Scipedia: Documents published in 2017

Cracking of quasi-brittle structures under monotonic and cyclic loadings: A d+/d− damage model with stiffness recovery in shear

María Jesús Samper — Thu, 11 Apr 2019 10:41:33 +0200

In the present paper, a new d+/d− damage model apt for quasi-brittle materials is described and its validation is carried out considering unreinforced concrete, reinforced concrete and masonry elements.

Two independent scalar damage variables, d+ and d−, in combination with the split of the reversible strain tensor into its positive and negative counterparts, are adopted in order to simulate the pronounced dissimilar response under tension and compression, typical of these materials. An energy-equivalent framework is considered for representing the orthotropy induced in the material by the degradation process, with the consequence that a thermodynamically consistent constitutive operator, positive definite, symmetric and strain-driven, is derived. In addition to the degradation parameters, the permanent strain tensor is also contemplated by the model and a modification of the exponential softening modulus is proposed in order to treat the evolution of the two causes of dissipation, damage and irreversible deformations, in a coupled way.

The formulation is integrated with a multidirectional damage procedure, addressed to extend the microcrack closure-reopening (MCR) capabilities of the model to shear cyclic conditions, characterized by orthogonal (or however intersecting) sets of cracks. Maintaining unaltered the dependence of the constitutive law from two scalar indeces, d+ and d−, this approach activates or deactivates a tensile(compressive) damage value on the base of the current maximum (minimum) principal strain direction. In correspondence with damage activation (crack opening) or deactivation (crack closure), a smooth transition is introduced, in order to avoid abrupt changes in stiffness and enhance the numerical performance and robustness of the multidirectional procedure. The adequacy of the proposed constitutive model in reproducing experimental results has been proven for both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. The two examples of application involving cyclic loads, dominated by shear, constitute a validation of the multidirectional damage approach, showing how the suitable representation of unilateral effects and permanent deformations is essential to model the observed structural response in terms of maximum resistance, evolution of stiffness degradation and dissipation capacity.

Experimental validation of a FSW model with an enhanced friction model: application to a threaded cylindrical pin tool

María Jesús Samper — Thu, 11 Apr 2019 10:29:34 +0200

This work adopts a fast and accurate two-stage computational strategy for the analysis of FSW (Friction stir welding) processes using threaded cylindrical pin tools. The coupled thermo-mechanical problem is equipped with an enhanced friction model to include the effect of non-uniform pressure distribution under the pin shoulder. The overall numerical strategy is successfully validated by the experimental measurements provided by the industrial partner (Sapa). The verification of the numerical model using the experimental evidence is not only accomplished in terms of temperature evolution but also in terms of torque, longitudinal, transversal and vertical forces.

Enhanced friction model for Friction Stir Welding (FSW) analysis: Simulation and experimental validation

María Jesús Samper — Wed, 10 Apr 2019 13:40:24 +0200

Friction is one of the main heat generation mechanisms in Friction Stir Welding (FSW). This phenomenon occurs between the pin and the workpiece as the rotating tool moves along the weld line. An accurate friction model is essential for obtaining realistic results in a FSW simulation in particular temperature, forces and torque.

In this work, a modified Norton's friction law is developed. The suggested enhanced friction model aims at providing not only the realistic temperature field but also the forces and torque. This model does not exclusively relate the frictional shear stress to the sliding velocity; conversely it takes into account the effect of non-uniform pressure distribution under the shoulder, as this latter has an important role in the process of heat generation. Longitudinal, transversal and vertical forces and torque are numerically calculated. The effect of the enhanced friction model is reflected in these forces. In particular, it leads to a more realistic estimation of the transversal and longitudinal forces in comparison with the results obtained using former models.

The friction model is successfully validated by the experimental measurements provided by the industrial partner (Sapa). The experimental analysis is performed for the material characterization, the calibration of the friction model and, more generally, the assessment of the overall numerical strategy proposed for the FSW simulation.

Numerical modelling and experimental validation in Selective Laser Melting

María Jesús Samper — Wed, 10 Apr 2019 13:01:20 +0200

In this work a finite-element framework for the numerical simulation of the heat transfer analysis of additive manufacturing processes by powder-bed technologies, such as Selective Laser Melting, is presented. These kind of technologies allow for a layer-by-layer metal deposition process to cost-effectively create, directly from a CAD model, complex functional parts such as turbine blades, fuel injectors, heat exchangers, medical implants, among others. The numerical model proposed accounts for different heat dissipation mechanisms through the surrounding environment and is supplemented by a finite-element activation strategy, based on the born-dead elements technique, to follow the growth of the geometry driven by the metal deposition process, in such a way that the same scanning pattern sent to the numerical control system of the AM machine is used. An experimental campaign has been carried out at the Monash Centre for Additive Manufacturing using an EOSINT-M280 machine where it was possible to fabricate different benchmark geometries, as well as to record the temperature measurements at different thermocouple locations. The experiment consisted in the simultaneous printing of two walls with a total deposition volume of 107 cm3 in 992 layers and about 33,500 s build time. A large number of numerical simulations have been carried out to calibrate the thermal FE framework in terms of the thermophysical properties of both solid and powder materials and suitable boundary conditions. Furthermore, the large size of the experiment motivated the investigation of two different model reduction strategies: exclusion of the powder-bed from the computational domain and simplified scanning strategies. All these methods are analysed in terms of accuracy, computational effort and suitable applications

Finite element modeling of quasi-brittle cracks in 2D and 3D with enhanced strain accuracy

María Jesús Samper — Wed, 10 Apr 2019 12:24:41 +0200

This paper discusses the finite element modeling of cracking in quasi-brittle materials. The problem is addressed via a mixed strain/displacement finite element formulation and an isotropic damage constitutive model. The proposed mixed formulation is fully general and is applied in 2D and 3D. Also, it is independent of the specific finite element discretization considered; it can be equally used with triangles/tetrahedra, quadrilaterals/hexahedra and prisms. The feasibility and accuracy of the method is assessed through extensive comparison with experimental evidence. The correlation with the experimental tests shows the capacity of the mixed formulation to reproduce the experimental crack path and the force–displacement curves with remarkable accuracy. Both 2D and 3D examples produce results consistent with the documented data. Aspects related to the discrete solution, such as convergence regarding mesh resolution and mesh bias, as well as other related to the physical model, like structural size effect and the influence of Poisson’s ratio, are also investigated. The enhanced accuracy of the computed strain field leads to accurate results in terms of crack paths, failure mechanisms and force displacement curves. Spurious mesh dependency suffered by both continuous and discontinuous irreducible formulations is avoided by the mixed FE, without the need of auxiliary tracking techniques or other computational schemes that alter the continuum mechanical problem.

Tracking multi-directional intersecting cracks in numerical modelling of masonry shear walls under cyclic loading

María Jesús Samper — Wed, 10 Apr 2019 11:58:25 +0200

In-plane cyclic loading of masonry walls induces a complex failure pattern composed of multiple diagonal shear cracks, as well as flexural cracks. The realistic modelling of such induced localized cracking necessitates the use of costly direct numerical simulations with detailed information on both the properties and geometry of masonry components. On the contrary, computationally efficient macro-models using standard smeared-crack approaches often result in a poor representation of fracture in the simulated material, not properly localized and biased by the finite element mesh orientation. This work proposes a possible remedy to these drawbacks of macro-models through the use of a crack-tracking algorithm. The macro-modelling approach results in an affordable computational cost, while the tracking algorithm aids the mesh-bias independent and localized representation of cracking. A novel methodology is presented that allows the simulation of intersecting and multi-directional cracks using tracking algorithms. This development extends the use of localized crack approaches using tracking algorithms to a wider field of applications exhibiting multiple, arbitrary and interacting cracking. The paper presents also a novel formulation including into an orthotropic damage model the description of irreversible deformations under shear loading. The proposed approach is calibrated through the comparison with an experimental test on a masonry shear wall against in-plane cyclic loading.

An enhanced finite element macro-model for the realistic simulation of localized cracks in masonry structures: A large-scale application

María Jesús Samper — Wed, 10 Apr 2019 11:49:19 +0200

Finite element macro-modeling approaches are widely used for the analysis of large-scale masonry structures. Despite their efficiency, they still face two important challenges: the realistic representation of damage and a reasonable independency of the numerical results to the used discretization. In this work, the classical smeared crack approach is enhanced with a crack-tracking algorithm, originating from the analysis of localized cracking in quasi-brittle materials. The proposed algorithm is for the first time applied to a large-scale wall exhibiting multiple shear and flexural cracking. Discussion covers structural aspects, as the response of the structure under different assumptions regarding the floor rigidity, but also numerical issues, commonly overlooked in the simulation of large structures, such the mesh-dependency of the numerical results.

Strain localization analysis of elastic-damaging frictional-cohesive materials: Analytical results and numerical verification

María Jesús Samper — Wed, 10 Apr 2019 11:06:37 +0200

Damage-induced strain softening is of vital importance for the modeling of localized failure in frictional-cohesive materials. This paper addresses strain localization of damaging solids and the resulting consistent frictional-cohesive crack models. As a supplement to the framework recently established for stress-based continuum material models in rate form (Wu and Cervera 2015, 2016), several classical strain-based damage models, expressed usually in total and secant format, are considered. Upon strain localization of such damaging solids, Maxwell’s kinematics of a strong (or regularized) discontinuity has to be reproduced by the inelastic damage strains, which are defined by a bounded characteristic tensor and an unbounded scalar related to the damage variable. This kinematic constraint yields a set of nonlinear equations from which the discontinuity orientation and damage-type localized cohesive relations can be derived. It is found that for the “Simó and Ju 1987” isotropic damage model, the localization angles and the resulting cohesive model heavily depend on lateral deformations usually ignored in classical crack models for quasi-brittle solids. To remedy this inconsistency, a modified damage model is proposed. Its strain localization analysis naturally results in a consistent frictional-cohesive crack model of damage type, which can be regularized as a classical smeared crack model. The analytical results are numerically verified by the recently-proposed mixed stabilized finite element method, regarding a singly-perforated plate under uniaxial tension. Remarkably, for all of the damage models discussed in this work, the numerically-obtained localization angles agree almost exactly with the closed-form results. This agreement, on the one hand, consolidates the strain localization analysis based on Maxwell’s kinematics and, on the other hand, illustrates versatility of the mixed stabilized finite element method.

