Scipedia: Documents published in 2017

Small Unmanned Aerial System Certification and Traffic Management Systems

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:36:19 +0100

In this Perspective, we consider potential regulations for small Unmanned Aerial System (sUAS) design, including aircraft certification requirements and more-novel, flexible risk-based standards. We also consider the unique challenges of air traffic control for sUAS traffic and describe roles that could be played by the Federal Aviation Administration, operators, and manufacturers, particularly with regard to safety and efficiency.

The case of Mobility as a Service: A critical reflection on challenges for urban transport and mobility governance

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:33:55 +0100

This chapter provides a reflective critique of Mobility as a Service (MaaS), an emerging development seeking a role within the Smart Mobility paradigm. We assess a range of its future implications for urban policymakers in terms of governance and sustainability (i.e., social and environmental impacts). We begin by describing the origins of the MaaS concept, along with the features of precursor technologies and current early examples. We then reflect on the marketing of MaaS and use it to consider how we might anticipate some potentially less desirable aspects of the promoted business models. Finally, we discuss the implications for governance.

Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:31:52 +0100

This study focuses on the perceptual processes in situations where sight conditions are restricted due to fog during landing approaches. The H-hypothesis explains the functional utility of the horizon to control the glide angle to a runway visually. Under foggy conditions, horizon information is available both from the explicit (visible) and from the implicit horizon (invisible, but perceptually inferable true horizon). Based on an ecological analysis of the optics during a runway approach under foggy conditions, the functional utility of the explicit and implicit H-angle was tested as a Gibsonian invariant controlling the visual glide slope ... This study focuses on the perceptual processes in situations where sight conditions are restricted due to fog during landing approaches. The H-hypothesis explains the functional utility of the horizon to control the glide angle to a runway visually. Under foggy conditions, horizon information is available both from the explicit (visible) and from the implicit horizon (invisible, but perceptually inferable true horizon). Based on an ecological analysis of the optics during a runway approach under foggy conditions, the functional utility of the explicit and implicit H-angle was tested as a Gibsonian invariant controlling the visual glide slope ...

Computational modelling of cathodic protection systems for pipelines in multi-layer soil

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:27:12 +0100

A Situation Aware Information Infrastructure ( $$SAI^2$$ S A I 2 ) Framework

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:26:00 +0100

Computer network infrastructures constitute the critical backbone of every socio-economic ICT system. Consequently, they are becoming increasingly mission-critical in our society since they provide always-on services for many everyday applications (e.g., Cloud Data Centres), safety-critical operations (e.g., Air Traffic Control networks), critical manufacturing services (e.g., Utility networks and Industrial Control Systems), and critical real-time services (e.g., Financial Trading Systems). The resilience and ability of such systems to remain operational in the face of threats is therefore paramount; this needs to be done by taking remedial action and intelligently reshaping their resources. At the same time, current communication architectures do not allow for such informed and adaptive provisioning. In this paper, we introduce the concepts, principles and current research activities related to a new Situation Aware Information Infrastructure (\$SAI^2\$) framework being developed for next generation ICT environments.

Small community impacts of liberalization and the provision of social air services

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:25:19 +0100

This chapter examines trends in global air transport since 1996 and focuses on the experience and impact of liberalization on small and medium-sized communities. Small community air traffic growth has been strong in the last 10 years, though these communities are more vulnerable to service declines or loss during down-cycle periods. Asian, African and Middle Eastern small air transport communities are significantly larger than their North American counterparts. Small air transport communities typically have less competition and routes are of shorter distances compared to larger air transport centres.

The Energy Implications of Drones for Package Delivery: A Geographic Information System Comparison

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:21:11 +0100

Delivery drones may become widespread over the next five to ten years, particularly for small, light items. In the future, drones could augment, or even replace, truck fleets and could have important implications for energy consumption, air traffic management, road congestion, urban planning, and consumption patterns in urban areas. In this report, we use a geographic information system analysis to compare truck versus delivery drone energy use.

Advances in Pipes and Pipelines

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:20:30 +0100

Mobile Application for Naturalistic Walking/Cycling Data Collection

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:07:18 +0100

Two smartphone applications were developed with the aim of harvesting insights of vulnerable road user accidents. The apps require a backend database with software tools for generating and managing questionnaires, etc. Such a system was developed using a MySQL database where a user-friendly platform has been developed in CakePHP. The backend system has been successfully developed and been used to handle more than 11,000 participants. The original idea was to monitor VRU via apps to detect when they may have been involved in an accident as pedestrian or cyclist based on the motion patterns from the smartphoneâs motion sensors (accelerometer, gyroscope) and collect as much information as possible regarding the accident automatically (e.g. time and location of the accident). If an accident was detected, the road user should receive a questionnaire to provide detailed information of the accident (e.g. road surface conditions, lighting conditions, other road users involved). This app was used by more than 400 participants resulting in a large amount of data.

City Logistics

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:49:58 +0100

Document type: Article

An effective video processing pipeline for crowd pattern analysis

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:46:22 +0100

With the purpose of automatic detection of crowd patterns including abrupt and abnormal changes, a novel approach for extracting motion âtexturesâ from dynamic Spatio-Temporal Volume (STV) blocks formulated by live video streams has been proposed. This paper starts from introducing the common approach for STV construction and corresponding Spatio-Temporal Texture (STT) extraction techniques. Next the crowd motion information contained within the random STT slices are evaluated based on the information entropy theory to cull the static background and noises occupying most of the STV spaces. A preprocessing step using Gabor filtering for improving the STT sampling efficiency and motion fidelity has been devised and tested. The technique has been applied on benchmarking video databases for proof-of-concept and performance evaluation. Preliminary results have shown encouraging outcomes and promising potentials for its real-world crowd monitoring and control applications.

Learning to Map Vehicles into Bird’s Eye View

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:41:40 +0100

Awareness of the road scene is an essential component for both autonomous vehicles and Advances Driver Assistance Systems and is gaining importance both for the academia and car companies. This paper presents a way to learn a semantic-aware transformation which maps detections from a dashboard camera view onto a broader birdâs eye occupancy map of the scene. To this end, a huge synthetic dataset featuring 1M couples of frames, taken from both car dashboard and birdâs eye view, has been collected and automatically annotated. A deep-network is then trained to warp detections from the first to the second view. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model against several baselines and observe that is able to generalize on real-world data despite having been trained solely on synthetic ones.

Data center traffic scheduling with hot-cold link detection capabilities

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:25:12 +0100

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has been one of the most discussed areas in computer networking over the last years. The field has raised an extensive amount of research, and led to a transformation of traditional network architectures. The architecture of SDN enables the separation of the control and data planes and centralizes the network intelligence. Today's data center networks are clusters of thousands of machines. The most used routing protocol in Data centers is Equal-Cost Multi-Path Protocol (ECMP) which relies on a per-flow static hashing that is known to cause bandwidth loss because of long term collisions. In this paper, a traffic engineering approach built on the concept of SDN is presented that aims to enhance the least-loaded link routing mechanism with intelligent monitoring capabilities. In this perspective, we introduce Hot and Cold link detection (HCLD) mechanism. Our HCLD permits to dynamically re-route heavy flows from heavily utilized links (Hot links) while attracting more flows to lowly utilized links (Cold links). Comprehensive experimental results show that the devised flow scheduling solution outperforms the widely used ECMP. Results also demonstrate that dynamic monitoring of traffic statistics could be used to better utilize the total available bandwidth of the network in a reactive manner. acceptedVersion

Spatial dependence in (origin-destination) air passenger flows

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:40:45 +0100

International audience; We explore the estimation of origin-destination (OD), city-pair, air passenger flows. Our dataset contains 279 cities, worldwide, over 2010-2012. Allowing for two gravity model specifications (log-normal and Poisson), we compare non-spatial and spatial models. We are the first to apply spatial econometric flow models and eigenfunction spatial filtering approaches to air transport. Distinguishing between origin, destination and network effects, we determine the impact and significance of a change in a variable in a given city, on flows originating from and going to that city and originating from a different city and going to an alternative city. Finally, we compare models based on different specifications of the spatial weight matrix.

Modelling the dynamics of driver situation awareness in automated driving

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:30:06 +0100

This study presents a numerical model that describes the dynamic process of building situation awareness after an automation-initiated transition. The model predicts the level of situation awareness as a function of elapsed time since the transition, and is verified using data from an experiment in which participants watched animated video clips of automated driving scenarios. Additionally, the ânumber of fixations per secondâ is suggested for real-time monitoring of situation awareness in automated driving.

Towards a Regional Energy Model

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:24:04 +0100

This Chapter is more optimistic than the previous one: It details infrastructural investments, in particular, the Turkish pipelines in the Southern Energy Corridor. Existing pipelines are examined along with future developments within a Regional Energy Model.

Principal Pipelines: What Are They and What Do They Cost?

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:13:12 +0100

RAND Corporation analysts estimated school district costs for putting in place and operating principal pipelines based on data collected from six urban districts that participated in The Wallace Foundation's Principal Pipeline Initiative. These estimates could aid districts in making strategic choices about investments to improve and strengthen their principal pipelines.

Challenges and opportunities of living amidst diversity

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:10:05 +0100

Production of Topographic Maps with VGI: Quality Management and Automation

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:06:14 +0100

International audience; The most common way to use geographic information is to make maps. With the ever growing amount of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI), we have the opportunity to make many maps, but only automatic cartography (generalisation, stylisation, text placement) can handle such an amount of data with very frequent updates. This chapter reviews the recent proposals to adapt the current techniques for automatic cartography to VGI as the source data, focusing on the production of topographic base maps. The review includes methods to assess quality and the level of detail, which is necessary to handle data heterogeneity. The paper also describes automatic techniques to general-ise, harmonise and render VGI.

On-Bottom Stability Analysis of Subsea Pipelines Under Combined Irregular Waves and Currents

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:04:10 +0100

The objective of the paper is to study the effect of different parameters regarding on-bottom stability of subsea pipelines under combined irregular waves and currents. The effect of friction coefficient is first investigated. The development of lateral displacement and penetration for three different friction coefficients are compared for sandy and clayey seabed respectively when applied wave and current conditions are kept same for all the cases. The friction coefficient affects the soil resistance force and further changes the initial time when the pipeline starts to move in the lateral direction. The accumulated displacement reduces for large friction coefficient and it results in less penetration. The total effect of the increasing friction coefficient depends on the competition between the increased friction force and the reduced passive soil resistance force. The pipeline usually crosses different types of soil along the route. Hence, different combinations of soil types along the route are applied in the analysis. The soil property at middle of the pipeline is found to be important when the boundary conditions at both ends are fixed. Three analyzing procedures, namely standard 3-hour procedure, the procedure recommended by PONDUS and the procedure recommended by DNV, could be used for on-bottom stability analysis under storm conditions. The comparison of these procedures shows that the procedure recommended by PONDUS is the most appropriate for the storm conditions. The procedure recommended by DNV considers the build-up of initial penetration before the storm; and it could be applied in the analysis when the penetration is stabilized after the start -up time (20% of 3-hour).

