Scipedia: Documents published in 2017

An extended release local anaesthetic: potential for future use in veterinary surgical patients?

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:25:10 +0200

One of the most effective means of preventing the transduction and transmission of acute and perioperative pain is through the use of local anaesthetics. However, local anaesthetics currently available have a relatively short duration of action. Although there are several tools available to treat perioperative pain in companion animals, overall, there is an unmet need for products that can be administered in the clinic, and provide pain relief for the crucial first few days following surgery in the home environment. Specifically, in relation to local anaesthetics, there is a clear unmet need for a long-acting local anaesthetic that can be added to the multimodal analgesic protocol to provide pain relief to patients in the home environment or during extended hospitalization. Bupivacaine liposomal injectable suspension recently became available for use in humans, and has proven efficacious and safe. This paper will review the use of local anaesthetics, particularly bupivacaine, in dogs and cats, and introduce a new formulation of prolonged release bupivacaine that is in development for dogs and cats.

Chemical immobilisation of dhole (Cuon alpinus), Indian jackal (Canis aureus indicus) and Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) with ketamine hydrochloride–xylazine hydrochloride

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:25:04 +0200

Maintaining wild animals in captivity often requires chemical immobilisation to achieve various diagnostic, surgical and management interventions. Four dholes, two Indian grey wolves and four Indian jackals were immobilised using ketamine–xylazine combination for either medical or management interventions. Based on the estimated body weight, canids were darted upon with 6–8 mg kg−1 ketamine and 0.7–1.14 mg kg−1 xylazine. Initial signs of drug effect included decreased mentation and progressive ataxia followed by recumbency. The mean ± SD of induction time was 14.25 ± 2.75 (range: 11–17 min), 11 ± 3.16 (range: 8–15 min) and 15.5 ± 3.54 (range: 13–18 min) in dhole, Indian jackal and Indian wolf, respectively. Hyperthermia was initially observed in all the jackals and dholes, whereas rectal temperature in wolves remained well within the normal range for canids. The mean duration of anaesthesia was 31 ± 8.83 (range: 23–43 min), 32.5 ± 5.32 (range: 26–39 min) and 30.5 ± 7.78 (range: 25–36 min) in dhole, Indian jackal and Indian wolf, respectively, with subsequent smooth and uneventful recovery in all the cases. The observations made during immobilisation procedures in this work suggest that chemical immobilisation of captive dhole, Indian wolf and Indian jackal with 6–8 mg kg−1 ketamine and 1 mg kg−1 xylazine is effective and safe for routine management and medical interventions in these species provided body temperature is closely monitored and corrected as appropriate.

Assessment of practices, capacities and incentives of poultry chain actors in implementation of highly pathogenic avian influenza mitigation measures in Ghana

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:24:59 +0200

The animal health services-seeking behaviour of animal owners related to prevention and control of animal diseases may influence their decisions as to whether or not to use services provided by the public or private sectors. The specific objective of this paper was to assess the practices, capacities and incentives of actors involved in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) control to provide information for prevention and control in Ghana. Questionnaires were designed based on specific practices, incentives and capacities associated with each mitigation measure that was being assessed. Two peacetime preventive mitigation measures (biosecurity and reporting) and two outbreak containment measures (culling with compensation and movement control) were selected for evaluation. Supply chain actors were characterised based on baseline information. Tables were generated showing proportions of respondents in the various response categories in Likert-scale type itemised questionnaire. Mean scores (and their standard deviations) for the various actors with regard to mitigation measures were calculated. Pair-wise comparisons were done using t-ratio statistic and significance of differences were determined at a Bonferroni adjusted P-value of 0.0024. The study found statistically significant differences between certain actors for practices (biosecurity, reporting, culling and compensation and movement controls), incentives (reporting and movement control) and capacities (reporting and movement control). The findings provide lessons to help improve education and messages on HPAI and to help provide technical assistance targeted at specific actors to prevent and control future HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Ghana.

Grapiprant: an EP4 prostaglandin receptor antagonist and novel therapy for pain and inflammation

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:24:55 +0200

There are five active prostanoid metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) that have widespread and varied physiologic functions throughout the body, including regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal blood flow, renal haemodynamics and primary haemostasis. Each prostanoid has at least one distinct receptor that mediates its action. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a prostanoid that serves important homeostatic functions, yet is also responsible for regulating pain and inflammation. PGE2 binds to four receptors, of which one, the EP4 receptor, is primarily responsible for the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis (OA). The deleterious and pathologic actions of PGE2 are inhibited in varying degrees by steroids, aspirin and cyclo-oxygenase inhibiting NSAIDs; however, administration of these drugs causes decreased production of PGE2, thereby decreasing or eliminating the homeostatic functions of the molecule. By inhibiting just the EP4 receptor, the homeostatic function of PGE2 is better maintained. This manuscript will introduce a new class of pharmaceuticals known as the piprant class. Piprants are prostaglandin receptor antagonists (PRA). This article will include basic physiology of AA, prostanoids and piprants, will review available evidence for the relevance of EP4 PRAs in rodent models of pain and inflammation, and will reference available data for an EP4 PRA in dogs and cats. Piprants are currently in development for veterinary patients and the purpose of this manuscript is to introduce veterinarians to the class of drugs, with emphasis on an EP4 PRA and its potential role in the control of pain and inflammation associated with OA in dogs and cats.

Seroprevalence of Schmallenberg virus infection in sheep and goats flocks in Germany, 2012–2013

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:24:49 +0200

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a member of the family Bunyaviridae and mainly affects ruminants. It is transmitted by biting midges, first and foremost Culicoides spp., and causes congenital malformations reflected in arthrogryposis–hydranencephaly (AH) syndrome. The aim of this study was to collect data on the emergence of SBV as a new arthropod-borne disease introduced into Europe in 2011. Germany was located in the core region of the 2011/2012 epidemic. Following two seroprevalence studies in the north-west of Germany in 2012, this study focused on the epidemiology and distribution of SBV throughout 130 small ruminant flocks in the whole country. Blood samples were obtained of 30 animals per flock and a SBV-specific questionnaire was used to collect operating data of the farms. The median within-herd seroprevalence for all 130 flocks tested was 53.3% with a total range from 0% to 100%. The median within-herd seroprevalence for goats was 30% [interquartile range (IQR): 40.3%] and 57% for sheep (IQR: 43.3%). Small ruminant flocks kept permanently indoors or housed overnight had a significantly lower seroprevalence than flocks kept permanently outdoors. In addition, this study revealed a significantly lower seroprevalence in the north-east of Germany. These results show that small ruminants in Germany are still at risk of contracting new SBV infections following incomplete seroconversion of flocks especially in the north-east of Germany. This might contribute to SBV becoming enzootic in central and northern Europe. Furthermore, the survey revealed that housing animals at least during mating and early pregnancy may reduce the risk of new SBV infections and may thus be an option to reduce losses as long as there is no licensed vaccine available on the German market.