An energy-equivalent d+/d− damage model with enhanced microcrack closure-reopening capabilities for cohesive-frictional materials

María Jesús Samper — Wed, 10 Apr 2019 10:55:00 +0200

In this paper, an energy-equivalent orthotropic d⁺/d⁻ damage model for cohesive-frictional materials is formulated. Two essential mechanical features are addressed, the damage-induced anisotropy and the microcrack closure-reopening (MCR) effects, in order to provide an enhancement of the original d⁺/d⁻model proposed by Faria et al. 1998, while keeping its high algorithmic efficiency unaltered. First, in order to ensure the symmetry and positive definiteness of the secant operator, the new formulation is developed in an energy-equivalence framework. This proves thermodynamic consistency and allows one to describe a fundamental feature of the orthotropic damage models, i.e., the reduction of the Poisson’s ratio throughout the damage process. Secondly, a “multidirectional” damage procedure is presented to extend the MCR capabilities of the original model. The fundamental aspects of this approach, devised for generic cyclic conditions, lie in maintaining only two scalar damage variables in the constitutive law, while preserving memory of the degradation directionality. The enhanced unilateral capabilities are explored with reference to the problem of a panel subjected to in-plane cyclic shear, with or without vertical pre-compression; depending on the ratio between shear and pre-compression, an absent, a partial or a complete stiffness recovery is simulated with the new multidirectional procedure.

3D numerical modelling of twisting cracks under bending and torsion of skew notched beams

María Jesús Samper — Wed, 10 Apr 2019 10:40:43 +0200

The testing of mode III and mixed mode failure is every so often encountered in the dedicated literature of mechanical characterization of brittle and quasi-brittle materials. In this work, the application of the mixed strain displacement ε-u finite element formulation to three examples involving skew notched beams is presented. The use of this FE technology is effective in problems involving localization of strains in softening materials.

The objectives of the paper are: (i) to test the mixed formulation in mode III and mixed mode failure and (ii) to present an enhancement in terms of computational time given by the kinematic compatibility between irreducible displacement-based and the mixed strain-displacement elements.

Three tests of skew-notched beams are presented: firstly, a three point bending test of a PolyMethyl MethaAcrylate beam; secondly, a torsion test of a plain concrete prismatic beam with square base; finally, a torsion test of a cylindrical beam made of plain concrete as well. To describe the mechanical behavior of the material in the inelastic range, Rankine and Drucker-Prager failure criteria are used in both plasticity and isotropic continuum damage formats.

The proposed mixed formulation is capable of yielding results close to the experimental ones in terms of fracture surface, peak load and global loss of carrying capability. In addition, the symmetric secant formulation and the compatibility condition between the standard irreducible method and the strain-displacement one is exploited, resulting in a significant speedup of the computational procedure.

A fast and accurate two-stage strategy to evaluate the effect of the pin tool profile on metal flow, torque and forces during friction stir welding

María Jesús Samper — Wed, 10 Apr 2019 10:32:32 +0200

Pin geometry is a fundamental consideration in friction stir welding (FSW). It influences the thermal behaviour, material flow and forces during the weld and reflects on the joint quality.

This work studies four pin tools with circular, triflute, trivex, and triangular profiles adopting a validated model of FSW process developed by the authors. The effect of the rotating tool geometry on the flow behaviour and process outcomes is analysed. Additionally, longitudinal and transversal forces and torque are numerically calculated and compared for the different pin shapes. The study is carried out for slip and stick limiting friction cases between pin and workpiece.

The main novelties of the paper are a “speed-up” two-stage simulation methodology and a piecewise linear version of the constitutive model, both of them conceived for the use in real case industrial applications, where the achievement of accuracy with affordable simulation times is of importance.

The Norton-Hoff constitutive model is adopted to characterize the material behaviour during the weld. The piecewise linear version of the model developed by the authors greatly facilitates the convergence of the numerical solution ensuring both computational efficiency and accuracy. A two-stage computational procedure is applied. In the first stage, a forced transient is carried out; in the second one, the magnitudes of interest are computed.

The study shows that the proposed modelling approach can be used to predict and interpret the FSW behaviour for a specific pin geometry. Moreover, the reduction of the simulation time using the two-stage strategy can be up to 90%, compared to a standard single stage strategy.

Finite element modelling of internal and multiple localized cracks

María Jesús Samper — Tue, 09 Apr 2019 13:43:35 +0200

Tracking algorithms constitute an efficient numerical technique for modelling fracture in quasi-brittle materials. They succeed in representing localized cracks in the numerical model without mesh-induced directional bias. Currently available tracking algorithms have an important limitation: cracking originates either from the boundary of the discretized domain or from predefined “crack-root” elements and then propagates along one orientation. This paper aims to circumvent this drawback by proposing a novel tracking algorithm that can simulate cracking starting at any point of the mesh and propagating along one or two orientations. This enhancement allows the simulation of structural case-studies experiencing multiple cracking. The proposed approach is validated through the simulation of a benchmark example and an experimentally tested structural frame under in-plane loading. Mesh-bias independency of the numerical solution, computational cost and predicted collapse mechanisms with and without the tracking algorithm are discussed.

Numerical simulation and experimental calibration of Additive Manufacturing by blown powder technology. Part I: thermal analysis

María Jesús Samper — Tue, 09 Apr 2019 12:58:58 +0200

In this work the numerical simulation of Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes is addressed. The numerical results are compared with the experimental campaign carried out at SKLSP laboratories, where a Laser Solid Forming (LSF) machine, also referred to as Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS), is used to fabricate metal parts directly from CAD models. Ti-6Al-4V metal powder is injected into the molten pool created by a focused, high-energy laser beam and a layer of added material is sinterized according to the laser scanning pattern speciÖed by the user. The objectives of this paper are twofold: Örstly, this work is intended to calibrate the software for the numerical simulation of the AM process, to achieve high accuracy. Secondly, the sensitivity of the numerical model to the process parameters and modelling data is analysed. The numerical model adopts an apropos FE activation technology, which reproduces the same scanning pattern set for the numerical control system of the AM machine. This consists of a complex sequence of polylines, used to deÖne the contour of the component, and hatches patterns to Öll the inner section. The full sequence is given through the Common Layer Interface (CLI) format, a standard format for di§erent manufacturing processes such as Rapid Prototyping (RP), Shape Metal Deposition (SMD) or machining processes, among others. The result is a layer-by-layer metal deposition which can be used to build-up complex structures for components such as turbine blades, aircraft sti§eners, cooling systems, or medical implants, among others.

Local–global strategy for the prediction of residual stresses in FSW processes

María Jesús Samper — Tue, 09 Apr 2019 12:38:28 +0200

This work describes the local–global strategy proposed for the computation of residual stresses in friction stir welding (FSW) processes. A coupling strategy between the analysis of the process zone nearby the pin tool (local level analysis) and the simulation carried out for the entire structure to be welded (global level analysis) is implemented to accurately predict the temperature histories and, thereby, the residual stresses in FSW. As a first step, the local problem solves the material stirring as well as the heat generation induced by the pin and shoulder rotation at the heat affected zone. The Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation is adopted to deal with the rotation of complex pin shapes. A thermo-rigid-viscoplastic constitutive law is employed to characterize the viscous flow of the material, driven by the high-strain rates induced by the FSW process. A mixed temperature–velocity–pressure finite element technology is used to deal with the isochoric nature of the strains. The output of this local analysis is the heat generated either by plastic dissipation or by friction, and it is used as the power input for the welding analysis at structural (global) level. The global problem is tackled within the Lagrangian framework together with a thermo-elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model. In addition, in this case, the mixed temperature–displacement–pressure format is introduced to deal with the deviatoric nature of the plastic strains. The outcomes of this analysis are the distortions and the residual stresses after welding. The material used in this work is stainless steel 304 L; however, the methodology presented is applicable to a wide range of materials. The proposed numerical strategy is validated by the experimental evidence.

Challenges in thermo-mechanical analysis of Friction Stir Welding processes

María Jesús Samper — Tue, 09 Apr 2019 10:52:25 +0200

This paper deals with the numerical simulation of friction stir welding (FSW) processes. FSW techniques are used in many industrial applications and particularly in the aeronautic and aerospace industries, where the quality of the joining is of essential importance. The analysis is focused either at global level, considering the full component to be jointed, or locally, studying more in detail the heat affected zone (HAZ). The analysis at global (structural component) level is performed defining the problem in the Lagrangian setting while, at local level, an apropos kinematic framework which makes use of an efficient combination of Lagrangian (pin), Eulerian (metal sheet) and ALE (stirring zone) descriptions for the different computational sub-domains is introduced for the numerical modeling. As a result, the analysis can deal with complex (non-cylindrical) pin-shapes and the extremely large deformation of the material at the HAZ without requiring any remeshing or remapping tools. A fully coupled thermo-mechanical framework is proposed for the computational modeling of the FSW processes proposed both at local and global level. A staggered algorithm based on an isothermal fractional step method is introduced. To account for the isochoric behavior of the material when the temperature range is close to the melting point or due to the predominant deviatoric deformations induced by the visco-plastic response, a mixed finite element technology is introduced. The Variational Multi Scale method is used to circumvent the LBB stability condition allowing the use of linear/linear P1/P1 interpolations for displacement (or velocity, ALE/Eulerian formulation) and pressure fields, respectively. The same stabilization strategy is adopted to tackle the instabilities of the temperature field, inherent characteristic of convective dominated problems (thermal analysis in ALE/Eulerian kinematic framework). At global level, the material behavior is characterized by a thermo–elasto–viscoplastic constitutive model. The analysis at local level is characterized by a rigid thermo–visco-plastic constitutive model. Different thermally coupled (non-Newtonian) fluid-like models as Norton–Hoff, Carreau or Sheppard–Wright, among others are tested. To better understand the material flow pattern in the stirring zone, a (Lagrangian based) particle tracing is carried out while post-processing FSW results. A coupling strategy between the analysis of the process zone nearby the pin-tool (local level analysis) and the simulation carried out for the entire structure to be welded (global level analysis) is implemented to accurately predict the temperature histories and, thereby, the residual stresses in FSW.

Agenda

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:08:42 +0200

Library systems report 2017. Competing visions for technology, openness, and workflow

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:08:30 +0200

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Artistic heritage during the Spanish Civil War and the postwar period: Research, cataloging, and digital management of saved art

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:08:19 +0200

This research analyzes and catalogs the thousands of works rescued and deposited in safe places by the Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and checks the destination of these works during the postwar period under the Franco regime. A web site with a narrative and participative database, open and accessible, that would allow analysis, collaboration from other investigators and interested people was created. The objective of this site is to establish the confluence between historic and heritage-oriented inquiry and collaborative and open management to transmit to society the results of a pending investigation. The possibilities offered by the 2.0 semantic web and of artificial intelligence are taken advantage of in order to follow the destinations of the works. Free software is always used, with added algorithms and applications necessary for their optimization. These inputs will also become part of the public domain.

