Scipedia: Documents published in 2017

The Catastrophe of Electric Vehicle Sales

Scipedia content — Mon, 15 Feb 2021 09:48:11 +0100

Electric vehicles have undergone a recent faddy trend in the United States and Europe, and several recent publications trumpet the continued rise of electric vehicles citing steadily-climbing monthly vehicle sales. The broad purpose of this study is to examine this optimism with some degree of mathematical rigor. Specifically, the methodology will use catastrophe theory to explore the possibility of a sudden, seemingly-unexplainable crash in vehicle sales. The study begins by defining optimal system equations that well-model the available sales data. Next, these optimal models are used to investigate the potential response to a slow dynamic acting on the relatively faster dynamic of the optimal system equations. Catastrophe theory indicates a potential sudden crash in sales when a slow dynamic is at-work. It is noteworthy that the prediction can be made even while sales are increasing.

Document type: Article

Are Chinese Green Transport Policies Effective? A New Perspective from Direct Pollution Rebound Effect, and Empirical Evidence From the Road Transport Sector

Scipedia content — Mon, 15 Feb 2021 09:45:40 +0100

pollution has become a serious challenge in China. Emissions from motor vehicles have been found to be one main sources of air pollution. Although the Chinese government has undertaken numerous green policies to mitigate harmful emissions from road transport sector, it is still uncertain for both policy makers and researchers to know whether the policies are effective in the short and long terms. We propose a new concept of “pollution rebound effect” (PRE) to estimate the effectiveness of green traffic policies. We estimate direct air PRE as a measure of the effectiveness of the policies of reducing air pollution from the transport sector based on time-series data from the period 1986–2014. We find that the short-term direct air PRE is −0.4105, and the corresponding long-run PRE is −0.246. The negative results indicate that the direct air PRE does not exist in the road passenger transport sector in China, both in the short term and in the long term during the period 1986–2014. This implies that the Chinese green transport policies are effective in terms of harmful emissions reduction in the transport sector. This research, to the best of our knowledge, is the first attempt to quantify the effectiveness of the green transport policies in the transitional period that China is currently undergoing.

Document type: Article

Temperature Augmented Visual Method for Initial Screening of Hydrate Inhibitors

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 16:19:36 +0100

The formation of gas hydrates in oil & gas pipelines and drilling fluid flow lines is a major issue in the petroleum industry. Gas hydrate inhibitors are normally used to inhibit the formation of gas hydrates in the pipelines/flowlines. Initial screening of hydrate inhibitors and AntiAgglomerants (AA) requires a safe and economical experimental setup/method. Conventional visual method was used for initial screening of hydrate inhibitors in many researches. Some researchers also suggested modified visual methods, but all of them lacks accurate measurement of induction time and found to be inappropriate for experimental solutions like drilling mud, "jats:italic"etc"/jats:italic". In this work, a temperature augmented visual method was presented which can be used in academic research laboratories for study and initial screening of hydrate inhibitors. This method is capable of parallel screening of inhibitors and determines hydrate induction time precisely. Experiments were conducted to determine the hydrate induction time of different inhibitors using augmented method and compared with conventional visual method. The developed method found to be more precise in determining the induction time of hydrates in all types of experimental solutions.

Document type: Article

Use of community mobile phone big location data to recognize unusual patterns close to a pipeline which may indicate unauthorized activities and possible risk of damage

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 16:16:42 +0100

Damage caused by people and organizations unconnected with the pipeline management is a major risk faced by pipelines, and its consequences can have a huge impact. However, the present measures to monitor this have major problems such as time delays, overlooking threats, and false alarms. To overcome the disadvantages of these methods, analysis of big location data from mobile phone systems was applied to prevent third-party damage to pipelines, and a third-party damage prevention system was developed for pipelines including encryption mobile phone data, data preprocessing, and extraction of characteristic patterns. By applying this to natural gas pipelines, a large amount of location data was collected for data feature recognition and model analysis. Third-party illegal construction and occupation activities were discovered in a timely manner. This is important for preventing third-party damage to pipelines.

Document type: Article

Study on the Motion Characteristics of Residual Air Mass in Pipelines in Water Transfer Project

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 16:15:21 +0100

For long-distance water transfer projects, the residual air mass in the pipeline will not only reduce the efficiency, but also be detrimental to the safety of the system. In order to study the influence of the water flow velocity of the pressurized water pipeline and the pipeline angle of the hump on the motion characteristics of the residual air mass, an experimental platform with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measuring system was constructed to analyse the flow field. The RSM turbulence model was combined with the VOF multiphase flow model to construct a local high-point gas-liquid two-phase fluid dynamics model for numerical simulation. The results showed that with the increase of water flow velocity, the local hump residual air mass would go through three states, namely, no bubble generation, air bubble was generated and partial discharged, and air mass discharge at one time. If the gas was greater than a certain volume, the increase in the water flow rate required to carry the air mass out of the hump at one time would slow down; the larger the local hump angle was, the greater the water flow rate was required to carry the gas out of the local hump part.

Document type: Article

Policy insights and modelling challenges: The case of passenger car powertrain technology transition in the European Union

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 16:14:28 +0100

Purpose We are interested in what policy insights can be transferred from EU countries that have been most successful in introducing EVs to those that are debating policy options. As we use a model to explore this, we are also interested in the application of modelling, seeking to understand if real world policies and results can be replicated in a model and, more generally, the challenges to the use of modelling in policy appraisal. Methods We use the EC-JRC Powertrain Technology Transition Market Agent Model (PTTMAM), a system dynamics model based around the interactions of conceptual market agent groups in the EU. We perform iterative scenario tests to replicate the policies carried out in the Netherlands and the UK in recent years in an attempt to achieve similar results in EV sales. We then transfer the policy scenarios to other EU member states and assess the transferability of the policies. Results Reasonable approximations of the Netherlands and UK EV policies and sales were achieved and implemented in other EU member states. Conclusion We find that the PTTMAM is fit-for-purpose and can replicate successful policies to a certain degree. Policy success is sensitive to country specific conditions, and a system dynamics model like the PTTMAM can help identify which conditions react to which policy stimulus. There are challenges to modelling in policy appraisal, such as the subjectivity of the modeller and flexibility to specific conditions, which must be kept transparent for the model to be a relevant tool for policy making.

Document type: Article

Travelers’ attitudes toward carpooling in Lahore: motives and constraints

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 16:12:16 +0100

Traffic congestion has become a critical issue in developing countries, as it tends to increase social costs in terms of travel cost and time, energy consumption and environmental degradation. With limited resources, reducing travel demand by influencing individuals’ travel behavior can be a better long-term solution. To achieve this objective, alternate travel options need to be provided so that people can commute comfortably and economically. This study aims to identify key motives and constraints in the consideration of carpooling policy with the help of stated preference questionnaire survey that was conducted in Lahore City. The designed questionnaire includes respondents’ socioeconomic demographics, and intentions and stated preferences on carpooling policy. Factor analysis was conducted on travelers’ responses, and a structural model was developed for carpooling. Survey and modeling results reveal that social, environmental and economic benefits, disincentives on car use, preferential parking treatment for carpooling, and comfort and convenience attributes are significant determinants in promoting carpooling. However, people with strong belief in personal privacy, security, freedom in traveling and carpooling service constraints would have less potential to use the carpooling service. In addition, pro-auto and pro-carpooling attitudes, marital status, profession and travel purpose for carpooling are also underlying factors. The findings implicate that to promote carpooling policy it is required to consider appropriate incentives on this service and disincentives on use of private vehicle along with modification of people’s attitudes and intentions.

Document type: Article

Transport policy planning in Germany - An analysis of political programs and investment masterplans

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 16:11:05 +0100

Introduction In Germany, the most recent comprehensive transport policy program of the federal government was published in the year 2000, followed by several sector specific programs. Aims, strategies, and priorities specified in the different governmental transport policy documents are discussed in the paper, with a particular focus on the modal split between road and rail. Apart from the fiscal and the regulatory framework, the most important policy area for the federal government is the provision of transport infrastructure. In 2016, the federal government enacted a new investment masterplan. Therefore, the experience with the former plan is described and key elements of the new masterplan are presented. The overall investment into transport infrastructure as well as the share of the different modes of transport are analyzed in more detail. Methods Germany’s transport policy is analyzed based on the aims, strategies, and priorities which are expressed in the published programs (text analysis). Data on modal split and user costs is used to assess transport policy developments. The infrastructure masterplans are analyzed based on the planned allocation of investment for different modes of transport and types of investment. Moreover, for the past masterplan actual budget data is used for the analysis. Results With respect to transport policy programs, a shift in the priorities can be observed, closely linked to the changing political majorities. Whereas the comprehensive program published in 2000 stresses the importance of a sustainable development and calls for a modal shift, more recent programs focus on the competitive situation of German transport service providers. Moreover, more emphasis is put on the implementation of specific measures. With respect to infrastructure provision, in particular investment into road infrastructure was below the planned values. The recently enacted plan allocates more funds to the maintenance and replacement of infrastructure, and to inland waterways. Conclusions Although the priorities set by the government in published transport policy programs have changed, the effects on the overall traffic development remain rather limited. With respect to the federal transport infrastructure masterplan, an overestimation of the number of projects which might be completed within the given timeframe has been criticized several times. Although the political progress is providing some incentives to include a high number of projects in the masterplan, a more realistic approach appears to be suitable, also signaling the need for a larger budget. In the past, budget increases have been the result of macroeconomic considerations rather than of transport policy requirements. It remains to be seen whether these deficits will be at least partially eliminated during the lifespan of the recently enacted masterplan.

Document type: Article

Estrategias de cooperación en el sistema de transporte de estudiantes en Bogotá usando optimización

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 16:04:59 +0100

The transport of students presents important challenges in the case of the city of Bogota, where an important cluster of schools is located in one zone, but there is only one road connecting these schools to residential zones. Thus, traffic congestion is high, generating long travel times for students, high operational costs, and mobility problems. This paper studies the impacts of a cooperative strategy between logistics operators using a mixed integer programming mathematical model, to find the optimal design of school routes on a network with the topology that describes the aforementioned road system. Two strategies are compared: a mixed loads strategy, where students from different schools share buses; and a single load strategy, where students from different schools cannot share buses. The objective is to minimize the total operational costs while satisfying the schools’ time windows. Comparative results of the two models using exact and heuristic approaches are presented. Resumen El transporte de estudiantes tiene desafíos importantes en el caso de la ciudad de Bogotá, donde un grupo de escuelas se encuentra en una zona, pero sólo hay una carretera que las conecta con zonas residenciales. Por lo tanto, la congestión del tráfico es alta, generando largos tiempos de viaje, altos costos de operación y problemas de movilidad. Se estudia el impacto de una estrategia cooperativa entre operadores logísticos a través de modelos de programación de entera mixta, para encontrar el diseño óptimo de rutas escolares en una red con la topología que describe el mencionado sistema vial. Se comparan dos estrategias: Cargas mixtas y carga única, donde los estudiantes de diferentes escuelas comparten o no los autobuses disponibles. El objetivo es minimizar los costos totales de operación respetando las ventanas de tiempo de las escuelas. Se presentan los resultados comparativos de los modelos usando enfoques exactos y heurísticos.