Neutering of German Shepherd Dogs: associated joint disorders, cancers and urinary incontinence

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:24:43 +0200

German Shepherd Dogs are important in police and military work, and are a popular family pet. The debilitating joint disorders of hip dysplasia, cranial cruciate ligament tear (CCL) and elbow dysplasia can shorten a dogs useful working life and impact its role as a family member. For this study, veterinary hospital records were examined over a 14.5-year period on 1170 intact and neutered (including spaying) German Shepherd Dogs for joint disorders and cancers previously associated with neutering. The diseases were followed through 8 years of age, with the exception of mammary cancer (MC) in females that was followed through 11 years. The cancers followed, apart from mammary, were osteosarcoma, lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma and mast cell tumour. In intact males, 7% were diagnosed with one or more joint disorders, while in males neutered prior to a year of age, a significantly higher 21% were diagnosed with one or more joint disorders. In intact females, 5% were diagnosed with one or more joint disorders, while in females neutered prior to a year of age, this measure was significantly increased to 16%. The increased joint disorder incidence mostly associated with early neutering was CCL. MC was diagnosed in 4% of intact females compared with less than 1% in females neutered before 1 year. The occurrence of the other cancers followed through 8 years of age was not higher in the neutered than in the intact dogs. Urinary incontinence, not diagnosed in intact females, was diagnosed in 7% of females neutered before 1 year, a significant difference. These findings, profiling the increase in joint disorders associated with early neutering, should help guide the timing of neutering for this breed.

Awareness of rabies and response to dog bites in a Bangladesh community

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:24:38 +0200

Community awareness regarding rabies and treatment seeking behaviours are critical both for the prevention and control of the disease in human and animals. We conducted a study to explore peoples awareness about rabies, their attitudes towards dogs and practices associated with treating dog bites in Satkhira Sadar, a south-western sub-district of Bangladesh. Of the total 3200 households (HHs) surveyed, the majority of the respondents have heard about rabies (73%) and there was a high level of awareness that dog bite is the main cause of rabies (86%), and that rabies can be prevented by vaccination (85%). However, 59% of the dog bite victims first seek treatment from traditional healers instead of visiting the hospitals, 29% received the rabies vaccine, 2% practiced proper wound washing with soap and water, while 4.8% have not taken any measures. None of the victims have received rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). Of the respondents, 5.2% reported a history of dog bite in at least one family member, and 11.8% reported a history of dog bite in domestic animals during the previous year. The HHs having a higher number of family members (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.07–1.2), having a pet dog (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4–3.2) and caring or feeding a community dog (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4–2.9) showed an increased risk of getting a dog bite. Among the bite victims, 3.6% (n = 6) humans and 15.8% (n = 60) animals died. As a measure for dog population management (DPM), 56% preferred sterilization while the rest preferred killing of dogs. The current treatment seeking behaviours of the respondents should be improved through additional education and awareness programme and better availability for the provision of post-exposure prophylaxis in Bangladesh. We recommend scaling up national mass dog vaccination and DPM to reduce the burden of rabies cases and dog bites in Bangladesh.

Differing perceptions – Swedish farmers’ views of infectious disease control

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:24:32 +0200

Although farm biosecurity reduces the risk of disease spread among livestock, this knowledge is not always applied. Farmers’ application of disease preventive measures is expected to depend on many things, e.g. whether they consider disease prevention possible and demographic factors. In this study, Swedish livestock farmers’ perspectives on occurrence, control and communication related to infectious livestock diseases were investigated. A questionnaire study was performed in 2012–2013, and included responses from almost 2000 livestock farmers with cattle, pigs, sheep or goats. Associations between responses and factors related to herd type and demography were investigated using multivariable regression models. Results showed a strong general agreement among farmers that disease prevention is important. However, results also showed differing opinions among farmers. For example, female farmers indicated higher levels of perceived knowledge of disease spread and a stronger belief that they can prevent disease introduction. Results indicate that farmers who believe they have the necessary knowledge, have stronger sense of control and also demand that others take responsibility to prevent spread. Furthermore, dairy farmers were more likely to respond that repeated exposure to infections could be beneficial for animal health. The number of perceived disease outbreaks was also higher among these farmers. Regarding government issued compensation to farmers in case of outbreaks, a wide range of opinions were recorded. Responses confirm that the farm veterinarian is an important source of disease information and several different communication channels are needed to reach farmers. In conclusion, our results show that factors such as gender, education level and age influence how prevention and occurrence of disease outbreaks are perceived and best communicated. We suggest that efforts are made to increase knowledge about disease prevention among farmers and veterinary practitioners and that farm veterinarians should be encouraged to motivate farmers to strengthen farm biosecurity.

A phase I clinical study to evaluate safety of orally administered, genetically engineered Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for canine osteosarcoma

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:24:25 +0200

We conducted a prospective phase I study to evaluate safety of an orally administered Salmonella encoding IL-2 (SalpIL2) in combination with amputation and adjuvant doxorubicin for canine appendicular osteosarcoma. Efficacy was assessed as a secondary measure. The first dose of SalpIL2 was administered to 19 dogs on Day 0; amputation was done after 10 days with chemotherapy following 2 weeks later. SalpIL2 was administered concurrent with chemotherapy, for a total of five doses of doxorubicin and six doses of SalpIL2. There were six reportable events prior to chemotherapy, but none appeared due to SalpIL2. Dogs receiving SalpIL2 had significantly longer disease-free interval (DFI) than a comparison group of dogs treated with doxorubicin alone. Dogs treated using lower doses of SalpIL2 also had longer DFI than dogs treated using the highest SalpIL2 dose. The data indicate that SalpIL2 is safe and well tolerated, which supports additional testing to establish the potential for SalpIL2 as a novel form of adjuvant therapy for dogs with osteosarcoma.