Mobility and the Sharing Economy: Industry Developments and Early Understanding of Impacts

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:01:13 +0100

Shared mobilityâthe shared use of a vehicle, bicycle, or other modeâis an innovative transportation strategy that enables users to gain short-term access to transportation modes on an âas-neededâ basis. Shared mobility includes various forms of carsharing, bikesharing, ridesharing, on-demand ride services, and microtransit. Additionally, smartphone and mobile âappsâ aggregate and optimize these mobility services and are critical to many shared mobility modes. Courier network services connect couriers using their personal vehicles or bicycles with freight and seek to disrupt the existing package and food delivery industry. The emergence of automated vehicles into shared mobility could further transform the passenger and freight transportation system, with greater emphasis on shared mobility. This chapter describes the different models that have emerged in the shared mobility space and reviews research that has quantified the environmental, social, and transportation-related impacts of these services. The authors also project future trends as automated vehicles begin to emerge.

Energy Challenges for ICT

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:56:50 +0100

The energy consumption from the expanding use of information and communications technology (ICT) is unsustainable with present drivers, and it will impact heavily on the future climate change. However, ICT devices have the potential to contribute signi - cantly to the reduction of CO2 emission and enhance resource e ciency in other sectors, e.g., transportation (through intelligent transportation and advanced driver assistance systems and self-driving vehicles), heating (through smart building control), and manu- facturing (through digital automation based on smart autonomous sensors). To address the energy sustainability of ICT and capture the full potential of ICT in resource e - ciency, a multidisciplinary ICT-energy community needs to be brought together cover- ing devices, microarchitectures, ultra large-scale integration (ULSI), high-performance computing (HPC), energy harvesting, energy storage, system design, embedded sys- tems, e cient electronics, static analysis, and computation. In this chapter, we introduce challenges and opportunities in this emerging eld and a common framework to strive towards energy-sustainable ICT.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Fluid and Diffusion Limits for Bike Sharing Systems

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:50:46 +0100

Bike sharing systems have rapidly developed around the world, and they are served as a promising strategy to improve urban traffic congestion and to decrease polluting gas emissions. So far performance analysis of bike sharing systems always exists many difficulties and challenges under some more general factors. In this paper, a more general large-scale bike sharing system is discussed by means of heavy traffic approximation of multiclass closed queueing networks with non-exponential factors. Based on this, the fluid scaled equations and the diffusion scaled equations are established by means of the numbers of bikes both at the stations and on the roads, respectively. Furthermore, the scaling processes for the numbers of bikes both at the stations and on the roads are proved to converge in distribution to a semimartingale reflecting Brownian motion (SRBM) in a $N^{2}$-dimensional box, and also the fluid and diffusion limit theorems are obtained. Furthermore, performance analysis of the bike sharing system is provided. Thus the results and methodology of this paper provide new highlight in the study of more general large-scale bike sharing systems.

Prediction of Heating Power in Magnetic Pipe Conducting Large AC Current With High Frequencies Up to 200Hz

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:46:22 +0100

In direct electrical heating system (DEHs), which is developed for subsea process to safeguard well stream through pipelines to topside process platform or shore, the production pipeline is also acts as an active conductor conducting large AC current to generate heat. The heating source is conductive and hysteresis power losses in the pipe. Currently, the all implemented DEHs operate at 50Hz. There is a potential to further improve the heating capacity of the DEHs by operating the system at higher frequency so that the same power can be achieved at lower current. Consequently, the cross-session of the power cable can be reduced. Furthermore, operation in higher frequency directly results in better system utilization and less AC corrosion of the pipeline. This will further reduce the installation and operational cost and increase the system lifetime. For DEHs design it is critical to predict the heating power as function of input current and frequency so that proper frequency and current can be selected correspondingly. This paper analytically evaluate the heating power as functions of current and frequency based on experimentally measured material properties such as mass density, conductivity, B-H curve and hysteresis. Â© 2018 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.

Health Impact of Electric Vehicles Considering Environmental Leakage. The Case Study on Japan, China, UK and Poland

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:34:13 +0100

Part 7: Lean and Green Manufacturing; International audience; In recent years the topic of air pollution is gaining more attention due to the health effects its has on human lives. At the same time, we can observe popularization of Electric Vehicles (EVs), due to their environmental and economic benefits. However, a few studies suggest that EVs might be not environmental friendly in the long term. Hence, there is a need to investigate the emissions produced by EVs and the monetary cost of them on the health. This paper aims to quantify the cost of health diseases by employing life cycle assessment of EVs in Japan, China, Poland and the United Kingdom. The results of the study imply that the total cost of health issues is lower when import of EVs is from the nearby countries, which generate electricity from clean energy resources or when it is produced in a low emission country locally.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Grenzüberschreitender Öffentlicher Verkehr - immer noch Barrieren trotz EU

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:24:32 +0100

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit dem Ausbau des grenzÃ¼berschreitenden Verkehrs innerhalb der EU. Trotz jahrelanger Bestrebungen im Bereich des grenzÃ¼berschreitenden Verkehrs durch die Verkehrs- und KohÃ¤sionspolitik bestehen nach wie vor in vielen Grenzregionen Herausforderungen in Bezug auf Verkehrsinfrastruktur und Ãffentlichen Verkehr. Diese werden im ersten Teil des Beitrags beleuchtet. Danach werden die verkehrspolitischen Ziele und Instrumente auf EU-Ebene prÃ¤sentiert, die anschlieÃend anhand von Fallbeispielen im Grenzraum auf ihren Einfluss Ã¼berprÃ¼ft werden. Die EU-Politik und die FÃ¶rderinstrumente sind wenig konkret und verbindlich, sodass in der nationalen Politik der Mitgliedsstaaten nach wie vor groÃe Unterschiede herrschen. Wichtig fÃ¼r die Umsetzung sind ein starker politischer Wille und eine gesicherte Finanzierung. Verkehr ist eine wichtige Basis fÃ¼r andere Bereiche in der grenzÃ¼berschreitenden Zusammenarbeit. Es sollte daher nachhaltig in dieses SchlÃ¼sselfeld investiert werden. This paper is concerned with the extension of cross-border transport within the EU. Despite the longstanding efforts of transport and cohesion policies to improve cross-border transport, many border regions still face challenges related to transport infrastructure and local public transportation. These are discussed in the first part of the paper. Transport policy goals and instruments on the EU level are then presented and their impact is assessed using case studies in the border area. EU policy and funding instruments are neither particularly concrete nor binding, so that there are still great variations between the national policies of member states. Implementation requires strong political will and secure finance. Transport is an important foundation for other fields of cross-border cooperation. Sustained investment in this key area is therefore necessary.

SDN-enabled SatCom networks for satellite-terrestrial integration

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:24:12 +0100

Satellite Communications in the 5G Era explores promising scenarios for 5G Satellite Communications (SatCom), novel paradigms for satellite-terrestrial integration and emerging technologies for the next generation of satellite systems and hybrid/integrated satellite-terrestrial systems, and focuses on recent research efforts towards 5G and beyond. Satellite communications plays a vital role in ensuring seamless access to any telecommunications service anytime and anywhere, and is only a viable option for delivering telecommunication services in a wide range of sectors such as aeronautical, military, maritime, rescue and disaster relief. It should be an important component of 5G-and-beyond wireless architectures as it complements terrestrial telecommunication solutions in various scenarios and will ensure the expansion of the 5G ecosystem towards highly reliable and secure global wireless networks.

Digital Signal Processors

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:51:37 +0100

This chapter discusses the common fundamental characteristics of digital signal processors. Most of the digital signal processing (DSP) chips are single processor devices. There exist chips that integrate multiple DSP processors on the same chip whereas others combine a DSP processor with a microcontroller. Some manufacturers offer DSP cores that are intended to be used as building blocks in creating a semi-custom chip. This allows the designer to integrate a programmable DSP and other custom circuitry onto a single application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The DSP core cuts design time and is most useful for high volume production designs for specific applications in areas such as telecommunications. In some cases, the vendor providing the core is also the foundry fabricating the ASIC. In other cases, the vendor simply licenses the core design to the customer, who then selects an appropriate foundry. All DSP chips have a multiplier that can multiply two native-sized data in a single instruction cycle. All DSP chips have a multiplier that can multiply two native-sized data in a single instruction cycle. But different designs lead to different characteristics. Most DSP chips implement what is known as the Harvard architecture, or multiple bus structure, one for program instructions and two for data.

Sustainable Transport Futures: Analysis of the Selected Methodologies Supporting the Planning Process Towards Achieving Goal 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:41:14 +0100

A quarter of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) originate from the transportation sector. Continuously increasing demand for transportation services worldwide is one of the main urban challenges addressed by Sustainable Development Goal 11, target 2. One way to address this issue is to develop an integrated transportation system that can ensure confidence and comfort for the passengers. This will contribute not only to the customersâ experience but also to operators and authorities through sustainable, cost-effective, and profitable services. Conversely, the lack of such a system or a poorly managed system prevents the economy and society from realizing its potential. In the transition towards sustainability, the planning process of complex systems such as transportation often requires supportive tools and methods, such as futures methodologies that assist decision-making by providing information about possible futures. In todayâs rapidly changing environment, forecasting tools do not always provide the expected outcomes since it is difficult to predict all the unexpected events. Therefore, there is a demand for alternative methods that not only grasp the constant changes but also create additional value (for example, meeting the needs of multisectoral collaboration and creation of common vision). The present article investigates the usefulness of three such methodologies, namely backcasting, foresighting, and SymbioCity, for the planning process of the bus park and railway station in Kisumu, Kenya, and Centralen in Gothenburg, Sweden. The paperâs contribution is a description of the Kenyan transportation system (which has not been studied in detail before), planning process, and pertinent issues related to the stations both in Kisumu and Gothenburg, located in the sharply contrasting contexts of global South and global North, respectively. On the basis of field research, interviews, and feasibility study of futures methodologies, the paper concludes that backcasting is the most suitable of the methodologies for both places, since it can be applied at a small scale, and provides creative solutions and has a high level of integration of stakeholders. Furthermore, the paper examines the application of the futures methodologies in multisectoral urban transitions apart from transportation and draws conclusion on what can be learnt from it.

Exploiting web ontologies for automated critical infrastructure data retrieval

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:39:34 +0100

Part 2: INFRASTRUCTURE MODELING AND SIMULATION; International audience; Semantic web technologies play a significant role in many open data initiatives, including geo-mapping projects and platforms. At the same time, semantic principles are also promoted as a key enabling factor for multi-domain analyses of critical infrastructures as well as for improved emergency response. This chapter reviews the recent literature on ontology-based analysis and management of critical infrastructures, and proposes the use of ontology processing techniques to bridge the gap between infrastructure knowledge representation and available (often general-purpose) open data sources. In particular, it discusses an approach for matching a given critical infrastructure ontology to an ontology built on OpenStreetMap (OSM) tags that enables structured access to the associated geographical dataset.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Dealing with Urban Diversity: The Case of Leipzig

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:34:59 +0100

This book is one of the outcomes of the DIVERCITIES project. It focuses on the question of how to create social cohesion, social mobility and economic performance in todayâs hyper-diversified cities. The projectâs central hypothesis is that urban diversity is an asset; it can inspire creativity, innovation and make cities more liveable and harmonious. To ensure a more intelligent use of diversityâs potential, a re-thinking of public policies and governance models is needed.