Document type: Article

Sustainable transport development and passenger transport demand in Poland

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 15:00:59 +0100

Development of sustainable transportation is a process which involves promoting efficient transport systems meeting social expectations, while reducing any sub-optimal or harmful effects on public health, natural environment, economy and urban planning. Therefore, in the case of passenger transport, the most effective measure to achieve sustainable transport development is to maximize the share of public transport. This paper analyses trends in changes of demand for passenger transport in European Union Member States, in Poland and in Kujawsko-Pomorskie province, including in urban and non-urban areas. Based on collected data and extensive transport-related research of the authors, including surveys of residents, the most important conditions have been defined which affect passenger transport demand in Kujawsko-Pomorskie province, and a forecast has been attempted of the demand in three different scenarios of economic development (optimistic, stable and regressive) for various years. The projected public transport demand has been established on the basis of simulations using a proprietary transport model. Results of these calculations revealed surprising conclusions which indicate unfavourable trends in changes of the analysed demand and insignificant differences in projected transport needs, regardless of the selected economic development option for the country and the province.

Document type: Article

A Novel Rear-End Collision Detection Algorithm Based on GNSS Fusion and ANFIS

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:56:45 +0100

Rear-end collisions are one of the most common types of accidents on roads. Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS) have recently become sufficiently flexible and cost-effective in order to have great potential for use in rear-end collision avoidance systems (CAS). Nevertheless, there are two main issues associated with current vehicle rear-end CAS: "mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"""mml:mo stretchy="false""("/mml:mo""mml:mn fontstyle="italic""1"/mml:mn""mml:mo stretchy="false"")"/mml:mo""/mml:math" achieving relative vehicle positioning and dynamic parameters with sufficiently high accuracy and "mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"""mml:mo stretchy="false""("/mml:mo""mml:mn fontstyle="italic""2"/mml:mn""mml:mo stretchy="false"")"/mml:mo""/mml:math" a reliable method to extract the car-following status from such information. This paper introduces a novel integrated algorithm for rear-end collision detection. Access to high accuracy positioning is enabled by GNSS, electronic compass, and lane information fusion with Cubature Kalman Filter (CKF). The judgment of the car-following status is based on the application of the Adaptive Neurofuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The field test results show that the designed algorithm could effectively detect rear-end collisions with an accuracy of 99.61% and a false alarm rate of 5.26% in the 10 Hz output rate.

Document type: Article

City-hubs for smarter cities. The case of Lille “EuraFlandres” interchange

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:56:29 +0100

Introduction The importance of the transport infrastructure role is often described in the attempt to describe the characteristics of a “smart city”. Good planning and organization of communication networks contributes to the development of cities that are more fluid and user-friendly and sustainable, concepts underlying “smart cities”. The paper focuses on the impact on social organisation and on conception of transport intermodal infrastructures such as city-hubs inducing new and smarter practices of transport infrastructure, but also the urban dimension and their insertion through the actual city and, even more, by the creation of an entirely new neighbourhood and the preoccupation of a better quality of life. As part of the European research project FP7 “City-HUB”, 27 interchanges have been studied in nine European countries. The paper emphases on the implementation of the City-HUB interchange typology to the case study of Lille European Metropolis (MEL) where two contingent railway stations, Lille Flandres and Lille Europe, were analysed as a potential unique interchange named “Euraflandres”with socio-economic impacts and the possibility that it may become a “place” of life in the smart city. Methods Within the FP7 project City-HUB a literature review was conducted on the role and characteristics of interchanges in the cities and their contribution to smart cities [29]. For 27 interchanges in nine European countries, we have determined a number of relationships between these transport multimodal interchanges and their environment, and established a typology capturing different interchanges and a scheme for scoring their characteristics in terms of function and logistic dimensions (demand, number of transport modes, services and facilities, location in the city) and their local constraints. The governance framework was specified through carrying out semi-structured interviews with key interchange actors for each City-HUB case study that also questioned about the role of interchanges in local economies and their potential impact on that. The Lille Flandres and Lille Europe as a unique landmark “Euraflandres” were particularly studied to understand their characteristics and role to contribute to a smarter city. Results Based on the City-HUB typology, the “Euraflandres” gets a score of 9 because its demand is higher than 120,000 in daily passengers, includes 13 public and private transport modes (several PT, long distance coaches, car and bike), is located in the city centre and is included into a local plan of urban development and TOD definition. “Euraflandres” has all the characteristics for becoming an urban Landmark for the city of Lille. We show how this interchange gets a higher role for being a node on the international railway network, and how their inside and outside spatial and functioning reorganisation contribute to ease the use of public transport for travellers by introducing ITS, innovations in ticketing and providing new urban characteristics transforming transport infrastructures into new places to live. Conclusions Linking the smart city and the development made with “Euraflandres”, we have seen that an opportunity exists to join together the two Lille railway stations and urban Public Transport interchanges in order to combine a great urban interchange. It will procure advantages for increasing the accessibility for all destinations at urban Lille metropolis and regional level, but also at the national and international levels by the possibility offered by the French TGVs running on national network and the Railteam high speed trains such as Eurostar and Thalys. Each type of interchange, according to the identified functions and local constraints, should require the involvement of different stakeholders interchanges and the Lille City-HUB management with its stakeholders’ committees seems to be oriented to make effort for finding an agreed way for reducing conflicts, in order to better plan outcomes and to allow communities to have an influence over the future shape of the places where they live. The community-led participation is the first step to identify requirements and needs of operators (i.e. transport activities including services and facilities) and of users who will perceive the City-HUB as a transport node and a place where to have access to their mobility mode and where to carry out some other activities during their waiting time. Despite existing barriers (complex governance framework, physical barriers, functions and logistics to revise, local constraints), all the stakeholders are willing to improve the visibility and the functionality of these interchanges. “Euraflandres” has the role of developing activities and regenerating the urban environment, by transforming the surrounding area features. All this will make cities more convivial and fluid, answering to two key aspects of the Smart City, when we follow the definition of the smart city as a “fluid”, “intelligent” and “convivial” city by [4]. The extension of the Euralille neighbourhood where is located “Euraflandres”, is part of the Lille urban regeneration, still under construction, will provide new housing and also social housing for low income people and new city amenities transforming it in a new place to live transforming the current two separated interchange towards the future one landmark interchange with a higher share of sustainable and affordable public transport modes share.

Document type: Article

Towards a Landmark-Based Pedestrian Navigation Service Using OSM Data

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:55:22 +0100

With the advent of location-aware smartphones, the desire for pedestrian-based navigation services has increased. Unlike car-based services where instructions generally are comprised of distance and road names, pedestrian instructions should instead focus on the delivery of landmarks to aid in navigation. OpenStreetMap (OSM) contains a vast amount of geospatial information that can be tapped into for identifying these landmark features. This paper presents a prototype navigation service that extracts landmarks suitable for navigation instructions from the OSM dataset based on several metrics. This is coupled with a short comparison of landmark availability within OSM, differences in routes between locations with different levels of OSM completeness and a short evaluation of the suitability of the landmarks provided by the prototype. Landmark extraction is performed on a server-side service, with the instructions being delivered to a pedestrian navigation application running on an Android mobile device.

Document type: Article

Environmental Issues and Challenges of Chinese Abandoned Oil Pipelines

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:51:57 +0100

China energy pipeline industry commonly faced with aging and abandonment problem. The research on pipeline abandonment was still in preliminary state, because there are no pipeline abandonment standards and guidelines. The foreign developed countries formulated pipeline abandonment standards, advanced experience and technology of residual cleaning and the crossing section grouting. But it not totally suitable for china because of difference between china and foreign country, such as the pipeline residual has a very high paraffin and resin-asphaltenes content. It is very hard to remove. So china pipeline company faced with many environmental issues and challenges in the pipeline abandonment. Study on abandonment of pipeline was conducted by pipeline company of Petrochina from 2013. A case of Petrochina abandonment pipeline was introduced in the paper, and it showed good effect. Some experience and technology of chemical cleaning were formulated from previous study and several pipeline abandonment projects. The first China industry standard on abandoned pipeline is applying for by pipeline company of Petrochina. This standard will assist pipeline company make pipeline abandonment plan to ensure public safety and environment protection.

Document type: Article

Machine Learning-Based Parameter Tuned Genetic Algorithm for Energy Minimizing Vehicle Routing Problem

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:48:28 +0100

During the last decade, tremendous focus has been given to sustainable logistics practices to overcome environmental concerns of business practices. Since transportation is a prominent area of logistics, a new area of literature known as Green Transportation and Green Vehicle Routing has emerged. Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) has been a very active area of the literature with contribution from many researchers over the last three decades. With the computational constraints of solving VRP which is"jats:italic" NP-hard"/jats:italic", metaheuristics have been applied successfully to solve VRPs in the recent past. This is a threefold study. First, it critically reviews the current literature on EMVRP and the use of metaheuristics as a solution approach. Second, the study implements a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the EMVRP formulation using the benchmark instances listed on the repository of CVRPLib. Finally, the GA developed in Phase 2 was enhanced through machine learning techniques to tune its parameters. The study reveals that, by identifying the underlying characteristics of data, a particular GA can be tuned significantly to outperform any generic GA with competitive computational times. The scrutiny identifies several knowledge gaps where new methodologies can be developed to solve the EMVRPs and develops propositions for future research.

Document type: Article

Peculiarities of the use of siliceous raw materials of the Russian Far East in the integrated pipeline protection

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:44:08 +0100

Modern trends in the development of Russian oil and gas infrastructure are examined. The important role of the Far East in the transportation and export of oil is revealed. The main threats in the operation of pipelines are described. The integrated protection technology of pipeline surfaces is proposed. The structure and properties of local silicate raw material – diatomite – are studied. The technology of obtaining glass enamel coating is designed to protect the internal surface of the pipe. The phase composition, microstructure and properties of the coating are compared with analogues. The technology of foam glass production is designed to protect the external surface of the pipe. The foaming processes are studied; the properties and structure of the material are examined. The optimum ratio of raw materials is revealed. Recommendations on the application of the developed technology for integrated pipeline protection are given.

Document type: Article

Methodology for Determining Dwell Times Consistent with Passenger Flows in the Case of Metro Services

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:43:02 +0100

The importance of a mobility system based on railway technology as the backbone of public transport is now widely acknowledged. Indeed, rail systems are green, high performing, smart and able to ensure a high degree of safety. Therefore, modal split should be steered towards rail transport by increasing the attractiveness of this transport mode. In this context, a key element is represented by the timetabling design phase, which must aim to guarantee an appropriate degree of robustness of rail operations in order to ensure a high degree of system reliability and increase service quality. A crucial factor in the task of timetabling entails evaluating dwell times at stations. The innovative feature of this paper is the analytical definition of dwell times as flow dependent. Our proposal is based on estimating dwell times according to the crowding level at platforms and related interaction between passengers and the rail service in terms of user behaviour when a train arrives. An application in the case of a real metro system is provided in order to show the feasibility of the proposed approach.

