Scipedia: Documents published in 2017

Semi-supervised Learning with Semantic Knowledge Extraction for Improved Speech Recognition in Air Traffic Control

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:31:27 +0100

utomatic Speech Recognition (ASR) can introduce higher levels of automation into Air Traffic Control (ATC), where spoken language is still the predominant form of communication. While ATC uses standard phraseology and a limited vocabulary, we need to adapt the speech recognition systems to local acoustic conditions and vocabularies at each airport to reach optimal performance. Due to continuous operation of ATC systems, a large and increasing amount of untranscribed speech data is available, allowing for semi-supervised learning methods to build and adapt ASR models. In this paper, we first identify the challenges in building ASR systems for specific ATC areas and propose to utilize out-of-domain data to build baseline ASR models. Then we explore different methods of data selection for adapting baseline models by exploiting the continuously increasing untranscribed data. We develop a basic approach capable of exploiting semantic representations of ATC commands. We achieve relative improvement in both word error rate (23.5%) and concept error rates (7%) when adapting ASR models to different ATC conditions in a semi-supervised manner.

ACTIVAGE - Interoperability report

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:29:31 +0100

This deliverable is the continuation of the work presented in deliverable 3.2 "Interoperability layer architecture" and extends further information in this regard presented in deliverable 5.1 "Integration Plan and Operational Framework". This document is closely related with the outcome of tasks T3.3 and T3.4. D3.5 provides further information regarding the definition and implementation of components, tools and techniques employed within ACTIVAGE project to facilitate interoperability with the DS IoT platforms. In particular, main initiatives for the enablement of interoperability are the Semantic Interoperability Layer, that provides both syntactic and semantic interoperability, and the creation of a common data model. Also, some security and privacy considerations are drawn.

Yokohama : Reinventing the Future of a City

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:27:19 +0100

The intent of the two competitive cities case studies is to highlight what institutions and strategies successful cities have relied on to spur economic development, under what conditions such success has occurred, and what lessons of this experience might be applicable to decision makers in other cities. This research was prepared by the Tokyo Development Learning Center (TDLC) under the auspices of the Social, Urban, Rural, and Resilience Global of the World Bank Group. Its objective is to create a knowledge base on what makes cities competitive, understand job creation at the city level, and capture the unique development experience of Japan for broad dissemination to development practitioners, government officials, academia and the private sector. The team would like to gratefully acknowledge the Government of Japan and its continued support of the Tokyo Development Learning Center (TDLC) program.

Praktična prilagodba klasičnih uređaja za ubrizgavanje goriva u motorima velike snage za teretna vozila

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:26:35 +0100

Basic requirements related to fuel injection system of upgraded turbocharged articulated truck diesel engines are listed and discussed. An example of the FIE matching approach to upgrading of a heavy duty diesel engine is presented. The application of hollow cam fuel injection pump may offer a further extension of its use in order to uprate diesel engine performance. U radu su navedeni i opisani osnovni zahtjevi s obzirom na sustav za ubrizgavanje goriva kod pojačanih turbo artikularnih Dieselovih motora teretnih vozila. Dan je primjer pristupa prilagodbi opreme za ubrizgavanje goriva radi poboljšanja Dieselovih motora za teške uvjete rada. Primjena pumpe za ubrizgavanje sa šupljom bregastom osovinom može omogućiti daljnje proširenje njene uporabe kako bi se poboljšao rad Dieselovih motora.

Opportunities for the applications of FMEA Model in logistics processes in Bulgarian enterprises

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:26:08 +0100

"jats:p" The article explores the use of FMEA method in the logistics processes in manufacturing plants in Bulgaria. The surveyed enterprises have a system ISO 9001 and apply different methods of analysis and assessment of logistics processes. The purpose of this study is to present a model for improving the reliability of logistics processes through the FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) method."/jats:p" "jats:p"An inquiry among 14 organizations in the implementation of FMEA was conducted. The results show that FMEA is not used for assessment in logistics processes and provides useful insights for decision-making to improve the reliability of supply. A framework based on the survey is presented for determining the reliability of logistics processes in manufacturing plants. The study demonstrates the applicability of the method in logistics processes and the role FMEA can play in assessing logistics processes.

Document type: Article

Solar energised transport solution and customer preferences and opinions about alternative fuel vehicles

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:22:19 +0100

uthorities in Slovenia and other EU member states are confronted with problems of city transportation. Fossil-fuel based transport poses two chief problems - local and global pollution, and dwindling supplies and ever increasing costs. An elegant solution is to gradually replace the present automobile fleet with low emission vehicles. This article first explores the economics and practical viability of the provision of solar electricity for the charging of electric vehicles by installation of economical available PV modules and secondly the customer preferences and opinions about alternative low emission vehicles. Present estimates indicate that for the prevailing solar climate of Celje - a medium-sized Slovenian town - the cost would be only 2.11 EUR cents/kWh of generated solar electricity. Other results have also revealed that the most relevant factor for purchasing low emission vehicle is total vehicle price. Власти Словении и других стран-членов ЕС сталкиваются с проблемами городского транспорта. Транспорт работающий на основе ископаемых видов топлива представляет две главные проблемы - локальное и глобальное загрязнение, сокращающиеся поставки и постоянно растущие расходы. Хорошим решением является постепенная замена существующего автомобильного парка на транспортные средства с низким уровнем выбросов. Эта статья впервые исследует экономику и практическую жизнеспособность использования солнечной электроэнергии для зарядки электрических транспортных средств путем установки экономичных доступных PV модулей и, во-вторых, предпочтений заказчиков и мнений об альтернативных транспортных средствах с низким уровнем выбросов. Современные оценки показывают, что для имеющего в основном солнечный климат, Целье - среднего размера города Словении - цена будет только 2.11 евроцентов / кВт-ч выработанной солнечной электроэнергии. Другие результаты также показали, что наиболее важным фактором при покупке транспортного средства со сниженным уровнем вредных выбросов является его полная стоимость.

StreetWise: scenario-based safety validation of connected automated driving

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:19:24 +0100

utomated Driving (AD) technology is anticipated to be a key aspect for achieving a higher level of road safety, a further reduction of harmful emissions, improving traffic flow, increasing comfort and ensuring mobility for all, including elderly and impaired. As AD technology is rapidly being developed, an increasing number of driving tasks in vehicles is currently being taken over by automation in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). With the transition towards Connected and Automated Driving (CAD), automation is expected to further increase until the driver is completely out of the driving loop. An important aspect in this continuous development is the safety assessment of the road worthiness of these new functions and systems.

QUO VADIS: Exploring the future of shipping in the Baltic Sea.

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:16:33 +0100

Energy Markets in Latin America : Emerging Disruptions and the Next Frontier

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:08:45 +0100

Efficient energy services are essential for economic growth, competitiveness, and human development. Globally, energy markets are undergoing a transformation: fossil fuel prices are responding to new and unpredictable dynamics, and new energy and information and communication technologies (ICT) are emerging and disrupting traditional market architectures. The 2030 development agenda for sustainable development adopted in September 2015 by the 193 countries of the United Nations General Assembly establishes sustainable energy as number seven of its 17 sustainable development goals (SDG7). It seeks to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. While much of the finance will have to come from the private sector, public finance - both national budgets and concessional transfers - will have a crucial role to play in helping set economies on the right path. So in this increasingly complex and rapidly changing context, how are Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) energy markets progressing? How will emerging disruptions and game changers influence the evolution and transformation of energy markets in LAC? How ready are existing markets and institutions to actively move toward the next frontiers of efficiency? What is needed to break through to the modern, efficient, secure, and sustainable energy systems needed to support the regional economy in the coming years? What investment will be needed and how is LAC poised to attract private finance? This report explores these questions and offers insights into paths and indicative actions needed to approach the next efficiency frontier. The report focuses on electricity and gas markets. The analysis acknowledges the varying conditions and challenges of different countries in the region. Intraregional variation is addressed through analysis of country groupings and selection of appropriate comparators, benchmarks, and best practice frontiers.

Roadmaps for energy (R4E): future options for smart urban spaces

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:59:49 +0100

Report regarding state-of-the-art solutions and future options in the area of sustainable energy for urban spaces This report is part of WP5 Roadmapping Smart Urban Spaces of the R4E project.

Procjena marginalnih troškova infrastrukture u novom modelu opterećenja infrastrukture

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:59:11 +0100

Competitiveness of rail transport compared to road transport has been reducing, especially on regional railway lines. To improve this situation, the EU adopted various directives and regulations to increase efficiency of railway undertakings. In this paper we present an organizational and economic model based on European policies for local railway system. The organizational model is based on multi-criteria decision analysis. For the economic model we used an econometric approach to estimate the cost function and marginal costs in regional lines, which constitute the basis for railway charges. By implementing such an organizational model, the functioning of the railway network will improve. The research found that a change in the existing model of calculating costs of infrastructure use would bring economic effects for the railway infrastructure manager and the providers of transport. Using the proposed model we also found that it is reasonable to increase the flow of goods on unused regional railway lines because the railway infrastructure maintenance costs are inelastic with regard to transported gross tons. Konkurentnost željezničkog prijevoza u usporedbi s cestovnim se smanjuje, naročito na regionalnim željezničkim prugama. Kako bi se poboljšala ta situacija, EU je donijela razne direktive i pravila u svrhu povećanja učinkovitosti željezničkih poduzeća. U ovom radu predstavljamo organizacijski i ekonomski model koji se zasniva na europskoj politici vođenja lokalnog željezničkog sustava. Organizacijski model se temelji na analizi odluke o više kriterija. Za ekonomski smo model primijenili ekonometrijski pristup u procjeni funkcije troškova i marginalnih troškova na regionalnim prugama, koji predstavljaju osnovu troškova na željeznici. Primjenom takvog organizacijskog modela, poboljšat će se funkcioniranje željezničke mreže. Istraživanjem se ustanovilo da bi promjena postojećeg modela izračuna troškova korištenja infrastrukture donijela ekonomske koristi rukovodiocu željezničke infrastrukture i onima koji su zaduženi za promet. Primjenom predloženog modela također smo ustanovili da ima smisla povećati protok robe na nekorištenim željezničkim linijama jer su troškovi održavanja željezničke infrastrukture neelastični u odnosu na prevezene bruto tone.

Alternative solutions to airport saturation: Simulation models applied to congested airports

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:58:59 +0100

This paper explores several methods for coping with excess demand at airports through applying simulation modeling that focusses on how to use the existing airport infrastructure more efficiently. The introduction presents an overview of the importance of solving the airport saturation problem and sets out several approaches to solutions, which are divided into four distinct groups, or options. The fourth option applies operational practices and/or new technology to improve the airport procedures, including computer modeling and simulation. The document presents the application of simulation models to the capacity issues at the Mexico City Airport to demonstrate how to potentially alleviate congestion. Examples include redistribution of takeoffs and landings to increase runway capacity; reduction of air traffic movements through allowing operations of aircraft with greater capacity; deployment of new technologies to increase runway capacity; and by means of new operational procedures, changing the aircraft waiting sequence to reduce delays.

Motivating air navigation service provider performance

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:56:40 +0100

The ownership form of Air Navigation Service Providers varies across countries, ranging from state agencies belonging to the Department of Transport, to government-owned corporations, to semi-private firms with for-profit or not-for-profit mandates. This research focusses on the link between the performance of ANSPs and their ownership form. Economic theory suggests that effort to achieve cost efficiency will be higher in the case of public companies with a board of stakeholders composed of airspace users and in the case of private companies with-stakeholders that are also shareholders. A stochastic frontier analysis estimation of the production and cost functions of 37 European air navigation service providers over nine years suggests that the public-private ownership form with stakeholder involvement achieves statistically significantly higher productive and cost efficient en-route levels compared to either a government corporation or a state agency. We also find substantial levels of inefficiency across the European air traffic control market.

Mobile Metropolises : Urban Transport Matters

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:53:51 +0100

The evaluation exercise focuses on three themes that cut across strategies and project designs during FY07–16: mobility for all (including the poor, women, and persons with disabilities), sustainable service delivery, and institutional development. In spite of the pressing need arising from rapid urbanization, Africa has a declining urban transport portfolio that in the second half of the review period (FY12–06) focused increasingly on urban roads. Upper-middle-income countries represent 43 percent of the evaluation portfolio commitments.Overall, the World Bank Group has been effective in supporting improved service quality and increased access, but approaches based on increasing infrastructure capacity are not balanced with approaches based on demand management. Among disadvantaged groups the poor received the most support. Much less attention was paid to the special needs of women and disabled persons.Affordability of urban transport services is rarely analyzed in the World Bank Group’s projects, with unknown impact on the mobility of the disadvantaged. Financial sustainability remains a challenge for the provision of public transport services. Financing gaps between revenues and operation and maintenance costs are common. The World Bank is often optimistic in appraising the costs, timing, and financial viability of mass transit projects.Efforts to engage the private sector to achieve operational efficiencies and improved financing seldom combine the policy and institutional strengths of the World Bank with transactional strengths of the International Finance Corporation and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency.The World Bank Group has achieved localized environmental mitigation benefits along key urban transit corridors or systems, but broader environmental benefits could be still be achieved by using a comprehensive approach that combines upstream (policy and sector framework) and downstream (operational) measures.Weak institutional capacity and coordination remains a critical challenge in the urban transport sector. Institutional development support is a part of 80 percent of World Bank Group projects, yet these often focus on a single local body during a one-time project. Longer-term and more ambitious institutional reform engagements occurred in only a few cities.The World Bank Group’s contribution to urban transport development goes beyond projects. Investments often provide a platform for the World Bank Group to offer guidance, training, technical assistance, and learning throughout the project cycle, South-South learning and exchange, and good practices for demonstration to sector stakeholders and further adoption.

Managing the Transition to Driverless Road Freight Transport

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:53:19 +0100

This report considers how a transition to driverless road freight transport could happen. Today’s technology already makes it possible to operate automated trucks. Reduced reliance on humans to move road freight in the future could offer large cost savings for business and consumers. It could also disrupt the careers and lives of millions of professional truck drivers. Based on different scenarios for the large-scale introduction of automated road freight transport, this study makes recommendations to help governments manage potential disruption and ensure a just transition for affected drivers.Three leading transport-sector organisations joined the International Transport Forum for this study to assess benefits, costs and risks of driverless trucks. The International Road Transport Unions, the International Transport Workers’ Federation and the European Automobile Manufacturers Association contributed data and insights on driverless technology in the road freight sector as well as funds for the research.This report is part of the International Transport Forum’s Case-Specific Policy Analysis series. These are topical studies on specific issues carried out by the ITF in agreement with local institutions.