Records in contexts: A new model for the representation of archival information in semantic web scenarios

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:08:07 +0200

This article studies the main concepts, properties, attributes, and connections included in Records in contexts (RiC), a draft of a new conceptual model for record description by the International Council of Archives (ICA). The analysis shows the new design of representation, access, use, preservation, and interoperability for information-records that this model represents in the environment of the semantic web. The intrinsic advantages of RiC for the integration and compatibility of records information systems with libraries, museums, and other cultural institutions are shown, also highlighting its relevance for distribution, reutilization, and free-use of records’ resources in digital scenarios.

The library and informational competences in the curriculum of students of Sciences, Medicine, and Health Sciences of the University of Alcalá, Spain

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:07:57 +0200

This paper aims to explain how the libraries in Sciences, Medicine, and Health Sciences at the University of Alcalá (UAH), Spain, have implemented information literacy (IL) in courses from 2010-2011 to 2015-2016, usually as part of the curriculum, including them in most teaching guides. This article discusses the strategy followed, the information available to achieve teacher collaboration, the opportunities offered by the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), the background data, the way IL has been gradually incorporated in various studies, and finally, the obvious advantages in the learning process.

Integrated communication 2.0 in municipal administration

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:07:48 +0200

Municipal communication transcends the simple information about public services, activities, projects, and administrative procedures. Communicative and information strategies in the local context are oriented towards citizens who participate in a shared municipal project in which they are prosumers in the design and development of sectorial strategies linked to public policies. Consequently, city councils must integrate a communication structure that takes advantage of public information from governance, transparency, and proactive citizen participation. Since the first Spanish democratic legislature in 1979 the evolution and adaptation of process and production routines has been justified by the need to shape a positive perception of government action and consolidate their institutional reputation. In this paper an approach to municipal communication, based on the rigid and standardized models of the 80s and 90s, is presented to influence the current revolution that represents the paradigm of communication 2.0, the implementation of the social web in the context of proximity and social media strategy.

Integrated communication 2.0 in municipal administration

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:07:38 +0200

La comunicación municipal trasciende la simple información sobre servicios públicos, actividades, proyectos o trámites administrativos. Las estrategias comunicativas y de información en el contexto local se orientan hacia los ciudadanos para poner en valor un proyecto municipal compartido en el que éstos se implican como prosumidores en el diseño y desarrollo de estrategias sectoriales vinculadas a las políticas públicas. En consecuencia, los ayuntamientos deben integrar en su estructura una dirección de comunicación que asuma la función de información pública desde la gobernanza, la transparencia y la participación ciudadana proactiva. Desde la primera legislatura democrática en 1979 la evolución y adaptación de sus procesos y rutinas productivas se justifica por la necesidad de configurar una percepción positiva de la acción del gobierno y consolidar su reputación institucional. En este trabajo se realiza una aproximación a la dirección de comunicación municipal basada en los modelos rígidos y estandarizados de los años 80 y 90, para incidir en la revolución actual que representa el paradigma de la comunicación 2.0, la implementación de la web social en el contexto de proximidad y la estrategia de medios sociales.Abstract Municipal communication transcends the simple information about public services, activities, projects, and administrative procedures. Communicative and information strategies in the local context are oriented towards citizens who participate in a shared municipal project in which they are prosumers in the design and development of sectorial strategies linked to public policies. Consequently, city councils must integrate a communication structure that takes advantage of public information from governance, transparency, and proactive citizen participation. Since the first Spanish democratic legislature in 1979 the evolution and adaptation of process and production routines has been justified by the need to shape a positive perception of government action and consolidate their institutional reputation. In this paper an approach to municipal communication, based on the rigid and standardized models of the 80s and 90s, is presented to influence the current revolution that represents the paradigm of communication 2.0, the implementation of the social web in the context of proximity and social media strategy.

Women journalists in Spain: An analysis of the sociodemographic features of the gender gap”

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:07:28 +0200

Sociodemographic features and their relative weight related to the gender gap between male and female journalists in Spain are analyzed. A national representative survey of 390 journalists was carried out as part of an international study “Worlds of journalism”. The results show that patterns of female inequality within Spanish media companies are routinely cited in scientific literature (underrepresentation, barriers in their professional careers, and lower salaries than men). The results also confirm the 3R hypothesis (ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum): men hold three quarters of the posts with managerial responsibility and make two thirds of the decisions related to content, in spite of the fact that female journalists have higher levels of academic education and are therefore better trained for journalistic practice. Women are also paid lower salaries and tend to hold positions with a higher editorial responsibility in digital media, where the greatest progress towards equality is shown.

Women journalists in Spain: An analysis of the sociodemographic features of the gender gap

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:07:17 +0200

Se analizan las características sociodemográficas y su peso relativo en la brecha de género entre los/as periodistas españoles/ as. Para ello se realizó una encuesta nacional representativa a 390 periodistas dentro del estudio internacional “Worlds of journalism study”. Los resultados muestran que los patrones de desigualdad femenina más citados en la bibliografía científica (infrarrepresentación, barreras en la carrera profesional y salarios inferiores) prevalecen en las empresas de comunicación españolas. También confirman la hipótesis de las 3R (la ratio del Residuo Reforzado Recurrente): los hombres ocupan tres cuartas partes de los cargos de máxima responsabilidad gerencial y dos tercios de los puestos de toma de decisiones sobre contenidos, a pesar de que ellas poseen mayor formación académica y mayor nivel de estudios de capacitación en la práctica del periodismo. Ellas obtienen, además, salarios inferiores y tienden a ocupar cargos de mayor responsabilidad editorial en los medios digitales, donde se observan mayores avances hacia la igualdad.Abstract Sociodemographic features and their relative weight related to the gender gap between male and female journalists in Spain are analyzed. A national representative survey of 390 journalists was carried out as part of an international study “Worlds of journalism”. The results show that patterns of female inequality within Spanish media companies are routinely cited in scientific literature (underrepresentation, barriers in their professional careers, and lower salaries than men). The results also confirm the 3R hypothesis (ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum): men hold three quarters of the posts with managerial responsibility and make two thirds of the decisions related to content, in spite of the fact that female journalists have higher levels of academic education and are therefore better trained for journalistic practice. Women are also paid lower salaries and tend to hold positions with a higher editorial responsibility in digital media, where the greatest progress towards equality is shown.

Probability of paying for digital news in Spain

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:07:07 +0200

The probability of paying for a digital newspaper in Spain is analyzed. Using a survey of a representative sample of 2,104 Spanish adults, we show, in general terms, the lack of people willing to pay for digital information. In addition, through a logistic regression analysis, we explore which factors affect this probability and discuss the main practical implications of developing paid-content strategies in the newspaper industry.

Being metric-wise: Heterogeneity in bibliometric knowledge

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:06:58 +0200

Aunque las prácticas generales de publicación difieren claramente entre las disciplinas, el conocimiento sobre los indicadores cienciométricos también puede variar considerablemente. La heterogeneidad observada en el conocimiento bibliométrico nos inspiró a definir el concepto de ‘sabiduría-métrica’ para los investigadores. Ser métrico-sabio puede representar una ventaja para los investigadores expertos sobre los colegas desinformados. Identificamos dos caminos a través de los cuales el conocimiento de las métricas puede desempeñar un papel y conducir a cambios de comportamiento en el proceso de investigación. Como primer camino, tales conocimientos pueden ser vistos como una herramienta adicional, útil en la presentación de informes de investigación. El segundo camino es más ambiguo y tiene algunos aspectos indeseables, que posiblemente hagan disminuir los factores motivacionales intrínsecos para investigar. La innovación y la investigación innovadora se ralentizan si se produce un excesivo desplazamiento de la atención hacia los indicadores cientométricos. Proponemos un enfoque para medir realmente la sabiduría métrica. Abstract While general publication practices clearly differ between disciplines, knowledge about scientometric indicators can also greatly vary. The observed heterogeneity in bibliometric knowledge inspired us to define the concept of ‘metric-wiseness’ for researchers. Being metric-wise can lead to an advantage for knowledgeable researchers over uninformed colleagues, even when they are of otherwise equal competence. We identify two paths through which metric-wiseness can play a role and lead to behavioural changes in the research process. As a first path, metric-wiseness can be seen as an additional tool that is useful in reporting one’s research portfolio. A second one is more ambiguous and has some undesirable aspects, possibly diminishing intrinsic motivational factors for doing research. Innovation and innovative research slows down if crowding out happens due to an excessive attention to scientometric indicators. We propose an approach to actually measure metric-wiseness.

Scientific information discovery: Still a vision and a mission of the academic library?

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:06:49 +0200

Access to quality content is key to research and one of the core values that scholars assign to the library. Bibliographic data play a fundamental role in university libraries, which devote abundant resources to obtaining and hosting them for access. This study investigates where and how bibliographic information is discovered, and highlights the role of search engines, databases, repositories, and web-scale discovery services in that process. The effort that libraries have made in implementing these services seems to have paid off in relation to the increase in the use of collections. However, Google remains the top option for discovering scientific information. This is a review study, based on the analysis of original research and results from recent reports.

Older people and smartwatches, initial experiences

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:06:40 +0200

Las tecnologías wearables, como los smartwatches (relojes inteligentes), se han visto como una oportunidad para resolver problemas, a menudo relacionados con las personas mayores (55+), tales como manejo de emergencias, falta de actividad física, y soledad. Sin embargo poco se sabe sobre en qué medida tales personas apropiarían estos dispositivos. Dotamos a 11 personas mayores con relojes inteligentes y seguimos sus primeras experiencia principalmente con dos entrevistas. De acuerdo con los resultados, las experiencias previas con otras tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, y las actitudes positivas hacia la tecnología fueron fundamentales para una primera apropiación de la nueva tecnología, y para superar los primeros problemas. Además el uso estuvo muy relacionado con las expectativas y los hábitos personales. Los participantes usaron los relojes en forma similar a la descrita en estudios previos con adultos (18-64), que incluye el manejo de notificaciones y los sistemas para seguimiento deportivo. El reloj proveía a la mayoría de los participantes un status social (asociado a ser guay, snob o joven), y creaba oportunidades o preocupaciones sobre el estilo personal.Abstract While wearable technologies, such as smartwatches, are seen as an opportunity to solve some problems often related to older people (65+), e.g. emergencies, physical activity, or isolation, little is known about how older people would domesticate such new technologies. In this study we provided eleven older individuals with smartwatches and tracked their expectations and initial experiences using two interviews. According to our preliminary findings, previous experience with ICTs along with optimistic attitudes toward technology were key to initial domestication of the new technology and overcoming initial problems. Moreover, use was closely related to expectations and personal habits. Participants in this study used smartwatches in similar ways to to those described in previous studies with adults (18–64), including managing notifications and sports’ tracking. Additionally, users reported that the smartwatch provided a boost in social status (associated with attributes such as cool, snobbish, young) and created some fashion opportunities and/or concerns.