Document type: Article

Investigation and sensitivity analysis of air pollution caused by road transportation at signalized intersections using IVE model in Iran

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:41:21 +0100

Introduction The development of urbanization has had many negative outcomes in different societies. Population growth and the increase in the transportation are the consequences of urban growth which has resulted into problems. Vehicles are responsible for 90% of air pollution in Iran and it is essential to use authentic models of traffic emissions in accordance with the current conditions to predict this and future emissions. Iran has a lot of different air pollution dispersion parameters compared with the developed countries. Method In this paper air pollution emission parameters in signalized intersections have been modelled and results have been compared to measured concentrations of air pollution in intersections. For this purpose the use of IVE (International Vehicle Emission) model that is common air pollution modelling and besides, Sensitivity Analysis has been performed to show modeling accuracy in comparison with current emissions. Result By modeling and measurement results, it’s easily understood in warm seasons emission concentration is more than cold seasons. Minimum and maximum rate of Carbon-monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen-oxides (NOX) has been evaluated. Conclusion IVE model has shown a bit difference amount of pollutions by comparison with field measurement emission. It could be said it is appropriate for model vehicle emission in Iran.

Document type: Article

The relationship between teleworking, traffic and air pollution

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:39:37 +0100

Traffic congestion is one of the foremost problems confronted by the urban and suburban tenants of today. Traffic congestion increases vehicle emissions and degrades air quality. Urban planners and policy makers have consequently been always investigating choices to alleviate traffic congestion and to enhance air quality. Teleworking is one option that has received significant consideration and has been studied in the recent past. The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between teleworking, air quality and traffic in Switzerland. The analysis relies on panel individual and household level data over the period 2002-2013. We examine five main air pollutants; the sulphur dioxide (SO"sub"2"/sub"), the ground-level ozone (O"sub"3"/sub") the nitrogen dioxide (NO"sub"2"/sub"), the carbon monoxide (CO) and the particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM"sub"10"/sub"). Based on the fixed effects estimates, teleworking reduces traffic volume by 1.9 per cent. Furthermore, the reduction observed on air pollution is higher for NO"sub"2"/sub", CO and PM"sub"10"/sub" ranging between 3.3-3.7 per cent, followed by O"sub"3"/sub" at 2.3 per cent and SO"sub"2"/sub" at 2.1 per cent. According to instrumental variable (IV) approach and the two stage least squares (2SLS) method, the effect is higher ranging between 2.6-4.1 per cent. The respective reduction on traffic becomes 2.7 per cent. Overall, the main concluding remark of the study is that teleworking can be a promising tool for urban planning and development, focusing at the traffic volume reduction, and the air quality improvement. Additional policy implications of teleworking and its beneficial effects for the society are further discussed.

Document type: Article

Perwujudan/Implementasi Konsep Interaksi Aerotropolis Berbasis Tata Ruang di Indonesia

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:39:08 +0100

Banyak kegiatan usaha atau jasa komersial di sekitar kawasan bandar udara menjadi dasar terbentuknya konsep/model kota bandara (airport city) yang merupakan embrio terbentuknya konsep aerotropolis. Konsep ini berkembang secara organik dan dimulai dari bandar udara itu sendiri, dimana bandar udara tak hanya sebatas sebagai pendukung kegiatan penerbangan. Lebih dari itu, ada berbagai jenis kegiatan bisnis lainnya, sehingga bandar udara dan wilayah sekitarnya merupakan kawasan komersial yang terintegrasi. Prinsip perencanaan aerotropolis meliputi struktur ruang wilayah, jarak, zonasi, tata guna lahan, peruntukan utama fungsi kawasan, penyediaan kawasan bisnis, integrasi, dan konektivitas. Dalam perencanaan aerotropolis diperlukan upaya koordinasi dengan para pihak untuk pengembangan terhadap tata guna lahan di sekitar bandar udara. Pendekatan konsep yang ditawarkan sebagai implementasi pengembangan aerotropolis adalah menyelaraskan konsep Aerotropolis ke dalam Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) dan Rencana Detail Tata Ruang (RDTR) Daerah; mengusulkan regulasi pendukung dari Pemerintah Daerah ke Pemerintah Pusat dalam bentuk Peraturan Presiden mengenai Pengembangan Kawasan Aerotropolis sebagai payung hukumnya; membentuk Badan Hukum Pengelola Kawasan Aerotropolis dalam rangka pelayanan satu pintu manajemen bersama-sama dengan para pemangku kepentingan.
[Implementation of Aerotropolis Interaction Concept Based Spatial in Indonesia] Many business activities or commercial services that are involved around the airport serve as the basis of the concept/model of airport city formation which is later become the embryo of the aerotropolis concept. This concept evolved organically and is started from the airport itself, where the airport is not only limited as a proponent of aviation activity. Moreover, there are various kinds of other business activities, so that the airport and the surrounding area constitute as an integrated commercial area. The principle of an aerotropolis planning includes the spatial structure, distance, zoning, land-use, area function main designation, providing business district, integration, and connectivity. The aerotropolis planning requires the coordination efforts from all stakeholders for the development of the land-use around the airport. The approach concepts that are offered as the implementation of aerotropolis development are aligning the concept of aerotropolis into the regional Spatial Plan and Detailed Spatial Plan; proposing the supporting regulations from Local Governments to Central Government in the form of Presidential Regulation as the legal aspect in regard to the development of aerotropolis region; forming the legal entity for managing aerotropolis area in order to serve the users and form the joint management together with the stakeholders.

Document type: Article

Analysis of GHG Emission Reduction in South Korea Using a CO2 Transportation Network Optimization Model

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:38:52 +0100

Korea’s national carbon capture and storage (CCS) master plan aims to commercialize CCS projects by 2030. Furthermore, the Korean government is forced to reduce emissions from various sectors, including industries and power generation, by 219 million tons by 2030. This study analyzes a few scenarios of Korean CCS projects with a CO2 pipeline transportation network optimization model for minimizing the total facility cost and pipeline cost. Our scenarios are based on the “2030 basic roadmap for reducing greenhouse gases” established by the government. The results for each scenario demonstrate that the effective design and implementation of CO2 pipeline network enables the lowering of CO2 units cost. These suggest that CO2 transportation networks, which connect the capture and sequestration parts, will be more important in the future and can be used to substitute and supplement the emission reduction target in case the execution of other reduction options faces uncertainty. Our mathematical model and scenario designs will be helpful for various countries which plan to introduce CCS technology.

Document type: Article

Dynamic airspace configuration by genetic algorithm

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:35:03 +0100

International audience; With the continuous air traffic growth and limits of resources, there is a need for reducing the congestion of the airspace systems. Nowadays, several projects are launched, aimed at modernizing the global air transportation system and air traffic management. In recent years, special interest has been paid to the solution of the dynamic airspace configuration problem. Airspace sector configurations need to be dynamically adjusted to provide maximum efficiency and flexibility in response to changing weather and traffic conditions. The main objective of this work is to automatically adapt the airspace configurations according to the evolution of traffic. In order to reach this objective, the airspace is considered to be divided into predefined 3D airspace blocks which have to be grouped or ungrouped depending on the traffic situation. The airspace structure is represented as a graph and each airspace configuration is created using a graph partitioning technique. We 2 optimize airspace configurations using a genetic algorithm. The developed algorithm generates a sequence of sector configurations for one day of operation with the minimized controller workload. The overall methodology is implemented and successfully tested with air traffic data taken for one day and for several different airspace control areas of Europe.

Document type: Article

URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT WITH THE USE OF ELECTRIC BUSES – DEVELOPMENT TENDENCIES

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:28:06 +0100

Summary. The programing documents of the European Union determine the direction of transport systems development, including large cities and agglomerations. The context of these actions which aim to transform into ecologically clean and sustainable transport system is a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Assuming that public transport will significantly reduce the use of combustion-powered buses, studies on urban logistic enabling the use of electric buses for public transport are needed. The article presents the variants and scenarios for electric buses implementation in urban public transport, as well as the decision algorithm to support electric bus implementation based on technological, organisational, economic and ecological variables.

Document type: Article

Green transportation system to promote sustainable lifestyle in Chulalongkorn University

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:26:23 +0100

Chulalongkorn University (CU) is located at the heart of Bangkok, which is one of the most traffic congested cities in the world. It is very crucial for the university to develop a green and clean transportation system that is good for both the CU community and the whole society. To reduce on-campus traffic, the university provides four parking buildings on the edge of four corners of the campus to serve visitors, students, faculties and staffs who travel by private cars. While providing added convenience, these parking garages reduce traffic congestion on campus and, thus, pollutions from harmful emissions and traffic noises. To promote eco-friendly transportation in the campus, the university provides “CU Shuttle Bus” - an electric shuttle bus service that cover not only campus area, but also reach out to public sky train and subway stations around the campus. The CU Shuttle Bus’s mobile application, developed by engineering students, helps improve user experience by showing all useful information including campus map, bus routing, and real-time locations of all buses. To encourage walking and cycling within the campus and to promote good health and fitness, the university has been constructing covered walkways and bike lanes throughout the campus. In addition, “CU Bike” - a bike sharing program, was first introduced in 2014 and has quickly grown in popularity among CU students since. A new “CU Toyota Hamo”, an electric vehicle rental program, is another great option of green transportations for those who cannot ride a bicycle and for older people of the aging society. All these projects help promote the development of innovations and practices that are both sustainable and protective of the environment of Chulalongkorn University, as well as the surrounding community, the country and planet as a whole.

Document type: Article

A Prediction Model for Night Recovery of Embarked Aircrafts Based on System Dynamics

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:25:05 +0100

BSTRACT: In order to make a sensible prediction on the air traffic flow management with conditions of wave-off and bolter, a system dynamic model for the night recovery operations of embarked aircrafts is built to ensure the adaption of air traffic flow with the capacity of air control at each phase of the recovery operations. The model aims at the characteristics of multiple feedbacks, delays and complex time varying, builds a stock flow diagram and operation model with impact factors of the night recovery system, and is simulated in Vensim(r) Personal Learning Edition 5.9. The simulation shows a reasonable prediction result for the night recovery of embarked aircrafts with conditions of bolter and wave-off and can provide a theoretical basis for scheduling the air traffic flow management of embarked aircrafts formation recovery.