Human potentials management in transport

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:52:55 +0100

The paper explores the significance of human potentials management in micro and macro transport systems and investigates to what extent do the human potentials represent the factor of growth and development of transport systems. The facts gathered in this paper should represent the quantitative starting points for viewing the specifics of transport service productions and future movements on the transport labour market, and the possibilities of information technologies implementation in transport human potentials management optimizations, all with the aim of producing new and of improving the inherited comparative advantages of the Croatian transport systems. Temeljni cilj ove znanstvene rasprave jest istražiti značenje upravljanja ljudskim potencijalima u mikro i makro prometnim sustavima, odnosno mogu li i u kojoj mjeri ljudski potencijali biti čimbenikom rasta i razvoja prometnih sustava. Dobivene spoznaje u ovoj znanstvenoj raspravi trebaju predstavljati kvalitetna polazišta za sagledavanje specifičnosti proizvodnje prometnih usluga i budućih kretanja na prometnome tržištu rada, te mogućnosti implementacije informacijskih tehnologija u optimalizaciji upravljanja ljudskim potencijalima u prometu, a sve s ciljem proizvođenja novih i oplemenjivanja naslijeđenih komparativnih prednosti hrvatskoga prometnoga sustava.

Influencing air connectivity outcomes

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:52:14 +0100

The aviation network plays an important role in today’s globalised society. There is a growing understanding among governments worldwide that air connectivity is an asset improving the global competitiveness of cities, regions and countries. Connectivity growth decreases travel costs for consumers and businesses and facilitates global contacts and trade. There is increasing evidence that air connectivity growth stimulates productivity, R&D, foreign direct investment and fosters trade specialisation. Against this background, many governments try to formulate (aviation) policies to influence/ enhance connectivity outcomes, so as to achieve a connectivity portfolio that best meets society’s needs. This seems to be particularly an issue when airport capacity is scarce or when new airports are added to an existing airport system. Hence, the ITF posed the question how governments can influence connectivity outcomes. To answer this question, we first discuss the concept of air connectivity, the economic value of connectivity and its determinants. We then identify the instruments that can potentially be part of the government’s “toolkit” to influence connectivity outcomes. Finally, we discuss two approaches that governments may follow when influencing connectivity outcomes: a market-based approach and an interventionist, administrative approach. We discuss the pros and cons of both approaches and argue that governments should be modest about steering connectivity outcomes using an administrative approach. This paper is focused on the European context in terms of the specific policy instruments that are discussed. However, the insights derived from this paper are likely to apply for other regions as well.

R-WAKE - System Release 1 Document

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:47:31 +0100

This report is the Deliverable 4.1 R-WAKE Release 1 Document, resulting from half of WP4 activities. It provides details on the early results regarding the simulation framework and validation activities, as described in previous deliverables D2.1, D2.2, D2.3, and D3.1. In this document, together with other documents attached as annexes, three main topics are addressed: 1) the implementation status of the software tool for the micro-analysis of en-route wake vortex encounters and the level of confidence of its outputs; 2) the execution of the safety assessment to define a preliminary version of the Severity Matrix (the first tangible outcome of the project); and 3) the implementation status of the simulation framework for the macro-analysis of the project. The R-Wake project addresses the SESAR 2020 Exploratory Research work-programme topic ER-07- 2015 - Separation Management and Separation Standards, within the area of Advanced Air Traffic Services (ATS). The R-Wake project overall objective is to investigate the risks and hazards of potential wake vortex encounters in the en-route airspace, in current and futuristic operational scenarios, in order to assess the potential enhancements to the Separation Standards and Separation Management methods in Europe.

Railway traffic management as a function of the new infrastructure manager

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:45:52 +0100

This article offers a survey of the current decentralised form of railway traffic management within the public railway infrastructure in the The Republic of Slovenia, which is the result of out-of-date and worn-out safety installations of railway stations and railway lines. The article presents a new model of railway traffic management as the basis for efficient activity and harmonization of railway traffic management in the The Republic of Slovenia to the systems of railway traffic management within EU. This article presents the advantages of a centralised system of railway traffic management and demonstrates that the application of this system can solve the problem of decentralized traffic management as a function of the new infrastructure manager. Članek podaja pregled današnje decentralizirane oblike vodenja železniškega prometa na javni železniški infrastrukturi v Republiki Sloveniji, ki je posledica zastarele in dotrajane opremljenosti postaj in prog s signalnovarnostnimi napravami. V članku je predstavljen novi model vodenja železniškega prometa kot osnova za učinkovito delovanje in prilagajanje vodenja železniškega prometa v Sloveniji s sistemom vodenja prometa v državah Evropske unije. Članek podaja prednosti, ki jih dosega centraliziran sistem vodenja železniškega prometa ter dokazuje, da se z uporabo predlaganega modela lahko reši problem decentraliziranega vodenja prometa v funkciji novega upravljavca infrastrukture.

Uganda : Skills to Support the Transport and Logistics Sector

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:41:34 +0100

For a landlocked country like Uganda, access to ports through its neighbors as well as adequate transport infrastructure (road, rail, air, inland waterways to facilitate better access to the ports) are crucial since it is the conduit through which trade flows. Regional integration is indispensable in this context in order to expand and to integrate markets, exploit economies of scale, and attract foreign direct investment. Recognizing the importance of transport and logistics as a key sector in supporting Uganda’s economic development, this report assesses the human resource needs of the transport and logistics sector, including ‘green skills’. Green transport and logistics is a focus of the sector globally as it seeks to maximize resources, focus on efficiency and effectiveness to reduce carbon emissions and bring about financial savings.

Logistični operator - dejavnik racionalizacije proizvodnje storitev v multimodalnem transportu

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:38:49 +0100

From its theoretical and practical point of view, traffic is one of the fundamental factors of the economy in a state. In the developed European countries, a rational production of transport services is presented by multimodal transport and the correct selection of a logistic operator. The aim of multimodal transport is to link together different forms of traffic in the most effective way, as well as all operations considering transport. The logistic operator is the only professional to perform complete services in multimodal transport, therefore it was necesarry to enable its further development and, in accordance with that, to suggest suitable solutions. An increase of the existing and the creation of new traffic currents can only be achieved with the development of multimodal transport, the correct selection of logistic operator and better organisation of the traffic system. In the future, the Republic of Slovenia should continue developing multimodal transport in order to decrease the differences in forms of transport in the developed European countries in the shortest time possible.The main task of the Republic of Slovenia is to integrate into the European flows as soon as possible, engage in a reciprocal cooperation by liberalization of flows of commodities and services, and create conditions for the inflow of foreign capital where all advantages of multimodal transport come into consideration. The result of the research is a model of multimodal transport logistic operator connecting the basic elements of that transport. Promet je iz svojega teoretičnega in praktičnega vidika eden od temeljnih dejavnikov gospodarstva določene države. V razvitih evropskih državah predstavlja racionalno proizvodnjo prevoznih storitev multimodalni transport ter pravilen izbor logističnega operatorja. Cilj multimodalnega transporta je cim bolj učinkovito povezati različne veje prometa, oziroma vse operacije, ki so povezane s transportom. Logistični operator je edini profesionalec za nudenje celovitih storitev v multimodalnem transportu, zato je bilo potrebno utrditi njegov nadaljnji razvoj in skladno s tem predlagati ustrezne rešitve. Samo z razvojem multimodalnega transporta, pravilnim izborom logističnega operatorja ter z boljšo organizacijo prometnega sistema je možno povečati obstoječe in ustvariti nove prometne tokove. Republika Slovenija mora razvijati multimodalni transport, da bi v najkrajšem času zmanjšala razlike s takšnimi oblikami transporta v razvitih evropskih državah. Glavna naloga Republike Slovenije je čimprejšnja vključitev v evropske tokove, medsebojno sodelovanje z liberalizacijo tokov blaga in storitev ter ustvarjanje pogojev za dotok tujega kapitala, kjer prihajajo do izraza vse prednosti multimodalnega transporta. Torej rezultat raziskovanja je model logističnega operatorja.

Policies for Promotion of Electric Vehicles and Factors Influencing Consumers’ Purchasing Decisions of Low Emission Vehicles

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:37:44 +0100

Recently different studies of green transport have become interesting for policy makers, car manufacturers, customers and energy suppliers. Many stakeholders from the public and private sectors are investing a lot of effort to identify consumer behaviour for future improvements in development of green products and effective strategies, which could accelerate the transition to sustainable future. This paper presents the effects of electric vehicle promotional policies and customer preferences about alternative fuel vehicles. This study has shown that the electric vehicle promotional policies adopted in Slovenia have been unsuccessful, as the share of first-time registered electric vehicles in 2013 was below 1%. For different segments of people whose opinions about low emission vehicles differ, different measures must be adopted. When designing promotional policies focus must be on the most relevant factors such as the total vehicle price and fuel economy.

Napovedovanje pretovora kontejnerjev s pomočjo dinamične faktorske analize in ARIMAX modela

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:36:40 +0100

The paper examines the impact of integration of macroeconomic indicators on the accuracy of container throughput time series forecasting model. For this purpose, a Dynamic factor analysis and AutoRegressive Integrated Moving-Average model with eXogenous inputs (ARIMAX) are used. Both methodologies are integrated into a novel four-stage heuristic procedure. Firstly, dynamic factors are extracted from external macroeconomic indicators influencing the observed throughput. Secondly, the family of ARIMAX models of different orders is generated based on the derived factors. In the third stage, the diagnostic and goodness-of-fit testing is applied, which includes statistical criteria such as fit performance, information criteria, and parsimony. Finally, the best model is heuristically selected and tested on the real data of the Port of Koper. The results show that by applying macroeconomic indicators into the forecasting model, more accurate future throughput forecasts can be achieved. The model is also used to produce future forecasts for the next four years indicating a more oscillatory behaviour in (2018-2020). Hence, care must be taken concerning any bigger investment decisions initiated from the management side. It is believed that the proposed model might be a useful reinforcement of the existing forecasting module in the observed port. Glavni namen raziskave je preučevanje vpliva vključevanja makroekonomskih kazalnikov na natančnost napovedovanja modela za predikcijo pretovora kontejnerjev. V ta namen sta uporabljeni dinamična faktorska analiza in Avtoregresivni integracijski model časovnih vrst s premikajočim povprečjem in eksogeninimi vhodi (ARIMAX). Obeh metodologiji sta integrirani v okviru inovativne štiristopenjske hevristične procedure. V prvem koraku najprej izluščimo dinamične faktorje iz zunanjih makroekonomskih kazalcev, ki vplivajo na opazovan pretovor. Nato v drugem koraku tvorimo celo družino ARIMAX modelov različnih redov na podlagi prej identificiranih dinamičnih faktorjev. V tretjem koraku iz- vedemo diagnostično testiranje modela vključno z validacijo kakovosti prileganja napovedi danim realnim podatkom. V sklopu tretjega koraka preverimo številne statistične kriterije, kriterije ocene napake modela, informacijske kriterije, ter preverimo optimalnost strukture modela. V zadnjem koraku s posebno hevristiko izberemo najboljši model in ga preizkusimo na dejanskih podatkih pretovora kontejnerjev v Luki Koper. Rezultati kažejo, da z uporabo makroekonomskih kazalnikov v predikcijskem modelu lahko dosežemo bolj natančne napovedi pretovora kontejnerjev. Raziskava nas prepriča, da bi predlagani model lahko predstavljal koristno okrepitev obstoječega sistema za napovedovanje v opazovanem pristanišču.

Bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego w połączeniu z pokładowym ITS

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:35:21 +0100

Interest in Intelligent Transportation Systems comes from the problems caused by traffic congestion, road accidents and air pollution. Traffic congestion continues to grow worldwide as a result of increased motorization, population growth, changes in population density and urbanization. Interest in ITS can also be attributed to reducing road accidents and increasing traffic safety. The most common causes for road accidents are excessive speed, inattentive driving and ignorance of the right-of-way rules. To eliminate these causes, experience, knowledge of traffic regulations and a new car are not enough % vehicle safety systems have to take part as well. Therefore, the European Union issued a directive on the installation of intelligent systems, whose functions are active support during driving, warning the driver in dangerous situations and alerting passengers of the car in case of irregularities in motor function or actions carried out by the driver that may cause danger, such as swerving while falling asleep. These systems help drivers to avoid accidents, and in the event of a collision, an emergency call is automatically made. Furthermore, they can be used to regulate traffic patterns or to reduce engine performance, which would reduce pollution. With these benefits in mind, the EU has indicated to the automotive industry that installation of these new Intelligent Transportation Systems should be mandatory in their new vehicles. Zainteresowanie Inteligentnymi Systemami Transportowymi (ITS) wynika z problemów spowodowanych przeciążeniem ruchu drogowego, wypadkami drogowymi oraz zanieczyszczeniem powietrza. Przeciążenie ruchu stale wzrasta na całym świecie, jako rezultat wzrostu motoryzacyjnego, zwiększenia liczby ludności, zmiany w gęstości zaludnienia oraz urbanizacji. Zainteresowanie ITS może również być przypisane redukcji wypadków oraz zwiększenie bezpieczeństwa na drogach. Najczęstszymi powodami wypadków drogowych są nadmierna prędkość, nieuważne prowadzenie samochodu oraz ignorowanie zasad ruchu drogowego. By wyeliminować te powody, doświadczenie, wiedza o zasadach ruchu drogowego oraz nowy samochód nie są wystarczające – powinny tu również brać udział systemy bezpieczeństwa pojazdu. Dlatego też Unia Europejska ustanowiła dyrektywę o instalowaniu inteligentnych systemów, których funkcje to aktywne wspieranie podczas jazdy, ostrzeganie kierowcy o sytuacjach niebezpiecznych oraz powiadamianie pasażerów samochodu w razie nieprawidłowości w działaniu silnika lub o działaniach powodowanych przez kierowcę, które mogą powodować niebezpieczeństwo, takie jak zbaczanie z drogi w wyniku zasypiania. Systemy te pomagają kierowcom zapobiec wypadkom oraz w razie kolizji wykonują automatycznie telefon alarmowy. Co więcej, mogą być stosowane do regulowania wzorców ruchu lub redukcji osiągów silnika, co zmniejsza ilość zanieczyszczeń. Mając na uwadze te korzyści, Unia Europejska zaleciła przemysłowi motoryzacyjnemu, instalowanie Inteligentnych Systemów Transportowych w nowych pojazdach.

Document type: Article

ACTIVAGE - Report on IoT devices

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:23:58 +0100

In order to have a complete Architecture of the ACTIVAGE platform, the device domain constituted of smart sensor nodes, gateways, connectivity and its associated protocols must be also considered. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the different devices required to implement the uses cases considered in the different Deployment sites (DSes). A systematic analysis is performed on the device, gateway, cloud and applications domains constituting each of the nine DSes. This analysis is based on several registration forms in order to gather key elements of each domain. The original goal was to collect information concerning only the device domain. However during the first months of the project, this goal changed to also include the three other domains in order to get an overall, homogenised, and rich technical information view of each DS. The additional information includes, the DS topology, the applications foreseen, the security and privacy mechanism to be implemented in the overall system, the servers used and their locations, and other information required to facilitate, in Task 3.2, the Security and Privacy assessments. Furthermore, this document gives a summary and classification of the different devices used in each DS allowing the identification of communalities, potential synergies and knowledge sharing between DSs. For the cases where, no suitable solutions are available, new devices could be prototyped in order to support a given use case with the right device or the right security protection level. Finally and in order to have a more complete document, the following aspects are also included: a list of key concepts in the device and gateway domains are explicitly defined to be shared and used in the overall project, a short introduction on the evolution of the communication systems are given in order to understand key IoT concepts at IoT architecture level and in particular at the device and gateway domains, including some security ones, and a brief market analysis on the home automation and health care devices.