Evaluating the impact of energy-aware routing on Software-Defined Networking performance

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:31:54 +0100

[EN] Increasing power consumption and CO2 emissions generated by large data networks have become a major concern over the last decade. For this problem, the emerging paradigm of Software-Defined Networks (SDN) can be seen as an attractive solution. In these networks an energy-aware routing model could be easily implemented leveraging the control and data plane separation. This paper investigates the impact of energy-aware routing on SDN performance. To that end, we propose a novel energy- aware mechanism that reduces the number of active links in SDN with multiple controllers, considering in-band control traffic, i.e. links are shared between data and control plane traffic. The proposed strategy exploits knowledge of the network topology combined with traffic engineering techniques to reduce the overall power consumption. Therefore, two heuristic algorithms are designed: a static network configuration and a dynamic energy-aware routing. Significant values of switched-off links are reached in the simulations using real topologies and demands data. Moreover, obtained results confirm that crucial network parameters such as control traffic delay, data path latency, link utilization and TCAM occupation are affected by the performance-agnostic energy-aware model. This work has been supported by the Ministerio de EconomÂ´Ä±a y Competitividad of the Spanish Government under project TEC2016-76795-C6-1-R and AEI/FEDER, UE and through a predoctoral FPI scholarship. FernÃ¡ndez-FernÃ¡ndez, A.; CervellÃ³-Pastor, C.; Ochoa-Aday, L. (2018). Evaluating the Impact of Energy-Aware Routing on Software-Defined Networking Performance. En XIII Jornadas de IngenierÃa telemÃ¡tica (JITEL 2017). Libro de actas. Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 241-248. https://doi.org/10.4995/JITEL2017.2017.6489 OCS 241 248

A Task Completion Engine to Enhance Search Session Support for Air Traffic Work Tasks

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:30:38 +0100

Providing support for users during their search sessions has\\ud been hailed as a major challenge in interactive information retrieval\\ud (IIR). Providing such support requires considering the context of the\\ud search and facilitating the work task at hand. In this paper, we consider\\ud the work tasks associated with air traffic analysts, who perform numerous\\ud searches using a multifaceted search interface in order to acquire business\\ud intelligence regarding particular events and situations. In particular, we\\ud develop a novel task completion engine and seamlessly incorporated it\\ud within a current air traffic search system to facilitate the comparison\\ud of information objects found. In a study with 24 participants, we found\\ud that they completed the complex work task faster using the comparison\\ud feature, but for simple work tasks, participants were slower. However,\\ud participants reported (statistically) significantly higher satisfaction and\\ud had (statistically) significantly higher accuracy using the search system\\ud equipped with task completion engine. These findings help to steer systems to provide a better support to users in their search process.

Dealing with Urban Diversity: The Case of Copenhagen

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:28:57 +0100

Sustainability Evaluation of Green Urban Logistics Systems: Literature Overview and Proposed Framework

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:25:37 +0100

International audience; This paper aims to propose a systemic vision of literature on sustainable urban logistics assessment and evaluation. Although non-extensive, this overview pretends lack of unification in the subject of assessing and evaluating the impacts of green urban logistics systems, and, through the proposal of a general assessment and evaluation framework, the steps done and being in course towards standards on this field. First, an overview of the research in urban logistics is provided, after what the main visions of sustainable development and their derived issues for urban logistics assessment and evaluation are presented. Then, a framework to assess and evaluate green urban logistics systems via scenario comparison is proposed. This framework aims to propose a methodological framework to use and combine existing methods to assess scenarios, and not a âblack-boxâ model of software ready to use. This is done to make synergies between existing methods, and to show that, although they remain at an initial stage, steps on the way of defining standards are made. After that, the main applicability and application issues of the proposed methodological framework are addressed, showing those principles of standard from the literature. Finally, and to conclude, future developments on urban logistics research are proposed.

Shaping the Future of Autonomous Vehicles: How Policymakers Can Promote Safety, Mobility, and Efficiency in an Uncertain World

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:24:24 +0100

Testimony presented before the Senate Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and UrbanDevelopment, and Related Agencies on November 16, 2016.

Bayesian environment representation, prediction, and criticality assessment for driver assistance systems

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:23:30 +0100

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) already make a major contribution to driving safety. To further increase this contribution, it is, however, vital that future intelligent vehicles perceive, predict, and assess their environment more comprehensively. In this context, the present dissertation approaches the questions i) how to represent the driving environment adequately within an environment model, ii) how to obtain such a representation, and iii) how to predict the future traffic scene evolution for proper criticality assessment. Bayesian inference provides the common theoretical framework of all designed methods. Based on the shortcomings of existing environment representations, a novel parametric representation of general driving environments is first introduced in this work. It consists of a combination of dynamic object maps for moving objects and so-called Parametric Free Space (PFS) maps for static environment structures. PFS maps model the environment by a closed curve around the vehicle, which encloses relevant drivable free space. The representation compactly describes all essential information contained in common occupancy grid maps, suppresses irrelevant details, and consistently separates between static and dynamic environment objects. A novel method for grid mapping in dynamic road environments provides the basis to realize this representation. Therein, dynamic cell hypothesis are detected, clustered, and subsequently tracked and classified with an adaptive Bayesian multiple model filter for jump Markov nonlinear systems â the so-called Interacting Multiple Model Unscented Kalman Probabilistic Data Association Filter (IMM-UK-PDAF). The intermediate result is a dynamic object map and an optimized grid of the static driving environment. From the optimized grid, relevant free space is then extracted by methods of image analysis, and robustly converted to a PFS map in a final B-Spline contour tracking step. Evaluations and experiments, which were performed with an experimental vehicle equipped with radars and a stereo camera in real driving environments, confirm the advantages of the real-time capable approach. The so-obtained representation additionally forms the basis of a novel method for long-term trajectory prediction and criticality assessment. Therein, a three-layered Bayesian network is used to infer current driving maneuvers of traffic participants initially. A trash maneuver class allows the detection of irrational driving behavior and the seamless application from highly-structured to non-structured environments. Subsequently, maneuver-based prediction models in form of stochastic processes are presented and employed to predict the vehicle configurations under consideration of uncertainties in the maneuver executions. Finally, the criticality time metric Time-To-Critical-Collision-Probability (TTCCP) is introduced as a generalization of the time metric Time-To-Collision (TTC) for arbitrary, uncertain, multi-object driving environments and longer prediction horizons. The TTCCP considers all uncertain, maneuver-based predictions and is estimated via Monte Carlo simulations. Simulations confirm its potential to suppress false warnings, to generate timely true warnings, and to generate warnings in critical almost-collision situations effectively. All methods are part of the driver assistance system PRORETA 3, which has been co-developed in the context of this thesis. It constitutes a novel, integrated approach to collision avoidance and vehicle automation and thereby makes a valuable contribution to realize the Vision Zero â the vision of a future without traffic deaths.

Green Distribution – A Comparative Study of Sea and Road Transport Modes for a Norwegian Manufacturing Company

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:23:11 +0100

Part 8: Eco-Efficiency in Manufacturing Operations; International audience; This paper presents a case study comparing sea and road transport modes for a Norwegian producer of plastic pipes for the construction industry. The study is based on three cases in which CO2e emissions and transport costs were calculated and compared. The main research problem was to analyze whether sea transport is more environmentally friendly than road transport in terms of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and cost-effectiveness. The results from the three analyzed cases show that sea transport is not always the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective mode. We suggest that in order to evaluate the environmental impact and cost-effectiveness of sea transport as an alternative to road transport, such factors as transport distances, load weight/volume ratios, ship load factors, number of port calls, ship sizes, and ship fuel types for each specific case need to be analyzed.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Dealing with Urban Diversity: The Case of Paris

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:16:45 +0100

Characterizing the Variation in Atmospheric Radiation at Aviation Altitudes

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:13:45 +0100

Abstract For astronauts and travelers in aircraft, space weather can quickly increase dose rates resulting from naturally occurring ionizing radiation by more than a 1000-fold. Historically, monitoring of these events has been done primarily by a combination of ground-based and satellite instrumentation. At best, these data sources provide a local (ground-level monitors) or global (satellite) average picture of an event as it evolves. With considerable modeling effort, a better global picture of an event emerges after the event has passed. For aviation users this is inadequate. Real-time local estimates on flight routes are preferred to enable appropriate responses from pilots and air traffic management. Modeling and measurement programs are described, and a new aviation dose index is discussed to provide examples of systems that are in development or that have been recently adopted for addressing problems with the current monitoring, warning, and evaluation methods.

Simulación de lluvia extrema utilizando herramientas GIS e Iber en Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Nov 2020 15:11:56 +0100

El propósito de este trabajo es la simulación de lluvias intensas en la zona de planicie costera susceptible a inundaciones en Tabasco en la cabecera municipal de Jalpa de Méndez. Para realizar la investigación se utilizó un Modelo Digital de Elevaciones amplio y se extrajo la zona que contenía al poblado, se utilizaron herramientas de QGIS para determinar la zona de inundación y se eligieron dos registros de lluvias reales para simularlas en Iber. Se pensó que si se simulaban las lluvias se podrían comparar los resultados con las zonas de inundación y la experiencia de la población. Se comprobó que la lluvia se acumuló en lugares donde anteriormente corría el agua en antiguos ríos antes que se cubrieran con construcciones. Para otras simulaciones se debe pensar en modelar zonas de antiguos causes y proponer canales, para que el agua fluya, preferentemente por donde antes era un río.

Control Parcial de un Sistema Caótico de tres especies

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Nov 2020 15:11:49 +0100

Se aplica la técnica de control parcial a un modelo ecológico para evitar la extinción de una especie, reproduciendo los resultados de [1]. Esta técnica se aplica a sistemas que exhiben caos transitorio cuando un parámetro alcanza un cierto valor crítico. El caos transitorio se debe a la presencia de una silla caótica en el espacio fase, la técnica de control parcial aprovecha esto para mantener las trayectorias del sistema dentro del régimen caótico.

Use of ais and aisap for analysis of vessel wakes in charleston harbor a case study

Scipedia content — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 15:32:46 +0100

Document type: Report

Sediment management methods to reduce dredging part 2 sediment collector technology

Scipedia content — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 10:12:05 +0100

Abstract : This Dredging Operations and Environmental Research (DOER) Program technical note (TN) is the second in a series evaluating sediment management methods to reduce dredging through a research task (RT) in the DOER Program.1 This TN presents an evaluation of sediment collector technology, one promising new device that may help better manage sediments to reduce traditional dredging requirements.

Document type: Report

Locating internet bottlenecks algorithms measurements and implications

Scipedia content — Thu, 22 Oct 2020 16:11:49 +0200

Abstract: "The ability to locate network bottlenecks along end-to-end paths on the Internet is of great interest to both network operators and researchers. For example, knowing where bottleneck links are, network operators can apply traffic engineering either at the interdomain or intradomain level to improve routing. Existing bandwith measurement tools fail to identify the location of bottleneck links. In addition, they often require access to both end points and generate huge amount [sic] of probing packets. These drawbacks make them impractical. In this paper, we present a novel light-weight, single-end active probing tool -- Pathneck -- based [sic] a novel probing technique called Recursive Packet Train (RPT), which allows end users to efficiently and accurately locate bottleneck points to destinations on the Internet. We evaluate Pathneck using trace-driven emulations and wide area Internet experiments. In addition, we conduct extensive measurements on the Internet among carefully selected, geographically diverse probing sources and destinations to study Internet bottleneck properties. We find that Pathneck can successfully detect bottlenecks for over 70% of paths, and most of the bottlenecks are fairly stable. We also report our success on bottleneck inference, using multihoming and overlay routing to avoid bottlenecks based on the bottleneck link location and bandwidth estimation provided by Pathneck."