Sternal bone marrow derived equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs): investigations considering the sampling site and the use of different culture media

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:24:18 +0200

Aspiration of equine sternal bone marrow is required for the cultivation of bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) for regenerative therapies. For bone marrow aspiration as well as for MSC cultivation, there is a need to optimize techniques and protocols to enhance MSC harvest at minimized culture times. In a comparative study bone marrow aspirates from sternebra 4 and 5 were collected at two different positions within the sternebrae, either from 10 mm or from 30 mm dorsal from the ventral margin of the sternebrae. Accuracy of the puncture depth was confirmed by ultrasonography and computed tomography. Isolated MSCs were cultivated using media supplemented with three alternative sera, i.e. fetal calf serum, standardized horse serum and autologous serum. Due to morphological characteristics (spherical shape, only thin layer of hyaline cartilage at the ventral site, reliable bone marrow aspiration from only 10 mm intraosseous depth), sternebra 5 appeared most suitable for bone marrow aspiration. Cultivation and expansion of BM-MSCs was most efficient using fetal calf serum.

Atopic dermatitis and the intestinal microbiota in humans and dogs

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:24:10 +0200

The prevalence of human and canine allergic diseases is commonly perceived to be increasing. Suggested predisposing factors in people and dogs include increased allergen load, increased exposure to pollutants, reduced family size, reduced microbial load and less exposure to infection at a young age, increasingly urbanised environment, and changes in dietary habits. Genetic make-up may provide a template for phenotypic predisposition which is strongly influenced by our diet and environment leading to constant regulation of gene expression. One way in which diet can alter gene expression is via its effects on the gut flora or microbiota, the collection of microbes residing in the gastrointestinal tract. The resident microbiota is important in maintaining structural and functional integrity of the gut and in immune system regulation. It is an important driver of host immunity, helps protect against invading enteropathogens, and provides nutritional benefits to the host. Disruption of the microbiota (dysbiosis) may lead to severe health problems, both in the gastrointestinal tract and extra-intestinal organ systems. The precise mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota exerts its effects are only beginning to be unravelled but research is demonstrating close links between gut microflora and many factors involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). AD and indeed any other ‘skin disease’, may be seen as a possible manifestation of a more systemic problem involving gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability, which may occur even in the absence of gastrointestinal signs. Manipulation of the canine intestinal microbiota as a method for modifying atopy, may be attempted in many ways including avoidance of certain foods, supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, optimising nutrient intake, minimising stress, antimicrobial therapy, correction and prevention of low stomach acid, and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

Comparative efficacy of tulathromycin and tildipirosin for the treatment of experimental Mycoplasma bovis infection in calves

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:24:05 +0200

The objective of this negative controlled, blinded, randomised, parallel group study was to compare the efficacy of two injectable macrolide antimicrobials, tulathromycin and tildipirosin, administered by single subcutaneous injection at dose rates of 2.5 and 4.0 mg kg−1 bodyweight, respectively, in the treatment of an experimentally induced Mycoplasma bovis infection in calves. A total of 238 M. bovis-negative calves were challenged on three consecutive days with M. bovis by endobronchial deposition. Post-challenge, a total of 126 animals fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: tulathromycin, tildipirosin and saline. Clinical observations for signs of respiratory disease and injection site assessments were conducted daily for 14 days post-treatment. The animals were then killed, the lungs were examined for evidence of lesions, and samples collected for bacterial isolation. Calves treated with tulathromycin had a lower percentage of lung with lesions (P = 0.0079), lower mortality (P = 0.0477), fewer days with depressed demeanour (P = 0.0486) and higher body weight (P = 0.0112) than calves administered tildipirosin.

Molecular prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in goats’ milk and seroprevalence in Northwest Tunisia

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:24:00 +0200

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis with high impact on human and animal health. Consumption of unpasteurized milk is a risk factor of human toxoplasmosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of T. gondii in goats’ milk in Northwest of Tunisia (Jendouba Governorate). A total number of 77 blood samples were collected from six herds were screened with a commercial ELISA kit for T. gondii antibodies. For the same goats’ samples, a nested PCR was performed to detect T. gondii DNA in milk. The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 31.2% (±0.05) while the molecular prevalence of this parasite in milk was estimated to 7.8% (±0.03). A very low value of kappa showed that there is not agreement between seroprevalence and parasite prevalence in milk. These results suggest that the consumption of raw milk from naturally infected goats is a potential source of human infection. An extension programme should be implemented to decrease related to goats’ raw milk consumption.

Influence of the dietary fibre levels on faecal hair excretion after 14 days in short and long-haired domestic cats

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:21:48 +0200

Hairballs are a common problem in cats and may result in intestinal obstruction. Dietary fibre has been recommended to stimulate hair faecal excretion. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of psyllium and different levels of total dietary fibre (6% vs. 11% vs. 15% TdF) on hair faecal excretion in short and long-haired (LH) domestic cats. Twenty-one adult cats were divided into three panels: shedding panel, short-haired (SH) panel and LH panel. Shedding panel was used to assess shedding throughout the study with a normalized brushing. In parallel, SH panel and LH panel were used to evaluate the impact of the diets on faecal hair excretion. They were fed a low-fibre diet during phase 1 (diet 6, 6.0% TdF). In phase 2, panels were fed either diet 11 (11% TdF) or diet 15 (15% TdF). In phase 3, cats returned to diet 6 before a crossover on the other diet in phase 4. Those diets were fed to cats for 14 days. Faecal hair excretion was quantified daily. Data were analysed using a generalized linear model procedure. The assessment of shedding showed that the study did not occur during moulting season. In the LH panel, diet 11 and diet 15 increased (P

Vitamin D status in cats with feline immunodeficiency virus

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:21:43 +0200

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that can lead to a syndrome of acquired immune dysfunction. Infected cats often remain asymptomatic for several years before immune dysfunction leads to an increased risk for the development of systemic diseases, neoplasia and opportunistic infections. FIV is structurally related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the pathogenesis of FIV-related disease is similar to that seen in HIV-infected patients. Observational studies have documented an association between low plasma vitamin D and HIV infection. Vitamin D status has been shown to be associated with HIV-related disease progression, morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that vitamin D status, as assessed by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations, are lower in cats with FIV infection compared to healthy control cats. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in 20 healthy cats, 39 hospitalized ill cats and 59 cats infected with FIV. Cats which were FIV infected had significantly lower 25(OH)D concentrations compared to healthy control cats. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were not significantly different between FIV-infected cats and hospitalized ill cats. Further investigations are warranted to determine whether vitamin D status influences the prognosis of cats infected with FIV.