Document type: Article

Social media and efficient computer infrastructure in smart city

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:22:44 +0100

Social media require an efficient infrastructures of computer and communication systems to support a smart city. In a big city, there are several crucial dilemmas with a home and public space planning, a growing population, a global warming, carbon emissions, a lack of key resources like water and energy, and a traffic congestion. In a smart city, we expect an efficient and sustainable transportation, efficient management of resources and a better urban planning. In this paper, social media are proposed to support smart city with efficient computer infrastructure. Moreover, some methods are described to increase the availability and efficiency of an information infrastructure. Two criteria have been formulated to assign some key resources in a smart city system. The process of finding some compromise solutions from Pareto-optimal solutions has been illustrated. Metaheuristics o f collective intelligence, including particle swarm optimization PSO, ant colony optimization ACO, an algorithm of bee colony ABC, and differential evolution DE have been described due to smart city infrastructure improving. Other application of above metaheuristics in smart city have been also presented.

Document type: Article

Theoretical Aspects of Erroneous Actions During the Process of Decision Making by Air Traffic Control

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:18:24 +0100

"jats:p"The Theoretical Aspects of Erroneous Actions During the Process of Decision Making by Air Traffic Control evaluates the factors affecting the operational decision-making of a human air traffic controller, interacting in a dynamic environment with the flight crew, surrounding aircraft traffic and environmental conditions of the airspace. This article reviews the challenges of air traffic control in different conditions, ranging from normal and complex to emergency and catastrophic. Workload factors and operating conditions make an impact on air traffic controllers’ decision-making. The proposed model compares various operating conditions within an assumed air traffic control environment subsequently comparing them against a theoretically “perfect” air traffic control system. A mathematical model of flight safety assessment has been proposed for the quantitative assessment of various hazards arising during the process of Air Traffic Control. The model assumes events of various severity and probability ranging from high frequency and low severity up to less likely and catastrophic ones. Certain limitations of the model have been recognised and further improvements for effective hazard evaluation have been suggested.

Document type: Article

Mixed-integer linear programming model for tree-like pipeline scheduling problem with intermediate due dates on demands

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:16:40 +0100

Multi-product pipelines are a significant and extensive mean of transporting petroleum based products from refineries to distribution centers. Previous contributions on tree-like pipeline scheduling problem have considered a simple structure with a single refinery connected to a mainline and some secondary lines only emerged from the mainline. In practice, however, a tree-like pipeline may also have several branches on a secondary line resulting in a complex structure, the so called multi-level tree-like pipeline. This paper addresses the short-term scheduling of multi-level tree-like pipelines with multiple refineries through a continuous time mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model that considers multiple intermediate due dates for product demands. The objective is to satisfy product demands on time at the minimum operational costs, such as pumping, interface and backorder costs. The proposed model performance’s is shown by solving four examples.

Document type: Article

The challenges of water, waste and climate change in cities

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:15:39 +0100

Cities play a prominent role in our economic development as more than 80 % of the gross world product (GWP) comes from cities. Only 600 urban areas with just 20 % of the world population generate 60 % of the GWP. Rapid urbanization, climate change, inadequate maintenance of water and wastewater infrastructures and poor solid waste management may lead to flooding, water scarcity, water pollution, adverse health effects and rehabilitation costs that may overwhelm the resilience of cities. These megatrends pose urgent challenges in cities as the cost of inaction is high. We present an overview about population growth, urbanization, water, waste, climate change, water governance and transitions. Against this background, we discuss the categorization of cities based on our baseline assessments, i.e. our City Blueprint research on 45 municipalities and regions predominantly in Europe. With this bias towards Europe in mind, the challenges can be discussed globally by clustering cities into distinct categories of sustainability and by providing additional data and information from global regions. We distinguish five categories of sustainability: (1) cities lacking basic water services, (2) wasteful cities, (3) water-efficient cities, (4) resource-efficient and adaptive cities and (5) water-wise cities. Many cities in Western Europe belong to categories 3 and 4. Some cities in Eastern Europe and the few cities we have assessed in Latin America, Asia and Africa can be categorized as cities lacking basic water services. Lack of water infrastructures or obsolete infrastructures, solid waste management and climate adaptation are priorities. It is concluded that cities require a long-term framing of their sectoral challenges into a proactive and coherent Urban Agenda to maximize the co-benefits of adaptation and to minimize the cost. Furthermore, regional platforms of cities are needed to enhance city-to-city learning and to improve governance capacities necessary to accelerate effective and efficient transitions towards water-wise cities. These learning alliances are needed as the time window to solve the global water governance crisis is narrow and rapidly closing. The water sector can play an important role but needs to reframe and refocus radically.

Document type: Article

THREATS AND RISKS DURING TRANSPORTATION OF LNG ON EUROPEAN INLAND WATERWAYS

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:08:50 +0100

Summary. This paper describes guidelines and recommendations for emergencies and incidents on inland waterways. It also provides a review of existing knowledge of an LNG incident that occurred along the European inland waterway corridors. The article also reports on the latest progress in incident guidelines and describes the tools for port authorities to control credible scenarios produced by human or technical failures. This paper aims to analyse the risks that occur during transportation of liquefied natural gas. The possible strategies for the elimination of LNG spills and accidents are also discussed.

Document type: Article

Quantitative analysis of factors that affect oil pipeline network accident based on Bayesian networks: A case study in China

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:05:13 +0100

Some factors can affect the consequences of oil pipeline accident and their effects should be analyzed to improve emergency preparation and emergency response. Although there are some qualitative analysis models of risk factors’ effects, the quantitative analysis model still should be researched. In this study, we introduce a Bayesian network (BN) model of risk factors’ effects analysis in an oil pipeline accident case that happened in China. The incident evolution diagram is built to identify the risk factors. And the BN model is built based on the deployment rule for factor nodes in BN and the expert knowledge by Dempster-Shafer evidence theory. Then the probabilities of incident consequences and risk factors’ effects can be calculated. The most likely consequences given by this model are consilient with the case. Meanwhile, the quantitative estimations of risk factors’ effects may provide a theoretical basis to take optimal risk treatment measures for oil pipeline management, which can be used in emergency preparation and emergency response.

Document type: Article

An Overview of Constantine’s Tram Safety

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:04:19 +0100

"jats:p" This paper presents an overview of the tram safety in the city of Constantine. The objective of this work is to contribute to the improvement of railway safety of a new urban transport mode in Algeria, whose safety culture is absent in the behaviour of citizens, in the face of major risks linked to the operating of Constantine’s tram. In this context this article focuses on four parts: safety and risk management, railway risks, analysis of accidents, safety system and human factors (tram driver). This paper discusses the main issues, challenges and future directions of public transportation safety on these themes.

Document type: Article

Existing state and future opportunities to use selected fuels and alternative propulsion systems in Poland

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 14:02:47 +0100

The article presents the state of existing and future forecasts for a vehicle park equipped with fuel cells in the world. Reference has also been made to the current and future situation in the area of hydrogen refueling infrastructure in the world. The situation in the above-mentioned area in Germany is discussed, which is one of the leading countries in the hydrogenization of motor transport. A proposal for the development of hydrogen propulsion technology in Poland has been presented. In a similar scope, reference is made to the issue of electromobility in road transport, both in the world, in the EU, and in Poland.

Document type: Article

Mobile Composite Airfield Element of Security and Reliability in Air Transport

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:58:49 +0100

"jats:p"The problem of safety of the flight operations will be valid as long as there will be aviation, both civil and military. Ensuring the safety was, is and will be one the most important issues in the functioning and development of aviation."/jats:p" "jats:p"The safety of flight operations affect the implementation of all the elements involved in this process, which can be summarized in three groups, namely: man, the aircraft and the environment, including "jats:bold"airfield pavements"/jats:bold". Airfield pavements are elements that can be intentionally destroyed by military action as well as a result of random unexpected situation (failure, catastrophe, natural disaster). The reconstruction of airfield pavements in crisis situations and in military operations should enable to restore the operational availability of destroyed elements in the shortest possible time.

Document type: Article

Before-and-After Field Investigation of the Effects on Pollutant Emissions of Replacing a Signal-Controlled Road Intersection with a Roundabout

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:58:33 +0100

The purpose of this study is to assess the effects on air pollution that may derive from replacing a signal-controlled intersection with a roundabout, using a before-and-after approach. Based on field data collected with a test car instrumented with a Portable Emission Measurement System, the two intersection configurations were compared in terms of emissions of CO"jats:sub"2"/jats:sub", CO, and "mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"""mml:mrow""mml:msub""mml:mrow""mml:mi mathvariant="normal""N"/mml:mi""mml:mi mathvariant="normal""O"/mml:mi""/mml:mrow""mml:mrow""mml:mi"X"/mml:mi""/mml:mrow""/mml:msub""/mml:mrow""/mml:math". The existence of significant differences in emissions between the two types of control was assessed by means of a statistical technique known as two-sample biaspect permutation test. In addition, focusing on trips carried out in peak traffic conditions, binary logistic regression models were developed to identify the factors that significantly affect vehicular emissions and to quantify their effect. The findings of our analyses show that emissions of CO"jats:sub"2"/jats:sub" and CO are generally lower for the roundabout than for the signal-controlled intersection, while an opposite result arises for "mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"""mml:mrow""mml:msub""mml:mrow""mml:mi mathvariant="normal""N"/mml:mi""mml:mi mathvariant="normal""O"/mml:mi""/mml:mrow""mml:mrow""mml:mi"X"/mml:mi""/mml:mrow""/mml:msub""/mml:mrow""/mml:math" emissions. As far as other influential factors are concerned, trip direction (reflecting site-specific conditions) and driver behavior have a considerable impact on the emissions of all three pollutants.

Document type: Article

Analysis of Delays and Extension of Execution Duration of a Road Project

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:56:58 +0100

"jats:p"The implementation of road infrastructure projects often results in delays due to objective causes, with repercussions on the final execution deadline and with value implications. The use of critical path method for planning and the executin windows, will result in better time process management and optimization delays.

Document type: Article

Microscopic Simulation-Based High Occupancy Vehicle Lane Safety and Operation Assessment: A Case Study

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:49:24 +0100

This study proposes two general alternative designs to enhance the operation and safety of High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes at junctions with bus terminals or parking lots. A series of analysis tools, including microscopic simulation, video-based vehicle tracking technique, and Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM), are applied to model and test the safety and operational efficiency of an HOV road segment near a bus terminal in Québec as a case study. A metaheuristic optimization algorithm (i.e., Whale Optimization Algorithm) is employed to calibrate the microscopic model while deviation from the observed headway distribution is considered as a cost function. The results indicate that this type of HOV configurations exhibits significant safety problems (high number of crossing conflicts) and operational issues (high value of total delay) due to the terminal-bound buses that frequently need to travel across the main road. It is shown that the proposed alternative geometry design efficiently ameliorates the traffic conflicts issues. In addition, the alternative control design scheme significantly reduces the public transit delay. It is expected that this methodology can be applied to other reserved lane configurations similar to the investigated case study.