Document type: Report

Mobile Application for Naturalistic Walking/Cycling Data Collection

Scipedia content — Thu, 22 Oct 2020 15:34:50 +0200

Two smartphone applications were developed with the aim of harvesting insights of vulnerable road user accidents. The apps require a backend database with software tools for generating and managing questionnaires, etc. Such a system was developed using a MySQL database where a user-friendly platform has been developed in CakePHP. The backend system has been successfully developed and been used to handle more than 11,000 participants. The original idea was to monitor VRU via apps to detect when they may have been involved in an accident as pedestrian or cyclist based on the motion patterns from the smartphone's motion sensors (accelerometer, gyroscope) and collect as much information as possible regarding the accident automatically (e.g. time and location of the accident). If an accident was detected, the road user should receive a questionnaire to provide detailed information of the accident (e.g. road surface conditions, lighting conditions, other road users involved). This app was used by more than 400 participants resulting in a large amount of data. Document type: Report

The minimal buffering requirements of congestion controlled interactive multimedia applications

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:38:14 +0200

This paper uses analysis and experiments to study the minimal buffering requirements of congestion controlled multimedia applications. Applications in the Internet must use congestion control protocols, which vary transmission rates according to network conditions. To produce a smooth perceptual quality, multimedia applications use buffering and rate adaptations to compensate these rate oscillations. While several adaptation policies are available, they require different amounts of buffering at end-hosts. We study the relationship between buffering requirements and adaptation policies. In particular, we focus on a widely pursued policy that adapts an application's sending rate exactly to the average available bandwidth to maximize throughput. Under this adaptation policy, at least a minimal amount of buffering is required to smooth the rate oscillation inherent in congestion control, and we view this minimal buffering requirement as a cost of maximizing throughput. We derive the minimal buffering requirement for this policy assuming that applications use an additive-increase-and-multiplicative-decrease (AIMD) algorithm for congestion control. The result shows the relationship between parameters of AIMD algorithms and the delay cost. We show that the buffering requirement is proportional to the parameters of the AIMD algorithm and quadratic to the application's sending rate and round-trip-time. We verify this relationship through experiments. Our results indicate that adaptation policies that maximize throughput are not suitable for interactive applications with high bit rates or long round-trip-times.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Reducing traffic congestion in beirut an empirical analysis of selected policy options

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:37:07 +0200

Beirut, the capital city of Lebanon, faces huge traffic congestion, the cost of which is estimated to be more than 2 percent of the city's gross regional product. Effective policies are needed, based on weighing their overall economic cost and benefit to society. This study developed an empirical model based on microeconomic theory, accounting for production and consumption behavior related to transportation in the Greater Beirut Area, to simulate various policy combinations. A key finding of the study is that individual supply-side policies, such as the expansion of roads or introduction of a bus rapid transit system, are quite effective at reducing traffic congestion while increasing economic output and welfare. They also account for most of the benefits from implementing policy packages with supply- and demand-side measures. The introduction of bus rapid transit with expansion of the road system to feed the bus rapid transit system reduces congestion by about 16 percent and congestion costs by more than 50 percent. This would increase Beirut's gross regional product by roughly 2 percent, and the average social welfare of the residents of Beirut by 4 percent. In contrast, demand-side instruments, implemented alone, lower gross regional product and welfare with limited effects on congestion.

Document type: Book

MINLP in Air Traffic Management: Aircraft Conflict Avoidance

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:32:36 +0200

International audience Air traffic management (ATM) represents a domain of emerging and challenging applications of mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP). A number of problems arising in ATM lead naturally to optimization problems whose efficient and reliable solution constitutes a key ingredient of air traffic safety [576]. The air traffic level currently attained in Europe is on the order of tens of thousands of flights per day, and it is expected to grow further on the world scale during the next 20 years. Increasing levels of traffic raise the problem of increasing the capacity of air sectors by better managing the air traffic. This requires increasing the level of automation in ATM, as pointed out in the context of the major projects Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) [1667] in Europe and Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) [906] in the United States, which are aimed at designing future ATM systems. Aircraft conflict detection and resolution in en route flights, and the related problem of conflict-free aircraft trajectory planning, are prominent examples of problems that urgently need to be addressed to ensure a higher level of automation in ATM, and consequently more efficiency and safety in air traffic. These problems still deserve investigation of both the identification of suitable mathematical models and the development of efficient and reliable solution methods and algorithms. Mixed-integer nonlinear optimization formulations appear particularly suitable, as they allow us to simultaneously consider continuous as well as discrete decision-making variables and model the complex nonlinear processes characterizing ATM systems.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Formal verification of curved flight collision avoidance maneuvers a case study

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:28:16 +0200

Aircraft collision avoidance maneuvers are important and complex applications. Curved flight exhibits nontrivial continuous behavior. In combination with the control choices during air traffic maneuvers, this yields hybrid systems with challenging interactions of discrete and continuous dynamics. As a case study illustrating the use of a new proof assistant for a logic for nonlinear hybrid systems, we analyze collision freedom of roundabout maneuvers in air traffic control, where appropriate curved flight, good timing, and compatible maneuvering are crucial for guaranteeing safe spatial separation of aircraft throughout their flight. We show that formal verification of hybrid systems can scale to curved flight maneuvers required in aircraft control applications. We introduce a fully flyable variant of the roundabout collision avoidance maneuver and verify safety properties by compositional verification.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Volcanic ash and aviation the challenges of real time global communication of a natural hazard

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:27:31 +0200

More than 30 years after the first major aircraft encounters with volcanic ash over Indonesia in 1982, it remains challenging to inform aircraft in flight of the exact location of potentially dangerous ash clouds on their flight path, particularly shortly after the eruption has occurred. The difficulties include reliably forecasting and detecting the onset of significant explosive eruptions on a global basis, observing the dispersal of eruption clouds in real time, capturing their complex structure and constituents in atmospheric transport models, describing these observations and modelling results in a manner suitable for aviation users, delivering timely warning messages to the cockpit, flight planners and air traffic management systems, and the need for scientific development in order to undertake operational enhancements. The framework under which these issues are managed is the International Airways Volcano Watch (IAVW), administered by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). ICAO outlines in its standards and recommended practices (International Civil Aviation Organization 2014a, b) the basic volcanic monitoring and communication that is necessary at volcano observatories in Member States (countries). However, not all volcanoes are monitored and not all countries with volcanoes have mandated volcano observatories or equivalents. To add to the efforts of volcano observatories, a system of Meteorological Watch Offices, Air Traffic Management Area Control Centres, and nine specialist Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs) are responsible for observing, analysing, forecasting and communicating the aviation hazard (airborne ash), using agreed techniques and messages in defined formats. Continuous improvement of the IAVW framework is overseen by expert groups representing the operators of the system, the user community, and the science community. The IAVW represents a unique marriage of two scientific disciplines, volcanology and meteorology, with the aviation user community. There have been many multifaceted volcanic eruptions in complex meteorological conditions during the history of the IAVW. Each new eruption brings new insights into how the warning system can be improved, and each reinforces the lessons that have gone before. The management of these events has improved greatly since the major ash encounters in the 1980s, but discontinuities in the warning and communications system still occur. A good example is a 2014 ash encounter over Indonesia following the eruption of Kelut where the warnings did not reach the aircraft crew. Other events present enormous management challengesfor example the 2010 Eyjafjallajokull eruption in Iceland was, overall, less hazardous than many less publicised eruptions, but numerous small to moderate explosions over several weeks produced widespread disruption and a large economic impact. At the time of writing, while there has been hundreds of millions of US dollars in damage to aircraft from encounters with ash, there have been no fatalities resulting from aviation incidents in, or proximal to volcanic ash cloud. This reflects, at least in part, the hard work done in putting together a global warning systemalthough to some extent it also reflects a measure of good statistical fortune. In order to minimise the risk of aircraft encounters with volcanic ash clouds, the global effort continues. The future priorities for the IAVW are strongly focused on enhancing communication before, and at the very onset of a volcanic ash-producing event (typically the more dangerous stage), together with improved downstream information and warning systems to help reduce the economic impact of eruptions on aviation.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Simulating crowd evacuation with socio-cultural, cognitive, and emotional elements

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:26:33 +0200

In this research, the effects of culture, cognitions, and emotions on crisis management and prevention are analysed. An agent-based crowd evacuation simulation model was created, named IMPACT, to study the evacuation process from a transport hub. To extend previous research, various socio-cultural, cognitive, and emotional factors were modelled, including: language, gender, familiarity with the environment, emotional contagion, prosocial behaviour, falls, group decision making, and compliance. The IMPACT model was validated against data from an evacuation drill using the existing EXODUS evacuation model. Results show that on all measures, the IMPACT model is within or close to the prescribed boundaries, thereby establishing its validity. Structured simulations with the validated model revealed important findings, including: the effect of doors as bottlenecks, social contagion speeding up evacuation time, falling behaviour not affecting evacuation time significantly, and travelling in groups being more beneficial for evacuation time than travelling alone. This research has important practical applications for crowd management professionals, including transport hub operators, first responders, and risk assessors.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Planning and Designing Walkable Cities: A Smart Approach

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:25:02 +0200

Walking may be considered one of the most sustainable and democratic ways of travelling within a city, thus providing benefits not only to pedestrians but also to the urban environment. Besides, walking is also one of the means of transport most likely subjected to factors outside an individuals control, like social or physical abilities to walk and the presence of comfortable and safe street infrastructures and services. Therefore, improving urban conditions provided to pedestrians has positive impacts on walkability. At the same time technological solutions and innovations have the power to encourage and support people to walk by overcoming immaterial barriers due to a lack of information or boring travel and they give to decision makers the possibility to gain data to understand how and where people travel. Merging these two dimensions into a unique approach can drastically improve accessibility, attractiveness, safety, comfort and security of urban spaces. In this context, this paper aims to draw a more multifaceted context for walkability, where new technologies assume a key role for introducing new approaches to pedestrian paths planning and design and thus for enhancing this mode of transport. Indeed, by combining more traditional spatial-based and perceptual analysis of the urban environment with technological applications and social media exploitation there will be room to better support the decision on and to enhance satisfaction of walking as well as to easier plan and design more walkable cities.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Expectation and experience: Passenger acceptance of autonomous public transportation vehicles

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:16:37 +0200

Part 5: Case Studies; International audience; Passenger acceptance is a key factor for the successful integration, uptake and use of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in the domain of public transportation. Especially knowing opinions and attitudes around safety, comfort and convenience. We discuss a pilot study conducted as part of a larger research project where AVs are being tested to transport members of the general public on a specified route with designated stops. We present preliminary findings of fieldwork conducted where people were asked their opinions and attitudes both before and after riding on an AV shuttle as a passenger for the first time. This allows us to compare user expectation beforehand with actual experience afterwards.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Special Study on Benchmarking the Quality of Project Economic Analysis for the South Asia Region

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:15:05 +0200

This paper benchmarks the quality of project economic analysis in South Asia against other World Bank regions, using data on project exits between 1975 and 2015. The results show that the South Asia region performs on par with the other regions, in that the share of project documents that report estimated economic rates of return have declined from 70 to 36 percent for South Asia and the other regions. This finding suggests there is less attention to project economic analysis (especially for sectors where this has been a traditional practice, such as energy, transport, water, and agriculture). The finding also indicates that the incidence of reporting rates of return in project documents and the dispersion or difference between rates of return estimated at project appraisal and completion are significantly correlated with project performance (after correcting for country- and project-level variables). For the project-level variables, the task team effect is a key variable that explains project outcomes. The paper discusses the implications of the analyses for strengthening project performance and risk mitigation.