New feeder line rail freight paradigm for the European railways

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:21:06 +0100

The article deals with the development of the new paradigm of the European rail freight system predominantly suitable for the feeder lines (market niches). Taking into consideration the so far adopted legal solutions of the EU Commission for internationalisation (liberalisation) of the European railway system, the concept of the new rail freight model was developed in order to contribute to the increase of the quality, as well as to the growth of the volume of the rail freight services in Europe. Based on the findings about the disadvantages of the existing rail freight paradigm, the new solution consisting of the three interrelated and interconnected subsystems: institutional, technical/technological and organisational, is proposed. New liberalised access to the entire European rail infrastructure network will increase the competition and most probably attract new railway freight service providers. The introduction of the suggested innovative solutions in form of small, self-propelled, bi-directional train formation that can be automatically coupled and decoupled and equipped with the innovative loading and unloading equipment (enabling loading/unloading operations wherever the truck can stay parallel to the train), is to be expected predominantly on the feeder lines (market niches) of the European railways. Članek obravnava predlog novega modela železniškega tovornega prometa, ki je prvenstveno primeren za stranske železniške proge (za tržne niše) na evropskih železnicah. Upoštevajoč sprejete pravne ukrepe Evropske komisije za pospešeno internacionaliziranje (liberalizacijo) evropskega železniškega sistema, smo razvili modelno zasnovo novega možnega sistema tovornega prometa, ki bi dvignil kvaliteto železniških storitev in prispeval k rasti obsega prepeljanega tovora na evropskih žcleznicah. Na osnovi analize slabosti prevladujočega obstoječega modela železniškega tovornega prometa v Evropi smo za oblikovanje novega združili spoznanja iz treh medsebojno povezanih in soodvisnih podsistemov: institucionalnega (pravnega), tehnično-tehnološkega in organizacijskega. Nov svoboden dostop na celotno evropsko železniško infrastrukturno omrežje bo gotovo povečal konkurenco in pritegnil nove ponudnike železniških prevoznih storitev. Realno je pričakovati uvedbo (novega modela) združenih parcialnih inovativnih rešitev obliki kratkih, v obe smeri voznih vlakov z lastnim pogonom, ki se lahko samodejno priklapljajo in razklapljajo in so opremljeni z inovativo nakladalno/razkladalno opremo, ki lahko izvaja operacije natovarjanja in raztovarjanja kjerkoli na železniški progi lahko vzporedno stojita vlak in tovornjak. Nov model bo prišel do izraza predvsem na stranskih železniških progah (pokrivanje tržnih niš) evropskih železnic.

Selbstbestimmt unterwegs in Berlin? Mobilität von Menschen mit Behinderungen aus menschenrechtlicher Perspektive

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:20:55 +0100

Ocenjevanje funkcij povpraševanja po storitvah javnega železniškega potniškega prometa

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:20:32 +0100

The paper deals with the estimation of demand functions for services of publicrailway passenger transportation in the case of Slovenia. Six demand functions were selected and separately interpreted. The aggregate values of demand elasticities reported in this paper suggest that the railway passenger demand is price and income inelastic. Coefficients of income elasticity below unity show that the services of railway passenger transportation in Slovenia can be classified among normal goods. A hypothetical increase in average real fares leads to a percentage decrease in the number of passengers traveling by rail that is smaller than the percentage increase in fares. The estimated price elasticities imply that, in the short run, there is potential for improving revenues of the railway operator by increasing average real fares. Prispevek se ukvarja z ocenjevanjem funkcij povpraševanja po storitvah železniškega potniškega prometa v primeru Slovenije. V procesu selekcije je bilo izbranih šest agregatnih funkcij, katerih ocene posebej navajamo in komentiramo. Iz ocen funkcij izhaja, da je povpraševanje po storitvah železniškega potniškega prometa cenovno in dohodkovno neelastično. Koeficientidohodkovne elastičnosti povpraševanja manjši od ena kažejo, da je moč prevoze v notranjem železniškem prometu za povprečnega kupca storitev železniškega potniškega prometa v Sloveniji uvrstiti med normalne dobrine. V primeru povečanja povprečnih realnih voznin se število prepeljanih potnikov naželeznici zmanjša odstotno za manj kot znaša odstotni dvig voznin. Evidentirana cenovna neelastičnost povpraševanja nas navaja k sklepu, da se prihodki operaterja notranjega železniškega prometa pri zviševanju povprečne realne voznine povečujejo.

Why SMS?

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:14:49 +0100

This discussion paper presents an introduction to safety management systems (SMS) as they apply to transportation organisations across modes and industries, and provides a broad overview of SMS and its processes, activities and tools. The discussion is grounded on conceptual foundations, but does not neglect the practical aspects of SMS implementation. The Discussion Paper draws to an extent – but not exclusively – on the experience of international civil aviation and the urban transit industry in the United States. The contents, however, are generic and presented in a fashion commensurate to the nature of SMS as a management system, the principles, processes and activities of which cut across inter-mode and inter-industry boundaries.

Intelektualni kapital - razvojni resurs logističkih kompanija za 21. stoljeće

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:13:06 +0100

On the basis of relevant scientific research this paper systematically and concisely elaborates the interaction between intellectual capital and logistic services production. Full attention is given to intellectual capital as a factor in effective creation of the logistic processes or in other words, to prove the statement that the first place for achieving competitive advantages in the global and/or regional market of logistic services belongs to knowledge used to produce or improve the existent logistic systems and to create new ones.Further, the paper deals with the tasks of creative logistic managers as open, dynamic and stochastic systems based on knowledge or the creation of universal logistic model determined by the fact that intellectual capital and technological paradigm create the way to new logistic paradigm.Special attention is paid to building and presenting a mathematical model for measuring the intellectual capital as well as the success of its use in different logistic companies. U ovoj se raspravi temeljem relevantnih znanstvenih spoznaja sustavno i koncizno elaborira interaktivnost veza intelektualnoga kapitala i proizvodnje logističkih usluga. Najviše se pozornosti posvećuje intelektualnom kapitalu kao čimbeniku efikasnoga osmišljavanja logističkih procesa, odnosno dokazivanju tvrdnje da djelotvorno uporabljenom znanju u funkciji proizvodnje i unapređenja postojećih, te kreiranja novih logističkih usluga, pripada primarno mjesto u stjecanju konkurentskih prednosti na globalnom i/ili regionalnim tržištima logističkih usluga. U nastavku se promišljaju zadaće kreativnih logističkih menadžera u funkciji izgradnje logističkih kompanija kao otvorenih, dinamičkih i stohastičkih sustava utemeljenih na znanju, odnosno kreiranju univerzalnoga logističkoga modela determiniranoga činjenicom da intelektualni kapital i tehnološka paradigma kreiraju put novoj logističkoj paradigmi. Posebna se pozornost u ovoj raspravi posvećuje izgradnji i prezentiranju matematičkoga modela u funkciji mjerenja veličine intelektualnoga kapitala i uspješnosti njegova korištenja u različitim logističkim kompanijama.

Prometna varnost starejših voznikov v prometu v različnih tipih nivojskih križišč

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:11:10 +0100

In industrialized countries people over 50 years of age represent a rapidly growing part of population. Their lifestyle is also becoming more active, which means that the percentage of older drivers in the population of all drivers is also increasing. Many different studies have shown that elderly drivers are more frequently involved in specific types of accidents, especially at intersections. In the past 15 years there was a trend of increasing popularity of roundabouts in Slovenia. Their introduction was generally supported by the arguments of increased traffic-flow capacity and traffic safety as well. The studies on which these arguments are based were performed with an “ideal” type of driver in mind the one that fully understands new rules and reacts correctly in all situations that may occur at such intersections, where there are no light signals to guide them. An elderly person does not necessarily conform to that ideal and if the percentage of elderly drivers became significant, the premises of the above mentioned studies may not be correct anymore which in turn implies that their results could also be questioned. The present study concentrated on the evaluation of traffic safety of elderly drivers, at various types of intersection, from their own perspective. Various statistical analyses of obtained data were performed. The most important finding was that we may claim, with high degree of probability, that the average person of the age of over 60 feels more unsafe at double-lane roundabouts than they would feel had the same intersection been equipped with traffic lights. Elderly traffic participants will always cause more accidents or participate in them due to hazardous factors. Challenge, arising from many different studies and researches, is in studying what measures and solutions can reduce the risk for elderly participants. Veliko število študij kaže, da se starost prebivalstva povečuje. To velja tudi za Evropsko unijo, hkrati pa tudi za Slovenijo. Statistične analize kažejo, da se v državah Evropske unije življenjska doba prebivalstva letno povišuje. V Sloveniji je 21,6% populacije starejše od 60 let. Dejstvo je, da je večina teh ljudi udeležencev v prometu, predvsem v cestnem prometu. Članek prikazuje rezultate študije, katere osnovni namen je bil analiza dejanske varnosti starejših udeležencev v cestnem prometu v Sloveniji. Raziskava je imela dva osnovna cilja. Prvi cilj je bil ugotoviti, ali se starejši udeleženci v obstoječih prometnih razmerah počutijo varne. Drugi cilj je bil usmerjen v ugotavljanje varnosti starejših oseb v različnih tipih nivojskih križišč, kjer so udeleženi v cestnem prometnem dogajanju kot pešci, kolesarji in vozniki. Rezultati anketiranja so pokazali, da se največje število starejših oseb, ne glede na to, ali so to pešci, kolesarji ali vozniki motornega vozila, najbolj varno počuti v semaforiziranih križiščih in najmanj varno v dvopasovnih krožnih križiščih. Starejši udeleženci v prometu bodo zaradi dejavnikov tveganja vedno med tistimi skupinami udeležencev cestnega prometa, ki pogosteje povzročajo nesreče oziroma so v njih udeleženi. Izziv, ki izhaja iz opravljenih študij in raziskav, je povezan predvsem s proučevanjem ukrepov in rešitev, s katerimi lahko vplivamo na zmanjšanje tveganja starejših udeležencev v prometu.

Responsible Design of Drones and Drone Services

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:10:40 +0100

The term “drone” is the common language of all types of aircraft without a pilot on board and their ancillary components, such as a control station, if applicable. In addition to the common term “drone”, other terms and acronyms, among others, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), Unmanned Aircraft (UA), Pilotless Aircraft and Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) are also widely used in publications. In the past 5 years, drones have demonstrated significant growth in civil market as not only a leisure product but also a tool which can provide professional services. Professional uses of drones include, among others, agricultural services, surveillance, search and rescue, monitoring and inspection, parcel delivery and picturing and filming. Compared to conducting those services above by manpower, drones provide services in higher efficiency and accuracy, decrease the cost of actions, and expand the accessibility. The deployment of drones has impacts on individuals, the society and the environment. The potential threat to aviation safety as well as the safety of persons and properties on the ground is a central issue. In addition, given that drones are very often equipped with cameras and sensors, the potential violation to personal privacy and data protection by drone users is the major barrier that hinders the public acceptance of drone applications. Drone operations are subject to relevant rules under civil aviation laws, because the flying of drone should comply with civil aviation laws in order to ensure aviation safety in a shared airspace with manned aircraft. Also, principles under data protection laws and personal privacy laws are also applicable to drones, as long as any type of drone operation would impact on personal and data privacy. Regulations on drones and drone operations predominantly focus on safety issues, but the implications of drones on the society and individuals are largely overlooked, albeit some general calls on the compliance with existing principles and rules contained in privacy and environmental protection regimes. Specific regulations on the design and production of drones and on drone operations are not yet available in many countries, in particular developing countries. In addition, due to the lack of international standards on designing and operating drones or the mutual recognition of national drone regulations, even if one country had its domestic regulation on drones and drone operations, problems would still arise when a drone is designed in accordance with one country’s regulation and cannot be operated in another country because of the inconsistent regulations. The lack of specific regulations and the lack of shared standards hinder the increasing market of drone services, and very often result in a prohibition of or highly restricted drone operations. Regarding the future regulation on drones, the major objectives of regulating unmanned aircraft are: ensuring the safety of the civil aviation and integrating unmanned aircraft into air traffic regulatory systems; protecting the right of privacy and protecting data, and enabling the development of drone technology and promoting the market of civilian use of drones. A topic that has been widely addressed among scholars is how to deal with the dilemma between promoting technological innovation and controlling the adverse impacts arising from the deployment of a new technology on individuals as well as on the society. The challenge lies in how to make proactive and future-proof regulation which can respond to rapid technological development in a more legitimate, effective and efficient manner. The principle-based regulatory approach has the advantages of avoiding regulatory completion and can provides a greater degree of openness and flexibility, allowing for future revisions in the regulatory regimes based on new knowledge. In addition, the proactive and future-proof regulation can be achieved by decreasing the binding effect of regulation. Diverse key players (develops, users, pilots, etc.) in the arena of drone design and services shape their behaviour by complying with current laws and regulations. Key players could meanwhile actively keep communication with regulators and legislators and inform them the problems they encounter during their compliance with current rules and regulations. Also, key players could propose their possible solutions to such problems. The interaction between regulators and key players, in particular developers and operators, should be an iterative process. Also, it is significant to facilitate and promote close collaboration and interaction between engineers and rule-makers. The present report proposes a framework consisting of four regulatory approaches for regulators to respond to different types of threats and concerns associated with drone design and operations. The four approaches are: designed-in regulations via technical measures (or called techno-regulations), risk assessment, communication and public participation, and the precautionary approach. Techno-regulations can be widely applied to the threats that can be eliminated from the beginning. Risk assessment is an approach to evaluate risks and find risk mitigation methods, when a threat cannot be prevented from the beginning. Risk assessment covers a series of procedures to deal with complex risks. Communication and public participation are specially applied by public authorities to solve the problem of chilling effect. The precautionary approach refers to a range of regulatory measures which aim to avoid significantly or seriously adverse impact regardless of the availability of decisive evidence. The precautionary approach is applicable when scientific uncertainty is the major concern and a risk of serious or significant harm is compelling. The present report recommends, among others, that in order to design and deploy drones in a responsible manner, ethical values should always be embedded into technological innovations. In addition, the notion of precaution should be embedded into designer and developers’ mindsets. Moreover, making decisions in a transparent and participatory environment is the key to correct misperception and towards the public’s acceptance of a new technology in the society.