Document type: Article

Research on the Impact Scope of Bus Stations Based on the Application of Bus Lanes

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:47:43 +0100

Designation of bus lane means implementing the priority of urban bus system by monopolizing portion of the road resources, which has greater attraction for passengers and can impel the shift of bus passenger flow, thus impacting bus stations. With the aim of mastering the scope and extent of the impact accurately, the article firstly modified the bus station network and the bus transfer network. Furthermore, this paper proposed an algorithm for detecting communities in the improved bus transfer network to mine the transfer relations between any bus routes, and then, on the basis of the improved bus station network, designed a referable bus travel time and put forward an impact model to calculate the absolute impact and relative impact of bus lanes. Finally, the validity of the method was verified according to the actual investigation data. The results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach that can obtain the impact of bus lanes on the stations. The research in this paper will be beneficial to the strategy of bus scheduling and also has guiding significance for the evaluation of existing bus lanes or further applications.

Document type: Article

Speciation of anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds: a global gridded data set for 1970–2012

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:47:05 +0100

Abstract. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) include a large number of chemical species which differ significantly in their chemical characteristics and thus in their impacts on ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation. It is important that chemical transport models (CTMs) simulate the chemical transformation of the different NMVOC species in the troposphere consistently. In most emission inventories, however, only total NMVOC emissions are reported, which need to be decomposed into classes to fit the requirements of CTMs. For instance, the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) provides spatially resolved global anthropogenic emissions of total NMVOCs. In this study the EDGAR NMVOC inventory was revised and extended in time and in sectors. Moreover the new version of NMVOC emission data in the EDGAR database were disaggregated on a detailed sector resolution to individual species or species groups, thus enhancing the usability of the NMVOC emission data by the modelling community. Region- and source-specific speciation profiles of NMVOC species or species groups are compiled and mapped to EDGAR processes (detailed resolution of sectors), with corresponding quality codes specifying the quality of the mapping. Individual NMVOC species in different profiles are aggregated to 25 species groups, in line with the common classification of the Global Emissions Initiative (GEIA). Global annual grid maps with a resolution of 0.1°  ×  0.1° for the period 1970–2012 are produced by sector and species. Furthermore, trends in NMVOC composition are analysed, taking road transport and residential sources in Germany and the United Kingdom (UK) as examples.

Document type: Article

FINANCING PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES FROM PUBLIC FUNDS

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:43:52 +0100

The paper deals with the issue of efficiency of public passenger transport through financial support from public funds from the perspective of improving road safety. The aim is to verify the hypothesis that financing public passenger transport from public funds is a significant tool to influence the number of passengers carried by individual automobile transport, and thus it can be used a tool for influencing road safety in a particular territory. The first part of the paper analyses the sources for financial support of public passenger transport. The next part describes the assumptions for improving road safety through increasing the support of public passenger transport. The last part analyses possible impacts of financing public passenger transport on the road safety in relation to the specified hypothesis.

Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic VEGA [1/0143/17 POLIAK]

Document type: Article

High speed rail and coastal tourism: Identifying passenger profiles and travel behaviour

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:41:34 +0100

In this paper, we characterise tourists most likely to visit a coastal destination by high-speed rail (HSR). Our data came from a survey conducted among HSR passengers during 2014’s high season (July and August) at Spain’s Camp de Tarragona and Alicante Stations, each of which is near a mass tourism destination on the Mediterranean coast: the Costa Daurada and the Costa Blanca, respectively. We used responses to the survey, which presented binary discrete-choice situations, to construct a database necessary for a logistic regression model that allowed us to examine how passenger profile, trip characteristics, and stay conditions influenced the use of HSR services on visits to each coastal destination. Results highlighted significant differences in the profiles of tourists who arrived at each destination by HSR and, in turn, that no specific tourist profile is associated with HSR, even for two stations that serve sunny beach destinations. Among its implications, to analyse travellers that HSR can attract, it is vital to consider the specific characteristics of each destination and its current market. This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (GLOBALTUR–CSO2011–23004/GEOG; MOVETUR-CS02014-51785-R) to AG.

Document type: Article

Considerations on the Benefits of Using Recyclable Materials for Road Construction

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:39:53 +0100

"jats:p"A current worldwide economy problem includes both the responsible management of the planet's non-renewable resources and the waste management. The benefits of using recyclable materials and recycling technologies with asphalt mixtures consist mainly of reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. It is well known that oil (from which bitumen is obtained) is a non-renewable resource, hence the its price increase. Therefore, at present, the world is looking for solutions that will lead to a better use of natural resources and to an economic integration of sub-products from various industries. This paper intends to raise awareness of the possibilities for asphalt mixtures recycling and of the recyclable materials that can be used as additives with benefits of each.

Document type: Article

Accident at river-crossing underwater oil pipeline

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:36:48 +0100

The aim of this article is to present an approach enabling to define the flame spread velocity at spill fire on the river, taking into account the wind speed. Due to constant oil supply from the pipeline during the leakage, an oil slick will increase until its borders reach river banks. Formulas for determining the main parameters of oil spill on the river in case of an accident at underwater oil pipeline were suggested. The formulas include the initial data determined in the field, for instance, flow and wind speed, as well as water temperature. An example of the change of oil slick parameters on the river was demonstrated. The spread rate of spilled oil and the flame spread speed were calculated. It was shown that on narrow rivers, an oil slick takes the form of a river bed within a few minutes and moves in the direction of the flow. Determination of oil spill parameters given in the study is sufficient for accident response implementation: - spread rate of spilled oil allows for distance calculation in order to install oil booms; - flame spread speed in conjunction with the oil slick size will make it possible to calculate the fire extinguishing means. The obtained results, undoubtedly, require testing in experimental conditions, which is the purpose of further research.

Document type: Article

Modelling oil pipelines grid: neuro-fuzzy supervision system

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:27:33 +0100

One of the major challenges for researchers and governments across the world is reducing resources-waste or loss. Resources loss can happen if there is not a capable control system that contributes to environmental change. The specific aim is to create user-friendly control and monitoring system to reduce the waste in resources. New Artificial intelligence techniques have been introduced to play an important part in developing such systems.\\ud In oilfields, the oil is extracted then distributed via oil pipes until it reaches the end consumer. This operation will occur without a full and complete monitoring for the oil in the pipeline’s journey to the provider. Although, the existing oilfield monitoring systems can communicate locally but they will not send information back to the main provider. That means the provider is not aware of the whole circumstances happened in the transportation process. That gives the provider no control on the process. For example, a sudden decision from the main provider to stop transporting to a specific destination or knowing where the leakage is and which pipe is leaking in the pipelines grid.\\ud This paper, introduces for the first-time oilfield pipeline Neuro-fuzzy (NF) supervision system using Simscape simulation software package. This system can be the first step solution to keep real time communication between the main provider and the oil transportation process in the oilfields and enables the provider to have full supervision on the oil pipes grid. The simulation supervision system illustrates a clear real-time oilfield pipeline grid that gives the provider the ability to control and monitor pipeline grid and prioritise the recovering process. The two parameters selected for control and monitoring were volume and pressure. The results in this paper show full control for the NF supervision system on the transportation process.

Document type: Article

Urban Traffic Congestion Evaluation Based on Kernel the Semi-Supervised Extreme Learning Machine

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:26:29 +0100

There is always an asymmetric phenomenon between traffic data quantity and unit information content. Labeled data is more effective but scarce, while unlabeled data is large but weaker in sample information. In an urban transportation assessment system, semi-supervised extreme learning machine (SSELM) can unite manual observed data and extensively collected data cooperatively to build connection between congestion condition and road information. In our method, semi-supervised learning can integrate both small-scale labeled data and large-scale unlabeled data, so that they can play their respective advantages, while the ELM can process large scale data at high speed. Optimized by kernel function, Kernel-SSELM can achieve higher classification accuracy and robustness than original SSELM. Both the experiment and the real-time application show that the evaluation system can precisely reflect the traffic condition.

Document type: Article

Software-Defined Approach for Communication in Autonomous Transportation Systems

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:23:08 +0100

utonomous driving technology offers a promising solution to reduce road accidents, traffic congestion, and fuel consumption. The management of vehicular networks is challenging as it demands mobility, location awareness, high reliability and low latency of data traffic. In this paper, we propose a novel communication architecture for vehicular network with 5G Mobile Networks and SDN technologies to support multiple core networks for autonomous vehicles and to tackle the potential challenges raised by the autonomous driving vehicles. Data requirements are evaluated for vehicular networks with respect to number of lanes and cluster size, to efficiently use the frequency and bandwidth. Also, the network latency requirements are analysed, which are mandatory constraints for all the applications where real time end-to-end communication is necessary. A test environment is also formulated to evaluate improvement in vehicular network using SDN-based approach over traditional core networks.

Document type: Article

A Study on Objective Evaluation of Vehicle Steering Comfort Based on Driver's Electromyogram and Movement Trajectory

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:19:38 +0100

The evaluation of driver's steering comfort, which is mainly concerned with the haptic driver–vehicle interaction, is important for the optimization of advanced driver assistance systems. The current approaches to investigating steering comfort are mainly based on the driver's subjective evaluation, which is time-consuming, expensive, and easily influenced by individual variations. This paper makes some tentative investigation of objective evaluation, which is based on the electromyogram (EMG) and movement trajectory of the driver's upper limbs during steering maneuvers. First, a steering experiment with 21 subjects is conducted, and EMG and movement trajectories of the driver's upper limbs are measured, together with their subjective evaluation of steering comfort. Second, five evaluation indices including EMG and movement information are defined based on the measurements from the first step. Correlation analyses are conducted between each evaluation index and steering comfort rating (SCR), and the results show that all of the indices have significant correlations with SCR. Then, an artificial neural network model is devised based on the aforementioned indices and its predicting performance of SCR is demonstrated as acceptable. The results reveal that it may be feasible to establish an objective evaluation approach for vehicle steering comfort.

Document type: Article

Effect of Anionic Polyacrylamide on the Structural Stability of Thickened Tailings Slurry in Pipeline Transportation

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:19:16 +0100

Taking the superfine tailings slurry (STS), fine tailings slurry (FTS), and unclassified tailings slurry (UTS) of a gold mine as examples, a series of laboratory shear tests were conducted to investigate the effect of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) on the structural stability of the thickened tailings slurry in pipeline transportation. Experimental results showed that the FTS and UTS had shear-thinning and shear-thickening characteristics in the constant shear tests, respectively. After addition of APAM, when the shear rate was 30 s"jats:sup"−1"/jats:sup", standard deviations of apparent viscosity of FTS, UTS, and STS were 66.67%, 61.40%, and 35.33% lower, respectively. APAM enhances the strength of the flocculent structures, inhibits the hindered settling of the coarse-particle tailings, improves the structure stability of the solid particles on the structural plane, and assists pipeline transportation of the thickened tailings slurry.