Methodology of digital preservation audits with NDSA Levels

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:06:30 +0200

NDSA Levels is a methodology created by the National Digital Stewardship Alliance (NDSA) at the United States to assess the level of digital preservation of a particular institution. Results of its application in 8 public and private organizations in Spain, Mexico, Brazil and Switzerland are presented. From this experience it is concluded that the NDSA Levels methodology is easy to apply and that its application besides alerting about the aspects not yet implemented, provides guidance on the technical actions that should be undertaken in the future within a preservation plan.

Solidarity and digital transparency. Websites and social networks of the Spanish social action NGOs

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:06:21 +0200

The economic crisis has led to a drastic reduction in the funding granted by the public administrations to NGOs, which have also lost part of the social trust that they have enjoyed for decades. But there is another way to contribute more funding and legitimacy to these organizations, and this way is based on transparency and accountability. This research aims to determine if the Third Sector of Social Action (TSAS) is encouraging the participation of new digital citizens through public information based on the accountability and the transparency culture. For this purpose, we performed a content analysis on the social networks used by these entities in order to determine if they had taken advantage of the opportunities to be accountable for their activities, which can result in greater citizen participation and involvement in solidarity action.

The use of social networks by parliaments as an instrument of political participation. A case study of Europe and Latin America

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:06:10 +0200

Social networks are considered one of the most important developments of the Internet. They are also seen as spaces for social movements in which the channels of information, debate, and participation merge. Using content analysis this article explores social media as an instrument to motivate political participation by citizens from ten countries. Based on the political action axes (Vedel, 2007), a content analysis is conducted to compare the following factors between two years (2010 and 2015): the type of open social networks used, the evolution of their use and potential to generate information, and deliberative and participative processes. The outcomes show that parliaments of the analyzed countries use social media tools to communicate their activities and news. However, they don’t use them as a deliberative and participative scenario integrated into the political decision process.

Public sector transparency through online press rooms. Management of collective resources and information on city websites of Castile and León, Spain

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:05:57 +0200

This research focuses on the transparency of the public websites of the main cities of the region of Castilla y Leon (Spain). Taking as a sample the 24 towns with more than 10,000 inhabitants, this article presents the results related to management and information about the collective resources and the issues concerning the online press room. Using a fully proven methodology developed by a larger project titled Infoparticipa Map, a particularly relevant group of results are achieved. On the one hand, information about the composition of the governing bodies is widely available, with differences between the most and least populated towns. But on the other hand, the performance of municipal power in the region is focused on the publication of general news and concessions

Breaking news? Journalistic criteria in the publication of news on Spanish municipal websites (2011-2016)

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:05:47 +0200

Spanish legislation includes the obligation to publish information, making it available to citizens, in order to improve public management. However, such information is not created using journalistic criteria, but rather political control. This study of news published by six city councils on their websites between 2011 and 2016 shows that the current legislation has improved the number of public information items (raw data material), but not the quality of the news. It also highlights the lack of innovation in the use of social networks to promote citizen participation with information.

City councils online political communication through their websites. Case of Extremadura, Spain

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:05:38 +0200

Since the entry into force of the Law on transparency and good governance, city councils have had an obligation to fulfill the criteria and principles included therein. In this context of demanding better political communication from the authorities, a study of the communication on the websites of Extremadura’s city councils, representing more than 7,000 inhabitants, was carried out in the years 2015 and 2016. An analysis model, with 52 indicators grouped into five groups, was applied. This research presents and discusses the most interesting results and conclusions related to the online political communication of these city councils.

Analysis and categorization of the open data of Spanish municipal libraries: metadata, interoperability, and proposal for the opening and reuse

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:05:27 +0200

The current situation of open data at local public libraries in Spain is analyzed as a part of public sector information. This article extracts information from data portals at the city level that include datasets produced by public libraries. These datasets are categorized by type of data (offer/demand of services and infrastructures). Three libraries that expose datasets about activities (A Coruña, Madrid and Las Palmas) are selected in order to compare properties, attributes, and metadata used to describe these datasets, analyzing their potential interoperability from the mapping of applicable existing vocabularies. This article also proposes a prioritization of the publication of more interoperable datasets and a brief initial review of the legal and regulatory context for the opening of public sector data in Spain.

Access to and reuse of public information in Spanish regions: evaluation of open data reuse

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:05:16 +0200

The situation of access to public sector information and its reuse in Spanish regions is analyzed. For this purpose, it was used Meloda, a metric to assess open data reuse published on open data portals. Furthermore, the correlation between the number of datasets available on open data portals, the International Transparency Index of Spanish regions, and the Meloda average for each Spanish region are studied. 2,165 datasets have been examined. 95.15% of data published by Spanish regions on open data portals is optimum for reuse, or suitable for reuse but with some improvement needed. The public bodies which are leading this process are those of Aragón, Cataluña, Comunidad Foral de Navarra and País Vasco.

The impact of legislation on the transparency in information published by local administrations

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:05:04 +0200

The Infoparticipa methodology was introduced in 2012 to achieve improvements in the transparency of public administration in Spain, supplementing the lack of legislation in this regard. In 2015, the evaluation indicators were adapted, taking into account the obligations regulated by the Spanish and Catalan transparency laws. The entry into force of both laws in December 2015 should have achieved a change in the quantity and quality of information that local public administrations publish on their websites. However, the data corresponding to the evaluations of the municipalities of Catalonia in 2015 and 2016 do not provide evidence in favour of this hypothesis. Although the last assessment is more demanding, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the comparison of the results shows that despite the time granted to municipalities to adjust to the law, the information they provide to citizens is still insufficient in many cases.

Transparency in citizen participation tools and public information: A comparative study of the Spanish city councils’ websites

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:04:52 +0200

La comunicación es clave para que las instituciones recuperen la confianza y credibilidad de los ciudadanos. En este sentido, la gestión de la transparencia y la promoción de la participación ciudadana online son dos aspectos esenciales. Tras la entrada en vigor a nivel local en diciembre de 2015 de la Ley 19/2013 de transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno, los ayuntamientos de España están obligados a publicar de forma clara y comprensible toda la información pública en sus sitios web. Este requisito convierte a las administraciones locales españolas en un interesante caso de estudio para evaluar los esfuerzos de mejora en la relación con sus ciudadanos. De ahí que el objetivo de este estudio sea medir el nivel de transparencia en las herramientas de información pública y participación. Para ello se compara una muestra representativa de los sitios web de ayuntamientos con más de 10.000 habitantes (N =394) utilizando un conjunto de indicadores específicos para el análisis de contenido. Los resultados indican un nivel de transparencia muy bajo así como importantes carencias y deficiencias relacionadas con los recursos de participación online. AbstractCommunication is indispensable for institutions in regaining trust and credibility among citizens. In this context, transparency management and the promotion of citizen participation online are essential. After December 2015, when the Spanish transparency law 19/2013 was fully in force at the local level, all local municipalities were required to show all the public information on their websites published in a clear and understandable way. This requirement turns the Spanish local administrations into an interesting case study to assess efforts to improve their relationships with their citizens; hence this research aims to measure the Spanish transparency level on public information and participation. For that purpose, a set of indicators were used to analyze the content of those websites that corresponded to a representative sample of municipalities with 10,000 or more inhabitants (N=394). Findings pointed to a very low transparency level and major deficiencies related to online engagement with resources that are required by law.

Horizons of public information

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:04:43 +0200

Public information, including the right to know and the right to transparency, is one of the main topics in academic research and professional development. It is usually analyzed on three epistemological levels: constitutional, governance, and media citizenship. It is thought-provoking to the extent that we find a strong tension between transparency and confidentiality, when rebuilding trust in the public sphere. Using this information we can predict new areas of work, such as the quality data processes, literacy, integrity, and traceability of such data and the emergence of new professions in public communications.

Agenda

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:04:31 +0200

Jornadas,

The Potter box model of moral reasoning

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:04:18 +0200

El artículo cuestiona la efectividad del modelo de razonamiento ético de la Potter box en cuanto a su aplicación a dilemas de ética de la información. No obstante su importancia para fomentar el debate racional sobre ética aplicada, este modelo, como probablemente todos los modelos de razonamiento ético, es incapaz de determinar la teoría moral que mejor podría justificar el curso de acción justo en los casos más dilemáticos. A partir de varios ejemplos presentados en Media ethics: Cases and moral reasoning (Christians et al., 2005), mostraremos que las decisiones morales, en última instancia, radican en lo que Paul Ricoeur llama “convicción”. Ninguna solución para dilemas éticos puede ser encontrada a priori. Ese es el drama de la acción. Abstract This article questions the effectiveness of the Potter box model of moral reasoning when applied to information ethical dilemmas. Though its importance in feeding the desirable rational debate on ethical problems, this model, and probably all models, fails in the most problematic cases to solve the question of which theory best fits to a particular situation. With the help of some examples provided in Media ethics: Cases and moral reasoning (Christians et al., 2005), we will seek to demonstrate that ultimately decisions are grounded in what Paul Ricoeur calls “conviction”. No solutions to ethical dilemmas can be found a priori. That is the drama of action.