Document type: Book

CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE IN URBAN MOBILITY IN ACCRA:REPORT ON THE KICK-OFF WORKSHOP

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:14:20 +0200

Document type: Book

A Co-design Study of Digital Service Ideas in the Bus Context

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:10:59 +0200

Part 5: Co-design Studies; International audience; To enhance the desirability of public transportation, it is important to design for positive travel experience. The context of bus transportation has broad potential for utilization of novel, supplementary digital services beyond travel information. The aim of our research was to study bus passengers needs and expectations for future digital services and to develop initial service concept ideas through co-design. To this end, three Idea generating workshops with 24 participants were arranged. Our findings reveal six service themes that can be used as a basis of designing future digital traveling services: (1) Information at a glance while traveling, (2) Entertainment and entertaining activities, (3) Services that support social interaction, (4) Multiple channels to provide travel information, (5) Extra services for better travel experience, and (6) Services that people already expect to have. The themes are discussed and further elaborated in this paper.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

State-of-practice on as-is modelling of industrial facilities

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:08:40 +0200

90% of the time needed for the conversion from point clouds to 3D models of industrial facilities is spent on geometric modelling due to the sheer number of Industrial Objects (IOs) of each plant. Hence, cost reduction is only possible by automating modelling. Our previous work has successfully identified the most frequent industrial objects which are in descending order: electrical conduit, straight pipes, circular hollow sections, elbows, channels, solid bars, I-beams, angles, flanges and valves. We modelled those on a state-of-theart software, EdgeWise and then evaluated the performance of this software for pipeline and structural modelling. The modelling of pipelines is summarized in three basic steps: (a) automated extraction of cylinders, (b) their semantic classification and (c) manual extraction and editing of pipes. The results showed that cylinders are modelled with 75 % recall and 62 % precision on average. We discovered that pipes, electrical conduit and circular hollow sections require 80 % of the Total Modelling Hours (TMH) of the 10 most frequent IOs to build the plant model. TMH was then compared to modelling hours in Revit and showed that 67 % of pipe modelling time is saved by EdgeWise. This paper is the first to evaluate state-of-the-art industrial modelling software. These findings help in better understanding the problem and serve as the foundation for researchers who are interested in solving i

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Fuel Efficiency Versus Fuel Substitution in the Transport Sector: An Econometric Analysis

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:07:54 +0200

The transport sector offers limited options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as compared with other sectors, such as power generation and industrial sectors. To understand the potential reduction of energy consumption and associated emissions through fuel substitution or transportation service demand reduction, this study estimates own- and cross-price elasticities of various fuels used for transportation. The analysis shows, like many previous studies, that an increase in fuel prices would not have a large effect on transport sector carbon dioxide emissions, due to limited substitution possibilities among fuels for transportation. The study also finds that price-induced changes that lead to an increase in the rate of adoption of fuel-efficient vehicles would be more effective than a policy to cause fuel substitution.

Document type: Book

Web Apps and Imprecise Probabilitites

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:00:03 +0200

We propose a model for the behaviour of Web apps in the unreliable WWW. Web apps are described by orchestrations. An orchestration mimics the personal use of the Web by defining the way in which Web services are invoked. The WWW is unreliable as poorly maintained Web sites are prone to fail. We model this source of unreliability trough a probabilistic approach. We assume that each site has a probability to fail. Another source of uncertainty is the traffic congestion. This can be observed as a non-deterministic behaviour induced by the variability in the response times. We model non-determinism by imprecise probabilities. We develop here an ex-ante normal to characterize the behaviour of finite orchestrations in the unreliable Web. We show the existence of a normal form under such semantics for orchestrations using asymmetric parallelism.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

An Overview of Electric Vehicle Technology

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:55:30 +0200

Modern studies on green technologies for transportation sector are attaining attraction among the research communities from diverse parts. We learn the significance of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles which play a key role toward the policy option to reduce the environmental concern. There are major uncertainties in the diffusion of electric vehicles timing of market diffusion among consumers. However, there has been a considerable effort made towards the benefit of electric vehicles demand. Yet, the debates on consumer behavior towards the adoption of electric vehicles are less recognized. Researcher's highlighting the significance of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles from a combined perspective considering V2G technology which allows bi-directional flow of electricity. On the other hand, when electric vehicles are recharged from electricity produced from conventional technology power plants such as oil or coal-fired plants, they may produce equal or sometimes more greenhouse gas emissions than conventional gasoline vehicles.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Logistics Competencies, Skills, and Training : A Global Overview

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:53:54 +0200

Despite the spread of automation and new supply chain management paradigms, logistics remains dependent on a rather specific set of skills and competencies, whether for managerial, administrative, or blue-collar jobs, such as trucking or warehousing. This dependence implies that the logistical performance of businesses, industries, and nation states is strongly influenced by the quantity and quality of the workforce. Insufficient resources of a competent and properly trained workforce in logistics adversely affect the quality of service, reduce productivity in sectors dependent on logistics, and ultimately reduce trade competitiveness. While other interventions that affect logistics performancesuch as international infrastructures, trade corridors, regulations, and serviceshave already been reviewed extensively, this report is the first to cover the contributions of human resources and explore how to develop skills and improve competencies, especially in developing countries. The study proposes a framework for the skills needed according to the logistics activity (such as transportation or warehousing) or the type and level of responsibility. Based on several sources, including recent surveys carried out by the World Bank and the Kühne Logistics University, the report uncovers where the skills constraints are according to the type of job or countries. Findings include that logistics is an industry struggling to hire skilled workers, although with differences between developed countries (where trucker shortages are more acute) and developing economies (where managerial shortages are more widespread). Typically, blue-collar logistics jobs have lower status and lower pay than blue-collar jobs in other industries; they are thus less attractive for skilled workers. In developing countries with a potentially available workforce, lack of vocational preparation for careers in logistics means that less-skilled workers are not easily re-skilled. Logistics tasks at the upper end of the occupational hierarchy and those with high information technology content often require an upskilling of employees to keep pace with new technology. Yet the problem is not confined to recruitment. The surveys point to limited resources, money, and staff time allocated to training, especially in developing countries. Realizing the promise of quality jobs from the growth of logistics worldwide requires a coordinated effort by logistics companies, professional associations, training providers, and policy makers. Through a combination of facilitation, regulation, advice, financial instruments, and land use planning, governments can exert significant influence.

Document type: Book

An Intelligent Advisor for City Traffic Policies

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:51:25 +0200

Nowadays, city streets are populated not only by private vehicles but also by public transport, fleets of workers, and deliveries. Since each vehicle class has a maximum cargo capacity, we study in this article how authorities could improve the road traffic by endorsing long term policies to change the different vehicle proportions: sedans, minivans, full size vans, trucks, and motorbikes, without losing the ability of moving cargo throughout the city. We have performed our study in a realistic scenario (map, road traffic characteristics, and number of vehicles) of the city of Malaga and captured the many details into the SUMO microsimulator. After analyzing the relationship between travel times, emissions, and fuel consumption, we have defined a multiobjective optimization problem to be solved, so as to minimize these city metrics. Our results provide a scientific evidence that we can improve the delivery of goods in the city by reducing the number of heavy duty vehicles and fostering the use of vans instead. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. This research has been partially funded by the Spanish MINECO and FEDER projects TIN2014-57341-R, TIN2016-81766-REDT, and TIN2017-88213-R. University of Malaga, Andalucia TECH. Daniel H. Stolfi is supported by a FPU grant (FPU13/00954) from the Spanish MECD. Christian Cintrano is supported by a FPI grant (BES-2015-074805) from Spanish MINECO.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Rail Transport and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Tanzania

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:48:03 +0200

Railway transport generally has the advantage for large-volume, long-haul freight operations. Africa possesses significant railway assets. However, many rail lines are currently not operational because of the lack of maintenance. The paper recasts light on the impact of rail transportation on firm productivity, using micro data collected in Tanzania. To avoid the endogeneity problem, the instrumental variable technique is used to estimate the impact of rail transport. The paper shows that the overall impact of rail use on firm costs is significant despite that the rail unit rates are set lower when the shipping distance is longer. Rail transport is a cost-effective option for firms. However, the study finds that firms' inventory is costly. This is a disadvantage of using rail transport. Rail operations are unreliable, adding more inventory costs to firms. The implied elasticity of demand for transport services is estimated at -1.01 to -0.52, relatively high in absolute terms. This indicates the rail users' sensitivity to prices as well as severity of modal competition against truck transportation. The study also finds that firm location matters to the decision to use rail services. Proximity to rail infrastructure is important for firms to take advantage of rail benefits.

Document type: Book

Nitrogen grain-boundary passivation of In-doped ZnO transparent conducting oxide

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:44:19 +0200

PUBLISHED We have investigated the properties and conduction limitations of spray pyrolysis grown, low-cost transparent conducting oxide ZnO thin films doped with indium. We analyze the optical, electrical, and crystallographic properties as functions of In content with a specific focus on postgrowth heat treatment of these thin films at 320?C in an inert, nitrogen atmosphere, which improves the films electrical properties considerably. The effect was found to be dominated by nitrogen-induced grain-boundary passivation, identified by a combined study using in situ resistance measurement upon annealing, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and x-ray diffraction studies. We also highlight the chemical mechanism of morphologic and crystallographic changes found in films with high indium content. By optimizing growth conditions according to these findings, ZnO:In with a resistivity as low as 2?10?3?cm, high optical quality (T?90%), and sheet resistance of 32?/? has been obtained without any need for postgrowth treatments.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Accident Information from six European Countries Based on Self-reports

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:41:51 +0200

A questionnaire survey has been conducted in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Spain and Sweden in 2016-2017. Once every third month through one year respondents have received a link to an online questionnaire which asked them about information on any traffic accidents they might have experienced in the period. Different procedures for gaining respondents were used in each country, resulting in relatively small and skewed sample sizes from Germany, Poland and Spain, causing data analysis based on these numbers to be highly unreliable. Thus results are based on data from Belgium, Denmark and Sweden."br/""br/"The study aims at providing an input to Task 5.3 on socio-economic costs within the InDeV project. Thus the questionnaire contains questions on various aspects related to the accidents that might contribute with costs as well as basic accident information such as means of transport and time of the accident."br/""br/"A special focus in the survey is on pedestrian single accidents, which are not normally considered traffic accidents. The survey finds that more than 80% of the pedestrian accidents that have been self-reported are in fact single accidents, which illustrates the need for further investigation of the pedestrian single accidents as the number of these might be quite high. The study also provides knowledge of basic consequences of the pedestrian falls, for instance 16% result in medical treatment, 14% in one or more days of absence from work and 37% in property damage."br/""br/"The self-reported traffic accidents have proved difficult to compare with official accident statistics, both due to different national guidelines on what constitutes a reportable accident and to the legal limitations on personal information which may be asked in the questionnaire; this eliminates the possibility of combining information with official accident records. However, based on the self-reports it can be concluded that in 8% of the accidents the respondent have been in contact with the police.