Document type: Article

An Elastic Charging Service Fee-Based Load Guiding Strategy for Fast Charging Stations

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:13:29 +0100

Compared with the traditional slow charging loads, random integration of large scale fast charging loads will exert more serious impacts on the security of power network operation. Besides, to maximize social benefits, effective scheduling strategies guiding fast charging behaviors should be formulated rather than simply increasing infrastructure construction investments on the power grid. This paper first analyzes the charging users’ various responses to an elastic charging service fee, and introduces the index of charging balance degree to a target region by considering the influence of fast charging loads on the power grid. Then, a multi-objective optimization model of the fast charging service fee is constructed, whose service fee can be further optimized by employing a fuzzy programming method. Therefore, both users’ satisfaction degree and the equilibrium of charging loads can be maintained simultaneously by reasonably guiding electric vehicles (EVs) to different fast charging stations. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed dynamic charging service pricing and the corresponding fast charging load guidance strategy.

Document type: Article

A Fast Multi-Switched Inductor Balancing System Based on a Fuzzy Logic Controller for Lithium-Ion Battery Packs in Electric Vehicles

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:12:22 +0100

Based on a low cost multi-switched inductor balancing circuit (MSIBC), a fuzzy logic (FL) controller is proposed to improve the balancing performances of lithium-ion battery packs instead of an existing proportional-integral (PI) controller. In the proposed FL controller, a cell’s open circuit voltages (OCVs) and their differences in the pack are used as the inputs, and the output of the FL controller is the balancing current. The FL controller for the MSIBC has the advantage of maintaining high balancing currents over the existing PI controller in almost the entire balancing process for different lithium battery types. As a result, the proposed FL controller takes a much shorter time to achieve battery pack balancing, and thus more pack capacity can be recovered. This will help to improve the pack performance in electric vehicles and extend the serving time of the battery pack.

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Driving style recognition for intelligent vehicle control and advanced driver assistance: a survey

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:09:38 +0100

Driver driving style plays an important role in vehicle energy management as well as driving safety. Furthermore, it is key for advance driver assistance systems development, toward increasing levels of vehicle automation. This fact has motivated numerous research and development efforts on driving style identification and classification. This paper provides a survey on driving style characterization and recognition revising a variety of algorithms, with particular emphasis on machine learning approaches based on current and future trends. Applications of driving style recognition to intelligent vehicle controls are also briefly discussed, including experts’ predictions of the future development.

Document type: Article

Integration of vulnerable road users in cooperative ITS systems

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:04:38 +0100

Introduction: This paper describes the development of an architecture for the integration of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs), i.e. pedestrians, cyclists and powered two-wheelers (PTWs) in Cooperative ITS (C-ITS) systems, and the requirements for VRU devices. Methods: This paper starts with a literature overview on research related to safety applications using communication between vehicle and VRU, and an analysis of the different use cases for C-ITS for VRUs. An architecture is developed, starting from an architecture of C-ITS systems and incorporating the different alternative configuration for VRUs. Starting from the architecture and the use cases, the requirements for VRU devices are defined. Finally, a roadmap regarding C-ITS applications for VRUs is developed. Results: C-ITS technologies allow to communicate with low latency in highly dynamic environments. C-ITS will be integrated in vehicles and can also become available for VRUs, either as an application on a smartphone or as a dedicated device, which can be integrated in the VRU’s vehicle. Two levels of use cases can be identified: awareness of the presence of VRUs near potentially dangerous situations, and collision risk warning, based on trajectories of the road users. A roadmap was developed aligned with the roadmap of the automotive industry. Conclusions: Awareness related use cases are relatively close to the market, as they do not put stringent requirements to the (localization) sensors at infrastructure or vehicles. For the collision risk warning use case, the technical requirements for VRU devices towards sensor accuracy and calculation capabilities are challenging. Other challenges are power consumption, context sensitivity, channel congestion, privacy and security of messages. Standardisation of the messages exchanged between VRUs and other road users and infrastructure is a key issue. © 2017, The Author(s).

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Evaluating the Dynamics of Aircraft Crew Skill Development by Using the Results of Discrete Exercise Marking

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:04:20 +0100

"jats:p"Aircraft crew training corresponds to the interactive learning models of sensorimotor skill acquisition, and the dynamics of skill acquirement can be approximated by the exponential trend. A model of 5-grade assessment of separate exercises is offered. It helps to calculate a resulting evaluation, in accordance with which the progress level of a discrete exercise is evaluated. Such an evaluation forms one of the points for the analytical construction of a learning curve using the Gaussian method. Possible applications of the learning curve are covered.

Document type: Article

A Harmonic Resonance Suppression Strategy for a High-Speed Railway Traction Power Supply System with a SHE-PWM Four-Quadrant Converter Based on Active-Set Secondary Optimization

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 13:01:58 +0100

Pulse width modulation (PWM) technology is widely used in traction converters for high-speed railways. The harmonic distribution caused by PWM is quite extensive, and increases the possibility of grid–train coupling resonance in the traction power supply system (TPSS). This paper first analyzes the mechanism of resonance, when the characteristic harmonic frequency of a four-quadrant converter (4QC) current that injects into the traction grid matches the resonant frequency of the traction grid, which may result in resonance in the system. To suppress resonance, this paper adopts specific harmonic elimination–pulse width modulation (SHE-PWM) technology combined with a transient direct current control strategy to eliminate the harmonics in the resonant frequency, which may suppress the grid–train coupling resonance. Due to the fact that the SHE-PWM process with multiple switching angles contains complex transcendental equations, the initial value is difficult to provide, and is difficult to solve using ordinary iterative algorithms. In this paper, an active-set secondary optimization method is used to solve the equation. The algorithm has the benefits of low dependence on initial values, fast convergence and high solution accuracy. Finally, the feasibility of the resonant suppression algorithm is verified by means of Matlab simulation.

Document type: Article

Mechatronics Design of an Autonomous Pipe-Inspection Robot

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:56:13 +0100

Pipelines require periodical inspection to detect corrosion, deformation and congestion with obstacles in the network. Autonomous mobile robots are good solutions for this task. Visual information from the pipe interior associated with a location stamp is needed for inspection. In this paper, the previous designs of autonomous robots are reviewed and a new robot is developed to ensure simple design and smooth motion. Images are processed online to detect irregularity in pipe and then start capturing high resolution pictures to conserve the limited memory size. The new robot moves in pipes and provides video stream of pipe interior with location stamp. The visual information can later be processed offline to extract more information of pipeline condition to make maintenance decisions.

Document type: Article

Use of Rolling Piston Expanders for Energy Regeneration in Natural Gas Pressure Reduction Stations—Selected Thermodynamic Issues

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:55:54 +0100

Gas pressure reduction stations are commonly applied to decrease the pressure of natural gas in the transmission pipelines. In such stations, natural gas is expanded in throttling valves without producing any energy. Through the use of expander in natural gas pressure reduction stations, it is possible to recover the pressure energy of the natural gas during expansion, and drive the electrical generator. Possible solutions include turbines and volumetric expanders. However, turbines are complicated and expensive, while volumetric expanders are simple and cheap. This paper presents an analytical modeling of rolling piston expander work conditions when adopted to natural gas expansion. The main objective of this research was therefore a comprehensive analysis of influence of varied sizes of the expander components and natural gas thermal properties at the inlet and at the outlet of the expander, on the expander output power. The analysis presented in this paper indicates that the rolling piston expander is a good alternative to the turbines proposed for energy recovery in natural gas pressure reduction stations.

Document type: Article

Battery Management System Hardware Concepts: An Overview

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:50:34 +0100

This paper focuses on the hardware aspects of battery management systems (BMS) for electric vehicle and stationary applications. The purpose is giving an overview on existing concepts in state-of-the-art systems and enabling the reader to estimate what has to be considered when designing a BMS for a given application. After a short analysis of general requirements, several possible topologies for battery packs and their consequences for the BMS’ complexity are examined. Four battery packs that were taken from commercially available electric vehicles are shown as examples. Later, implementation aspects regarding measurement of needed physical variables (voltage, current, temperature, etc.) are discussed, as well as balancing issues and strategies. Finally, safety considerations and reliability aspects are investigated.

Document type: Article

Topical collection on human factors and safety

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:48:23 +0100

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Topical collection on accessibility and policy making

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:47:49 +0100

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Influence of high temperatures on technical state of streets and roads structures with asphalt surfacing

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:46:52 +0100

"jats:p"In this paper will be presented the influence of high temperatures on asphalt street pavement in terms of the influence of temperature on permanent deformations and thus the technical condition of the streets, comparable to the effects induced on extra-urban roads."/jats:p" "jats:p"Environmental factors are one of the mayn factors being assaulted in operation and road structures are very important in terms of the influence they can have on the state road transport technical infrastructure."/jats:p" "jats:p"Will be presented differences between urban road structures (streets) and extra-urban (road) both in terms of construction, the demands of traffic and environmental conditions to which they are subject."/jats:p" "jats:p"Road structures extra-urban and urban areas are required differently in terms of the environmental conditions of the location ambient different thereof, that is, when the streets they are inside localities and the built environment significantly affect road infrastructure, unlike in the case of roads where they are located just outside the settlements, reducing the effect of air currents accumulation pavement surface temperature."/jats:p" "jats:p"To demonstrate the influence of high temperatures on the pavement were conducted laboratory tests on asphalt mixtures in order to demonstrate the occurrence of reduction of physical characteristics, with adverse implications on the performance of applications similar to traffic.

Document type: Article

Changes in Service and Associated Ridership Impacts near a New Light Rail Transit Line

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:45:52 +0100

Los Angeles (LA), for many years a city with limited rail transit, is substantially expanding its public transit system. This paradigm change in transportation policy and investment creates new requirements for monitoring. One area needing evaluation is whether new, high quality transit options, such as light rail, near existing transit services increase sustainable transportation mode shares and reduce car travel. Few studies have explored light rail’s role as a catalyst to increase overall transit use and achieve sustainability goals within an auto-oriented city like LA. Metro’s data show that trips taken on its bus and rail system dropped overall by 10.5% between 2009 and 2016, but its rail ridership grew 21% during the same period due to the debut of the Gold Line and Expo Line extensions. We analyze changes to bus service and associated ridership impacts that resulted from the opening of these two LRT lines in LA. The immediate effect of the city’s bus service changes along the Gold Line light rail extension appear to be associated with a net “bus plus rail” ridership decline in that corridor. In contrast, the Expo Line corridor experienced an initial increase in ridership during the two years immediately after its opening, possibly because the bus service was not reduced by the same magnitude as along the Gold Line extension. Our findings indicate that changes in bus service made to coincide with the introduction of new light rail transit (LRT) can negatively affect the overall transit ridership in the corridor. Planners and policy makers should closely monitor changes in bus service and ridership associated with new rail transit to ensure investments results in an overall net increase in more sustainable travel.