On Track for 2030: Roadmap for a fast transition to sustainable personal transport : English short version with foreword by Peter Newman

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:05:13 +0100

The transport sector's dependence on fossil fuels is one of the biggest challenges in a shift towards a climate-neutral and sustainable society. This roadmap report aims to investigate how electric vehicle systems can contribute to a faster transition to sustainable passenger transport in Southeast Sweden, as well as to present a methodology for guidance of similar work for faster transitions in other regions and sectors. This work has been guided by a scientifically designed and proven Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD). Specifically, answers are given to four research questions structured in relation to the four subsystems 'Politics and instruments', 'Users and markets', 'Vehicles and infrastructure' and 'Energy and materials': What could a sustainable vision for passenger transport in Southeast Sweden look like? What could be a milestone goal for 2030? What is the current reality in relation to the 2030 goal and the vision? How could the gap between the present, 2030 and the vision be bridged? The report's results show that today's focus on fossil independence and measures against climate change must be broadened to cover the whole sustainability challengeso that other sustainability issues are addressed and so that solutions to some of the sustainability issues do not create new ones. The report also clarifies that it is necessary, practically possible and economically advantageous for Southeast Sweden to make a faster sustainability transition of passenger transportthan what has been proposed in previous studies and investigations. It is also likely that the same applies to the entire transport system and for the whole of Sweden and the world. Even geopolitical benefits are likely. A global transition to transport and energy systems based on energy from widely available flow resources like sun and wind instead of the limited fossil fuels would likely reduce the conflicts risks in the world.Restricted cobalt, lithium and platinum resources that battery and fuel cell cars depend on, and other metals needed for solar cells and wind turbines can, however, give rise to similar conflict risks. This roadmap report's recommendations on reduced transport needs and car dependency and its focus on resource efficiency counteract these conflict risks by striking against underlying resource-driving mechanisms. Should this roadmap be translated into practical policies, the forthcoming transition would therefore likely be made considerably more 'future-proof'. GreenCharge Southe

An exploration of moving walkways as a transport system in urban centers

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:04:29 +0100

Moving walkways (MW) have been imagined as a possible means of transport since the late 19th century, and this system has fascinated urban planners and engineers ever since. Contrary to what has been imagined, moving walkways are only used in transportation hub corridors, and not as a main transport mode in city centers. Today however, MWs are receiving increasing attention as a possible solution to congestion and pollution, as well as a catalyst for soft mobility. This paper explores the role of moving walkways as a transport system, and it presents an optimized design of a network of MWs in a city center. We review historical MWs, current installations and future possibilities, using different perspectives, from geography to urban planning to transport engineering. We discuss the way in which MWs influence how people inhabit the urban space, and we review this system in the context of history of urban planning. Then, we describe a technological development called accelerating moving walkways (AMW), i.e. MWs able to reach a higher speed than traditional ones. We develop an optimization framework to design a network of AMWs, and we apply it to a real case study. The results of the network design are a reference useful to discuss the feasibility of the system starting from an engineering perspective. We conclude that the use of MWs can facilitate the flexibility and spontaneity typical of pedestrian movements, and this system could be integrated in the mix of urban transport modes in city centers.

Alternative possibilities for defining the length of the separate left-turn lane at the existing level intersection

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:04:06 +0100

The market offers various computer programs for simulating traffic flows at level intersections whose mathematical background is not known to the end users. Thus the user only enters the data without being aware of how the program works. The results obtained cannot be evaluated properly, which may lead to subjective decisions. The paper presents some simple mathematical alternatives which are used to determine the length of a left-turn lane in a level intersection. Na trgu je danes več različnih računalniških programov za simulacijo prometnih tokov v nivojskih križiščih, ki temeljijo na matematičnem ozadju, ki pa je načeloma neznano končnemu uporabniku programa. Uporabnik večinoma vnaša vhodne podatke brez, da bi poznal model in matematične postopke, ki privedejo do končnih rezultatov. Končnih rezultatov tako ni možno ovrednotiti, kar pa lahko privede do subjektivnih odločitev. V prispevku so prikazane enostavne alternativne matematične možnosti za določitev potrebe po uvedbi ločenega pasu za leve zavijalce in dolžine le-tega.

Railway Reform : Toolkit for Improving Rail Sector Performance

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:59:00 +0100

This Railway Reform Toolkit aims to provide an easy-to-use resource on the rail industry and to provide an experience-based set of best practices to aid in the planning and execution of railway reforms. It s based on international experiences with railway reform under a range of railway organizational forms, state agencies, state-owned, or private enterprises. The toolkit should be particularly useful to those thinking about transitions from one organizational form to another and for those seeking to improve railway performance through investment, reorganization, or changes in government policy.

Increase of optical transfer medium transport capacity and consequent increase of safety and reliability of traffic

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:51:32 +0100

Over the past few years we have been witnessing a rapid development of communication technology. The aim of this article is to find a technical solution for increasing the existent optical cable capacities. The purpose is not to replace the existing cables but to use advanced technology and to improve the economy, safety and reliability of all kinds of communications that use an optical transmission medium. Komunikacije so v zadnjih letih dosegle nesluten razvoj, tako v sociološkem kot tehničnem pogledu. Danes hoče praktično vsak komunicirati z vsakim ob vsakem času. Vsi se trudijo, da pri tern ne bi bilo ovir. Generator teh sprememb je v največji meri industrija, ki skrbi za razvoj komunikacij. Uporabniki pa se hitrim in pogostim spremembam v veliki večini izogibajo. Ko zadostijo osnovne komunikacijske potrebe, jih le stežka prepričamo v kaj novega. Od tu dalje pa tehnika ne igra več najpomembnejše vloge. Na vrsti je marketing, trgovanje, ponudbe in obljube. Članek obravnava problematiko povečanja kapacitet že izgrajene optične infrastrukture in to z uporabo inovativnih tehničnih rešitev. Uporabno vrednost tega lahko apliciramo povsod tam, kjer so kapacitete za prenos informacij že zasedene, uporabniki pa potrebujejo vedno nove storitve. Prednosti takšnega pristopa niso le ekonomske, temveč povečujejo obstoječe kapacitete, izboljšujejo varnost in zanesljivost vseh vrst komunikacij, kjer uporabljamo optične prenosne medije.

Compute Node Models: Large-scale Amenable Block-Level Simulation for Memory Hierarchies and Pipelines

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:50:05 +0100

The External Costs of Transporting Petroleum Products by Pipelines and Rail: Evidence From Shipments of Crude Oil from North Dakota

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:46:17 +0100

This paper constructs new estimates of the air pollution and greenhouse gas costs from long-distance movement of petroleum products by rail and pipelines. While crude oil transportation has generated intense policy debate about rail and pipeline spills and accidents, important externalities – air pollution and greenhouse gas costs – have been largely overlooked. Using data for crude oil transported out of North Dakota in 2014, this paper finds that air pollution and greenhouse gas costs are nearly twice as large for rail as for pipelines. Moreover, our estimates of air pollution and greenhouse gas costs are much larger than estimates of spill and accidents costs. In particular, they are more than twice as big for rail and more than eight times as big for pipelines. Our findings indicate that the policy debate surrounding crude oil transportation has put too much relative weight on accidents and spills, while overlooking a far more serious source of external cost: air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

Prispevek k postopku izračuna kapacitete nesemaforiziranih nivojskih križišč, urejenih s prometnim režimom glavne in stranske prometne smeri

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:41:49 +0100

The problem of minor vehicles crossing or merging into the major stream at unsignalized priority-controlled intersections is well-known. Numerous solutions involve various assumptions concerning the major headway distributions, number of major lanes, critical gap distributions, etc. Such cases can be divided into two main groups: intersections with two streams (one major and one minor stream) and intersections with more than two streams (more than one major stream and one minor stream). At roundabouts, also at single-lane roundabouts, there are similar problems like the ones at other unsignalized priority-controlled intersections. A vehicle at the roundabout approach can only cross the pedestrian crossing when a sufficient time-gap between two pedestrians (or cyclists) is provided. A vehicle at the roundabout entries can only merge into the major stream when a sufficient gap between the two vehicles in the major stream is provided. Because of that, single-lane round-abouts can also be treated as unsignalized intersections with two major lanes: the first one in its circulatory roadway and the second one on the pedestrian crossing. Problematika križanja ali vključevanja stranskega prometnega toka v nivojskih križiščih, kjer je prometni režim urejen z glavno in stransko prometno smerjo, je znan. Številni pristopi vsebujejo različne predpostavke, ki zadevajo porazdelitev glavnega prometnega toka, število prometnih pasov na glavni prometni smeri, kritično časovno praznino ... Take sisteme lahko razdelimo v dve glavni skupini: križišča z dvema tokoma (enim glavnim in enim stranskim) in križišča z več kot dvema tokoma (več kot dva glavna prometna toka in en stranski prometni tok). V krožnih križiščih, tudi v enopasovnih, obstajajo enaki problemi, kot pri drugih nivojskih križiščih, urejenih s prometnim režimom glavne in stranske prometne smeri. Vozilo na uvozu v krožno križišče se lahko priključi v glavni prometni tok le v primeru, ko je časovni presledek med dvema pešcema (ali kolesarjema) zadosti velika. Vsled tega lahko tudi enopasovna krožna križišča obravnavamo kot nesemaforizirana križišča z dvema glavnima prometnima tokoma: prvim v krožnem vozišču in drugem na prehodu za pešce.

Roadmaps for energy (R4E): future options for smart buildings

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:39:27 +0100

Report regarding state-of-the-art solutions and future options in the area of sustainable energy for buildings. This report is part of WP3 Roadmapping Smart Buildings of the R4E project.

Fishing activity near offshore pipelines, 2017

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:36:50 +0100

On the North Sea bottom lie numerous pipelines to link oil- or gas offshore drilling units, - platforms and processing stations on land. Although pipeline tubes are coated and covered with protective layers, the pipelines risk being damaged through man-made hazards like anchor dropping and fishing activities with bottom trawls.Fugro Survey B.V. works towards integrated risk assessment of pipelines for amongst others TAQA Energy B.V. Spatial maps of fishing activity would contribute to this risk assessment. Therefore, WMR was tasked to quantify the amount of fishing activity in the vicinity of TAQA Energy B.V. pipelines. Fishing activity has been quantified at a spatial scale of approximate 3800 m2 blocks (68m by 56m) using fishing Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data in 2017 (1/10/2016-30/9/2017).The results in this study show that small beam-trawling vessels are active within, and just outside the 12 mile zone around the pipelines. In total, between 0 and 8.7 minutes per year of trawling is accumulated over the whole period within each spatial block. For the larger beam-trawlers, only present outside the 12 mile zone, in total between 0 and 1.8 minutes per block and year of trawling is accumulated. A conversion of these numbers to fishing intensity, a measure for number of times a block is fully trawled, shows that sections of the pipeline are trawled between 0 and 3.4 times a year. This fishing intensity is below the range of 5-10 times a year estimated in the most intensively fished areas of the North Sea.The indicators calculated in this study, reflecting number of potential interactions (fishing effort) of trawling vessels with the pipelines and the potential severity of these interactions (fishing intensity), may contribute to the risk assessment. It should be noted, however, that owing to seasonal changes in fish distribution and yearly changes in fishing gear characteristics, these maps do not provide an accurate base for the prediction of future fishing impact.

Technology to Manufacture Oriented PVC (PVC-O) Pipes

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:32:37 +0100

The development of Molecor´s technology, which is based on the application of a Molecular Orientation process, has delivered a significant turning point in the pipelines sector. With this technological development, the company has begun to manufacture TOM® PVC-O pipes, the most eco-friendly pipes on the market. The Molecor technology enabled eradicating many of the existing disadvantages of thermoplastic pipes. This technology delivers a clear objective; to provide the water industry with a solution for pipes carrying pressurized water in an environmentally friendly, yet cost efficient manner. This also extends a service life compared to pipeline materials currently in use. The Molecor´s technology has faced numerous barriers due to the high level of competitiveness in the market and the relatively short period since its development. Notwithstanding, the technology is now highly recognized by the market and has spread continuously and gradually over the world to the five continents. We have served many international markets: North America (i.e., Canada), South America (i.e., Colombia and Ecuador), European countries (i.e., Italy and Spain), African countries (i.e., South Africa) and East countries (i.e., India, Kazakhstan, Malaysia and Australia).

Zadovoljstvo prebivalcev s postopki policistov pri kontroli cestnega prometa

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:31:30 +0100

In the theoretical part of this paper, the authors present criteria by which the satisfaction of the public with police work can be measured. The focus lies on those criteria that are significant for police work in the community and for the reputation of the police as a state organ itself, which is co-responsible for(improving) security in the nation. The empirical part of this paper is based on a study that included 120 residents from the area of Slovenj Gradec police directorate. The interviewees had to give their opinion on various questions or statements about their satisfaction regarding police roadside procedures in the area that they live in. Furthermore, the authors examined the extent to which the residents are willing to help police officers, how they evaluate their work, on what basis the residents shape their opinion and how they evaluate interpersonal competencies of police officers. The results have shown that the satisfaction of residents with roadside police procedures in SlovenjGradec police directorate is relatively good since the majority of answers varies between 3 and 4 on a Likert scale ranging from 1to 5. Even though the evaluations are promising, the authors conclude the paper with several recommendations. Avtorja v teoretičnem delu prispevka predstavljata kriterije merjenja zadovoljstva javnosti z delom policije, pri čemer je poudarek na tistih, ki so značilni za policijsko delo v skupnosti, ter o samem ugledu policije kot državnega organa, soodgovornega za stanje varnosti v državi in dejavnikih za njegovo izboljšanje. Empirični del prispevka temelji na raziskavi, v katero sta vključila 120 občanov z območja Policijske uprave Slovenj Gradec. Anketiranci so se opredeljevali do posameznih sklopov vprašanj in trditev s področja zadovoljstva s postopki policistov pri kontroli cestnega prometa v kraju, v katerem živijo. Konkretneje proučujeta tudi, v kolikšni meri so občani policistom pripravljeni pomagati, kako ocenjujejo njihovo delo, na podlagi česa si oblikujejo mnenje o njih, ter kako ocenjujejo njihove interpersonalne kompetence. Rezultati analize so pokazali, da je zadovoljstvo občanov s postopki policistov pri kontroli cestnega prometa na območju policijskih postaj Policijske uprave Slovenj Gradec relativno dobra, saj se večina odgovorov na vprašanja in trditve iz anketnega vprašalnika giblje med 3 in 4, nekaj tudi nad 4 ali za odtenek nižje od 3. Kljub vsemu pa avtorja v zaključnem delu prispevka podajata kar nekaj predlogov za izboljšanje stanja na tem področju.

Holistic thinking aproach

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:29:34 +0100

Modern complexity of management is associated with im- portant decision making, confronting a great number of useless information. Selection of information - the choice of only qual-ity ones, i. e. essential ones, is a big problem in management decision-making. Implementation of systemic approach i. e. dialectical-network thinking (DNT) can help to deal with it. The paper presents a holistic thinking approach in a case study for the Slovenian parcel postal problem. The volume of parcel flows at the Post of Slovenia between Posts is increasing rapidly and it requires a new design of the postal network. This paper presents a reorganization of parcel services between Postal Logistics Centers and Posts by adding Regional Parcel Centers and Parcel Posts to the network. A case for the area covered by Ljubljana Postal Logistics Center is given, which takes into consideration the sorting out and the retaining of parcels in the Posts, Parcel Posts and Regional Parcel Centers within their individual areas. Sodobna kompleksnost menedžmenta je povezana s sprejemanjem (bolj ali manj) pomembnih odločitev. Te so posledica velikega, mnogokrat (žal) neuporabnega števila informacij. Njihovo selekcioniranje - izbor samo tistih kakovostnih, bistvenih za konkretno problematiko menedžerskega odločanja - je velik problem. Pri tem lahko pomaga sistemski pristop oziroma dialektično-sistemsko razmišljanje (DNT). Članek predstavlja celovitost razmišljanja v primeru aplikacije postne mreže paketnih pošiljk v Sloveniji. Število paketnih pošiljk na Posti Slovenije skokovito narašča, zato je potrebna reorganizacija postne mreže. Članek prestavlja reorganizacijo paketnih storitev med postnimi logističnimi centri in poštami z uvedbo regijskih paketnih centrov in paketnih post. Podan je primer za območje pokrivanja Postnega logističnega centra Ljubljana, ki vključuje ločevanje in izločanje pošiljk na poštah, paketnih poštah in regijskih paketnih centrih za lastna območja.