Document type: Book

A Task Completion Engine to Enhance Search Session Support for Air Traffic Work Tasks

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:36:08 +0200

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

HLS Enabled Partially Reconfigurable Module Implementation

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:30:47 +0200

Making full use of the capabilities of the FPGA as an accelerator is difficult for non hardware experts, especially if partial reconfiguration is to be employed. One of the issues that arise is to physically implement modules into bounding boxes of minimum size for improving fragmentation cost and reconfiguration time. In this paper we present a method which automates the modules designing step, fulfilling module resource requirements and architectural FPGA constraints. We present a case study that shows how our automatic module implementation flow can be used to generate run-time reconfigurable bitstreams that are suited for stitching together processing pipelines directly from a Maxeler MaxJ HLS specification. This takes into consideration design alternatives, fragmentation, and routing failure mitigation strategies.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

High-Speed Rail

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:27:43 +0200

This report starts with a history of high speed rail worldwide and then outlines the history of China's move toward a high-speed rail network. It explains why China is uniquely suited for a high-speed rail system. System performance indicators, such as: speed, capacity, safety, fares, ridership, and operating and maintenance costs, are examined for China and other countries. The relationship between high-speed rail and economic development is discussed along with preconditions necessary for successful implementation of a high-speed rail project.

Document type: Book

Sustainability Accounting and Reporting

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:24:41 +0200

This is the fourth in a series of books publishing the best contributions on environmental management accounting (EMA) from around the world. It has been developed by the Environmental Management Accounting Network (EMAN). Contributions are drawn primarily from papers presented at EMAN-EU and EMAN-Asia Pacific conferences in the last two years. Brought together in this volume are international examples of leading thinking and practice in this rapidly developing area. Sustainability Accounting and Reporting provides an up-to-date overview of the most current views, developments, costs and benefits in environmental and sustainability accounting and its links to reporting. The book discusses new developments in environmental accounting and investigates topics in and links between corporate environmental and sustainability issues as well as between strategy, measurement and information management, and between accounting and reporting. Papers presented in this research based publication have been through an independent peer review and thorough editing process to ensure the highest possible research quality for theory based submissions and, for the more applied contributions, the greatest potential usefulness and impact for corporate and public-policy practitioners. © 2006 Springer. All Rights Reserved.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Transforming the urban space through transit oriented development the 3v approach

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:22:08 +0200

Imagine a city that is more competitive, with higher-quality neighborhoods, lower infrastructure costs, and lower C02 emissions per unit of activity. This city has lower combined transportation and housing costs for its residents than other cities at similar levels of economic activity. Its residents can access most jobs and services easily through a combination of low-cost public transport, walking and cycling. Its core economic and population centers are resilient to natural hazards. It is able to finance improvements to public space, connectivity, and social housing by capturing value created through integrated land use and transport planning. Such a vision has never been more relevant for rapidly growing cities than it is today. Transit-oriented development (TOD) can play a major role in achieving such a vision. Based on an observation of methodologies applied in different countries, the World Bank's Community of Practice on Transit Oriented Development has developed a methodology called the 3 Value (3V) Framework, which outlines a typology to facilitate TOD implementation at the metropolitan and urban scale in various contexts. The 3V Framework equips policy and decision makers with quantified indicators to better understand the interplay between the economic vision for the city, its land use and mass transit network, and urban qualities and market vibrancy around its mass transit stations. This book provides examples of approaches taken by cities like London and New York to align their economic, land use, and transport planning to generate jobs and high value. We hope this book will help readers develop a coherent vision, policies, and strategy to leverage the value created through enhanced connectivity and accessibility and make cities even more appealing places to live, work, play and do business.

Document type: Book

Intelligent driver profiling system for cars a basic concept

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:18:51 +0200

Many industries have been transformed by the provision of service solutions characterised by personalisation and customisation - most dramatically the development of the iPhone. Personalisation and customisation stand to make an impact on cars and mobility in comparable ways. The automobile industry has a major role to play in this change, with moves towards electric vehicles, auton-omous cars, and car sharing as a service. These developments are likely to bring disruptive changes to the business of car manufacturers as well as to drivers. However, in the automobile industry, both the user's preferences and demands and also safety issues need to be confronted since the frequent use of different makes and models of cars, implied by car sharing, entails several risks due to variations in car controls depending on the manufacturer. Two constituencies, in particular, are likely to experience even more difficulties than they already do at present, namely older people and those with capability variations. To overcome these challenges, and as a means to empower a wide car user base, the paper here presents a basic concept of an intelligent driver profiling system for cars: the sys-tem would enable various car characteristics to be tailored according to individual driver-dependent profiles. It is intended that wherever possible the system will personalise the characteristics of individual car components; where this is not possible, however, an initial customisation will be performed.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Optimizing the Design of a Route in Terminal Maneuvering Area Using Branch and Bound

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:14:21 +0200

International audience .The sharp increase in air traffic flow causes traffic congestion in airspaces near airports, called Terminal Maneuvering Areas (TMA). The departure and arrival traffic of airports follow pre-designed routes named Standard Instrument Departure (SID) routes and Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STAR). Optimizing these routes is crucial to regulate air traffic. Currently, SIDs and STARs are designed manually, based on the airport layout and nearby constraints. The objective of this research is to propose a methodology for designing an arrival/departure route in TMA, taking into account some constraints including obstacle avoidance. The shape of a route in horizontal plan is a succession of arcs of circles and segments. The originality of our study is, on the one hand, that the horizontal route is associated with a cone in vertical plan enveloping all ascent (or descent) aircraft profiles, and on the other hand, a branching strategy in a Branch and Bound (B\\&B) framework tailored on the problem is proposed.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Modal choice between rail and road transportation evidence from tanzania

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:14:05 +0200

Rail transport generally has the advantage for large-volume long-haul freight operations. The literature generally shows that shipping distance, costs, and reliability are among the most important determinants of people's modal choice among road, rail, air, and coastal shipping transport. However, there is little evidence in Africa, although the region historically possesses significant rail assets. Currently, Africa's rail transport faces intense competition against truck transportation. With firm-level data, this paper examines shippers' modal choice in Tanzania. The traditional multinomial logit and McFaddens choice models were estimated. The paper shows that rail prices and shipping distance and volume are important determinants of firms' mode choice. The analysis also finds that the firms' modal choice depends on the type of transactions. Rail transport is more often used for international trading purposes. Exporters and importers are key customers for restoring rail freight operations. Rail operating speed does not seem to have an unambiguous effect on firms' modal selection.

Document type: Book

Inhomogeneous Markov Models for Describing Driving Patterns

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:10:05 +0200

It has been predicted that electric vehicles will play a crucial role in incorporating a large renewable component in the energy sector. If electric vehicles are integrated in a naive way, they may exacerbate issues related to peak demand and transmission capacity limits while not reducing polluting emissions. Optimizing the charging of electric vehicles is paramount for their successful integration. This paper presents a model to describe the driving patterns of electric vehicles in order to provide primary input information to any mathematical programming model for optimal charging. Specifically, an inhomogeneous Markov model that captures the diurnal variation in the use of a vehicle is presented. The model is defined by the time-varying probabilities of starting and ending a trip, and is justified due to the uncertainty associated with the use of the vehicle. The model is fitted to data collected from the actual utilization of a vehicle. Inhomogeneous Markov models imply a large number of parameters. The number of parameters in the proposed model is reduced using B-splines.

Document type: Book

Automation in human machine networks how increasing machine agency affects human agency

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:02:54 +0200

Efficient human-machine networks require productive interaction between human and machine actors. In this study, we address how a strengthening of machine agency, for example through increasing levels of automation, affect the human actors of the networks. Findings from case studies within air traffic management, emergency management, and crowd evacuation are presented, shedding light on how automation may strengthen the agency of human actors in the network through responsibility sharing and task allocation, and serve as a needed prerequisite of innovation and change.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Challenges and Directions for Psychopathological Network Theory and Methodology

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:01:30 +0200

Since the introduction of mental disorders as networks of causally interacting symptoms, this novel framework has received considerable attention. The past years have resulted in over 40 scientific publications and numerous conference symposia and workshops. Now is an excellent moment to take stock of the network approach: What are its most fundamental challenges, and what are potential ways forward in addressing them? After a brief conceptual introduction, we first discuss challenges to network theory: (1) What is the validity of the network approach beyond some commonly investigated disorders such as major depression? (2) How do we best define psychopathological networks and their constituent elements? And (3) how can we gain a better understanding of the causal nature and real-life underpinnings of associations among symptoms? Next, after a short technical introduction to network modeling, we discuss challenges to network methodology: (4) heterogeneity of samples studied with network analytic models, and (5) a lurking replicability crisis in this strongly data-driven and exploratory field. Addressing these challenges may propel the network approach from its adolescence into adulthood and promises advances in understanding psychopathology both at the nomothetic and idiographic level. Keywords: clinical psychology; dynamic systems; mental disorders; networks; personalized medicine; psychiatry; reproducibility

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Decarbonising the Finnish Transport Sector by 2050Electricity or Biofuels?