Document type: Article

Mapping Air Population

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:44:21 +0100

“Air population” is defined as the total number of people flying above the earth at any point in time. It is distinct and separate from the population still physically connected to earth. Real-time air population can be estimated by using an extensive network of ground sensors based on ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) that precisely locate the location of aircraft in real time. An aircraft determines its position via GPS and broadcasts it along with its identification, aircraft type, altitude, and speed. The total number of passengers can then be estimated by multiplying the number of seats for each aircraft by the current seat occupancy rate. Using this method, the estimated air population is determined by state and region for the airspace over the USA. In the interactive, real-time mapping system, maps are provided to show total air population, the density of air population (air population/area of state), and the ratio of air population to ground population. Among other things, the analysis shows that while high ground population states also have a high air population, and “flyover” areas have a higher ratio of air population to ground population.

Document type: Article

Dynamic O-D Demand Estimation: Application of SPSA AD-PI Method in Conjunction with Different Assignment Strategies

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:40:27 +0100

This paper examines the impact of applying dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) and quasi-dynamic traffic assignment (QDTA) models, which apply different route choice approaches (shortest paths based on current travel times, User Equilibrium: UE, and system optimum: SO), on the accuracy of the solution of the offline dynamic demand estimation problem. The evaluation scheme is based on the adoption of a bilevel approach, where the upper level consists of the adjustment of a starting demand using traffic measures and the lower level of the solution of the traffic network assignment problem. The SPSA AD-PI (Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation Asymmetric Design Polynomial Interpolation) is adopted as a solution algorithm. A comparative analysis is conducted on a test network and the results highlight the importance of route choice model and information for the stability and the quality of the offline dynamic demand estimations.

Document type: Article

QUANTILE ANALYSIS OF THE OPERATING COSTS OF THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT FLEET

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:39:44 +0100

Summary. The aim of this paper is to develop a quantile method of cost analysis allowing identification of the most cost-generating malfunctions occurring in a fleet of public transport vehicles. The exemplification of this method has been performed for a fleet of a specified type of trams. The idea behind the quantile method of public transport vehicle operating cost analysis is the reversing of the accumulated function of costs, for the determination of which a cost database from a given operating time of a public transport vehicle fleet has been used. The paper presents data on the malfunctions from the first five years of operation of trams in a large transport company. The assumed time of five years results from the warranty period provided by the manufacturer. The recorded number of indexes of replaced parts was 547. The group contained inoperative parts that were renewed several times.

Document type: Article

Solving the Air Conflict Resolution Problem under Uncertainty using an Iterative Bi-Objective Mixed Integer Programming Approach

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:38:09 +0100

International audience; In this paper, we tackle the aircraft conflict resolution problem under uncertainties. We consider errors due to the wind effect, the imprecision on the aircraft speed prediction, and the delay in the execution of maneuvers. Using a geometrical approach, we derive an analytical expression for the minimum distance between aircraft, along with the corresponding probability of conflict. These expressions are incorporated into an existing deterministic model for conflict resolution. This model solves the problem as a maximum clique of minimum weight in a graph whose vertices represent possible maneuvers and where edges link conflict-free maneuvers of different aircraft. We then present a solution procedure focusing on two criteria, namely fuel efficiency and the probability of re-issuing maneuvers in the future: we iteratively generate solutions of the Pareto front to provide the controller with a set of possible solutions where he/she can choose the one corresponding the most to his/her preferences. Intensive Monte-Carlo simulations validate the expressions derived for the minimum distance and the probability of conflict. Computational results highlight that up to 10 different solutions for instances involving up to 35 aircraft are generated within three minutes.

Document type: Article

On The Problem of Constructing Routes, Part I: Preface

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:36:01 +0100

"jats:p" This is a preface of the translation of the 1967 paper by Linis and Maksim, “On the problem of constructing routes” (in Russian) (in the Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Aviation Engineering, Issue 102, pp. 36-45). It marks 50-year to the deficit function (DF) model initially developed in this 1967 work; the DF model then paved the way to further research of vehicle-fleet management in terms of optimal routing and scheduling. The merit of this translation is to describe the roots of the DF modelling to enable further studies to emerge with more contributions.

Document type: Article

A Simulated Model for Assesing the Line Condition of Onshore Pipelines

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:34:47 +0100

Pipelines are considered safest mode of transport because of their limited number of facilities. It is therefore very important to monitor and optimize their operation and reduce their facilities to acceptable limits. Hence, it is an immediate requirement to assess and predict condition of existing oil and gas pipelines and to prioritize the planning of their inspection on a timely basis. Therefore, this study presents the development of models based on specific factors, that can predict the condition of onshore oil and gas pipelines. The model was developed using BPN (Back Propagation Network) techniques based on historical inspection data collected from the oil and gas fields. The model is expected to help pipeline operators to assess the condition of existing oil and gas pipelines and hence prioritize their inspection and rehabilitation operations.

Document type: Article

THE CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTION AND CALCULATION OF ELEMENTS OF THE UNIFIED MODULE OF THE MOBILE BRIDGE OVERCROSSING

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:34:30 +0100

In the article the construction of a modular mobile overcrossing is offered. Calculation of its constructive elements is performed and the optimum length of one module is determined. The purpose is the development of the technique and calculation for the new construction of a mobile bridge overcrossing intended for reduction of traffic jams. Methods: The methods uses are mathematical analysis, method of finite elements, method of finite differences, and analytical method of relocation. Dependencies for determination of the optimum length of the module of bridge overcrossing are identified. The calculation of the constructive-orthotropic plate for the carriageway of the bridge overcrossing using numerical methods of finite differences and finite elements is performed; the reliability of results is confirmed with coincidence of deflection values. The solution matrix of the method of finite differences developed in this work allows calculation of arbitrary plates with a wide variety of geometrical sizes, and also for different values of flexural stiffness properties of the plate and reinforcing elements. The calculation of the spatial frame of the bridge overcrossing is performed by the precise analytical method of relocation taking into account the bend and torsion of its elements.

Document type: Article

The Role of Personality Traits through Habit and Intention on Determining Future Preferences of Public Transport Use

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:31:00 +0100

complex set of factors may affect transportation mode choice. While earlier studies have often considered objective factors in determining preferences of public transport use as a sustainable transportation, subjective factors such as personality traits are underexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of personality traits on the number of future public transport use. Additionally, “car habit” and “intention toward using public modes” were considered to be important. For this purpose, a case study from departure passengers at Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKIA, Tehran, Iran) was conducted between January and February 2015 at IKIA. Results of structural equation modeling (SEM) shows that only neuroticism and extraversion personality traits were significant in determining future public transportation mode choice. However, the model indicates that these traits indirectly influence intention and car habit. Neuroticism was found to have a total effect of −0.022 on future public transport use, which represents a negative association with public transport use, while extraversion positively influenced future public transport use with a total effect of 0.031. Moreover, the results found interestingly that car access had a better fit to the data than the number of cars in household (NCH); both had significant positive effect on car habit, but only car access had a significant influence on intention. Furthermore, the effect of socio-demographic variables such as age, gender, educational level, income level, and body mass index (BMI) were determined to be significant in identifying choice of future transport mode to airports, which is explained in the discussion section of this paper.

Document type: Article

Fatigue Monitoring Tool for Airline Operators (FMT)

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:30:42 +0100

"jats:p"A Fatigue Monitoring Tool (FMT) model was constructed for an operational airline in order to manage the fatigue levels of their crews in accordance with Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS) practices. This article describes the implementation of the Fatigue Monitoring Tool model and the airline’s aims to put the recent scientific findings on aviation fatigue into practical use. The model consists of proxy points allotted to various duties and rest periods.

Document type: Article

Eco-driving: behavioural pattern change in Polish passenger vehicle drivers

Scipedia content — Fri, 12 Feb 2021 12:27:11 +0100

In Poland, as in the rest of Europe, air quality depends primarily on emissions from municipal, domestic and road transport sources. The problems of appropriate air quality are especially important within urban areas due to numerous sources of emissions being concentrated in relatively small spaces in both large cities and small/medium-sized towns. Due to the steadily increasing share of urban population in the overall number of population, the issue of providing clean air will over the years become a more significant problem for human health, and therefore a stronger incentive to intensify research. The key challenge faced by a modern society is, therefore, to limit harmful substance emissions in order to minimise the contribution of transport to pollution and health hazards. Increasingly stringent emission standards are being imposed on car manufacturers; on the other hand, scant regard is paid to the issue of drivers, i.e. how they can help reduce emissions and protect their life and health by applying eco-driving rules.

Document type: Article

Transport of solids in pipelines, with special reference to mineral ores, concentrates, and unconsolidated deposits (a literature survey)

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:43:50 +0100

An assessment of the performance and reliability of older ERW pipelines

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:41:58 +0100

Study of climatic change and its implications for northern pipelines phase I

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:40:54 +0100

HILLMAN COMPOSITE BEAM (HCB®)

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:31:24 +0100

The Hillman-Composite Beam (HCB®), is an innovative structural member for use in highway and railroad bridges as well as marine facilities. The HCB is essentially a lightweight reinforced concrete beam strengthened and protected by a corrosion-resistant and resilient Fiberglass Reinforced Polymer (FRP) shell. The beam is comprised of three main components, a concrete arch (compression reinforcement), an FRP bottom flange encapsulating steel strands tying the ends of the arch together (tension reinforcement) and the FRP shell. Galvanized Rebar “shear connectors” are used to make the beam composite with the concrete deck in the same manner as pre-stressed concrete beams. The HCB has been deployed throughout North America and is currently being sought out by transportation agencies worldwide: projects using the HCB over the last 10 years, several State DOTs, Class 1 Railroads, the US Army Corps of Engineers among others have successfully completed projects using HCB. In all cases, the owner received a low-maintenance, high performance beam with a minimum 100-year service life.