Innovations in mobile interface design: Affordances and risks

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:04:09 +0200

La ecología de los medios móviles ha generado parámetros fluidos para configurar la comunicación online, alterando, principalmente, la dimensión espacial y temporal y, como resultado, la delimitación en las dicotomías de las esferas pública, privada, íntima y personal. Debido a esta ecología líquida de los medios, llena de potencialidades y riesgos, la Academia ha profundizado en las principales áreas de tensión con las que lidiar: creación del perfil, identidad digital, diferentes tipos de redes sociales, los datos masivos y la huella digital. Como resultado de las conclusiones obtenidas en el proyecto Feder de la UE, Public and private in mobile communications (2013-2015), proponemos acordar un código ético internacional para el diseño de interfaces de aplicaciones, webs y plataformas, así como, específicamente, para los dispositivos móviles debido a sus desafiantes, intrínsecos y específicos rasgos y características. Abstract Mobile media ecology has raised fluid parameters to configure online communication, mainly altering space and time dimensions and, as a consequence of the alteration, the delimitation of the public, private, intimate, and personal spheres dichotomies. Due to this liquid media ecology, full of affordances and risks, Academy has delved into the main areas of tension to be dealt with: the creation of the profile, the digital identity, the different kinds of social media networks, big data, and the digital path. As a result of conclusions obtained from the EU Feder project, Public and private in mobile communications (2013-2015), we propose an international ethics code for the interface design of apps, webs, and platforms for mobile devices due to their challenging, intrinsic, and specific features and characteristics.

Advertising ethics in Mexico

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:03:58 +0200

The regulation of advertising throughout the world ranges from almost total restriction, prohibitions on certain products, limitation of hours or use of some media, to extensive permissiveness with self-regulatory ethical codes or standards established by the publishers or advertisers themselves. This paper discusses advertising organizations in Mexico, and how they evolved from trying to be recognized to the constitution as pressure group with international alliances that are fighting against the promulgation of government regulations and looking for industry self-regulation.

The problem of the right to be forgotten from the perspective of self-regulation in journalism

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:03:50 +0200

The development of online journalism has facilitated easy access to newspapers’ archives by the general public. On occasion this has generated problems for people who have appeared in the news and now have to deal with events from their past life. The management of the right to be forgotten goes beyond the judicial realm, and takes on an ethical component. In this study, we investigate how journalistic institutions act in respect to the right to be forgotten, paying particular attention to those European media which have stated their position regarding the issue. The initiatives are few and the debate appears to have been relegated to an internal problem within each medium.

The problem of the right to be forgotten from the perspective of self-regulation in journalism

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:03:40 +0200

El desarrollo del periodismo en la Web ha facilitado el acceso a los archivos de los diarios, generando en ocasiones, a los protagonistas de las noticias la dificultad de superar pasajes de su vida que quedaron reflejados en la prensa. La gestión del derecho al olvido excede al ámbito jurídico y adquiere un componente ético. En este trabajo indagamos en las actuaciones que desde esa perspectiva están llevando a cabo las instituciones periodísticas, prestando atención a aquellos medios europeos de referencia que han fijado públicamente su postura sobre esta materia. Las iniciativas son muy escasas y el debate incipiente parece haber quedado relegado a un problema interno de cada medio. Abstract The development of online journalism has facilitated easy access to newspapers’ archives by the general public. On occasion this has generated problems for people who have appeared in the news and now have to deal with events from their past life. The management of the right to be forgotten goes beyond the judicial realm, and takes on an ethical component. In this study, we investigate how journalistic institutions act in respect to the right to be forgotten, paying particular attention to those European media which have stated their position regarding the issue. The initiatives are few and the debate appears to have been relegated to an internal problem within each medium.

Taxonomy of personal health information to ensure the privacy of individuals

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:03:28 +0200

The growth of the internet of things, along with its ability to store large amounts of user data, is a new challenge to individual privacy. Medical data is necessary for professionals, but these data have to be protected (PHI, Protected Health Information) and anonymized. In order to move towards a model of personal health information in Spain, a systematic review of the data protection legislation at an international level, as well as other related work, was carried out. Later, with the help of stakeholders, qualitative and quantitative methodologies were applied in order to obtain medical attributes classified according to their relationship. Interesting conclusions about the importance given by professionals to clinical attributes are described.

Big social data: Some limitations of notice and choice for privacy protection

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:03:15 +0200

Big data challenges personal data protection (Boyd, 2012). This paper is a contribution to the debate about the validity of the privacy self-management paradigm prevailing in western countries. I point out some limitations of the model notice and choice in which that paradigm is based in relation to the logic of big data processing. I also analyze the alternative model proposed by Solove (2013), to explain why it is not essentially different from notice and choice model. Finally, I expound on the necessity of developing a model which could be coherent with the logic of big data and its impact in privacy, both individual and collective.

The newsroom: The use of a television series for the ethical training of future information professionals

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:03:06 +0200

How can we foster ethical professional behavior in communication students? In order to answer this question, this article describes how a TV series was used in university teaching as a learning tool. This article consists of three sections: first, university teaching is presented as the context and professional ethics as the curricular space where the proposal is developed; second, we show why the use of TV dramas, besides motivating student interest, facilitates the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and ethical attitudes; third, we describe the use of a TV series, The newsroom, in the classroom and some testimonies that demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy for the understanding of the subject content.

From ethical codes to ethical auditing: An ethical infrastructure for social responsibility communication

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:02:58 +0200

Organizations’ communication and social responsibility have been conceived and used as two completely separate areas, whose relationship is merely instrumental. This has led to a current lack of trust in the mechanisms and procedures of corporate social responsibility information. This article proposes an ethics of communication that defines how to ethically manage corporate social responsibility communication which is capable of specifying the relationships that link ethics, communication, and responsibility. The objective is to present the basic traits of new codes of ethics generation that include both compliance measures and their external verification by ethical auditing. The proposal is important because it establishes an ethical infrastructure from which to recover trust in corporate social responsibility communication. The employed methodology is reconstruction, based on Habermas’ Theory of Communicative Action, and also transparency and participation claims that result from discourse ethics.

From ethical codes to ethical auditing: An ethical infrastructure for social responsibility communication

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:02:50 +0200

La comunicación y la responsabilidad social de las organizaciones se han concebido y utilizado como dos ámbitos separados, cuya relación sólo es instrumental. El resultado ha sido la actual desconfianza hacia los mecanismos y procedimientos de información de la responsabilidad social. Este artículo propone apoyarse en una ética de la comunicación para, desde ahí, definir las bases para una gestión ética de la comunicación de la responsabilidad social capaz de explicitar la relación entre ética, comunicación y responsabilidad. El objetivo es exponer los rasgos básicos de una nueva generación de códigos de ética que incluyan tanto las medidas de su cumplimiento como su verificación externa a través de una auditoría ética. La importancia de esta propuesta deriva de la necesidad de establecer una infraestructura ética desde la que recuperar la confianza en la comunicación de la responsabilidad social. La metodología utilizada es de corte reconstructivo y se basa en la teoría de la acción comunicativa de Habermas y en las pretensiones de transparencia y participación derivadas de la ética discursiva. AbstractOrganizations’ communication and social responsibility have been conceived and used as two completely separate areas, whose relationship is merely instrumental. This has led to a current lack of trust in the mechanisms and procedures of corporate social responsibility information. This article proposes an ethics of communication that defines how to ethically manage corporate social responsibility communication which is capable of specifying the relationships that link ethics, communication, and responsibility. The objective is to present the basic traits of new codes of ethics generation that include both compliance measures and their external verification by ethical auditing. The proposal is important because it establishes an ethical infrastructure from which to recover trust in corporate social responsibility communication. The employed methodology is reconstruction, based on Habermas’ Theory of Communicative Action, and also transparency and participation claims that result from discourse ethics.

Media accountability instruments in Spain. Comparative analysis in Catalonia, Galicia, Madrid and Valencia

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:02:41 +0200

The existence or lack of media accountability instruments in Catalonia, Galicia, Madrid, and Valencia is described. Among the 60 instruments analyzed are journalists associations and unions, press councils, codes of ethics, regulatory authorities, laws regulating the media, online media criticism by journalists bloggers, blogs about media written by members of the public, and viewers associations. A comparative perspective allows us to identify the status of these instruments in the areas studied, including their similarities and differences, and determine which ones are more consolidated within the studied media context.

Deontological guidelines for digital journalism

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:02:31 +0200

The tendency towards the instantaneity of information, due in part to the irruption of social networks into journalistic discourse, has had a direct impact on the quality and ethical considerations of professional practice. Closely related to this phenomenon is the participation of the audiences in configuring the news, posing new challenges to the profession that require measures and skills that cannot always be sought in classic codes of ethics. New principles are, therefore, needed to guide daily practice. In this article a decalogue of deontological guidelines applicable to professional work in digital journalism is proposed.

Creative crowds. Crowdsourcing as a model for collective audiovisual production in the filmmaking field

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:02:22 +0200

In the contemporary audiovisual landscape, several projects stand out through innovative production initiatives based on the open and non-formal engagement of collectives, eager to contribute in some way to the project as a whole. One of the most popular examples of this form of collaboration, based on the notion of the crowd, is crowdsourcing. The aim of this paper is to study the limits and particularities of this concept in the audiovisual field, and, specifically, in digital film production. After a theoretical discussion on the evolution of the concept and its relationship with other alternative models of collective creation, peer-based creative communities or co-creation, we will carry out an analysis of a set of relevant cases of film production that, in one way or another, have taken crowdsourcing as a referent. Through analysis we will observe a series of particularities that lead us to suggest a reconsideration and flexibilization of some of the key features that tend to conform to the traditional conceptualization of crowdsourcing as a production model oriented to the creative labor of crowds.

Interactive and participatory elements in the virtual press rooms of IBEX 35 companies

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:02:11 +0200

Corporate pressrooms, as informative sources for mass media and society, are facing the challenge of accepting the role of prosumers in the interactive and participatory web 2.0 context. In this paper we analyze online pressrooms and propose a five-level classification of the tools offered to users, from the lowest to the highest possibility of participation. After doing the analysis of the most important Spanish companies, we make suggestions in order to move towards a transparent and collaborative model of online pressrooms.

Communication studies research within Spanish universities spanning the years 2007 to 2014

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:02:02 +0200

This article presents the results of a national research project, MapCom: “The research structure on the social practices of Communication in Spain. Map of projects, groups, lines, objects of study and methods.” (Reference code CSO2013-47933- C4-1P). This project was funded by the Research Excellence Program at the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness in Spain, spanning the period of 2013 to 2016. We present the results obtained in Area I (Center) using a representative sample of doctoral theses and of all Spanish research projects in the areas of social sciences and humanities whose object of study comprised any socially relevant dimension of the practices of “Communication” between the 1st of January 2007 to the 31st of October 2014, undertaken within Spanish universities. We contextualize by using a comparative analysis of research in social sciences and humanities in Spain. The analysis concludes with the finding of similarities between the objects of study, but also of the differences between the investigations’ objectives when we compare doctoral theses and R&D projects.