Outcome and toxicity assessment of feline small cell lymphoma: 56 cases (2000–2010)

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:21:37 +0200

Feline small cell lymphoma is associated with greater response to treatment and survival when compared to large cell lymphoma. Treatment-associated toxicity, response to rescue chemotherapy and prognostic factors are largely unknown. This retrospective study was performed to identify treatment-associated toxicity, response to rescue chemotherapy and treatment outcome for cats diagnosed with small cell lymphoma of various anatomic locations. Medical records from 56 cats were evaluated. All cats were treated with glucocorticoid and chlorambucil with discontinuation of treatment recommended at 1 year if complete clinical response was documented. Chemotherapy toxicity was uncommon (33.9%) and generally mild. Grade III or IV hepatotoxicity was documented in 10.7% of patients. Overall response rate was 85.7% with glucocorticoid and chlorambucil. Median progression-free survival was 1078 days. Overall response rate for rescue chemotherapy was 59%. Reintroduction of prednisone and chlorambucil was associated with significantly longer survival than prednisone and lomustine (>1500 vs. 492 days, P = 0.01). Median overall survival times for cats with lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract was not significantly different from those with extra-intestinal disease locations (1148 vs. 1375 days, P = 0.23). Median overall survival was 1317 days. Toxicity, other than hepatotoxicity was mild. Rescue chemotherapy with re-introduction of glucocorticoids and chlorambucil was most successful. Discontinuation of glucocorticoid and chlorambucil with subsequent reintroduction as rescue chemotherapy appears to be just as effective as continued administration in cats.

Porcine cytomegalovirus infection is not associated to the occurrence of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:21:32 +0200

Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) is a Betaherpesvirus that causes lifelong latent infections in swine; occasionally, it may be associated with inclusion body rhinitis in piglets and reproductive disorders in pregnant sows. Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) a condition where porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection is necessary – though not sufficient – to trigger disease, has become one of the major health problems to the porcine productive chain. Despite the high expected prevalence of both PCMV and PCV2 in swine-raising farms, no links between PCMV and PMWS have been investigated so far. In view of that, the present study was conducted to search for relations between PCMV infections and the occurrence of PMWS. Spleen and sera of PMWS-affected and non-PWMS-affected animals were examined. In PMWS-affected animals, PCMV DNA was detected in 88.4% of the spleen samples and 7.6% of the sera, whereas in non-PMWS-affected pigs, PCMV DNA was detected in 72.7% of the spleens and 10% of sera. Such differences were not statistically significant. These findings showed despite the high prevalence of PCMV infections in the swine population examined, no positive or negative association could be inferred from the presence of PCMV DNA and the occurrence of PMWS.

Efficacy of glucocorticoid monotherapy for treatment of canine meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology: a prospective study in 16 dogs

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:21:27 +0200

Canine non-infectious, inflammatory meningoencephalomyelitis is termed meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE) and may affect dogs of any age, breed or gender. Treatment with immunosuppressive medication has been widely reported, however no prospective clinical trials with a standard glucocorticoid monotherapy are available. The objectives were to compare the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis at diagnosis and after treatment with a standard glucocorticoid (GC) dose and to determine the survival time in dogs with MUE. We hypothesized that abnormal CSF findings would normalize in dogs with MUE, and survival time would be longer than previously reported for glucocortocoid therapy alone. Inclusion criteria were: (1) normal minimum database, (2) no GC use within 5 days, (3) magnetic resonance imaging performed, (4) negative infectious disease titres, and (5) abnormal CSF analysis. All dogs received GC therapy at 1 mg/kg per os q 12 h. Responders had normal CSF analysis at 1 month. Sixteen dogs met the inclusion criteria. Median total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and protein concentration at time of diagnosis were 39 cells/μL (0–1400 cells/μL), and 49 mg/dL (25–293 mg/dL), respectively. Median TNCC and protein concentration at 1 month were 1 cell/μL (0–120 cells/μL), and 24 mg/dL (13–175 mg/dL), respectively. Seven of 16 dogs (44%) were responders. There was no significant difference in survival between the CSF responders and CSF non-responders (P = 0.85). Overall median survival was 602 days (45–654 days). This study supports using GC therapy in dogs with MUE.

Use of a perineural coiled catheter at the sciatic nerve in dogs after tibial plateau levelling osteotomy – preliminary observations

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:21:22 +0200

The analgesic effects of peripheral nerve blocks can be prolonged with the placement of perineural catheters allowing repeated injections of local anaesthetics in humans. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical suitability of a perineural coiled catheter (PCC) at the sciatic nerve and to evaluate pain during the early post-operative period in dogs after tibial plateau levelling osteotomy. Pre-operatively, a combined block of the sciatic and the femoral nerves was performed under sonographic guidance (ropivacaine 0.5%; 0.3 mL kg−1 per nerve). Thereafter, a PCC was placed near the sciatic nerve. Carprofen (4 mg kg−1 intravenously) was administered at the end of anaesthesia. After surgery, all dogs were randomly assigned to receive four injections of ropivacaine (group R; 0.25%, 0.3 mL kg−1) or NaCl 0.9% (group C; 0.3 mL kg−1) every 6 h through the PCC. Pain was assessed by use of a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a multi-dimensional pain score (4Avet) before surgery (T-1), for 390 min (T0, T30, T60, T120, T180, T240, T300, T360 and T390) as well as 1 day after surgery (Day 1). Methadone (0.1 mg kg−1) was administered each time the VAS was ≥40 mm or the 4Avet was ≥5. At T390 dogs received buprenorphine (0.02 mg kg−1). Data were compared using Mann–Whitney rank sum tests and repeated measures analysis of variance. Regardless of group allocation, 55% of dogs required methadone. VAS was significantly lower at T390 (P = 0.003), and at Day 1 (P = 0.002) and so was 4Avet at Day 1 (P = 0.012) in group R than in group C. Bleeding occurred in one dog at PCC placement and PCC dislodged six times of 47 PCCs placed. Minor complications occurred with PCC but allowed four repeated administrations of ropivacaine or saline over 24 h in 91.5% of the cases.