Modeling the effect of the electromagnetic environment on pipelines

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:29:34 +0100

Computer analysis of the effects of mine subsidence on pipelines

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:28:45 +0100

Subsidence-induced stresses on a pipeline over some coal mining properties in Utah have been analyzed using a computer with graphics capabilities. The results are useful in predicting the extent of damages due to mining subsidence. In view of the gradual replacement of room-and-pillar mining by longwall with caving, this sort of analysis will become more and more importan

Pipeline encroachment monitoring using polarimetric SAR imagery

Scipedia content — Thu, 11 Feb 2021 14:19:59 +0100

Mechanical damage incurred from unauthorized third party activities remains a leading cause of onshore oil and gas pipeline failure, indicating the need for effective strategies to monitor encroachment over extensive sections of pipeline right-of-way (ROW). In this paper, the use of polarimetric SAR imagery (as will be available from RADARSAT-2) for pipeline monitoring of encroachment activities is explored. Experimental data were acquired of a test area near the shores of Lake Simcoe (north of Toronto, Ontario) in September 2001 by the C-SAR on board the Convair-580. The vehicle deployments and ground truthing were conducted by C-CORE with processing from signal data (including calibration) and analysis performed at the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing

Study of the impact of the electric mobility deployment in society and infrastructures

Scipedia content — Tue, 09 Feb 2021 08:58:54 +0100

Electric Vehicles Impact on the Low Voltage Grid

Scipedia content — Tue, 09 Feb 2021 08:54:36 +0100

The Case of Mobility as a Service: A Critical Reflection on Challenges for Urban Transport and Mobility Governance

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 12:33:33 +0100

Multi Actor Multi Criteria Analysis for educational purposes and practical-oriented research: examples from the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 12:31:13 +0100

The Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences has applied the Multi Actor Multi Criteria Analysis (MAMCA) in their educational and research programmes in various ways. The chapter is based on the experiences within the Faculty of Technology, which has adopted the MAMCA in the minor Urban Logistics. The minor is a 20-week programme that students from different disciplines can choose and for which they obtain 30 ECTS. As part of the minor Urban Logistics, students attend the MAMCA workshop. The workshop was developed in 2015 and has been held every six months since then. This chapter describes how the MAMCA has been applied in three cases: (1) for students; (2) for students and professionals; and (3) by students themselves. The use of the MAMCA is in line with the goals for practical-oriented research as it helps to make education more responsive, improves the quality of graduates and enhances innovation in professional practice.

New Approach to the ATC-Pilot Radio Communication Phraseology Phonetic Confusion

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 12:28:12 +0100

During flight process of an aircraft, air traffic control officer (ATCO)-pilot interaction commonly faces frequency misunderstandings, since the quality of radio communication has different types of disturbance including background noise, atmospheric disturbances, and high-power RF sources. In this study, the most common misunderstandings of phraseology structure were analyzed to reduce the radio communication failure. Pilotage and air traffic control (ATC) students listened to a real Yesilkoy approach voice record between an ATCO and a pilot. Besides, a survey, defining their listening failures, was given to the participants. The result of the survey showed that the common radio communication failures between the ATCO and the pilot are related with the similarity of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) phonetic alphabet and numbers. To reduce these similarities, a phonetic alphabet usage rule is proposed in order to prevent the spelling conflicts in this study.

Survey of cyber threats in air traffic control and aircraft communications systems

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 12:28:01 +0100

traffic control systems based on the ADS-B standard have been widely adopted in civil aviation to the point that they are now considered the de facto standard. ADS-B provides major benefits to airports and airlines by increasing the safety of air traffic management and control and allowing more flights to travel near busy airports. However, the ADS-B technology lacks sufficient security measures. The ADS-B system is vulnerable and exposed to cyberattacks. We survey the potential known threats and attacks against ADS-B and assess the potential cybersecurity threats to air traffic management and control. The widespread use of ADS-B and the lack of security features in it, i.e., all the ADS-B messages are unauthenticated and unencrypted!, makes this necessary. As we demonstrate in the survey, ADS-B’s lack of security features allows injection of false flight data, as well as jamming the wireless communications between airplanes and control towers and preventing the detection of commercial aircrafts by ADS-B ground stations, control towers, and other aircrafts.

A closer look: Small object detection in faster R-CNN

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 12:25:48 +0100

Faster R-CNN is a well-known approach for object detection which combines the generation of region proposals and their classification into a single pipeline. In this paper we apply Faster R-CNN to the task of company logo detection. Motivated by the weak performance of Faster R-CNN on small object instances, we perform a detailed examination of both the proposal and the classification stage, examining their behavior for a wide range of object sizes. Additionally, we look at the influence of feature map resolution on the performance of those stages. We introduce an improved scheme for generating anchor proposals and propose a modification to Faster R-CNN which leverages higher-resolution feature maps for small objects. We evaluate our approach on the Flicker data set improving the detection performance on small object instances.

Smart Futures, Challenges of Urbanisation, and Social Sustainability

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 12:23:54 +0100

This book tackles the challenges posed by accelerating urbanization, and demystifies Social Sustainability, the least understood of all the different areas of sustainable development. The volume's twin focus on these profoundly intertwined topics creates a nuanced and vitally important resource. Large migrations from rural areas to cities without appropriate planning and infrastructure improvements, including housing, education and health care optimization, have created significant challenges across the globe. The authors suggest technology-rich strategies to meet these challenges by careful application of data on population growth and movement to the planning, design, and construction of operational infrastructures that can sustainably support our increasingly rapid population growth.

Dimensioning ARTS for last mile transport

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 12:14:18 +0100

Impact Assessment

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 12:13:11 +0100

Impact Assessment

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 12:12:21 +0100

Automated vehicles can potentially transform the world’s road transportation system. Direct impacts include traffic safety, transport network efficiency, energy/emissions and personal mobility. Second order indirect impacts, such as the possibility of increased travel leading to more congestion and emissions, are of significant concern. This chapter discusses the direct and indirect impacts by applying systems thinking to the impacts of automated vehicles, presenting two case studies related to different aspects of automation: low speed shared shuttle and truck platooning.

Smart Mobility and Sensing: Case Studies Based on a Bike Information Gathering Architecture

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:20:12 +0100

Mapping services and travel planner applications are experiencing a great success in supporting people while they plan a route or while they move across the city, playing a key role in the smart mobility scenario. Nevertheless, they are based on the same algorithms, on the same elements (in terms of time, distance, means of transports, etc.), providing a limited set of personalization. To fill this gap, we propose PUMA, a Personal Urban Mobility Assistant that aims to let the user add different factors of personalization, such as sustainability, street and personal safety, wellness and health, etc. In this paper we focus on the use of smart bikes (equipped with specific sensors) as means of transports and as a mean to collect data about the urban environment. We describe a cloud based architecture, personas and travel scenario to prove the feasibility of our approach.

Maritime spatial planning – a board game for stakeholder involvement

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:18:12 +0100

The Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Challenge game: Short Sea Shipping (SSS) Edition is a table-top strategy board game, designed for policy-makers and stakeholders involved in MSP, short-sea shipping and the Blue Economy. It is a ‘serious game’, allowing the development of a better understanding of the issues involved in MSP through creative and imaginative role playing, taking into account the relevant professional and personal experience of the players. The authors present and discuss the use of the MSP Challenge board game to test how, and to what extent, the concept can help stakeholders understand Maritime Spatial Planning.

Three driver and operator behaviour models in the context of automated driving: Identification of issues from human actor perspective

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:01:04 +0100

The Effect of See-Through Truck on Driver Monitoring Patterns and Responses to Critical Events in Truck Platooning

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:00:50 +0100

utomated platooning of trucks has its beneficial effects on energy saving and traffic flow efficiency. The vehicles in a platoon, however, need to maintain an extremely short headway to achieve these goals, which will result in a heavily blocked front view for the driver in a following truck. Monitoring surrounding traffic environment and foreseeing upcoming hazardous situations becomes a difficult, yet safety-critical task. This exploratory study aims to investigate whether providing platoon drivers with additional visual information of the traffic environment can influence their monitoring pattern and increase awareness of the upcoming situation. 22 professional truck drivers participated in the driving simulator experiment, either following a see-through lead truck (i.e., with projection of forward scene attached to the rear of the lead truck), or a normal lead truck until the automation system failed unexpectedly in a critical situation. Results showed that when provided with front view projection, the participants spent 10% more time monitoring the road, and responded less severely to a critical situation, suggesting a positive effect of the "see-through" technology.

Challenges, solution proposals and research directions in safety and risk assessment of autonomous shipping

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 10:00:21 +0100

A HYBRID THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH NEGATIVE PARASITIC LOSSES FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY PACKS

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:54:52 +0100

Parametric optimization of permanent magnet synchronous machines

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:54:27 +0100

6th International Conference on Control Engineering and Information Technology, CEIT 2018 -- 25 October 2018 through 27 October 2018 -- -- 149175 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) are getting popular in the automotive applications which are necessary for high power density in low volumes. Also they have a huge usage potential in other industrial applications like robotics, naval applications, space applications etc. In this paper, design parameters of a special PMSM are analyzed which has two independent winding set for motor and generator operations in a simple stator instead of two separate electrical machine. Important design parameters like skew, airgap length, slot-pole combination, magnet height-width which affect the output performance are investigated for multi tasked PMSM. Performance output values are analyzed for two operation situation of multitasked PMSM and optimum design values are determined. These values are obtained from Maxwell-Simplorer softwares where co-simulation analysis has been run. © 2018 IEEE. Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu: 110E111 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey under contract number 110E111.

Development of an Automated Vehicle as an Innovation Platform

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:51:41 +0100

An architecture pattern for safety critical automated driving applications: Design and analysis

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:49:45 +0100

Introduction of automated driving increases complexity of automotive systems. As a result, architecture design becomes a major concern for ensuring non-functional requirements such as safety, and modifiability. In the ISO 26262 standard, architecture patterns are recommended for system development. However, the existing architecture patterns may not be able to answer requirements of automated driving completely. When applying these patterns in the automated driving context, modification and analysis of these patterns are needed. In this paper, we present a novel architecture pattern for safety critical automated driving functions. In addition, we propose a generic approach to compare our pattern with a number of existing ones. The comparison results can be used as a basis for project specific architectural decisions. Our Safety Channel pattern is validated by its implementation for a real-life truck platooning application.

Integrated trajectory control and collision avoidance for automated driving

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:48:25 +0100

This paper presents a method for trajectory control, based on feedback linearization to guide an Automatic Guided Vehicle (AGV). The novelty of this work, is the adaptation of a reference trajectory with respect to a desired velocity in real-time to avoid collisions using a time-scaling mechanism. Employing this mechanism, collision avoidance by braking is implemented. Implementation and experimental evaluation of the integrated design of trajectory control, time-scaling and collision avoidance is performed on a real AGV platform.

In-Pipe Wireless Communication for Underground Sampling and Testing

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Feb 2021 09:46:08 +0100

In this paper, we present an effective and low- cost wireless communication system for extremely long and narrow pipes that can replay the extant wire system in underground sensor network applications such as soil sampling and testing with the Cone Penetration Test (CPT), the most widely used underground sensor device. Different from existing in-pipe wireless techniques, we consider real-world pipelines that are very narrow and long. In particular, in our design data are first modulated at a commercial frequency and then converted to high frequency, between 14-15 GHz, to be transmitted along of the pipelines under the circular waveguide mode TM01. Especially, we design a cone-shaped antenna to overcome the aligning problem of feeds between the transmitter and receiver. To evaluate the applicability and efficiency of our design, we conduct realistic simulations as well as experiments with real prototypes. The results of experiments are consistent with our theoretical design and simulations and show that our proposed wireless system can transfer sensory data up to 20 m in narrow CPT pipes with a diameter of 17 mm when using the LoRa modulation with a transmitting power of 1 W, whereas existing underground radio techniques can transfer data from a depth of 2 m at maximum in the same condition. In our approach, it is also possible to add repeaters to extend the communication range when needed.