio la primera metodolog&iacute;a que contempla cinco par&aacute;metros es aplicable a un gran n&uacute;mero de edificios, si se tienen muy pocas estructuras la incertidumbre es alta.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>
<item>
	<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.scipedia.com/public/Aguiar_Samper_2007a</guid>
	<pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 2016 14:38:27 +0200</pubDate>
	<link>https://www.scipedia.com/public/Aguiar_Samper_2007a</link>
	<title><![CDATA[Factor de reducción de las fuerzas sísmicas en edificios de hormigón armado sin muros de corte]]></title>
	<description><![CDATA[<p>En los Pa&iacute;ses Desarrollados existen comit&eacute;s de normas que se encuentran trabajando en forma continua, esto se debe a que d&iacute;a a d&iacute;a existen nuevos conocimientos generados por los centros de investigaci&oacute;n de las universidades, fundamentalmente. Es as&iacute; como en estos Pa&iacute;ses aparecen nuevos c&oacute;digos cada cierto per&iacute;odo regular de tiempo.</p><p>De tal manera que una normativa o c&oacute;digo tiene un n&uacute;mero determinado de a&ntilde;os de vigencia y luego es obsoleto. <strong>Con estas ideas como base y pensando en un futuro C&oacute;digo Ecuatoriano de la Construcci&oacute;n se desarroll&oacute; el proyecto: &ldquo;Factor de reducci&oacute;n de las fuerzas s&iacute;smicas&rdquo;, financiado por la Escuela Polit&eacute;cnica del Ej&eacute;rcito.</strong></p><p>En este proyecto se obtuvo el factor de reducci&oacute;n de las fuerzas s&iacute;smicas, con el cual se pasa del Espectro El&aacute;stico al Inel&aacute;stico, <strong>en edificios de hormig&oacute;n armado conformado por vigas y columnas sin muros de corte. Es decir en una sola tipolog&iacute;a estructural pero que tiene gran demanda. </strong></p><p>El objetivo principal fue contribuir a una futura Normativa S&iacute;smica de Ecuador, contribuir a quienes est&aacute;n estudiando y calculando edificios en Ibero Am&eacute;rica, para que conozcan la parte cuantitativa del factor de reducci&oacute;n de las fuerzas s&iacute;smicas ya que en algunas normativas se presentan los valores de <em>R</em>&nbsp;para algunas tipolog&iacute;as estructurales y muy poco o nada se comentan sobre ellas y esto es muy cr&iacute;tico ya que se puede estar subestimando la acci&oacute;n s&iacute;smica por una elecci&oacute;n inadecuada del factor <em>R</em>.</p><p>En este libro se ver&aacute; que el factor&nbsp;<em style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12.8px;">R</em>&nbsp;depende del per&iacute;odo de vibraci&oacute;n, del tipo se suelo, de la ductilidad local de sus elementos, de la deriva de piso m&aacute;xima permitida, de la forma como se obtiene esa deriva m&aacute;xima de piso en el rango no lineal, del &iacute;ndice de estabilidad de piso, de la capacidad de ductilidad, de la sobre resistencia y de la redundancia. Son muchos los factores que est&aacute;n relacionados con <em style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12.8px;">R&nbsp;</em>y que deber&aacute;n ser revisados en futuras normativas s&iacute;smicas para que no existan inconsistencias.</p>]]></description>
	<dc:creator>María Jesús Samper</dc:creator>
</item>

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