Access is Open

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:21:18 +0200

Prevalence of carcass bruises as an indicator of welfare in beef cattle and the relation to the economic impact

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:21:13 +0200

The objective of this work was to characterize bruises in bovine carcasses in Uruguay and to evaluate the economic impact. Thirteen abattoirs were visited during 2 years and bruises were identified, classified, and quantified by zone and degree (depth and size). One hundred carcasses were separated and bruises were cut out and weighed separately. From a total of 15 157 carcasses observed, 60.0% had at least one bruise; 42.0% of these had bruises on both sides. The expensive butt zone was the most damaged, followed by rib, shoulder and loin, respectively. The mean weight and standard error of the condemned trimmed meat was 1602 ± 212 g. It suppose a loss of 899 g per animal slaugtered in Uruguay. In a country sending 2.5 million heads of cattle to be slaughter yearly, this indicates an important financial loss. Improving transport conditions and personnel skills will probably result in a better welfare for the animals as well as better financial profit.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in buffalo calves

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:21:07 +0200

The present study was planned with an objective to test the pharmacokinetics of a new formulation of enrofloxacin (Flobac®SA) in buffalo calves. The drug was administered at the dose rate of 7.5 mg kg−1 body weight through the intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) route followed by plasma collection and analysis at different time intervals. After analysis, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Ultraviolet, various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using visual fit for compartmental analysis, followed by integration with pharmacodynamic parameters against Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida. Although total area under plasma drug concentration time curve was higher through the i.v. route, mean residence time and metabolic conversion ratio was higher following administration by the i.m. route indicating longer persistence of the drug in body. Overall i.m. bioavailability of the parent compound with its metabolite was found to be 91%. Upon, Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic integration, all the parameters indicated significant antibacterial activity. It can be concluded that the dose of enrofloxacin used in the present study can be administered to contain infections caused by P. multocida and E. coli in buffalo calves.

Seven common mistakes to avoid in achieving long-term success with dermatology patients

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 11:21:02 +0200

Managing a pets chronic dermatologic conditions can be frustrating for both clients and clinicians, but there are steps to making the process easier for everyone. Avoid the following seven mistakes sometimes made in managing dermatology cases and you will find the process considerably easier in the future.

Bealls list of predatory open access journals: RIP

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:14:18 +0200

What is the elevator pitch for open access?

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:14:15 +0200

The relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction among nurses in Accra

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:14:11 +0200

Knowledge into learning: comparing lecture, e-learning and self-study take-home packet instructional methodologies with nurses

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:14:07 +0200

Resilience as a concept for understanding family caregiving of adults with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): an integrative review

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:14:03 +0200

Translation, adaptation and psychometric testing of a tool for measuring nurses’ attitudes towards research in Indonesian primary health care

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:13:58 +0200

Student nurse-educators' construction of teacher identity from a self-evaluation perspective: A quantitative case study

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:13:52 +0200

What factors influence ward nurses’ recognition of and response to patient deterioration? An integrative review of the literature

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:13:48 +0200

Parents experiences of discharge readiness from a Swedish neonatal intensive care unit

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:13:43 +0200

Preceptor characteristics and the socialization outcomes of new graduate nurses during a preceptorship programme

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:13:39 +0200

Transfer of nursing home residents to emergency departments: organizational differences between nursing homes with high vs. low transfer rates

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:13:35 +0200

Aligning the planets: The role of nurses in the care of patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:13:30 +0200

Rasch analysis of Stampss Index of Work Satisfaction in nursing population

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:13:25 +0200

Characteristics of patients who are admitted with or acquire Pressure Ulcers in a District General Hospital, a 3 year retrospective analysis

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:09:38 +0200

Beyond open access

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:09:34 +0200

What are Altmetrics and why would anyone be interested?

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:09:31 +0200

Editorial

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:09:28 +0200

Looking back on 2 years of Nursing Open: looking forward

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:09:25 +0200

Predictors of workplace violence among ambulance personnel: a longitudinal study

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:09:20 +0200

Effects of training on attitudes of psychiatric personnel towards patients who self-injure

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:09:16 +0200

Patient complaints about health care in a Swedish County: characteristics and satisfaction after handling

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:09:11 +0200

Validation of the Spanish version of the Edinburgh feeding evaluation in dementia scale applied to institutionalized older persons with dementia: a study protocol

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:09:07 +0200

Re-establishing and preserving hope of recovery through user participation in patients with a severe mental disorder: the self-referral-to-inpatient-treatment project

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:09:02 +0200

Developing an instrument to self-evaluate the Discharge Planning of Ward Nurses

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:08:57 +0200

Surgical readmissions: results of integrating pre-, peri- and postsurgical care

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:08:51 +0200

Sources, incidence and effects of non-physical workplace violence against nurses in Ghana

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:08:45 +0200

Mary Seacole and claims of evidence-based practice and global influence

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:08:41 +0200

Shared decision-making on a ‘life-and-care plan’ in long-term care facilities: research protocol

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:08:36 +0200

Patient perceptions of nurse mentors facilitating the Aussie Heart Guide: A home-based cardiac rehabilitation programme for rural patients.

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:08:31 +0200

Using cognitive behaviour therapy to explore resilience in the life-stories of 16 UK centenarians

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:08:27 +0200

Caregiver Contribution to Heart Failure Self-Care (CACHS)

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:08:22 +0200

Nursing documentation of pressure ulcers in nursing homes: comparison of record content and patient examinations

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:08:16 +0200

An integrative review of the impact of mobile technologies used by healthcare professionals to support education and practice

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:08:11 +0200

Outcomes from a pilot psychological therapies service for UK military veterans

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:08:06 +0200

Dispositional mindfulness and employment status as predictors of resilience in third year nursing students: a quantitative study

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:08:01 +0200

A mixed-method study of pain management practice in a UK childrens hospital: identification of barriers and developing strategies to maintain effective in-patient paediatric pain management

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:07:56 +0200

Peer review and the publication process

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:07:52 +0200

What are health professionals’ intentions toward using research and products of research in clinical practice? A systematic review and narrative synthesis

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:07:47 +0200

Factors associated with older peoples independent living from the viewpoint of health and functional capacity: a register-based study

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:07:42 +0200

A qualitative exploration of nurses leaving nursing practice in China

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:03:31 +0200

Whats different about Nursing Open?