D7.3 Report on simulator test results and driver acceptance of PROSPECT functions

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:21:51 +0100

The process of developing new automotive systems includes various testing cycles to assure a save operation in traffic. Physical system testing on test tracks is very important for this purpose, but rather expensive and might only become possible in later stages of the development process. Using a virtual simulation environment offers a safe possibility of testing new systems in early stages of development. Aditionally, driver-in-the-loop tests at test track and in a virtual simulator make it possible to evaluate driver reaction and potential acceptance by the future users of those systems. Within PROSPECT the new functions are investigated under various aspects in several simulator studies and test track studies. This deliverable D7.3 gives detailed information of conduction and results of the each study. Three studies focus exclusively on the for Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) specifically dangerous urban intersection scenarios. The first of those studies examines the driver behaviour in a turning situation when a byciclist might be crossing. The described phenomena are looked-but-failed-to-see and failed-to-look. The second study, which provides an initial step in this line of research, analyzed the acceptance of issued forward collision warning times. The positioning of the potential accident opponent and the subjective feeling towards the criticality of the situation by the driver were key parameters taken into account. Last, but not least the acceptance of an intersection assist autonomous emergency braking systems was tested regarding the acceptance of potential buyers. The study was run for five days in a row for each participant to be able to judge the behaviour in a comuting situation. Two studies focused on longitudinal scenarios. Both studies followed the same design, but one was conducted on a test track and the other one in a simulator. The main objective was to investigate drivers reactions to FCW warnings and Active Steering interventions in critical VRU scenarios in case of a distraction of the driver. Additionally, the test track study was used to validate the results from the simulator study. The results of those studies are the basis for a wide acceptance evaluation of the systems. No system is an asset in increasing road safety if it is not accepted by the user and therefore turned off, if it is not required the system to be default on in consumer tests. Complemented by an additional acceptance study where the participants had to give their opinion of those systems after they watched videos of dangerous situations, the acceptance was analyzed based on questionnaires developed in PROSPECT and reported in Deliverable 7.2. This wholistic approach allows an expert discussion on the potentials of the PROSPECT functions in the future.

A framework for use in modelling the modal choice decision making process in North West England’s Atlantic Gateway

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:17:50 +0100

"jats:p" The task of producing a generic model of the modal choice decision making process is a challenging one. Modal choice is strongly influenced by the infrastructure limitations and geographical constraints of the area in which the decision is being made. With this in mind, addressing modal choice on an individual basis for each region may be the optimal solution. This is the approach adopted in this paper. The creation of a modal choice model is a multistage process of which this paper addresses the first stage, the production a framework of the decision making process. Firstly, a number of criteria that are commonly used in modal choice models are identified. Then a number of gaps in the criteria utilized in previous papers are established. Subsequently, the method used to produce a framework of the decision making process within North West England’s Atlantic Gateway is outlined. Through consultation with transport industry experts in North West England, an initial list of sixty eight papers was reduced to thirty six that were considered to be of specific relevance to modern day freight transportation within their region. The criteria used in each of these papers were then, along with further industry input, used to create the foundation on which a modal choice framework specific to the Atlantic Gateway could be built. A greater understanding of what influences modal choice within this region will allow informed decisions to be made by policy makers on how to more efficiently utilize the available modes of freight transport. Having established this, future work can then go on to build upon these findings. This paper recommends that future work is performed to establish the weights of each criteria and sub-criteria within the framework. This should then be followed by establishing industry’s perceptions of the best and worst alternatives for moving freight within the Atlantic Gateway.

Document type: Article

Approaches to evaluating the effects of VFR towers on flow and safety at airports

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:15:26 +0100

: The Federal Aviation Administration is reviewing its criteria (now based on annual traffic levels) for airports to be eligible for the installation of VFR towers. In support of that review, a study was commissioned to seek mathematical methods and models for measuring the effects of a VFR tower on flow and safety at airports with different traffic volumes. The report discusses a variety of methodologies, viewpoints, and concepts. The first version of a mathematical model, intended to portray a tower's ability to expedite flow by abridging the full operation sequence, was formulated and exercised in illustrative calculations. Available aggregated data are not adequate for identifying functional relations between collision rates and activity levels at tower and non-tower airports; however a novel statistical approach has established the association between tower-presence and lower collision rates on a firmer basis than before. More knowledge is needed concerning pilots' information needs, relative to potential hazards, which go unmet in the absence of a VFR tower; as an initial contribution along this line, a computerized model was developed to air in studying the pilot's time-varying field of vision as limited by cockpit geometry and other structural obstructions. (Author)

Changing Attitudes Toward Sustainable Transportation: The Impact of Meta-Arguments on Persuasion

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:14:03 +0100

ACTIVAGE - Developers toolkit and deployment support

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:13:44 +0100

This document is the deliverable D4.1 "Developers toolkit and deployment support" and presents the outcome of the activities T4.1 "ACTIVAGE Development tools" and T4.3 "ACTIVAGE Deployment tools" which are part of Work Package WP4 "ACTIVAGE Application support tools and services layer". The document makes a status of existing development and deployment tools prior to the ACTIVAGE project and describes the ones that are under progress to fulfill ACTIVAGE dedicated requirements. The requirements are presented in Section 2, and the Use Cases in Section 3, precising the uses by the kind of developer profiles listed in section 3.1. The presented tools in Section 4 allow the development of applications (developed for ACTIVAGE by third parties) on top of each given platform among the seven selected as ACTIVAGE IoT platforms (Fiware, openiot, IoTivity, seniorsome, sensiNact, Sofia2 and universAAL). They are used by application developers and platform contributors. For more details about the seven ACTIVAGE IoT platforms, please refer to the D3.1 Report on IoT European Platforms. The presented tools in Section 5 are the ones used in the nine ACTIVAGE deployment sites to support their hardware device installations and middleware installation on the resulting IT infrastructure. They are used by installation/deployment and IT teams. These existing development and deployment tools are available today and constitute the first step of ACTIVAGE toolkit: they are heterogeneous tools available for dedicated platforms and for specific deployment sites. Further works in tasks T4.1 and T4.3 will aim to complete the IoT platform dedicated tools with ACTIVAGE common development and deployment tools based on the common ACTIVAGE APIs under specification.

Evaluation of Roadway Reallocation Projects: Analysis of Before-and-After Travel Speeds and Congestion Utilizing High-Resolution Bus Transit Data

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:13:01 +0100

Die Zukunft urbaner Mobilität: Ansätze für eine ökologische Verkehrswende im digitalen Zeitalter

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:12:13 +0100

Veränderungen auf Deutschlands Straßen sind überfällig, doch die Entwicklung stagniert: Die Zahl der privaten Autos mit Verbrennungsmotoren wächst, die Luftqualität leidet, öffentliche Plätze sind primär Verkehrsflächen – von einer Verkehrswende keine Spur. In den großen Städten aber bahnt sich ein Wechsel in der Einstellung und im Verhalten an: Immer mehr Menschen nutzen nicht mehr nur das Auto, sondern kombinieren das Rad mit Bussen und Bahnen oder nutzen Bike- oder Carsharing. Unterstützt wird diese Tendenz durch digitale Plattformen, die das Kombinieren unterschiedlicher Verkehrsmittel so einfach machen wie die Nutzung eines eigenen Pkw. Mit dem Smartphone in der Hand werden die städtischen Verkehrsmittel zu einem riesigen Fuhrpark, bei immer mehr Menschen lösen sich damit die Bindungen an ein privates Verkehrsmittel langsam auf. Damit könnte auch die Zahl der Fahrzeuge drastisch sinken, das wiederum lässt die flächendeckende Einführung von Elektrofahrzeugen zu. Werden diese darüber hinaus – wie es selbstverständlich sein sollte – mit erneuerbaren Energien betrieben, wäre die Energie- und Verkehrswende auf einem guten Weg. Doch obwohl die technischen Möglichkeiten vorhanden sind und die Präferenzen der städtischen Bevölkerung eine solche multimodale Verkehrspraxis ermöglichen, blockiert die herrschende Verkehrsordnung viele Innovationen. Der rechtliche Rahmen bleibt bislang in hohem Maße auf das private Verbrennungsauto fixiert. Die Einführung von Experimentierklauseln mit erweiterten Beteiligungsverfahren könnte dies ändern.

Model sistemske dinamike vpliva ukrepov na zmanjševanje števila prometnih nesreč zaradi nepravilne smeri vožnje na avtocestah

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:11:11 +0100

This paper provides a system dynamic model for reducing the number of motorway accidents due to wrong-way driving. Motorway accidents are often fatal due to high speeds. It is therefore necessary to carry out all the possible countermeasures in order to achieve adequate traffic management. One of the reasons for motorway accidents is driving in the wrong direction. Based on the analysis of the data on motorway accidents caused by driving in the wrong direction and based on the knowledge of individual project elements of junctions and slip roads, this paper will focus on this area. The possible countermeasures, presented here for preventing drivers from driving in the wrong direction on motorways drastically reduce the number of U-turn maneuvers that result in driving in the wrong direction and influence the level of safety on motorways. With the help of this model of system dynamics the countermeasures for reducing the number of such drivers will be confirmed and their effects will be shown. Članek podaja model zniževanja prometnih nesreč zaradi nepravilne smeri vožnje na avtocestah. Prometne nesreče na avtocestah so zaradi velike hitrosti vožnje velikokrat tragične, zato je potrebno izvesti vse možne ukrepe za ustrezno upravljanja prometa. Eden od vzrokov nastanka prometnih nesreč na avtocesti je nepravilna smer vožnje. Na podlagi analiz podatkov o prometnih nesrečah zaradi nepravilne smeri vožnje na avtocestah ter na osnovi poznavanja posameznih projektnih elementov vozlišč in priključkov se pričujoče delo usmerja na to področje. Predstavljeni možni ukrepi za preprečevanje nepravilne smeri vožnje na avtocestah v veliki meri znižujejo število nepravilnih prometnih manevrov, ki imajo za posledico nepravilno smer vožnje in s tem pozitivno vplivajo na raven prometne varnosti na avtocestah. S pomočjo modela sistemske dinamike bo potrjena upravičenost ukrepov za zmanjševanje števila primerov nepravilne smeri vožnje in prikazani njihovi učinki.

Shared Automated Vehicles

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:03:03 +0100

This paper provides an introduction to the current state of vehicle automation and shared mobility. The paper discusses current shared mobility business models to foster a better understanding of these systems at present and to set the stage for possible future shared automated vehicle (SAV) business models. The discussion covers current SAV pilot projects around the world and then explores potential SAV business and service models considering high or full automation (Level 4 and higher). The paper ends with a discussion of the literature regarding projected SAV impacts. Although the future of SAVs is uncertain, this briefing paper begins the dialogue around SAV business models that may develop, which are informed by current shared mobility services.

Model of traffic access mode and railway station choice of suburban railway system in Slovenia

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:02:15 +0100

This article presents the establishment of a model of understanding the access mode and railway station choice of Slovenian passengers. Therefore, a model has been designed to predict the determination of existing decision making preferences of railway users about the access mode and railway station choice with a stated preference survey and face to face method. The target group in the survey were railway passengers in the suburban environment that use the rail for work and school purposes. The total number of respondents was 412. The survey showed that most passengers access the railway station with car (60,2%), by foot (26,2%), with public transport (bus – 8,3%) and with bike (5,3%). Average distance to the station is 4,9 km, average time of access is 10,5 min. Upon exit most passengers walk to the final destination (84,5%), use the public transport (bus – 14,1%), car (1,2%) or bike (0,2%). Average time from exit of the train to final destination is 13,1 min, average distance is 1,58 km. Der Artikel präsentiert die Errichtung von einem Modell für Darstellung von Auswahl des Zutrittes und der Bahnstation von Passagieren in Slowenien. Dafür wurde ein Modell errichtet, der die vorhandenen Entscheidungen von Bahnpassagieren in den Bereich von Auswahl des Zutrittes und der Bahnstation prognostiziert aufgrund einer Umfrage und „von Angesicht zu Angesicht“ Methode. Die Zielgruppe der Umfrage waren Bahnpassagiere in einer suburbanen Umgebung die die Bahn benutzen um in die Schule oder zur Arbeit zu fahren. Teilgenommen haben 412 Bahnbenutzer. Die Umfrage hat gezeigt, dass die meisten Passagiere zum Bahnhof mit einem Auto fahren (60,2%), zur Fuß (26,2%) oder mit öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln kommen (Bus – 8,3%) oder mit einem Fahrrad (5,3%). Der durchschnittliche Abstand zur Bahnstation ist 4,9 km, die durchschnittliche Zugang Zeit ist 10,5 min. Beim Austritt von der Bahn gehen die meisten Passagiere zu dem Endpunkt der Reise zu Fuß (84,5%), mit öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln (Bus 14,1%), mit einem Auto (1,2%) oder mit einem Fahrrad (0,2%). Die durchschnittliche Zeit von der Bahnstation zum Endpunkt ist 13,1 min, die durchschnittliche Distanz 1,58 km.

Document type: Article

Čimbenici potrošnje putnika na krstarenjima u luci ticanja

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:01:10 +0100

Cruise tourism generates different types of cruise consumption and related indirect, direct and induced expenditure effects, in homeports as well as in ports of call. Cruise passengers´ expenditures produce positive economic effects for destinations, from increasing the incomes and employment, to tax incomes, duties, etc. Therefore, it is no doubt that cruise stakeholders and local economies can benefit from increased cruise passenger consumption. To stimulate higher consumption and passengers´ satisfaction, it is necessary to design the supportive policy framework and build appropriate quality of products and services. Identifying influential variables of cruise passengers´ expenditures in this sense enables the design of appropriate policies and measures. In the current research, based on a survey of 357 cruise passengers, several variables included in a new theoretical model of the expenditures determinants, such as gender, nationality, frequency of cruising and frequency of visits, were found to be statistically significantly associated with cruise passengers´ expenditures. Several conclusions and suggestions to stimulate cruise passenger expenditures based on research findings are provided. Kružna putovanja generiraju različite oblike potrošnje i povezanih indirektnih, direktnih i ostalih učinaka, u domaćim lukama, kao i u lukama ticanja. Potrošnja putnika na kružnim putovanjima stvara pozitivne ekonomske efekte za destinacije, od povećanja dohotka i zaposlenosti, pa do povećanja prihoda od poreza i carina, itd. Stoga, nema dileme da dionici kružnih putovanja i lokalno gospodarstvo mogu imati koristi od povećane potrošnje putnika. Da bi se ona povećala, kao i zadovoljstvo samih putnika, potrebno je utvrditi okvir politika za povećanje potrošnje te stvoriti odgovarajuću razinu proizvoda i usluga. Identifikacija čimbenika značajnih za potrošnju putnika na krstarenjima omogućava izradu primjerenih politika i mjera. U ovom se istraživanju, na temelju ankete 357 putnika na kružnom putovanju, utvrđuju varijable, uključene u novi teorijski model determinanti potrošnje, i to: spol, učestalost kružnih putovanja i posjeta destinaciji. Za njih se može kazati da su značajno statistički povezane s potrošnjom putnika. U radu se utvrđuju zaključci i prijedlozi za povećanje potrošnje, na temelju dobivenih rezultata istraživanja.