Migrant minorities in Europe: The expulsion of Romani people by Italy and France (2008 and 2010) in the Spanish newspapers

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:01:53 +0200

This paper aims to examine the treatment of gypsies in the Spanish press during their expulsion from Italy and France in 2008 and 2010, under the governments of Sarkozy and Berlusconi, because Spain was considered a potential receiving territory of this migrant minority. For the study, the newspapers El país, ABC, and La vanguardia were selected. The interest in this case is that it can be considered an antecedent to the tensions that the arrival of refugees in recent years have generated. The methods used were the quantitative analysis of the linguistic corpus in 474 texts and a critical analysis of the discourse in a selection of the sample. The results show an association of the migrant minority with controversy and marginalization, and that the treatment moves away from the guidelines drawn by the style books of the newspapers taken into consideration.

Ethical implications of digital advertising automation: The case of programmatic advertising in Spain

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:01:45 +0200

Ineffective traditional advertising planning methods, the growing advertising saturation of digital media, and the disrupting influence of the digital players in the advertising sector have created a need for new methods and tools for advertising in today’s ubiquitous Internet. Programmatic advertising is currently considered one of the most efficient forms of automation in the new online advertising environment and is excelling in major advertising markets like the US and United Kingdom. In Spain, however, there are still some important unaddressed questions regarding the level of implementation on a national and regional scale and the ethical implications derived from the implementation of this new technology. To address these points we have carried out qualitative research using a panel of experts with relevant background on the use of programmatic buying technology on a daily basis. The results stress the need for adapting capabilities in a rapidly evolving advertising sector, in which new technologies give rise to new complex processes with important ethical and reputational implications. We have identified a major contradiction between professionals’ views and users’ perceptions; the responsible use of these tools and the ability to identify the consequences of them appear to be a professional and functional challenge.

Ethical implications of digital advertising automation: The case of programmatic advertising in Spain

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:01:35 +0200

La falta de eficacia de los métodos tradicionales de planificación en la publicidad tradicional, la creciente saturación publicitaria de los medios digitales y la influencia transformadora de los actores digitales en el sector han motivado la necesidad de desarrollar nuevos métodos y herramientas de publicidad para explotar de forma viable los recursos digitales que ofrece la Internet ubicua. La publicidad programática es actualmente considerada una de las formas más eficientes de automatización en este nuevo entorno de la publicidad digital, destacando su implantación en mercados publicitarios como los de EUA y Reino Unido. En el caso de España quedan aún importantes cuestiones por dilucidar, especialmente en lo relativo al grado de implementación tanto a escala nacional como regional y a las implicaciones éticas derivadas de la implementación de esta tecnología. Para arrojar luz sobre estos interrogantes hemos desarrollado una investigación cualitativa en un panel sobre una muestra de expertos con experiencia contrastada en el uso cotidiano profesional de esta tecnología. Los resultados subrayan la necesidad de capacidades de adaptación en un entorno rápidamente cambiante como el de la publicidad online, en el que las tecnologías posibilitan nuevos procesos con importantes implicaciones éticas y de reputación. A partir de la delimitación de una contradicción relevante entre las percepciones de los profesionales y los usuarios, el uso responsable de estas herramientas y la capacidad de observar las consecuencias derivadas de este uso se perfilan como un importante desafío profesional y funcional. Abstract Ineffective traditional advertising planning methods, the growing advertising saturation of digital media, and the disrupting influence of the digital players in the advertising sector have created a need for new methods and tools for advertising in today’s ubiquitous Internet. Programmatic advertising is currently considered one of the most efficient forms of automation the new online advertising environment and is excelling in major advertising markets like the US and United Kingdom. In Spain, however, there are still some important unaddressed questions regarding the level of implementation on a national and regional scale and the ethical implications derived from the implementation of this new technology. To address these points we have carried out qualitative research using a panel of experts with relevant background on the use of programmatic buying technology on a daily basis. The results stress the need for adapting capabilities in a rapidly evolving advertising sector, in which new technologies give rise to new complex processes with important ethical and reputational implications. We have identified a major contradiction between professionals’ views and users’ perceptions; the responsible use of these tools and the ability to identify the consequences of them appear to be a professional and functional challenge.

The advertising self-regulation system: From ethical commitment to effective control over advertising in Spain

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:01:25 +0200

Advertising is a traditionally questioned activity, not only from the ethical point of view, but also legal. This article analyzes the ethical commitment of the advertising industry through the study of the characteristics and activity of Autocontrol, the Spanish advertising self-regulation system, and by means of in-depth interviews to directors of the main advertising agencies operating in Spain. The results of the research show significant ethical commitment from advertising professionals and the relevant activity of Autocontrol; most of the advertising disseminated in Spain has been subject to a previous ethical review through the service of Copy Advise®.

Self-regulation of communication: Analysis of the first hundreds resolution of the FAPE’s Arbitration, Complaints and Deontology Commission

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:01:16 +0200

Self-regulation has received scarce attention in Spain in both the professional arena, where its practical utility is not valued, and also in the academic world. The situation has improved in recent years and should continue, given the role that selfregulation plays in complex societies. Academic research must: critically analyze the work of self-regulation mechanisms and disseminate that research among the expert community and future professionals. In addition to presenting these ideas in detail, this article describes the findings of an analysis of the first hundred decisions of the FAPE’s Arbitration, Complaints and Deontology Commission, drawing conclusions about the work of this agency of self-regulation.

Sensationalism or public service in the information on missing children

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:01:07 +0200

Missing children pose to journalists the challenge of reporting on facts that offer high human interest, but this requires rigor and caution. Media coverage can exploit the emotional components of the event in order to increase the audience or it can cooperate with the investigation by facilitating citizen collaboration and avoiding speculation. This paper examines the key features in this kind of news and information for this article is drawn from the study of four Spanish newspapers’ (El país, ABC, La vanguardia, and El periódico) coverage about the 15 missing cases reported in the SOS Desaparecidos association’s website –which all occurred between 1977 and 2015. The analysis detects an unequal amount of media attention paid to the disappearances and a predominantly sensationalist approach.

Mapping media accountability instruments in sports journalism

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:00:58 +0200

El periodismo deportivo se ha caracterizado por una serie de deficiencias éticas que han soslayado los estándares normativos de la profesión. Los instrumentos de rendición de cuentas pueden jugar un papel valioso para superar estas disfunciones. Teniendo esto en mente, el artículo identifica y examina los mecanismos de rendición de cuentas más relevantes en el ámbito del periodismo deportivo, incluidos aquellos producidos de forma interna y externa a los medios. Los investigadores han inspeccionado los códigos éticos en esta área, los libros de estilo promovidos por los principales medios deportivos y las prescripciones formuladas por las agencias informativas, medios de información generalistas y organismos clave a nivel internacional. Prácticas innovadoras como los chats, redes sociales, defensores del lector en línea, observatorios y blogs también se han identificado como ejemplos positivos del cultivo de una conversación bidireccional sobre los estándares y la calidad de los contenidos deportivos. AbstractSports journalism has been characterized by a series of ethical deficiencies that have challenged the normative standards of the profession. Media accountability instruments can play an invaluable role in addressing these shortcomings. With this in mind, this article identifies and examines the most relevant accountability instruments in the field of sports journalism, including those produced within media organizations and those created outside of them. The researchers have scrutinized the specialized codes in this area and the stylebooks promoted by major sports media, as well as the recommendations proposed by news agencies, general information outlets and key stakeholders worldwide. Innovative practices such as chats, social media, online ombudsmen, observatories and blogs have also been identified as positive examples of the cultivation of a two-way conversation about the standards for and quality of sports content.

Ethics in the media: Challenges and opportunities for research

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:00:47 +0200

A reflection on the challenges and opportunities faced by researchers, professionals, society, and teachers in the field of ethics of communication and professional ethics including journalism, public relations, and advertising. The creation of fiction and entertainment content in audiovisual media is presented. Describing advances made in the last two decades, key elements that mark the present and the future of research are identified. The response of the scientific community to the call for contributions under the motto “Ethics, research and communication: Looking to the future” for the present journal issue, identifies three fundamental axes: self-regulation instruments, new technologies, and values, particularly in the field of journalism.

Agenda

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:00:37 +0200

Jornadas,

Television fiction in Europe (EU5): origin, content circulation, and scheduling

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:00:27 +0200

The circulation of scripted television shows across countries and markets has diversified due to the proliferation of channels and forms of consumption and access. Despite ubiquity and universal access, open linear TV remains the dominant medium in the major European markets. TV consumption is shifting and the process coincides with the rise of the scripted television series which started in the United States but has spread to other international markets, particularly in Europe. In this research, scripted television flows are observed in five major European markets: France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. It is discussed how the changing environment affects the scripted television scheduling strategies. Content of 26 general interest channels are analyzed.

The journalist as a social agent: A didactic proposal for their communicative intervention in neighbor communities

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:00:18 +0200

In recent years there has been a debate about the emerging professional profiles and skills required in journalism. However, it sometimes goes unnoticed that the basic function of mediation between the facts and the readers in journalism is still valid, although it must be adapted to rapid technological advances and sociocultural changes. We explore how the vocation of service and the coordinating role of journalism for certain communities requires professional skills adapted to the technological context, but not blinded by the fascination of technical transformations. Ethics and responsibility must be the core values in the exercise of journalism. We propose some teaching methods to incorporate into the university curriculum.

Civic technology for citizen participation. The case of Codeando México

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 15:00:09 +0200

A case study is presented that exemplifies the civic appropriation of TIC as mechanisms for citizen participation. The civic innovations implemented in Mexico by the civil organization Codeando México are described. Finally, we reflect on the value and impact of technologies as a means of citizen participation.

What we learned from AIDS and electro-sensitivity: Vulnerable communities and their empowerment

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:59:58 +0200

21st century science has recruited amateurs and aficionados as a workforce to undertake large projects. Citizen science shows a large variety of models that can produce knowledge. Citizen science supposedly represents a democratic shift and as a result experts and expertise have been questioned. However, vulnerable and/or concerned communities may be a group, or “subtype”, that can be represented within citizen science. To analyze that subtype we must take into account the risk of exclusion and the notion of concerned community. ACT UP’s AIDS campaign is a good example of how to achieve changes on both politics and knowledge; electro-sensitivity is another case of success in the era of the internet. Both movements have deeply influenced online activism related to AIDS and electro-sensitivity. Nevertheless, a cautious approach should be taken because it is possible to transform those strategies into revenue sources that may risk vulnerability and exclusion.