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:03:27 +0200

Ethics and open access

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:03:23 +0200

Hijackers on the open access highway

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:03:19 +0200

Using principal components analysis to explore competence and confidence in student nurses as users of information and communication technologies

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:03:14 +0200

A prospective observational study of machine translation software to overcome the challenge of including ethnic diversity in healthcare research

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:03:08 +0200

“I know exactly what I'm going into”: recommendations for pre-nursing experience from an evaluation of a pre-nursing scholarship in rural Scotland

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:03:03 +0200

Pragmatism and integrated knowledge translation: exploring the compatabilities and tensions

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:02:58 +0200

Managing perturbations during handover meetings: a joint activity framework

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:02:50 +0200

The repositioning of hospitalized patients with reduced mobility: a prospective study

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:02:44 +0200

The significance of communities of practice: Norwegian nursing students' experience of clinical placement in Bangladesh

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:02:40 +0200

Generation Y New Zealand Registered Nurses’ views about nursing work: a survey of motivation and maintenance factors

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:02:35 +0200

A scoping review of family experience and need during end of life care in intensive care

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:02:30 +0200

A qualitative study of professional caregivers' perceptions of processes contributing to mealtime agitation in persons with dementia in nursing home wards and strategies to attain calmness

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:02:24 +0200

Nurses' actions in response to nursing assistants' observations of signs and symptoms of infections among nursing home residents

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:02:20 +0200

A survey of the breast care nurse role in the provision of information and supportive care to Australian women diagnosed with breast cancer

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:02:14 +0200

Welcome to Nursing Open

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:00:32 +0200

Understanding the perceptions and experiences of Certified Registered Nurse Anaesthetists regarding handovers: a focus group study

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:00:27 +0200

A nurse-led intervention study: Promoting compliance with Diskus Inhaler use in asthma patients

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:00:21 +0200

Measurement of factors that negatively influence the outcome of quitting smoking among patients with COPD: psychometric analyses of the Try To Quit Smoking instrument

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:00:16 +0200

A secondary data analysis of Internet use in caregivers of persons with dementia

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:00:10 +0200

An integrative review of the characteristics of meaningful learning in healthcare professionals to enlighten educational practices in health care

Scipedia content — Fri, 09 Jun 2017 10:00:03 +0200

BIMtable: your digital office at the building site

Javier Mora — Thu, 08 Jun 2017 21:35:50 +0200

The digitization process applied to the construction sector seems to be articulated through the "Building Information Modeling" (BIM), which, as is well known, includes not only the three-dimensional (3D) representation of the works, but its many other dimensions, such as temporal information, budget, sustainability, services, etc. The BIM, as a technology, process and ecosystem, is effectively offering solutions for the entire life cycle of a project, in its design, execution and operation phases, and for all the agents linked to it, that is, for all the professionals of the construction sector without exception.

The BIMtable concept is born from considering that it is precisely the construction, the most complex environment - changing and severe - the most interesting scenario to incorporate the novelties offered by the BIM, as well as all the technologies that complement it, to achieve the digitalization of the construction in its broadest sense. It is at the work site where real-time monitoring of its progress can be made, using sensors, IoT, cameras or the information provided by the workers themselves. It is in the construction where the different professionals need to access the information of the project, as it has been developed and modeled, to follow and execute the instructions of the architect.

An IMU and USBL-aided buoy for underwater localization

Marco Pagliai — Thu, 08 Jun 2017 09:54:44 +0200

Autonomous underwater navigation remains, as of today, a challenging task. The marine environment limits the number of sensors available for precise localization, hence Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) usually rely on inertial and velocity sensors to obtain
an estimate of their position either through dead reckoning or by means of more sophisticated navigation lters (such as Kalman lters and its extensions). On the other hand, acoustic localization makes possible the determination of a reliable vehicles pose estimate exploiting suitable acoustic modems; such estimate can even be integrated within the navigation lter of the vehicle in order to increase its accuracy. In this paper, the authors discuss the development and the performance of an Ultra-Short BaseLine (USBL) buoy to aid the navigation of AUVs.
At first, the components and the physical realization of the buoy will be discussed; then, the procedure to compute the position of the target will be analyzed. The following part of the paper will be focused on the development of a recursive state estimation algorithm to process the measurements computed by the buoy; speci cally, Extended Kalman Filter has been adopted to deal with the nonlinearities of the sensor housed on the buoy. A validation of the measurement ltering with data obtained from experimental tests is also proposed.

A Numerical Study on the Shedding Frequency of Sheet Cavitation

Themistoklis Melissaris — Tue, 06 Jun 2017 17:54:02 +0200

The last decades there is a strong interest in predicting cavitation dynamics as it is a prerequisite in order to predict cavitation erosion. Industrial applications require accurate results in an acceptable time span and as a result there is a focus on large scale dynamics. In this paper the RANS equations are used to investigate the shedding frequency of sheet cavities in two-dimensional simulations. First a verification study is made for the NACA 0015 in 6 degrees angle of incidence. A grid sensitivity study is conducted in wetted flow and in steady (non-shedding) cavitating condition (σ=1.6). Then an investigation is conducted in order to capture the shedding frequency. The results show that only when a correction for turbulent viscosity at the cavity-water interface is used it was possible to capture the shedding frequency as found in other numerical studies. Furthermore, a validation study is conducted on a NACA66-312 α=0.8 for two different angles of attack. The obtained results are compared and validated with the experimental data from Leroux ''et al''. They indicate that the 2D shedding frequency predicted by the numerical simulations is in good agreement with the frequency obtained in the experiment.