Zero emission tourism mobility: a research and policy agenda

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:59:01 +0100

Impact of Commercial Motorcycle Operation on Urban Mobility in Ogun State, Nigeria

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:55:33 +0100

"jats:p" The significant of public transport of cities in many developing countries lies in the fundamental fact that mobility and accessibility are essential for economic growth and of necessity to provide efficient and effective movement for goods and services. The collapse of public intra-city transport system paved way for the rise of motorcycles as means of public transportation in Nigeria. This paper discusses the impact of commercial motorcycle operation as a means of urban transportation. Of the 200 questionnaires administered, 191 questionnaires were received for analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Secondary data was also sourced to serve as complement to the primary data, thus allowing for a robust research. Descriptive statistical tools such as percentages were adopted to present the socio - economic characteristics in the area. Findings showed that the majority of the users are adult between the aged 31 and 40 years. Most of them (53.8%) are married and are fairly educated. Furthermore, it was recommended that the Nigerian government should provide employment opportunities for our teeming youth as this will go a long way in the reduction of number of youth who as a result of unemployment took to motorcycle riding business.

Document type: Article

Freight Transport Innovations of European Railways- New Market Chances and Technological Perspectives

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:53:45 +0100

The paper analyses the main technical and economic elements of the current European rail freight market and presents the basic concepts of possible new technologies in the rail freight system. They would enable the railways to enter the more rewarding niches of the freight transport market. In an attempt to understand better the problems of introducing innovations into the transport sector this paper also considers the theoretical framework and analyses the implementation paths of the proposed technological innovations. New technologies are confronted with various barriers and difficulties created by the existing and dominant technological paradigms. These are often powerful enough to prevent the introduction of alternatives and promising innovations. The empirical part of the paper focuses on the possibilities of combining the existing innovative rail freight technologies which could, with the appropriate organizational solutions (time-tables) and political support, increase the competitiveness of the rail freight transport in new and promising market segments.

Foothill Transit Battery Electric Bus Demonstration Results: Second Report

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:53:00 +0100

Systematic approach to sustainability of novel internet-based system for food logistics

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:46:45 +0100

"jats:p" The aim of this paper is to evaluate the sustainability of a novel internet-based system for food logistics and to create a framework for more detailed future sustainability assessments. Digitalization enables food shopping via the internet and food delivery from producers to consumers using only a single terminal. The sustainability of different food logistic options was evaluated through a literature review and life cycle assessment. Given the frame of reference, there is a gap in the knowledge on the sustainability of food logistics. In addition, the current literature does not recognize a novel internet-based system for food logistics, as the literature has focused on evaluating the internet-based food logistics of traditional actors. The life cycle assessment results show that new food logistic options could reduce GHG emissions, but various factors affect the magnitude of the reductions. We also present a systematic approach to which factors should be included in future research. This paper creates a base for more detailed future food logistic sustainability assessments.

Document type: Article

Shared Mobility Simulations for Helsinki

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:45:16 +0100

This report examines how the optimised use of new on-demand shared transport modes could change the future of mobility in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area in Finland. Based on simulation, it provides indicators for the impact of shared mobility solutions on accessibility, metro/rail ridership, required parking space, congestion and CO2 emissions. The model also analyses service quality, efficiency and cost competitiveness of the shared solutions. In addition, the report explores the willingness among the citizens of the Helsinki region to adopt shared mobility solutions based on focus group analysis. The findings provide an evidence base for decision makers to weigh opportunities and challenges created by new forms of shared transport services. The work is part of a series of studies on shared mobility in different urban and metropolitan contexts.This report is part of the International Transport Forum’s Case-Specific Policy Analysis series. These are topical studies on specific issues carried out by the ITF in agreement with local institutions.

Vrtljivi pristaniški žerjavi z nagibno ročico

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:44:38 +0100

The paper presents slewing port cranes with a luffing jib. The advantages of slewing port jib cranes are high lifting capacities, high speeds of re-loading and excellent mobility since they are capable of load lifting, travelling, luffing and slewing. The paper gives a detailed description of their characteristics such as the highest reached load-carrying capacities, speeds of motion and accelerations. It also presents the crane assembly, driving mechanisms, loads and load cases, transport by ships and testing of lifting capacity. As a practical example, the paper presents the slewing port jib crane with the capacity of 25/15/5 t at a 27/37/40 m radius made by the Slovenian companyMetalna Maribor for the shipyard 3. Maj, Rijeka, Croatia. V članku so predstavljeni vrtljivi pristaniški žerjavi z nagibno ročico. Odličnost vrtljivih pristaniških žerjavov se kaže predvsem v njihovih velikih nosilnostih in hitrostih pretovarjanja ter izredni gibljivosti, saj omogočajo dvigovanje bremen, vožnjo, nagibanje in vrtenje. V članku je podrobneje podan opis njihovih značilnosti kot so največje dosežene nosilnosti, hitrosti gibanja in pospeški. Prikazani so tudi sestava in pogonski mehanizmi žerjavov, delujoče obtežbe in obtežni primeri, ladijski transport in preizkus nosilnosti. Kot praktični primer smo predstavili vrtljivi pristaniški žerjav nosilnosti 25/15/5 t pri dosegu 27/37/40 m, ki ga je slovenska firma Metalna Maribor izdelala za ladjedelnico 3. Maj, Rijeka, Hrvatska.

Vpliv uredbe 561/2006 na upravljanje z voznim parkom s poudarkom na izkoriščenosti delovnega časa voznika

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:44:16 +0100

The introduction of contemporary procedures to fleet management processes has recently changed the work planning and supervision of driver's work activities. Tendencies to control the implementation of driver's work have been present in modem professional practice for quite a long time however, the equipment available on the market limited its implementation. The intensified development of digital tachographs has, in technical terms, ensured such equipment considerably before the legislative groundwork was prepared for its practical implementation. The Commission Regulation (EC) No. 561/2006 (implementation of Social legislation relating to Road Transport) does not bring any essential novelties in terms of permitted workload. Consistent monitoring of drivers activities, made possible by digital tachographs, will have impact on the existing working methods. The topic of the present paper is in deep analysis of the impact of the mentioned regulation with special emphasis on the conditions for the regulation of the current stage of drivers work and on the expected consequences. The essential importance lies on the expected change in the mentality and approach to planning the driver's activities in the transport process on the part of the carrier: the outcome will eventually result in the efficiency of each individual carrier. Uvedba sodobnih postopkov v procese upravljanja z voznim parkom je v zadnjem času spremenila način načrtovanja dela voznega osebja ter nadzor nad njegovimi delovnimi aktivnostmi. Težnje po nadzoru izvajanja voznikovega dela so v strokovni praksi prisotne že dalj časa, njena realizacija pa je bila omejena z razpoložljivo opremo na tržišču. Pospešen razvoj digitalnih tahografov je v tehničnem smislu takšno opremo zagotovil bistveno prej, kot so bile urejene zakonodajne podlage za njegovo uvedbo v prakso. Uredba evropske komisije 561/2006 (Socialna zakonodaja v zvezi s cestnim transportom) sicer ne prinaša bistvenih novosti glede dovoljenih obremenitev. Zaradi doslednejše spremljave voznikove aktivnosti, ki jo omogočajo digitalni tahografi, pa bo vplivala na dosedanji način njihovega dela. Predmet pričujočega prispevka je detajlna analiza vpliva uredbe s posebnim poudarkom na pogojih za ureditev stanja na področju dela voznikov ter pričakovanih posledic. Ključnega pomena je pričakovana sprememba načina razmišljanja in dela prevoznikov pri načrtovanju voznikovega dela v transportnem procesu, kar bo vplivalo na uspešnost poslovanja posameznega prevoznika.

R-WAKE - System design document

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:35:35 +0100

This report is the Deliverable 3 . 1 R - WAKE System Design Document , resulting from WP3 activities. It provides details on the design of the resear ch methodology, simulation fram ework and validation activities, as described in previous deliverables D2.1, D2.2 and D2.3, and whose contents are updated in this document with an incremental perspective and with the appropriate level of detail for this sta ge of the project. The R - Wake project addresses the SESAR 2020 Exploratory Research work - programme topic ER - 07 - 2015 - Separation Management and Separation Standards , within the area of Advanced Air Traffic Services (ATS). The R - Wake project overall object ive is to investigate the risks and hazards of potential wake vortex encounters in the en - route airspace, in current and futuristic operational scenarios, in order to assess the potential enhancements to the Separation Standards and Separation Management m ethods in Europe .

Prevention of wrong-way driving on freeways

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:28:44 +0100

Traffic accidents that occur on freeways often end tragically because of high driving speed. Wrong-way driving is also one of the causes of accidents on freeways. Research is based on the analysis of traffic accident data caused by wrong-way driving on freeways and considering valid technical specifications for connections and junctions design elements. Research is based on the analysis of the data of traffic accidents that occurred because of wrong-way driving on freeways and on the consideration of valid technical specifications concerning connections and junction design elements. The thesis presents possible countermeasures for prevention of wrong-way driving and consequential decrease in the number of traffic accidents. The proposed prevention countermeasures of wrong-way driving on freeways could greatly reduce incorrect traffic vehicle movements that are the consequence of wrong-way driving and thus positively enhance the traffic safety level on freeways. Prometne nesreče na avtocestah so zaradi velike hitrosti vožnje velikokrat tragične. Eden od vzrokov nastanka prometnih nesreč na avtocesti je tudi nepravilna smer vožnje. Raziskovalno delo je zasnovano na analizi podatkov o prometnih nesrečah zaradi nepravilne smeri vožnje na avtocestah, ter na osnovipoznavanja posameznih projektnih elementov vozlišč in priključkov. Predlagani ukrepi za preprečevanje nepravilne smeri vožnje na avtocestah lahko v veliki meri zmanjšajo število nepravilnih prometnih manevrov, ki imajo za posledico nepravilno smer vožnje in s tem pozitivno vplivajo na raven prometne varnosti na avtocestah.

Shared Mobility Simulations for Auckland

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:26:26 +0100

This report examines how the optimised use of new shared transport modes can change the future of mobility in the Auckland area in New Zealand. Based on computer simulations of different shared mobility scenarios, the study shows that introducing ride sharing and Taxi-Bus services can significantly reduce C02 emissions and improve accessibility while lowering mobility costs and improving service quality for users. Most scenarios also reduce congestion and release public parking space for other uses. The simulations show that new shared modes work particularly effectively in tandem with public transport supply such as rail and bus rapid transit (BRT), for which they can act as feeders. A survey and focus groups for the study explored how willing citizens in the Auckland area are to using shared mobility solutions. Together, the findings provide an evidence base for decision makers to weigh opportunities and challenges created by new forms of shared transport services. The work forms part of a series of studies on shared mobility in different urban and metropolitan contexts.This report is part of the International Transport Forum’s Case-Specific Policy Analysis series. These are topical studies on specific issues carried out by the ITF in agreement with local institutions.

Dimensioning of signalized intersections in realistic urban environment

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 15:05:10 +0100

It is very complex to assure the dynamics of traffic networkin urban environment because of the intensity of traffic flowsand the limited space in the urban area. Signalized intersectionsare undoubtedly very important and frequent element inroad traffic network in urban regions, which greatly influencesthe traffic flow dynamics on each section as in the whole trafficnetwork. The time (delay) a vehicle needs to drive through anintersection directly influences the travel comfort, fuel consumption,traffic pollution and so on. There are many methodsfor dimensioning signalized intersections in the world literature.One of the most applied methods is the HIGHWAY CAPACI1YMANUAL (HCM) 2000 which is based on competentinput traffic flows and other characteristics of traffic signalregulations. The intention of this paper is to establish whetherwe can use the HCM 2000 method directly in the Slovenian realenvironment. Based on the established methodology of researchand limited number of delay measurement in real environmentintersections, there have been some deviations. Thecompletion of the level of service criterion for signalized intersectionshas been proposed, with the intention for more suitabilityestimation in the realistic environment. Zagotoviti dinamiÄno odvijanje prometa na urbanem cestnem omreÅ¾ju je vsled intenzitete prometnih tokov in omejenega prostora v mestih zelo kompleksno. KriÅ¾iÅ¡Äa s svetlobno signalnimi napravami so nedvomno pomemben dejavnik, ki pogojuje funkcionalnost omreÅ¾ja. Äas, ki ga vozilo potrebuje za prevoz kriÅ¾iÅ¡Äa neposredno vpliva na udobnost potovanja, porabo goriva in poslediÄno na onesnaÅ¾evanje okolja. V svetovni literaturi je zaslediti dosti metod za dimenzioniranje semaforiziranih kriÅ¾iÅ¡Ä. Ena najpogostejÅ¡e uporabljenih metod je HCM 2000, ki temelji na merodajnih vhodnih prometnih tokovih ter drugih znaÄilnosti tovrstnih prometnih ureditev. Namen Älanka je preveriti, ali je moÄ predlagano metodo direktno uporabiti v slovenskem realnem okolju. Na osnovi vzpostavljene metodologije raziskovanja in omejenemu Å¡tevilu meritev zamud vsled signalnih naprav v kriÅ¾iÅ¡Äu, so bila ugotovljena doloÄena odstopanja. Predlagane so dopolnitve kriterija za doloÄitev nivoja usluge za kriÅ¾iÅ¡Äa s svetlobno signalnimi napravami, ki ustrezneje opredeljujejo dejansko stanje v realnem prometnem prostoru.

Time to Sweat the Assets?

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 15:03:53 +0100

Air traffic numbers have been steadily increasing and are projected to so in the future. Most traffic growth pertains to a small fraction of the total available airport capacity worldwide; particularly the main airport hubs present these trends. As a consequence, they are becoming increasingly congested, which results in the increase of delays and reduction of reliability. For these reasons it is important to look for ways in which the existing assets can take up more traffic. These solutions should go beyond long-term considerations to build more infrastructures. In the current paper we discuss of different ways of increasing capacity. First we define capacity and then we discuss techniques for identifying bottlenecks and room for improvement. We exemplify them by providing two examples of airports in different continents, Schiphol Airport and Mexico City Airport.

Crowd-sensing and Gamification

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 15:02:57 +0100

Coventry Universityâs participation within the CROWD4ROADS project utilises the "strong"Disruptive Media Learning Lab"/strong"âs (DMLL) expertise in adaptive, pervasive teaching methods and learning techniques with an emphasis on "strong"gamification"/strong" and "strong"learning through play"/strong". This whitepaper describes the game design approach adopted within the CROWD4ROADS project to introduce game elements based on data collection to the SmartRoadSense mobile application.