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:57:14 +0200

Finland has set ambitious long-term targets, which aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector and the whole energy system by 2050. By utilising the energy system model STREAM, which includes the power, heat and transport sectors, this paper develops two alternative scenarios for the transport sector by 2050one with a high percentage of electric vehicles (EV) and another with a high percentage of biofuels (BIO), and compares the scenario results with a known Carbon-Neutral Scenario (CNS) which is adopted from the Nordic Energy Technology Perspective (IEA in Nordic energy technology perspectivepathways to a carbon-neutral energy future, 2013a). The socio-economic value of the total system cost is computed and the system integration of the transport sector with the electricity and heating sectors is simulated with an hourly time resolution. This study finds that a Finnish transport sector with a high share of EV by 2050 leads to the lowest total annual system cost of the scenarios and yields a reduction by 2.3% compared to CNS. While the transport configuration in the BIO scenario achieves the highest total annual system cost which is 0.4% higher than CNS. The robustness of the results is tested through a sensitivity analysis which shows that the costs (investment and maintenance) of biodiesel cars and EV are the most sensitive parameters in the comparative analysis of the scenarios.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Forecasting travel-time reliability in road transport: A new model for the Netherlands

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:51:34 +0200

In this paper we describe how we included travel time variability in the national Dutch transport forecasting model and what the policy impacts of this new forecasting tool are. Until now, travel time reliability improvements for road projects were included in Dutch cost-benefit analysis (CBA) by multiplying the travel time benefits from reduced congestion by a factor 1.25. This proportionality is based on the linkage between congestion reduction and reliability improvements. However, this treatment of reliability is not useful to evaluate policies that especially affect travel time variability. From the start, this method was provisional and meant to be replaced by a better method capturing travel time variability. For this, we derived an empirical relation between the standard deviation of travel time, mean delay of travel time and length of route. This has been implemented in the national Dutch model as a post processing module. The new travel time reliability forecasting model will be incorporated in the Dutch guidelines for CBA.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Estimation of the national car ownership model for great britain 2011 base

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:48:44 +0200

Document type: Book

Minima project detecting and mitigating the negative impact of automation

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:47:01 +0200

International audience In this paper, we present the preliminary steps conducted in the framework of the research project Mitigating Negative Impacts of Monitoring high levels of Automation (MINIMA). The main objectives of MINIMA are i) to develop vigilance and attention neuro-physiological indexes, and ii) to im-plement them in a system that can adapt its behavior and guide the operator's attention. The goal is to mitigate negative impacts of the foreseen increasing au-tomation in future Air Traffic Control (ATC) scenarios on Air Traffic Control-ler (ATCo) performance. The first step of research activities consists of better comprehension of Out-Of-The-Loop (OOTL) phenomena and of current meth-ods to measure and compensate such effects. Based on this State of the Art, we propose the MINIMA concept, i.e. a dynamic adaptation of the task environ-ment which is foreseen as a major requirement to keep the human "in the loop", perfectly aware of the traffic situation. In the second part of this paper, we give details about the highly automated Terminal Manoeuvring Area selected as case study. Additionally, we describe the adaptation mechanisms that are planned to be implemented into this task environment and analyzed in the MINIMA pro-ject. Finally, the document provides information about the technical implemen-tation of the vigilance and attention measurement that will be used to trigger adaptation of the task environment. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Augmented reality in a remote tower environment based on vs ir fusion and optical tracking

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:39:40 +0200

Over the past years, several augmented reality features have been developed to make Remote Tower Operations more cost-efficient and user-friendly. In the context of a national research project (The paper reports results gained in the project INVIDEON (FKZ 20 V1505A) sponsored by the Luftfahrtforschungsprogramm (LuFo) of the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure Germany.), augmented reality based on visual spectrum (VS) and infrared (IR) fusion and as well as on optical tracking is a study objective. Having both VS and IR information available at any time is expected to enable more efficient air traffic control, even at restricted visibility conditions. Integrating VS and IR in one video panorama should also decrease head-down times and therefore increase situation awareness and reduce workload. The integration of two different sensors will be realized by overlaying VS/IR combined with adapted input devices and optical tracking methods. Developing a good concept for the integration of VS/IR and testing it in an exploratory manner can only be achieved with the help of system experts and rapid prototyping methods in simulation environments. During three workshops, human factors specialists, project partners and seven air traffic controllers worked out a prototype that was gradually improved over time and helped to generate a first concept. Firstly, this paper addresses the challenges of VS/IR fusion, manual PTZ following (as a precursor for optical tracking) and adapted input devices. Secondly, it presents the construction process of a prototype in an explorative manner, based on a user-centered approach and implemented in a simulation environment. Finally, it summarizes and presents the results from the workshops and throughout the construction process.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Designing smart shoes for obstacle detection empowering visually challenged users through ict

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:32:55 +0200

Part 4: New Interaction Techniques; International audience; The paper presents a case of Smart Shoes that uses ultrasonic sensors to detect the obstacle in front of the user. Additionally, this shoe signals a user by tapping at the foot arch. An evaluative study of the Smart Shoes was conducted with (n = 31) users; (17) blind people, (9) low vision and (5) non-disabled users. The study was conducted to judge reliability of the Smart Shoes by evaluating it from (a) ratio of obstacles identified to total obstacles encountered, (b) distance of obstacle apprehension and (c) response time. The study was conducted in a controlled and definite environment. The results from the study illustrate this footwear to be 89.5% effective in detecting obstacles such as vehicles, people, furniture, footpaths, poles, and miscellaneous obstacles with a mean response time of 3.08 s. Users average distance of obstacle apprehension was 108 cm in regular mode and 50 cm in the crowd mode. The future research & evaluative studies will be conducted in actual operational/moving environments.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

The FloraHolland Case

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:30:33 +0200

Part 4: Infrastructures; International audience; Digital infrastructures (DI) that support information exchange related to international trade processes (here referred to as Digital Trade Infrastructures (DTI)) have been seen as an instrument to help address the trade facilitation and security challenges. Data pipelines can be seen as an example of a DTI. Data pipelines are IT innovations that enable the timely provision of data captured at the source from different information systems available in the supply chain. Using the pipeline companies can share information with authorities and enjoy trade facilitation in return. The benefits of such data pipelines have been showcased in demonstrator settings. However, outside the controlled environment of demonstrator installations, the adoption and growth of these DTIs has been limited. The benefits based on purely implementing the data pipeline are limited. Combining data pipeline capability with Coordinated Border Management (CBM) has potential to articulate more clear benefits for stakeholders and push further investments and wider adoption. In this paper based on the FloraHolland trade lane related to exporting flowers from Kenya to the Netherlands we discuss a data pipeline/CBM innovation. Through the conceptual lens of DI (examining architectural, process and governance dimensions) we demonstrate the potential benefits of data pipeline/CBM innovation and the complex alignment processes between business and government actors needed for the further adoption. From a theoretical point of view we enhance the understanding regarding the governance dimension of such data pipeline/CBM innovations by identifying four type of alignments processes involving businesses and government actors nationally and internationally. As such the paper contributes to the body of research on DI and more specifically DTI. Form a point of view of practice, the insights from our analysis can be used to better understand other data pipeline/CBM innovation alignment processes in other domains as well.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Topology based analysis for multimodal atmospheric data of volcano eruptions

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:28:48 +0200

Many scientific applications deal with data from a multitude of different sources, e.g., measurements, imaging and simulations. Each source provides an additional perspective on the phenomenon of interest, but also comes with specific limitations, e.g. regarding accuracy, spatial and temporal availability. Effectively combining and analyzing such multimodal and partially incomplete data of limited accuracy in an integrated way is challenging. In this work, we outline an approach for an integrated analysis and visualization of the atmospheric impact of volcano eruptions. The data sets comprise observation and imaging data from satellites as well as results from numerical particle simulations. To analyze the clouds from the volcano eruption in the spatiotemporal domain we apply topological methods. We show that topology-related extremal structures of the data support clustering and comparison. We further discuss the robustness of those methods with respect to different properties of the data and different parameter setups. Finally we outline open challenges for the effective integrated visualization using topological methods.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Earthquake Geotechnics in Offshore Engineering

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:19:16 +0200

This paper presents a number of geotechnical issues encountered in earthquake design of offshore structures and subsea facilities. Parallel with construction of traditional structures such as jackets and gravity-based structures, a considerable effort has recently been put to field developments in deep water. This has brought about other challenges that are largely dependent on geotechnical knowledge. This paper addresses some of the more recent approaches and solutions in geotechnical earthquake design of both shallow water and deep-water structures and facilities such as platforms with large bases, pipelines traversing slopes and seabed installations. It is demonstrated how incorporation of radiation damping and nonlinear soil-structure interaction in offshore installations could optimize the design. Considering the importance of earthquake stability of slopes in deep water development, special attention is given to highlighting several key issues in the earthquake response of submarine slopes including strain softening and three-dimensional shaking.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Approximating income distribution dynamics using aggregate data

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:16:04 +0200

This paper proposes a methodology to approximate individual income distribution dynamics using only time series data on aggregate moments of the income distribution. Under the assumption that individual incomes follow a lognormal autoregressive process, this paper shows that the evolution over time of the mean and standard deviation of log income across individuals provides sufficient information to place upper and lower bounds on the degree of mobility in the income distribution. The paper demonstrates that these bounds are reasonably informative, using the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics where the panel structure of the data allows us to compare measures of mobility directly estimated from the micro data with approximations based only on aggregate data. Bounds on mobility are estimated for a large cross-section of countries, using data on aggregate moments of the income distribution available in the World Wealth and Income Database and the World Bank's PovcalNet database. The estimated bounds on mobility imply that conventional anonymous growth rates of the bottom 40 percent (top 10 percent) that do not account for mobility substantially understate (overstate) the expected growth performance of those initially in the bottom 40 percent (top 10 percent).

Document type: Book

Energy challenges for ICT

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:14:39 +0200

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

A specific issue on sustainability of transportation planning in an urban region ambulance location problem

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:02:06 +0200

In this study, ambulance location problem, which is a significant research field in transportation in healthcare, is focused on. It is assumed that travelling time of vehicles between two demand points is uncertain and this uncertainty is represented as a crisp and as well as convex set. In order to deal with this uncertainty, robust counterpart approach, which is capable of providing conservatism, is employed. According to results of the simulation process, which is designed for the sake of benchmarking robust and nominal solutions, it can be easily claimed that conservative robustness is able to be achieved with significantly sufferable costs, even with no costs in most of the scenarios, by the proposed model. Ultimately, since robustness is one of the most important keywords for sustainability, on which discussions can be found in several parts of the text, this chapter is concluded with the claim that, by the proposed model, sustainability of transportation in healthcare is enhanced based on the adopted problem.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

South-North trajectories and language repertoires

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:59:58 +0200

This chapter explores language in global South-North migration from the perspective of aspiring migrants in Lusophone West Africa within the context of increasingly restrictive European immigration regimes and their consequence of involuntary immobility in the South. While sociolinguistic scholarship has successfully engaged with globalization, mobility, and movement of people, it has insufficiently engaged with that which and those who dont travel well. We argue that a sociolinguistics of globalization needs to develop multi-sited methods and tools for investigating and understanding these absent presences the invisibly excluded and propose that repertoires and trajectories are useful tools in such undertaking. The paper attempts a theoretical review of these concepts and illustrates their analytical potential with three cases from ongoing fieldwork in Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau as part of a larger ethnographic project at the University of Luxembourg that explores the language lives, learning histories, (unfinished) travels, further mobile aspirations and changing social status of young West Africans on the move. The paper concludes by arguing that South-North mobilities are shaped by as well as shaping multilingual repertoires, and are entangled in complex desires and strategies of mobility.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

The constrained governance of socio technical transitions evidence from electric mobility in scotland

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:56:20 +0200

Electric Vehicles (EVs) embody a number of technical innovations which have the capacity to make substantial contributions to prominent societal objectives associated with improving energy security, increasing energy efficiency, promoting low-carbon mobility and reducing local air pollution. Fostering a transition to an electric mobility (e-mobility) personal transport system represents a strategic aim of most economically developed nations and is a central feature of the European Commissions vision of an integrated and sustainable transport system. For this vision to be achieved, EVs will need to overcome formidable barriers associated with structural lock-ins to the existing internal combustion engine vehicle, technical deficiencies linked to EV attributes, citizen preference for proven technologies and the embedded interests of system agents. This chapter outlines how the transition to an e-mobility personal transport system is being managed in Scotland by evaluating the governance structure which has been established to support the uptake of EVs. This governance structure is considered in terms of the strategic, tactical and operational activities which aim to facilitate the e-mobility transition and the role of reflexive governance in evaluating the progress so far made. Specific attention is paid to how the agency of the Scottish Government is constrained in its ability to manage the transition due to the defined authority of the government and the local circumstances of Scotland.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Development of active safety software of road freight transport aimed at improving inter city road safety based on stereo vision technologies and road scene analysis