Use of nonimmobilized enzymes and mediators achieved high power densities in closed biobatteries

Scipedia content — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:59:01 +0200

The immobilization of redox enzymes on the surface of electrodes is a typical practice for enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs) but enzyme immobilization usually results in low retaining enzymatic activities and low power densities. Here, we investigated an alternative solution – the use of nonimmobilized thermostable enzymes (e.g., NAD-based glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and flavin-containing diaphorase) and a nonimmobilized mediator (i.e., benzyl viologen or 9, 10-anthraquinone-2, 7-disulphonic acid, AQDS) for achieving high power densities from glucose 6-phosphate in closed EFCs (called biobatteries). At the same enzyme loading, power densities of biobatteries increased in an order from the case of immobilized enzymes and immobilized vitamin K3 to the case of nonimmobilized enzymes and immobilized vitamin K3 to the case of nonimmobilized enzymes and nonimmobilized AQDS. The maximum power density of the biobattery based on nonimmobilized enzymes and AQDS was 1.1 mW cm−2 of anode at room temperature, 34-times of the biobattery based on immobilized enzymes and immobilized vitamin K3. When enzyme loading was increased by another 10-fold, the highest power density of biobattery was increased to 2.4 mW cm−2 at 37°C. The biobattery based on nonimmobilized enzymes and AQDS retained 60% of its initial current density after running for 2 h. When repeatedly being used for 6 rounds, the biobattery had 35% of its initial current density after 12 days. Our results suggest that closed biobatteries equipped with nonimmobilized thermostable enzymes and mediators feature simple system configuration and have high power densities.

Biochar: a new promising catalyst support using methanation as a probe reaction

Scipedia content — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:58:53 +0200

Biochar (BC), a by-product from the fast pyrolysis of rice husk, was activated by chemical and physical process. The activated biochar (ABC) showed graphite-like morphology and had a large amount of random pores with BET surface area of 1058 m2/g. The biochar properties observed by further characterization revealed its feasibility to be used as a catalyst support. Syngas methanation as a probe reaction was utilized to characterize biochar supported Ru catalyst. The catalytic performance of the Ru/ABC catalyst in methanation was superior or comparable to the conventional activated carbon (AC) supported Ru catalyst. A high CH4 selectivity of 98% and a CO conversion of 100% were obtained under the proper reaction conditions over the Ru/ABC catalyst.

Study of a new hydraulic pumping unit based on the offshore platform

Scipedia content — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:58:42 +0200

This article introduces a new technology about a rod pumping in the offshore platform according to the demand of offshore heavy oil thermal recovery and the production of stripper well, analyzes the research status of hydraulic pumping unit at home and abroad, and designs a new kind of miniature hydraulic pumping unit with long-stroke, low pumping speed and compact structure to resolve the problem of space limitation. The article also describes the whole structure and the working principle of this pumping unit, determines the choice of stroke and rate of the pumping unit, and establishes mathematical models based on the polished rod loads. A new composite hydraulic cylinder with a special structure was designed by combining the hydraulic cylinder with the energy accumulator. This composite hydraulic cylinder is applied on land, and the model prototype runs smoothly, which indicates that the whole structure design of the pumping unit is reasonable and the control strategy is correct.

Inferior outdoor-exposed performances of encapsulated a-Si:H photovoltaic modules deposited with a high speed

Scipedia content — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:58:30 +0200

We investigate the stabilized performance of encapsulated hydrogenated amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules depending on the deposition speed. The module products are degraded differently depending on the light-soaking environment. The modules deposited at a high speed demonstrate significant degradation in an outdoor exposure test, despite moderate degradation during indoor light soaking. However, the modules deposited at a low speed show a relatively more stable performance against the outdoor exposure test. Notably, some modules show the trend that a higher initial performance stimulates a higher light-induced degradation, leading to a lower performance in the outdoor environment.

Effect of ester compounds on biogas production: beneficial or detrimental?

Scipedia content — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:58:01 +0200

Esters are major flavor compounds in fruits, which are produced in high volume. The widespread availability of these compounds in nature attracts interest on their behavior in anaerobic digestion in waste and wastewater treatments. The aim of this work was to study the effects of various esters at different concentrations in anaerobic digestion followed by determination of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and to study the effect of chain length of functional group and alkyl chain of ester on methane production. Addition of methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and hexyl acetate at concentration up to 5 g L−1 increased methane production, while their higher concentrations inhibited the digestion process. The MIC values for these esters were between 5 and 20 g L−1. Except hexyl acetate, the esters at concentration 5 g L−1 could act as sole carbon source during digestion. For ethyl esters, increasing number of carbon in functional group decreased methane production. For acetate esters, alkyl chain longer than butyl inhibited methane production. Effect of ester on methane production is concentration-dependent.

Evaluation of the economics of conversion to compressed natural gas for a municipal bus fleet

Scipedia content — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:57:53 +0200

Domestic natural gas production has increased markedly in the United States, and now compressed natural gas (CNG) has the potential to become a cleaner and less expensive energy source than diesel fuel for use in the public transportation sector, especially for city bus fleets. This paper provides an economic analysis of possible CNG conversion for Lafayette, IN CityBus Corporation. It uses benefit–cost analysis to compare the total cost of three potential options for bus replacement: standard diesel, hybrid diesel-electric, and CNG. A spreadsheet model was used to estimate the total cost of these three fleet options over a 15-year project horizon. Results suggest that the CNG option has the lowest net present value (NPV) cost, and that cost savings would be larger if the corporation could obtain a grant for the CNG fueling station or if the project life span could expand to 20 years. From the environmental perspective, the CNG option would reduce greenhouse gas and particulate emissions particularly in comparison with the diesel option. Monte Carlo simulation was used to examine the inherent riskiness of the three fleet options. CNG is always lower cost than hybrid diesel-electric. Depending on assumptions regarding the underlying price distributions, the CNG option has a 51–100% chance of being lower cost than the standard diesel option.

Marginal abatement cost curve for wind power in China: a provincial-level analysis

Scipedia content — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:57:44 +0200

Wind power has seen a remarkable growth in China since the Renewable Energy Law came into force in the beginning of 2006. However, the contribution and the economic cost of wind power development to reduce carbon emission at the provincial level are still unclear. This research combined geographic information system analysis and levelized production cost calculation to provide provincial-level supply curve of carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation by wind power in China. The results showed that wind power could be a very competitive mitigation option in China, with a potential to contribute 500 million tons of CO2 emission mitigation at an average abatement cost of 75 RMB/t of CO2 mitigation. The emission abatement cost and the potential to reduce carbon emission in different provinces may be used for national planning as well as for the allocation of investments.