Theoretical Model for Determination of Airspace Capacity

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 15:02:34 +0100

In the last decade, the constant air traffic growth has brought certain problems as well. While aircraft production and airline functioning are being stimulated by the competition, the situation in air traffic control and in infrastructure component is completely different. Air traffic management (ATM) is still owned by the state. The state, however, is known for the fact of not being a good manager and is solving problems slowly and not efficiently because of its large administration. There is a very strong trade union movement functioning in ATM system, which makes several rational decisions impossible. Critics of the current ATM system in Europe warn of increasing problems-delays and operational expenses. The control component is the only one among the four components of air traffic, which has not been liberalised and harmonised yet. There is no competition in the fields of air traffic. All matters are taken care of by CAA or by semi-private companies, owned by the state. According to air carriers which have to put in 4-9% of business expenses into terminal-and over-flights charges, these expenses are far too heavy a burden. Stalna rast zraÄnega prometa v zadnjih 10 letih prinaÅ¡a tudi doloÄene teÅ¾ave. Medtem ko proizvodnjo letal in delovanje letalskih prevoznikov stalno spodbuja konkurenca, je to na podroÄju kontrolne komponente, v manjÅ¡i meri pa tudi na podroÄju infrastrukturne komponente, drugaÄe. SluÅ¾be zraÄnega prometa v celoti so navkljub nekaterim uspehom pri komercializaciji in privatizaciji Å¡e vedno veÄinoma v drÅ¾avni lasti. DrÅ¾ava pa je dokazano slabÅ¡i gospodar, saj zaradi prevelike administracije probleme reÅ¡uje poÄasneje in slabÅ¡e. V sluÅ¾bah zraÄnega prometa deluje zelo moÄno sindikalno gibanje, ki marsikatero racionalno odloÄitev in strateÅ¡ko usmeritev celo onemogoÄi. Kritiki sedanjega sistema sluÅ¾b zraÄnega prometa v Evropi svarijo pred naraÅ¡ÄajoÄimi problemi, predvsem zamudami ter vedno veÄjimi operativnimi stroÅ¡ki opravljanja teh storitev. Navajajo, da od Å¡tirih stebrov zraÄnega prometa, le kontrolna komponenta Å¡e ni okusila liberalizacije in harmonizacije. Na podroÄju sluÅ¾b zraÄnega prometa in konkurence, zadeve pa reÅ¡ujejo drÅ¾avne ustanove (civilne letalske uprave) ali pa pol privatizirana podjetja, katerih lastnik je seveda drÅ¾ava. Prevozniki, ki za preletne ter priletne takse namenijo 4-9% celotnih stroÅ¡kov poslovanja, trdijo, da jim ta stroÅ¡ek pomeni preveliko finanÄno breme.

Risk Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry in Slovenian Companies

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 15:01:59 +0100

itle"Abstract"/jats:title" "jats:p" The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most competitive businesses in the world. Supply chain in this industry has been directed towards the production of large batches to avoid lack of supplies, and the achievement of regulatory requirements, at the cost of high level of inventory, higher costs and inventory write-off due to expiration or other reasons. In recent years this industry is facing major changes and challenges such as intense globalization processes, increased competition and innovations in technologies, which has broadened and deepened risks in supply chain."/jats:p" "jats:p"The paper reports the results of the study of the risk in distribution processes of Slovenian pharmaceutical companies, which was conducted among five companies and aims to draw attention to risks that arise in supply chain, to emphasize the importance of their management and to present a model for an effective assessment of risk in companies, developed at the Faculty of Logistics.

Document type: Article

Introduction and affirmation of car trains in the European Union

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 15:00:30 +0100

We live in a time of continuous technical and technological development. It is the time of globalization which is the main driver of the technological procedures in the process of executing transport services. Railway transport in Europe requires special attention, since it has a number of attributes which are not being effectively used. Measures to reduce the use of road network have been prepared, which would consequently increase railway transport. Individuals in personal vehicles could reduce transport costs with the increasing use of railway transport.The introduction of car trains in Europe is also supported by the European Union, but there has been very little done in the European car train system. The first goal of the European union seems to be understandable : using piggyback transport to redirect as much road freight transport as possible to the European railway system. Car trains in the integrated European rail system are one of numerous possibilities of how to offer a user of personal vehicle and his fellow passengers a safe, comfortable,economical and ecologically acceptable way of travel on a specific distance in the local or global sense of combined transport of vehicles and passengers. Å½ivimo v Äasu nenehnega tehniÄnega in tehnoloÅ¡kega razvoja. Å½ivimo v Äasu globalizacije, ki je glavno gonilo tehnoloÅ¡kih postopkov v procesu izvajanja prometnih storitev. Posebno pozornost je potrebno posveti Å¾elezniÅ¡kemu transportu, saj ima veliko pozitivnih lastnosti, ki jih v Evropi se ne izkoriÅ¡Äamo dovolj. Pripravljeni so ukrepi, ki bi zmanjÅ¡ali uporabo cestnega omreÅ¾ja, s Äimer bi se poveÄal Å¾elezniÅ¡ki transport. Posamezniki v osebnih avtomobilih bi tako z veÄjo rabo Å¾elezniÅ¡kega transporta zmanjÅ¡ali prevozne stroÅ¡ke. Uvajanje avtovlakov v Evropi podpira tudi Evropska unija, vendar je bilo v evropskem sistemu avtovlakov zelo malo narejenega. Prvi cilj unije v oprtnem transportu je razumljiv, da se Äim veÄ cestnega tovornega prometa, preusmeri na evropski Å¾elezniÅ¡ki sistem. Avtovlaki v integriranem evropskem Å¾elezniÅ¡kem sistemu so ena od Å¡tevilnih moÅ¾nosti, kako uporabniku osebnega vozila in njegovim sopotnikom ponuditi varno, udobno, varÄno in ekoloÅ¡ko sprejemljiv naÄin potovanja na doloÄeni relaciji v lokalnem ali globalnem smislu kombiniranega prevoza vozil in potnikov.

Project website and social network profiles - D2.1 INVADE H2020

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:59:14 +0100

This document is INVADE project deliverable D2.1, "Project website and social network profiles", which corresponds to task T2.2 "Digital media". The main purpose of D2.1 is to present the technical and editorial description of the INVADE website. Document describes the purpose of the site, the different templates for landing pages, the structure and functionality of the site, maintenance of the site, and how the overall communication and dissemination tasks are optimized by analysing and evaluating the ongoing results. Communication and dissemination activities will serve as vital parts of the INVADE project, both to create awareness and common knowledge about the project and to promote and spread results and outcomes. The website will have the URL www.h2020invade.eu and serves as a news and information hub for the upcoming dissemination and communication tasks throughout the project period.

Vpliv izbranih individualnih in zunanjih dejavnikov na pojav težkih poškodb

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:58:49 +0100

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the importance of different determinants and their impact on the severity of injuries of individuals in road traffic accidents, so that measures that are supposed to prevent or reduce severe injury consequences can be developed. In this paper three research models have been built. Model I was built to study the impact of demographic factors (gender and age) on the individualâs likelihood to wear a seat-belt while Model II to study the impact of demographic factors (gender and age) and the impact of wearing a seat belt on the likelihood that fatal injuries of individuals in road traffic accidents occur. Model III was formed to study the impact of several environmental factors on the likelihood that the accident involves severe or fatal injuries of road traffic accident participants. Altogether our study revealed that middle-aged individuals (over 25 years and up to 65 years old) are less likely to wear a seatbelt and at the same time more likely to suffer fatal injuries in road traffic accidents. This is the result that implies that the targeted policy measures to the population between 25 and 65 years of age are needed to reduce the fatal injuries occurrence in Slovenia. Namen tega Älanka je prispevati k razumevanju razliÄnih determinant in njihovega vpliva na pojav teÅ¾kih poÅ¡kodb pri udeleÅ¾encih cestnih prometnih nesreÄ, z namenom, da bi lahko bolje oblikovali ukrepe za njihovo zmanjÅ¡anje ter prepreÄevanje njihovih posledic. V tem prispevku smo oblikovali tri regresijske modele. Model I smo oblikovali z namenom analize vpliva demografskih dejavnikov (spol in starost) na verjetnost, da posameznik uporablja varnostni pas v osebnem avtomobilu, Model II pa z namenom preuÄiti vpliv demografskih dejavnikov (spol in starost) in vpliv uporabe varnostnega pasu, na verjetnost, da se cestna prometna nesreÄa konÄa s smrtnim izidom udeleÅ¾encev. Model III smo oblikovali za analiziranje vpliva razliÄnih dejavnikov v okolju na verjetnost, da udeleÅ¾enci prometne nesreÄe utrpijo teÅ¾je poÅ¡kodbe ali poÅ¡kodbo s smrtnim izidom. Rezultati med drugim kaÅ¾ejo, da je za posameznike iz srednje starostne skupine (nad 25 pa do 65 let starosti) v povpreÄju bolj verjetno, da ne uporabljajo varnostnega pasu, hkrati pa je za njih bolj verjetno, da kot udeleÅ¾enci prometnih nesreÄ utrpijo hude poÅ¡kodbe. Rezultati tako kaÅ¾ejo, da je smiselno ciljne mere za zmanjÅ¡anje Å¡tevila prometnih nesreÄ s teÅ¾kimi poÅ¡kodbami, usmeriti na to starostno skupino v Sloveniji..

Outsourcing of transport and logistics services

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:55:51 +0100

The author presents the results of the research in five parts, which are interconnected. After the introduction, in part two, entitled A Framework for Logistics Outsourcing Decisions, theoretical characteristics of outsourcing are presented. Part three, Core Competences and Outsourcing, describes the logistics competences. Part 4, Transport and Logistics Outsourcing in Europe, discusses the trends in logistics development and outsourcing. The paper will assist managers responsible for the development of logistics strategies. The paper offers a unique buyer-supplier partnership framework by proposing that the logistics outsourcing will increase the competitive advantage of manufacturing firms. Rezultate istraÅ¾ivanja autor je predstavio u pet meÄusobno povezanih dijelova. Nakon Uvoda, u drugom dijelu s naslovom Okvir za odluke u logistiÄkom âoutsourcinguâ predstavljene su teorijske znaÄajke o âoutsourcinguâ. LogistiÄke kompetencije i âoutsourcingâ je naslov treÄega dijela. U Äetvrtome dijelu, koji ima naslov Transportni i logistiÄki âoutsourcingâ u Europi, prikazani su trendovi razvoja logistike i âoutsourcingaâ. Ova znanstvena rasprava daje okvir za uspostavljanje jedinstvenog partnerstva izmeÄu dobavljaÄa i kupaca sa sugestijom, da logistiÄki âoutsourcingâ poveÄava kompetitivne prednosti industrijskih poduzeÄa. Rasprava Äe pomoÄi menadÅ¾erima u razvijanju logistiÄkih strategija i koristiti istraÅ¾ivaÄima u istraÅ¾ivanju fenomena logistiÄkog menadÅ¾menta.

The Effects of Demand-Responsive Parking on Transit Usage and Congestion: Evidence From Sfpark

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:53:18 +0100

Data Management Plan - D2.3 INVADE H2020

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:52:23 +0100

The main purpose of the Data Management Plan is to describe the characteristics of the data collected from research and real pilots. This report settles the first version of the data management plan which will be updated in further project developments including more details. This document has been elaborated following the Guidelines on FAIR Data Management in Horizon 2020 including all section

Synergies between an observed port and a logistic company

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:49:10 +0100

itle"Abstract"/jats:title""jats:p"The paper addresses an analysis of potential synergies in collaboration between an observed Port in the Mediterranean Sea and Central-European logistic railway-services based company. Both companies have established a strategic partnership. The main motive was cooperation in rail transport, with a particular emphasis on potential synergies that would a rail traffic have brought to a portâs business. For the purpose of synergies valuation under uncertain conditions, a Monte Carlo simulation-based framework with integrated discounted cash flow (DCF) model is applied. The possible values of future synergies are calculated via the DCF model by simultaneously changing values of different uncertain financial parameters at each repetition of a Monte Carlo scenario-playing mechanism. In this process, predicted forecasts of future synergetic throughputs are also used for various types of observed cargo. As it turned out, the generated synergiesâ values follow the approximate normal distribution. Based on statistical inference and analysis of probability intervals it was discovered that there might indeed exist certain important synergies in the collaboration between both companies. This fact has convinced us into a belief in the correctness of companiesâ² decision to enter into such kind of strategic cooperation.

Document type: Article

Dissemination plan - D2.2 INVADE H2020

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:46:19 +0100

The present Dissemination Plan (Deliverable 2.2) of INVADE project contains all information necessary to fulfil all communication and dissemination (C&D) objectives. The document describes the C&D actions, defines responsible partners and collaborators, provides guidelines about journal and congress publications, newsletters and press releases.

APACHE - Scope and definition of the concept of operations for the project

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:43:38 +0100

The APACHE project proposes a new approach to assess European ATM performance based on simulation, optimization and performance assessment tools that will be able to capture the complex interdependencies between KPAs at different modelling scales. This document is the baseline for the Project and defines the operational context which encompasses the evaluation studies that will be carried out in the Project. The baseline and SESAR 2020 target operations definition within the context of APACHE will permit to settle the scope of the project and trace it within the context of the SESAR programme. This traceability is carried out as per SESAR solutions to be assessed, that could be assessed or that enable other solutions to be assessed within the Project.

Dinamička optimalizacija u opskrbnim lancima

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:38:56 +0100

Production and stock optimization in supply chains is a complex problem because it determines the optimum quantity production in time. Due to their multileveld nature, those problems are mostly solved by different methods and models of dynamic programming. The problem discussed in this paper refers to the determination of optimum quantity of production and stocks within the supply chain in a certain period of time, as well as in each sub-interval of a period, but with the condition that the production and stock expenditure remains minimal and that the predetermined demand in every sub-interval and throughout the entire observation period remains satisfied. Optimalizacija proizvodnje i zaliha u opskrbnim lancima predstavlja iznimno sloÅ¾en problem, jer se radi o odreÄivanju optimalne koliÄine proizvodnje u vremenu. Takvi problemi se zbog svoje viÅ¡e-etapnosti najÄeÅ¡Äe rjeÅ¡avaju primjenom raznih metoda i modela dinamiÄkog programiranja. Problem koji se obraduje o ovoj znanstvenoj raspravi, odnosi se na odreÄivanje optimalne koliÄine proizvodnje i zaliha unutar opskrbnog lanca u odreÄenom razdoblju, kao i u svakom pod-intervalu toga razdoblja, pod uvjetom da troÅ¡kovi proizvodnje i zaliha, budu minimalni i da se zadovolji unaprijed zadana potraÅ¾nja u svakom pod-intervalu, a tako i u cijelom promatranom razdoblju.

Traffic Congestion Pricing: Methodologies and Equity Implications

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:38:05 +0100

Pushed from the Curb: Optimizing the Use of Curb Space by Ride-Sourcing Vehicles

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:36:24 +0100

Ride-sourcing has experienced tremendous growth in the past five years. Despite growing interest among policymakers in creating short-term loading space for ride-sourcing and other shared-mobility vehicles, researchers have largely ignored the implications of ride-sourcing on curb management policies, which traditionally favor long-term vehicle occupancy. Observing two corridors with characteristics conducive to ride-sourcing, I found that on the busier corridor, passenger loading space served four times as many passengers per hour as the equivalent space used for parking. On corridors with high ride-sourcing activity, cities can increase the productivity of curb space and discourage double-parking by converting curb parking to passenger loading spaces and charging market prices for curb use. On commercial corridors that currently lack heavy ride-sourcing usage, planners and policymakers can prioritize transit and ride-sourcing as a means to improve the curbâs transport capacity and reduce the externalities of driving.