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:54:37 +0200

The article considers the active safety system of road freight transport. The stereoscopic computer vision is the core of the system. The article also describes the major algorithms of active safety and the accuracy characteristics of algorithms application.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Transforming communication and decision making practices for sustainable renewal of urban transport infrastructure

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:52:46 +0200

Renewal of urban transport infrastructure faces many challenges such as shortage of funding and poor redevelopment decisions. The variety of stakeholders involved brings about different communication protocols as well as competing interests. This affects the understanding, agreement and collaboration on sustainable measures and deliverables. Short-term focused and reactive decision-making in professional silos is a symptom of such problems in Australia. As the source for infrastructure funding shifts from governments to end users, how to engage community groups, identify issues, harness collective input and communicate actions should be on top of the agenda. Advancement of web technologies presents the feasibility of developing a social-media compatible portal for communication and engagement of all involved stakeholders. Characteristics and key issues of urban renewal need to be explored together with decision making patterns and approaches. This will inform the industry to change old practices to innovative decision making, in order to optimise goals of sustainability, public policies, private investors priority and community interests.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Rethinking Infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean : Spending Better to Achieve More

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:08:12 +0200

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) does not have the infrastructure it needs, or deserves, given its income. Many argue that the solution is to spend more; by contrast, this report has one main message: Latin America can dramatically narrow its infrastructure service gap by spending efficiently on the right things. This report asks three questions: what should LAC countries goals be? How can these goals be achieved as cost-effectively as possible? And who should pay to reach these goals? In doing so, we drop the infrastructure gap notion, favoring an approach built on identifying the service gap. Benchmarking Latin America in this way reveals clear strengths and weaknesses. Access to water and electricity is good, with the potential for the regions electricity sector to drive competitive advantage; by contrast, transport and sanitation should be key focus areas for further development. The report also identifies and analyses some of the emerging challenges for the regionclimate change, increased demand and urbanizationthat will put increasing pressure on infrastructure and policy makers alike. Improving the regions infrastructure performance in the context of tight fiscal space will require spending better on well identified priorities. Unlike most infrastructure diagnostics, this report argues that much of what is needed lies outside the infrastructure sector in the form of broader government issuesfrom competition policy, to budgeting rules that no longer solely focus on controlling cash expenditures. We also find that traditional recommendations continue to apply regarding independent, well-performing regulators and better corporate governance, and highlight the critical importance of cost recovery where feasible and desirable, as the basis for future commercial finance of infrastructure services. Latin America has the means and potential to do better; and it can do so by spending more efficiently on the right things.

Document type: Book

Pricing of Airport Operations

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:06:50 +0200

Abstract\r It is demonstrated how an analysis of airports cost structures and the calculation of long-run marginal costs (MCs) of serving passengers and airplanes can be used as a basis for setting airport charges according to the principles of welfare economics. Based on Norwegian data, the MC for an extra passenger (PAX) and extra air traffic movement (ATM) are used to set airport charges under the assumption that the charges should be equal for all airports in the country. When adjusting the estimates to meet revenue restrictions and comparing the estimates to current charges, we observe that PAX should be charged more and ATM less. This finding is in line with recommendations from the International Air Transport Association (IATA). When allowing charges to vary between airports, we demonstrate how a Ramsey pricing approach can be applied to set differentiated PAX and ATM charges, considering both the supply side (the competitive conditions between the airlines operating at the airports) and the demand side (the passengers price elasticity of demand).

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Public transportation systems basic principles of system design operations planning and real time control

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:00:48 +0200

Document type: Book

Simulation Applied to Urban Logistics: A State of the Art

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 12:58:57 +0200

International audience; This work provides a review of simulation techniques applied to urban logistics with a focus on practical applications. Several techniques and tools have been proposed to simulate different systems in urban logistics. In most cases, simulation choices depend on the objective of the simulation, the role of the decision maker and the type of problem. The paper offers a state of the art in which we analyse the existing simulation solutions for a given problem and/or a given stakeholder. As a result, it offers a practical reference for urban logistics researchers and practitioners who wish to use simulation in order to study the behaviour and performance of their systems. We propose an analytical framework allowing an easy overview of advantages and drawbacks of each technique, output criteria and examples.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

How Does Port Efficiency Affect Maritime Transport Costs and Trade? : Evidence from Indian and Western Pacific Ocean Countries

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 12:57:29 +0200

Would improvements in port performance increase trade in countries on the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans? Previous studies attempted to answer this question using ad hoc measures of port efficiency that do not control for the actual use of port assets or measures that can be very noisy. To avoid these problems, this paper builds a measure of economic efficiency based on the use of port inputs to deliver port output. Using data envelop analysis, it ranks countries on the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans in terms of their port efficiency, and assesses the effect of increased efficiency. It finds that becoming as efficient as the country with the most efficient port sector would reduce their average maritime transport costs by up to 14 percent and increase their exports by up to 2.2 percent.

Document type: Book

Comparability check of air traffic constellations with XRATCH

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 12:57:02 +0200

Document type: Book

Applications of Soft Computing in Intelligent Transportation Systems

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 12:53:11 +0200

Intelligent Transportation Systems emerged to meet the increasing demand for more efficient, reliable and safer transportation systems. These systems combine electronic, communication and information technologies with traffic engineering to respond to the former challenges. The benefits of Intelligent Transportation Systems have been extensively proved in many different facets of transport and Soft Computing has played a major role in achieving these successful results. This book chapter aims at gathering and discussing some of the most relevant and recent advances of the application of Soft Computing in four important areas of Intelligent Transportation Systems as autonomous driving, traffic state prediction, vehicle route planning and vehicular ad hoc networks.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Scipedia: Documents published in 2017

Small Unmanned Aerial System Certification and Traffic Management Systems

The case of Mobility as a Service: A critical reflection on challenges for urban transport and mobility governance

Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics

Computational modelling of cathodic protection systems for pipelines in multi-layer soil

A Situation Aware Information Infrastructure ( $$SAI^2$$ S A I 2 ) Framework

Small community impacts of liberalization and the provision of social air services

The Energy Implications of Drones for Package Delivery: A Geographic Information System Comparison

Advances in Pipes and Pipelines

Mobile Application for Naturalistic Walking/Cycling Data Collection

City Logistics

An effective video processing pipeline for crowd pattern analysis

Learning to Map Vehicles into Bird’s Eye View

Data center traffic scheduling with hot-cold link detection capabilities

Spatial dependence in (origin-destination) air passenger flows

Modelling the dynamics of driver situation awareness in automated driving

Towards a Regional Energy Model

Principal Pipelines: What Are They and What Do They Cost?

Challenges and opportunities of living amidst diversity

Production of Topographic Maps with VGI: Quality Management and Automation

On-Bottom Stability Analysis of Subsea Pipelines Under Combined Irregular Waves and Currents

Mobility and the Sharing Economy: Industry Developments and Early Understanding of Impacts

Energy Challenges for ICT

Fluid and Diffusion Limits for Bike Sharing Systems

Prediction of Heating Power in Magnetic Pipe Conducting Large AC Current With High Frequencies Up to 200Hz

Health Impact of Electric Vehicles Considering Environmental Leakage. The Case Study on Japan, China, UK and Poland

Grenzüberschreitender Öffentlicher Verkehr - immer noch Barrieren trotz EU

SDN-enabled SatCom networks for satellite-terrestrial integration

Digital Signal Processors

Sustainable Transport Futures: Analysis of the Selected Methodologies Supporting the Planning Process Towards Achieving Goal 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities

Exploiting web ontologies for automated critical infrastructure data retrieval

Dealing with Urban Diversity: The Case of Leipzig

Evaluating the impact of energy-aware routing on Software-Defined Networking performance

A Task Completion Engine to Enhance Search Session Support for Air Traffic Work Tasks

Dealing with Urban Diversity: The Case of Copenhagen

Sustainability Evaluation of Green Urban Logistics Systems: Literature Overview and Proposed Framework

Shaping the Future of Autonomous Vehicles: How Policymakers Can Promote Safety, Mobility, and Efficiency in an Uncertain World

Bayesian environment representation, prediction, and criticality assessment for driver assistance systems

Green Distribution – A Comparative Study of Sea and Road Transport Modes for a Norwegian Manufacturing Company

Dealing with Urban Diversity: The Case of Paris

Characterizing the Variation in Atmospheric Radiation at Aviation Altitudes

Simulación de lluvia extrema utilizando herramientas GIS e Iber en Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco

Control Parcial de un Sistema Caótico de tres especies

Use of ais and aisap for analysis of vessel wakes in charleston harbor a case study

Sediment management methods to reduce dredging part 2 sediment collector technology

Locating internet bottlenecks algorithms measurements and implications

Mobile Application for Naturalistic Walking/Cycling Data Collection

The minimal buffering requirements of congestion controlled interactive multimedia applications

Reducing traffic congestion in beirut an empirical analysis of selected policy options

MINLP in Air Traffic Management: Aircraft Conflict Avoidance

Formal verification of curved flight collision avoidance maneuvers a case study

Volcanic ash and aviation the challenges of real time global communication of a natural hazard

Simulating crowd evacuation with socio-cultural, cognitive, and emotional elements

Planning and Designing Walkable Cities: A Smart Approach

Expectation and experience: Passenger acceptance of autonomous public transportation vehicles

Special Study on Benchmarking the Quality of Project Economic Analysis for the South Asia Region

CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE IN URBAN MOBILITY IN ACCRA:REPORT ON THE KICK-OFF WORKSHOP

A Co-design Study of Digital Service Ideas in the Bus Context

State-of-practice on as-is modelling of industrial facilities

Fuel Efficiency Versus Fuel Substitution in the Transport Sector: An Econometric Analysis

Web Apps and Imprecise Probabilitites

An Overview of Electric Vehicle Technology

Logistics Competencies, Skills, and Training : A Global Overview

An Intelligent Advisor for City Traffic Policies

Rail Transport and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Tanzania

Nitrogen grain-boundary passivation of In-doped ZnO transparent conducting oxide

Accident Information from six European Countries Based on Self-reports

A Task Completion Engine to Enhance Search Session Support for Air Traffic Work Tasks

HLS Enabled Partially Reconfigurable Module Implementation

High-Speed Rail

Sustainability Accounting and Reporting

Transforming the urban space through transit oriented development the 3v approach

Intelligent driver profiling system for cars a basic concept

Optimizing the Design of a Route in Terminal Maneuvering Area Using Branch and Bound

Modal choice between rail and road transportation evidence from tanzania

Inhomogeneous Markov Models for Describing Driving Patterns

Automation in human machine networks how increasing machine agency affects human agency

Challenges and Directions for Psychopathological Network Theory and Methodology

Decarbonising the Finnish Transport Sector by 2050Electricity or Biofuels?

Forecasting travel-time reliability in road transport: A new model for the Netherlands

Decarbonising the Finnish Transport Sector by 2050Electricity or Biofuels?