Design of photovoltaics for modules with 50% efficiency

Scipedia content — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:57:33 +0200

We describe a spectrum splitting solar module design approach using ensembles of 2–20 subcells with bandgaps optimized for the AM1.5D spectrum. Device physics calculations and experimental data determine radiative efficiency parameters for III-V compound semiconductor subcells and enable modification of conventional detailed balance calculations to predict module efficiency while retaining computational speed for a wide search of the design space. Accounting for nonideal absorption and recombination rates due to realistic material imperfections allows us to identify the minimum subcell quantity, quality, electrical connection configuration, and concentration required for 50% module efficiency with realistic optical losses and modeled contact resistance losses. We predict a module efficiency of 50% or greater will be possible with 7–10 electrically independent subcells in a spectral splitting optic at 300–500 suns concentration, assuming a 90% optical efficiency and 98% electrical efficiency, provided the subcells can achieve an average external radiative efficiency of 3–5% and a short circuit current that is at least 90% of the ideal. In examining spectrum splitting solar cells with both series-connected and electrically independent subcells, we identify a new design trade-off independent of the challenges of fabricating optimal bandgap combinations. Series-connected ensembles, having a single set of electrical contacts, are less sensitive to lumped series resistance losses than ensembles where each subcells are contacted independently. By contrast, ensembles with electrically independent subcells can achieve lower radiative losses when the subcells are designed for good optical confinement. Distributing electrically independent subcells in a concentrating receiver module allows flexibility in subcell selection and fabrication, and can achieve ultra-high efficiency with conventional III-V cell technology.

Energy production advantage of independent subcell connection for multijunction photovoltaics

Scipedia content — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:57:22 +0200

Increasing the number of subcells in a multijunction or “spectrum splitting” photovoltaic improves efficiency under the standard AM1.5D design spectrum, but it can lower efficiency under spectra that differ from the standard if the subcells are connected electrically in series. Using atmospheric data and the SMARTS multiple scattering and absorption model, we simulated sunny day spectra over 1 year for five locations in the United States and determined the annual energy production of spectrum splitting ensembles with 2–20 subcells connected electrically in series or independently. While electrically independent subcells have a small efficiency advantage over series-connected ensembles under the AM1.5D design spectrum, they have a pronounced energy production advantage under realistic spectra over 1 year. Simulated energy production increased with subcell number for the electrically independent ensembles, but it peaked at 8–10 subcells for those connected in series. Electrically independent ensembles with 20 subcells produce up to 27% more energy annually than the series-connected 20-subcell ensemble. This energy production advantage persists when clouds are accounted for.

Status and future strategies for Concentrating Solar Power in China

Scipedia content — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:57:13 +0200

China is the world leader in several areas of clean energy, but not in Concentrating Solar Power (CSP). Our analysis provides an interesting viewpoint to Chinas possible role in helping with the market breakthrough of CSP. We present a short overview of the state-of-the-art of CSP including the status in China. A blueprint for Chinas CSP development is elaborated based on Chinas 13th 5-year program, but also on Chinas previous success factors in PV and wind power. The results of this study suggest that China could play a more prominent global role in CSP, but this would require stronger efforts in several areas ranging from innovation to policies.

Tracing the energy footprints of Indonesian manufacturing industry

Scipedia content — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:57:02 +0200

The low energy efficiency is the source of the large energy consumption issue and the rapid growth of energy demand in the manufacturing industry sector in Indonesia. The driving forces behind the low energy efficiency situation in this sector are both economic and efficiency factors. The objective of this study is to generate the map of the energy flow in the manufacturing industry sector to investigate the energy utilization in the industrial process. The data sample that represents 80% of energy consumption in the manufacturing sector is used to generate this map. The generated map shows the heating system is the largest energy consumer among all energy equipment and as the primary source of the energy losses. Additionally, we found the industry groups such as sugar, cement, pulp and paper, and textile use enormous amounts of energy as their source for the heating system, meanwhile, the industries such as basic chemical, metal, and textile are the largest electricity consumers for their motor-driven machinery. The energy flow analysis together with the comparison of the Specific Energy Consumption shows the areas that should be the focus for further energy conservation measures. Recommended measures are also discussed.

Lock-in thermography as a tool for quality control of photovoltaic modules

Scipedia content — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:56:52 +0200

In this short communication, we present a method which utilizes contactless ILIT (illuminated lock-in thermography) measurement of a photovoltaic (PV) module and image postprocessing in order to calculate the peak power Pmpp of the module and to study the influence of local defects on the module performance. In total, 103 Copper-Indium-Gallium-Diselenide (CIGS) modules were investigated and the results showed a good correlation (mean error less than 6%) between the calculated IR-signal and the measured Pmpp. We performed our study on CIGS modules but the presented approach is not restricted to CIGS modules. The method provides a valuable tool for PV quality control.

Reactivity of CaO with CO2 in molten CaF2–NaF: formation and decomposition of carbonates

Scipedia content — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 14:56:42 +0200

The characteristics of CO2 reacting with CaO in a molten eutectic mixture of CaF2 and NaF has been investigated. Calculations of the Gibbs free energy, temperature analysis of the decomposition of the formed carbonates, and XRD analyses of quenched samples taken during CO2 absorption or desorption were employed to identify the phases present in the melt. Efficient CO2 absorption from a simulated flue gas was observed, due to a combined reaction where CaO initially reacts with CO2 and forms CaCO3. Subsequently, Na2CO3 is formed by an ion exchange reaction between CaCO3 and NaF. It was found that the CaO activity is highest in the temperature range 826–834°C. Increasing the CaO concentration from 5 to 20 wt% in the molten salt resulted in reduced CO2 reactivity efficiency, probably because of precipitation and agglomeration of the sorbent. The total carbonation conversion was independent of the CO2 concentration in the inlet gas, and the sorbent carrying capacity was in the range 0.722–0.743 g CO2/g CaO corresponding to 0.037–0.144 g CO2/g total liquid. Decarbonation was conducted by raising the temperature. 40% conversion back to CaO was recorded at 1160°C. The recorded curves for the CO2 concentration in the outlet gas exhibited a rapid desorption step followed by a slow step.