The perception of parents about the digital empowerment of family in hyperconnected households

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:59:50 +0200

In this article we disseminate the results of a qualitative research project aimed at studying the household as a multi-device communication setting in which both children and parents are involved in a digital environment where parents act as mediators in the use of digital services by minors. The methodology used was the so-called “discussion group” technique, that involved parents whose children attend school in the Autonomous Region of Madrid. The results show that these households are hyper-connected settings that offer early access and intense use of IT devices in which both parents and children have equal access to technology but use it in different ways. In these households, technology facilitates family cohesion as a result of the emergence of new forms of digital communication, and in which certain mediation occurs as parents take measures to control the use and exposure to technology by minors.

Negative experiences and risk perception disconnection on the networking sites by teenagers

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:59:41 +0200

The results of a study exploring the relationship between perception of risk and lived experience by adolescents in online environments are presented. Adolescents reported perceived safety and control over content regardless of negative experiences and social gratification received. The study involved 370 students aged 14 to 18 from four secondary education centers in Segovia (Spain). The results show that three out of four adolescents had encountered some kind of negative experience in social networks, but these episodes did not influence their risk assessment. Preventative actions and acceptable behaviors are proposed for adolescents in social networks.

Empowerment or impoverishment of children from social networks? Perceptions of sexualized images of girls in Instagram

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:59:33 +0200

Although the phenomenon of the sexualization of children has prompted numerous investigations in recent years, very few have studied how adults perceive it, and none has studied the sexualization of girls in photographs in social networks. This work demonstrates, from the results of a structured online survey of 353 people, that the sexualization of girls in social networks generates perceptions that undervalue girls in intellectual, social, and moral aspects. Such perceptions depend on media consumption level, degree of self-objectification, and people’s religiosity.

Empowerment or impoverishment of children from social networks? Perceptions of sexualized images of girls in Instagram

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:59:25 +0200

Aunque el fenómeno de la sexualización infantil ha motivado numerosas investigaciones durante los últimos años, muy pocas han estudiado cómo lo perciben los adultos, y ninguna lo ha estudiado a partir de las impresiones que provocan las fotografías de niñas sexualizadas en las redes sociales. A partir de los resultados de una encuesta estructurada en internet a 353 personas, este trabajo demuestra que el aspecto sexualizado de las niñas en las redes sociales genera percepciones que las minusvaloran intelectual, social y moralmente. Dichas percepciones dependen del consumo de medios, del grado de auto-cosificación y de la religiosidad de las personas. AbstractAlthough the phenomenon of the sexualization of children has prompted numerous investigations in recent years, very few have studied how adults perceive it, and none has studied the sexualization of girls in photographs in social networks. This work demonstrates, from the results of a structured online survey of 353 people, that the sexualization of girls in social networks generates perceptions that undervalue girls in intellectual, social, and moral aspects. Such perceptions depend on media consumption level, degree of self-objectification, and people’s religiosity.

The empowerment of film spectators: Theatrical on demand in Spain

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:59:17 +0200

Thanks to the possibilities generated by digital technology a new scenario has emerged in which large groups of people are able to efficiently innovate and transform the traditional practices of companies and organizations. This article presents the results of research into the distribution and screening of films in Spain through a phenomenon known as theatrical on demand. In addition to a descriptive analysis, quantitative and qualitative data is presented to provide an evaluation of the economic, cultural, and social dimensions of this new relationship between audiences and movies. Commercial business innovation and social innovation are not separate concepts. An active society can serve as a vehicle new cultural experiences and new forms of marketing that provide access to independent productions that would otherwise be difficult to get to market through conventional distribution channels.

The empowerment of the film spectators: Theatrical on demand in Spain

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:59:06 +0200

Gracias a las posibilidades que genera la tecnología digital se abre un nuevo escenario donde las multitudes son capaces de innovar y transformar de forma eficaz las prácticas tradicionales de empresas y organizaciones. En este artículo presentamos los resultados de una investigación sobre el fenómeno de la distribución y exhibición cinematográfica bajo demanda en España, también conocido en el sector profesional con el término “estrenos bajo demanda” o “theatrical on demand”. Además del análisis descriptivo, se aportan datos cuantitativos y cualitativos que permiten evaluar la dimensión económica, cultural y social de esta nueva forma de relación entre el espectador y la película. La innovación empresarial de carácter comercial y la innovación social no son conceptos independientes, una sociedad activa puede contribuir a nuevas formas de comercialización que le permitan acceder a producciones independientes de difícil difusión por los canales convencionales de distribución y vivir nuevas experiencias culturales. AbstractThanks to the possibilities generated by digital technology a new scenario has emerged in which large groups of people are able to efficiently innovate and transform the traditional practices of companies and organizations. This article presents the results of research into the distribution and screening of films in Spain through a phenomenon known as theatrical on demand. In addition to a descriptive analysis, quantitative and qualitative data is presented to provide an evaluation of the economic, cultural, and social dimensions of this new relationship between audiences and movies. Commercial business innovation and social innovation are not separate concepts. An active society can serve as a vehicle new cultural experiences and new forms of marketing that provide access to independent productions that would otherwise be difficult to get to market through conventional distribution channels.

Radio and social empowerment. Uses and the rewards gained of radio workshops for individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:58:55 +0200

We analyze the influence that participation in radio workshops (citizen empowerment –development of communicative and social abilities, self-esteem-, social visibility, understanding disability, and media literacy) has on individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities. This study, which is based on structured questionnaires sent to tutors and participating subjects, presents a picture of the current workings of a radio workshop, confirms the exponential growth of radio projects in the last five years in light of the new technologies of information and communication, and reveals a new scenario of opportunities for accessing the radio medium through the Internet ecosystem (online radio and podcast hosting). The high degree of satisfaction shown by individuals with intellectual disabilities who collaborate in these workshops is revealed.

Media empowerment through e-learning. Design and validation of a scale

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:58:46 +0200

The current ease of online education allows students to acquire the professional and personal competencies demanded for the XXI century. In this article we study the media empowerment of students, as citizens, using multiple means of communication. We have established the first scale for the measurement of such empowerment, analyzing the exercise of active citizenship and the use of various media, as skills acquired through e-learning. The study was carried out with alumni of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (n=544), constructing a consistent and reliable scale for the two subscales that comprise it: active citizenship (5 items, α = 0.93) and diversified use of media (3 items, α = 0.95).

Electronic government and online tasks: Towards the autonomy and empowerment of senior citizens

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:58:38 +0200

The use of the Internet by the senior citizens in order to manage operations with the government and companies requires further study. The objective of this work is to take a close look at the reasons why older people make limited use of e-administration and online procedures. Using a qualitative methodology, based on four focus groups, we analyze the motivations and problems they find when using such procedures. The results indicate acceptance of electronic resources for simple and routine tasks due to the speed and convenience they offer, which simultaneously promotes the independence and empowerment of older people. However, there is a series of factors which have a negative effect on their use, and these must be dealt with in order to favor greater digital inclusion of this age demographic.

Electronic government and online tasks: Towards the autonomy and empowerment of senior citizens

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:58:28 +0200

El uso de internet por parte de las personas mayores para realizar gestiones con la administración pública y las empresas no ha sido suficientemente estudiado. El objetivo de este trabajo es profundizar en las razones del empleo limitado de la administración electrónica y los trámites online por parte de los internautas mayores. A través de una metodología cualitativa, basada en cuatro grupos de discusión, se analizan las motivaciones y frenos en la utilización de tales trámites. Los resultados indican una aceptación del empleo de los recursos electrónicos para las tareas más rutinarias y sencillas debido a la rapidez y comodidad que proporcionan, al tiempo que fomentan la autonomía y el empoderamiento de las personas mayores. Si bien, se plantea una serie de aspectos que condicionan negativamente su utilización, sobre los que se debe incidir para favorecer una mayor inclusión digital de este grupo poblacional. AbstractThe use of the Internet by the senior citizens in order to manage operations with the government and companies requires further study. The objective of this work is to take a close look at the reasons why older people make limited use of e-administration and online procedures. Using a qualitative methodology, based on four focus groups, we analyze the motivations and problems they find when using such procedures. The results indicate acceptance of electronic resources for simple and routine tasks due to the speed and convenience they offer, which simultaneously promotes the independence and empowerment of older people. However, there is a series of factors which have a negative effect on their use, and these must be dealt with in order to favor greater digital inclusion of this age demographic.

Social and digital empowerment of vulnerable library users of the Murcia Regional Library, Spain

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:58:17 +0200

This research is based on two qualitative techniques applied to further understand the levels of digital risk or empowerment of vulnerable users visiting Murcia Regional Library. Library users and staff, social workers, and the three most recent library managers were interviewed; participatory observation was applied. We studied the exclusion factors of users, their motivation for using library services, and their information and digital competencies. We conclude that these persons use the library primarily as a center for both leisure and media Internet purposes and also occasionally to study or job search. Nevertheless, and above all, they value the library as a comfortable, normalized, and inclusive space, in which they feel integrated and where, without limits, they can stay for leisure or practical purposes.

Social and digital empowerment of vulnerable library users of the Murcia Regional Library, Spain

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:58:04 +0200

Para conocer el grado de empoderamiento o riesgo de exclusión digital de los usuarios en situación vulnerable que acuden a la Biblioteca Regional de Murcia se diseñó una investigación cualitativa basada en dos técnicas: la entrevista (a usuarios, a personal bibliotecario, a técnicos de entidades sociales y a los tres últimos directores de la biblioteca) y la observación participante. Estudiamos los factores de exclusión de los sujetos, sus motivaciones para utilizar los servicios bibliotecarios y su valoración de los mismos, así como su nivel de acceso a las tecnologías y su competencia digital. Se concluye que estas personas, aunque utilizan la biblioteca primeramente como centro de conexión a Internet con fines tanto de ocio como de comunicación y de estudio o búsqueda de empleo, valoran también la socialización que logran en la biblioteca como espacio confortable, normalizado e inclusivo en el que se sienten integrados y donde se desenvuelven sin limitaciones para fines lúdicos o funcionales. AbstractThis research is based on two qualitative techniques applied to further understand the levels of digital risk or empowerment of vulnerable users visiting Murcia Regional Library. Library users and staff, social workers, and the three most recent library managers were interviewed; participatory observation was applied. We studied the exclusion factors of users, their motivation for using library services, and their information and digital competencies. We conclude that these persons use the library primarily as a center for both leisure and media Internet purposes and also occasionally to study or job search. Nevertheless, and above all, they value the library as a comfortable, normalized, and inclusive space, in which they feel integrated and where, without limits, they can stay for leisure or practical purposes.