Forecasting travel-time reliability in road transport: A new model for the Netherlands

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:35:11 +0100

In this paper we describe how we included travel time variability in the national Dutch transport forecasting model and what the policy impacts of this new forecasting tool are. Until now, travel time reliability improvements for road projects were included in Dutch cost-benefit analysis (CBA) by multiplying the travel time benefits from reduced congestion by a factor 1.25. This proportionality is based on the linkage between congestion reduction and reliability improvements. However, this treatment of reliability is not useful to evaluate policies that especially affect travel time variability. From the start, this method was provisional and meant to be replaced by a better method capturing travel time variability. For this, we derived an empirical relation between the standard deviation of travel time, mean delay of travel time and length of route. This has been implemented in the national Dutch model as a post processing module. The new travel time reliability forecasting model will be incorporated in the Dutch guidelines for CBA.

Dealing with Urban Diversity: The Case of Budapest

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:34:32 +0100

This book is one of the outcomes of the DIVERCITIES project. It focuses on the question of how to create social cohesion, social mobility and economic performance in todayâs hyper-diversified cities. The projectâs central hypothesis is that urban diversity is an asset; it can inspire creativity, innovation and make cities more liveable and harmonious. To ensure a more intelligent use of diversityâs potential, a re-thinking of public policies and governance models is needed.

Airport Design and Operation

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:31:37 +0100

The annual number of airline passengers has continued to increase in the past decade, putting great strain on the airports. Increasing volumes of passengers and freight will continue making demands for expansion of airport facilities and construction of new airports. Traditionally airport design and airport operation have been treated separately, yet they are closely related and influence each other. Poor design adversely affects operation; sound understanding of operation is needed to enable good design.The aim of this book is to present a new and integrated approach to the two. This second edition includes some important changes in the international regulations covering design and operations. It reflects the greater attention being given to security, safety and the environment, together with changes in the technology and the way the air transport industry operates. New sections on collaborative decision making and low visibility operations strengthen the operational character of this book. Two completely new chapters have been added covering the topical problems of cargo and radio navigation aids and the chapter on passenger terminals has been enhanced considerably.

Demonstrating the Effectiveness of Olfactory Stimuli on Drivers’ Attention

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:26:31 +0100

More than one million people die per year on worldâs road. Researches have identified driversâ cognitive aspects as the major cause of human errors in 80% of crash events. Driver-Assistance Systems (DAS) have been developed to detect data about vehicle, environment and driver, and to communicate information usually through the senses of vision and hearing. But, the growth of in-vehicle devices increases the visual and auditory demand of the driver. This research aims at investigating whether olfactory stimuli can be used to elicit driversâ cognitive aspects. An experimental framework has been set up, and testing sessions have been organised. The analysis of the data collected from tests shows that olfactory stimuli are more effective in increasing some subjectsâ physiological parameters than the auditory ones. Therefore, smells may be used as a DAS, for increasing driversâ attention.

Analysis of China’s Natural Gas Use Policies and Suggested Reforms

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:15:28 +0100

Before the Shaan-Jing natural gas pipeline began operation in 1997, Chinaâs only gas pipeline to reach a length of over 350 km was the Hong Kong offshore gas pipeline (YachengâHong Kong, 778 km). Owing to the lack of cross-regional gas pipelines, natural gas in China was characterised by being produced in nearby fields. At that time, the two most important markets for natural gas were Sichuan and the North East. The Sichuan Basin has a long history of developing natural gas and already has a highly developed network of pipelines. The North East gas fields can produce high-quality oil-associated gas. The main uses of natural gas are primarily in the chemical industry, where it is used to produce methanol and fertilisers.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Integration of Pipelines and Open Issues in Heritage Digitization

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:54:28 +0100

In this paper, a series of topics, concerning acquisition, communication, and the analysis of buildings will be discussed. In particular, a strategy aimed at exploiting the visual potentials of reality-based models, will be described inside render engines, real-time applications, as well as their role for the production of conventional drawing for documenting and studying built heritage. This methodology is inspired by pipelines coming from computer-generated imagery (CGI) and the video game industry: areas of research that are progressively showing an increasing interest towards the world of photogrammetry remote sensing, in particular for the new possibilities offered by Structure from Motion (SfM)/Multi View Stereo (MVS) in terms of automatic texturing of complex shapes. Quad-dominant remeshing, displaced subdivision surfaces, and accurate interactive/ automatic parametrization are the main points of this workflow, whose final goal is the achievement of multipurpose models, which are capable to comply with graphic codes of traditional survey, as well as semantic enrichment, and, last but not least, data compression/portability and texture reliability under different lighting conditions.

Barriers Towards Widespread Adoption of V2G Technology in Smart Grid Environment: From Laboratories to Commercialization

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:51:50 +0100

A new era of transportation has experienced electrification and undergoes notable changes in the last few decades. The concern about environmental friendly technology carries almost a huge expansion prospect to electric vehicles (EVs). Whereas plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are recognized as a feasible term in the line of vehicular technology in the smart electric grid to lessen the dependency on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to conventional vehicles (CVs). The development of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) strategies establishes win?win situations for the PHEV participation without additional infrastructure cost, reduction of generation, operational and PHEV user cost, reduction of environmental pollution. Together with the expansion of the smart grid technologies, the V2G power allocation problems need to be addressed. More originally, this chapter measures substantial, though often overlooked, social barriers to the wider use of PHEVs (a likely precursor to V2G) and implementation of a V2G transition. This chapter has given an idea that the only important barriers facing the greater use of PHEVs and V2G systems are technical. Instead, it provides a broader assessment situating such ?technical? barriers alongside more subtle impediments relating to social and cultural values, business practices, and political interests. Thus, this research study recognizes probable socio-technical obstacles towards widespread adoption of V2G in smart grid and governs that if sustainability problems affect consumer decision to adopt V2G to charge their PHEVs. The current study delivers valuable understanding about the perception among technology fanatics associated with knowledge expansion and improved fortified to sort out the numerous alterations among V2G and PHEVs. Finally, the outcomes of this chapter can guide policy makers to implement V2G technology successfully. Moreover, the chapter illuminates the policy implication of such barriers, which emphasizes what policy makers need to achieve towards V2G technology adoption in smart grid environment while integrating electric vehicles engineering with consumer preference. ? Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018. Scopu

Towards a Common Software/Hardware Methodology for Future Advanced Driver Assistance Systems: The DESERVE Approach

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:51:07 +0100

The European research project DESERVE (DEvelopment platform for Safe and Efficient dRiVE, 2012-2015) had the aim of designing and developing a platform tool to cope with the continuously increasing complexity and the simultaneous need to reduce cost for future embedded Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). For this purpose, the DESERVE platform profits from cross-domain software reuse, standardization of automotive software component interfaces, and easy but safety-compliant integration of heterogeneous modules. This enables the development of a new generation of ADAS applications, which challengingly combine different functions, sensors, actuators, hardware platforms, and Human Machine Interfaces (HMI). This book presents the different results of the DESERVE project concerning the ADAS development platform, test case functions, and validation and evaluation of different approaches. The reader is invited to substantiate the content of this book with the deliverables published during the DESERVE project. Technical topics discussed in this book include: Modern ADAS development platforms; Design space exploration; Driving modelling; Video-based and Radar-based ADAS functions; HMI for ADAS; Vehicle-hardware-in-the-loop validation systems Note: EUR 6,000 BPC fee funded by the EC FP7 Post-Grant Open Access Pilo

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Methodology for Evaluation:AUTOPILOT Deliverable D.4.1

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:49:55 +0100

This deliverable presents the methodologies for the evaluation of the piloted use cases; for technical evaluation and the assessments of user acceptance, quality of life and the business impact."br/""br/"The FESTA methodology is applied and enhanced for evaluating the added value of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) to improve Cooperative and Automated Driving (AD). The main research question to be evaluated is defined as âWhat is the added value of IoT for AD?â This central question is refined for all four evaluation perspectives in more detailed research questions, hypotheses and key performance indicators, measurements and log data from the pilots, and in evaluation methods. The methodologies provide the starting point for implementation and execution int he evaluation tasks in the next preparation and piloting phases."br/""br/"The evaluation methodologies are tailored for the scale and scope of the pilot sites and implementations of the use cases. The common research focus in the evaluation methodologies on the concepts and criteria that are most common among pilot sites and use cases maximises the synergy and coherence between the evaluation tasks. Potential improvements of IoT to accelerate, enhance or enable automated driving functions and services will be evaluated and assessed collaboratively from all four perspectives. The methodologies will be extended for additional use case or pilot site specific evaluation criteria during the coming phases."br/""br/"This deliverable provides guidelines, requests and requirements for pilot test scenarios and data provisioning that will be needed as input for evaluation. This is input for the specification and data management of the pilots.

Recent developments of metaheuristics

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:47:38 +0100

International audience; To sustain the rapidly increasing air traffic demand, the future air traffic management system will rely on a concept, called Trajectory-Based Operations (TBO), that will require aircraft to follow an assigned 4D trajectory (time-constrained trajectory) with high precision. TBO involves separating aircraft via strategic (long-term) trajectory deconfliction rather than the currently-practicing tactical (short-term) conflict resolution. In this context, this chapter presents a strategic trajectory planning approach aiming at minimizing the number of conflicts between aircraft trajectories for a given day. The proposed methodology allocates an alternative departure time, a horizontal flight path, and a flight level to each aircraft at a nation-wide scale.In real-life situations, aircraft may arrive at a given position with some uncertainties on its curvilinear abscissa due to external events. To ensure robustness of the strategic trajectory plan, the aircraft arrival time to any given position will be represented here by a probabilistic distribution over its nominal assigned arrival time.The proposed approach optimizes the 4D trajectory of each aircraft so as to minimize the probability of potential conflicts between trajectories. A hybrid-metaheuristic optimization algorithm has been developed to solve this large-scale mixed-variable optimization problem. The algorithm is implemented and tested with real air traffic data taking into account uncertainty over the French airspace for which a conflict-free and robust 4D trajectory plan is produced.

Use of Guided Wave Inspections to Monitor the Integrity of Nuclear Power Station Boilers

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:46:35 +0100

Owing to potential concerns about creep occurring in the mid-part of the central tubular spines of nuclear plant boilers, as a precautionary measure TWI and its subsidiary, Plant Integrity Ltd, were contracted in 2002/2003 to develop a test procedure to check the integrity of the spines using their Teletest ultrasonic guided wave testing (GWT) system. At that time, both the thickness and complexity of the component were beyond the normal operating window of the Teletest equipment, which was designed for testing pipelines. To validate the operation and capabilities of the method, a full-scale mock-up component was produced. Field testing was commenced in 2003. The eight boilers around a reactor were tested when it was shut down for a statutory outage, which occurs on a 3-year cycle for each reactor.

PATHWAYS OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS CHINA THE CASES OF HANGZHOU, DATONG AND ZHUHAI

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:45:31 +0100

International audience; This e-book gives an overview of the research work carried out within the framework of the MEDIUM project. EntitledâNew pathways for sustainable urban development in Chinaâs medium-sized cities Â», the MEDIUM project was funded by theEuropean Commission under EuropeAid program, and run for three years (09/2015â08/2018). Its main objective was to trainEuropean young researchers in the knowledge of urban China and to foster Sino-European scientific cooperation on urbandevelopment. Various means have been deployed to this end, including medium-term mobility schemes to conduct research inChina, and by co-organizing a series of scientific events with Chinese universities. Beyond scientific cooperation, the project has developed a pilot experiment: training Chinese students (or university students) to lead stakeholder workshops applied to urban planning, with a view to organizing consultations involving users of a targeted urban area.

Coordinated Border Management Through Digital Trade Infrastructures and Trans-National Government Cooperation: The FloraHolland Case

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:41:06 +0100

Part 4: Infrastructures; International audience; Digital infrastructures (DI) that support information exchange related to international trade processes (here referred to as Digital Trade Infrastructures (DTI)) have been seen as an instrument to help address the trade facilitation and security challenges. Data pipelines can be seen as an example of a DTI. Data pipelines are IT innovations that enable the timely provision of data captured at the source from different information systems available in the supply chain. Using the pipeline companies can share information with authorities and enjoy trade facilitation in return. The benefits of such data pipelines have been showcased in demonstrator settings. However, outside the controlled environment of demonstrator installations, the adoption and growth of these DTIs has been limited. The benefits based on purely implementing the data pipeline are limited. Combining data pipeline capability with Coordinated Border Management (CBM) has potential to articulate more clear benefits for stakeholders and push further investments and wider adoption. In this paper based on the FloraHolland trade lane related to exporting flowers from Kenya to the Netherlands we discuss a data pipeline/CBM innovation. Through the conceptual lens of DI (examining architectural, process and governance dimensions) we demonstrate the potential benefits of data pipeline/CBM innovation and the complex alignment processes between business and government actors needed for the further adoption. From a theoretical point of view we enhance the understanding regarding the governance dimension of such data pipeline/CBM innovations by identifying four type of alignments processes involving businesses and government actors nationally and internationally. As such the paper contributes to the body of research on DI and more specifically DTI. Form a point of view of practice, the insights from our analysis can be used to better understand other data pipeline/CBM innovation alignment processes in other domains as well.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Greying the Budget: Ageing and Preferences over Public Policies

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:40:14 +0100

This paper looks at how individual preferences for the allocation of government spending change along the life cycle. Using the Life in Transition Survey II for 34 countries in Europe and Central Asia, the study finds that older individuals are less likely to support a rise in government outlays on education and more likely to support increases in spending on pensions. These results are very similar across countries, and they do not change when using alternative model specifications, estimation methods, and data sources. Using repeated cross-sections, the analysis controls for cohort effects and confirms the main results. The findings are consistent with a body of literature arguing that conflict across generations over the allocation of public expenditures may intensify in ageing economies.

Document type: Article

The Effects of Urban Public Transit Investment on Traffic Congestion and Air Quality

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:39:54 +0100

Automated Driving

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:38:33 +0100

This chapter introduces the main technology bricks and some related socioeconomic aspects of automated driving. Vehicles automation technology is advancing at a vertiginous pace. However, the complexity behind some highly uncertain and dynamic driving scenarios imposes the need to distinguish between the different automation levels. This chapter starts from these considerations to elaborate thereafter on the maturity of the currently used technologiesâsituation awareness, risk assessment, decision-making, humanâmachine interaction, planning, controlâand their near future possibilities. The introduction of connectivity among vehicles and with the digital world brings a number of new opportunities, when combined with automation, that are introduced with the focus on cooperative automated driving. After presenting this technological panorama, different relevant projects are described with the aim to understand the differences between the existing prototypes and the upcoming products and services. In this connection, Verification and Validation is still a contention point that will need to provide solutions to open problems that are also evoked in the chapter. To finalize with a full picture, the current regulatory pathways and some ethical issues are also described.