Producing political content for web 2.0: Empowering citizens and vulnerable populations

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:57:53 +0200

Social media, or web 2.0, allows citizens to produce content and information. However, not everybody has the same access to these benefits. This causes the emergence of a digital divide and the appearance of vulnerable sectors. We study the effect of education, financial income, and the frequency of technology use on the capacity of citizens to produce political content on social media in Spain. The methodology is based on a secondary analysis of data, whereby a statistical method was applied to a quantitative questionnaire (n=2,444). The results reveal that citizens’ creation of political content depends more on education level and frequency of digital network use, rather than on income levels. This data provides a significant and novel contribution to the awareness of factors that determine digital inequality.

Producing political content for web 2.0: Empowering citizens and vulnerable populations

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:57:46 +0200

Los medios sociales, o web 2.0, permiten a los ciudadanos producir contenidos e informaciones. Sin embargo, no todos acceden por igual a estos beneficios. Esto genera la emergencia de desigualdades digitales y la aparición públicos vulnerables. Nuestro objetivo es estudiar la incidencia de la educación, los ingresos económicos y la frecuencia de utilización de las tecnologías en la capacidad de los ciudadanos de producir contenidos políticos en los medios sociales en España. La metodología se basa en el análisis secundario de datos a partir de la aplicación del método estadístico a una encuesta cuantitativa (n=2.444). Los resultados revelan que la creación de contenidos políticos por parte de los ciudadanos depende de la educación y la intensidad de uso de las redes digitales, aunque no tanto del nivel de ingresos. Estos datos realizan una aportación significativa y novedosa al conocimiento de los factores que determinan la desigualdad digital.AbstractSocial media, or web 2.0, allows citizens to produce content and information. However, not everybody has the same access to these benefits. This causes the emergence of a digital divide and the appearance of vulnerable sectors. We study the effect of education, financial income, and the frequency of technology use on the capacity of citizens to produce political content on social media in Spain. The methodology is based on a secondary analysis of data, whereby a statistical method was applied to a quantitative questionnaire (n=2,444). The results reveal that citizens’ creation of political content depends more on education level and frequency of digital network use, rather than on income levels. This data provides a significant and novel contribution to the awareness of factors that determine digital inequality.

Vulnerable publics and digital empowerment: The challenge of an e-inclusive society

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 14:57:38 +0200

The fight against poverty and social exclusion are, to a greater or lesser extent, a constant feature in European strategies for economic growth and employment generation and the related research framework programs. At present, the concepts of exclusion and inclusion include access to and use of information and communication technologies and networks. Due to its relevance and increasing weight in social policies, it is necessary to make progress in the definition and application of concepts such as exclusion, vulnerability and empowerment within the framework of digital societies. For this, the investment and dedication of resources to research in social sciences and humanities is a fundamental condition.

Communities of fans and television fiction. Case study: The ministry of time (TVE)

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:16:37 +0200

Fan communities are increasingly important to television fiction series. The department of time television series (TVE) is examined in relation to this trend, with a focus on social networks. A sample of approximately 3,600 people calling themselves “ministerics” participated in the study. The analysis is carried out in the context of the convergence of media and transmedia, where the Net exerts particular influence on their program strategies and their contents, an it is focused to the production and promotion of audiovisual creations aimed at a general audience. This research is of special interest within the field of fan studies because it confirms the intensity and diversity of fans and shows the relevance that it has in national television, particularly in public television.

Agenda

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:16:28 +0200

Jornadas,

Creation of bibliographic styles with CSL. A tutorial applied to the journal El profesional de la información

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:16:17 +0200

The open source language CSL (citation style language) is used to describe citation and bibliographic reference formats. In this article it helps define the format used by the journal El profesional de la información (EPI). In addition to other characteristics, the basic labels that have been used to fit the journal requirements are described.

Standards for clinical records in the Hcdsns project

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:16:06 +0200

The implementation of electronic medical records has been of paramount importance in facilitating the access and availability of information in the medical treatment of patients. However, because different centers and areas have adopted heterogeneous information models and technical solutions to handle medical records there may be a risk when the patient requests medical assistance in a jurisdiction other than the one in which he normally seeks medical treatment. The international standards for medical records offer common models to organize information and ensure the exchange and interoperability between technical solutions. This paper analyzes the adoption of the main technical standards (ISO 13606 and HL7) in the Hcdsns project, developed by the Spanish Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad.

The reverse path: Reduction of informative contents of Promecal in the digital newspaper to reinforce the printed one

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:15:58 +0200

In 2016 the newspapers of Promecal communication group in Castilla y León and Castilla la Mancha significantly reduced content available on the internet as a strategy to strengthen print press sales. This research analyzes Promecal communication group’s newspapers according to their audience in web and print formats. Furthermore, the supply content of Diario de Burgos, which is the most important newspaper of Promecal, is studied. Also, we discuss how the strategy of reducing web content has caused a loss of users of web versions of the newspapers. Contrary to Promecal’s plans, this reduction hasn’t increased sales in printed newspapers. The final result caused an increase in other digital medias of the competition.

The design of social media news formats aimed at the millennial audience. The case of PlayGround’s Videonews

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:15:50 +0200

PlayGround is a digital medium aimed at the millennial audience which uses a format adapted to internet news consumption habits. In the last few years it has built a characteristic rhetoric using the native video format for Facebook, resulting in more than 13 million followers on social media and 600 million views a month. Following an analysis of the features of the format and how it has evolved, while also considering the audience’s consumption habits, our data reveals that the media are highly dependent on the channel in which their content is broadcast. The discussion considers how the format should evolve bearing in mind the constantly changing interests and requirements of social networks as they search to monetize their audience.

Systematic approach to the generation of digital versions of historical photographic negatives

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:15:40 +0200

We describe a method for obtaining master versions of historical photographic negatives that are highly representative at the tonal level of their originals from captures made with easily accessible and affordable devices for any cultural organization. We also address the process of creating historic positive virtual copies that can be used to disseminate iconic content according to rigorous technical and historical criteria. The methodology has been applied to a sample of photographic negatives from the Skogler archive (1936-1939). We devised and implemented corrective processes for defects of non-uniformity or dynamic range introduced by the capture devices that do not result in the alteration or loss of the original tonal information.

Empirical talent satisfaction and engagement keys in organizations

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:15:32 +0200

In this study we identify the key components of employee satisfaction and level of commitment to their jobs using the theoretical framework of corporate reputation theory. Recent studies in talent management have analyzed satisfaction and consider 80% to be a high number. However, this study looks not only at satisfaction, but also employee commitment. According to theory of reputation, companies need to have employees that are both satisfied and committed.

Film’s crisis: Exposure criteria in the evolution from photochemical to digital image capture in contemporary Hollywood cine

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:15:22 +0200

The crisis affecting film production models and its paradigm shift towards digital seems to also imply an esthetic revolution. In this quantitative research we aim to explore the interrelation between exposure as an esthetic value and the implementation of digital internegative and capture in order to determine quantitative criteria relative to the adoption of these technologies. In order to do this, one frame every fourteen seconds was extracted out of 264 feature films produced in Hollywood, and their average light levels and low-light range levels were quantitatively analyzed. With this information, we aimed to relate different image-capture and image-treatment methods to their implementation in the Hollywood film-making industry and consider low-light reproduction a crucial factor.

Digital storytelling in corporate communication: A comparison between IBEX 35 and the Dow Jones

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:15:12 +0200

Corporate websites have been challenged to incorporate storytelling narratives that favor emotional bonds with their stakeholders. This paper establishes four categories of implementation in the companies of IBEX 35 and reveals its delay of companies listed in the Dow Jones index. The case studies presented allow us to make recommendations in order to improve the situation.

Comparing the usage data of an app and a mobile website for an academic library

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:15:03 +0200

Apps are used by university libraries to disseminate their collections and services. In 2011 the University of Salamanca (USAL) launched the first mobile app for libraries in Spanish-speaking regions: Biblio USAL. Usage data was gathered for this app (2011-2015) and analyzed and compared to that of the university library’s mobile website. The findings show a preference for adapted web versions and the need to offer new generation apps that provide services not featured on the website.

Comparing the usage data of an app and a mobile website for an academic library”

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:14:55 +0200

Hooked on lit screens

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:14:47 +0200

The aim of this article is to trace new audiovisual consumption habits, analyzing which screens are preferred by people in Spain when watching different types of content online. In addition, we study the use of second screens, an increasingly common phenomenon. The main sources of data for this empirical study are two original surveys carried out online in May 2012 and in December 2016. The sample size was 1,200 in both cases, and interviews were conducted via the Internet. The target population consisted of Internet users in Spain and the sample distribution was designed to be representative of this population. Our results show that audiovisual consumption habits are changing dramatically, especially when looking at younger users, whose loyalty and attention is even more difficult to attract due to their disruptive practices. In this sense, great uncertainties and risks have emerged in the entertainment industry, although valuable opportunities may also arise.

Push notification as a radio information strategy in the digital age

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:14:35 +0200

Given the standardization of the smartphone as the dominant device for access to information in the digital environment, Spanish radio stations have assumed a presence on these devices in order to attract listeners and facilitate listening. One of the most visible and efficient utilities is the push notifications delivered through mobile apps. This paper analyzes the design, content, and structure of the alerts sent by the four main talk-radio networks in Spain –SER, COPE, Onda Cero, and RNE– during two non-consecutive periods during the 2016/17 season (January-February and March-April). This study proposes that push notifications have the potential to transfer radio’s immediacy and proximity into the smartphone. This article also discusses the journalistic models of the four radio stations analyzed.

Deconstruction of journalistic genres and new media: From the inverted pyramid to Rubik’s cube

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:14:25 +0200

The present article offers a proposal of deconstruction of the news to adapt it to the new media placing the focus in the audiovisual -up of the textual-, incorporating the key ingredients of the digital environment (multimediality, hypertextuality, interactivity) and fixing paths through links and comments that allow both personalization with different levels of deepening as the integration of readers-users in the new communication paradigm of the digital world. Thus, we propose to change the inverted pyramid that has marked the rules of Journalism in the last century for a Rubik’s Cube that still use the 5W as a gateway to the transmedia news, in which each question can work as a hook and activate the multimedia and interactive itinerary that guides us inside the renewed information cube

Interaction and data visualization in structured journalism

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:14:15 +0200

The confluence of professionals specializing in interactive storytelling, information visualization, digital documentation and investigative reporting in digital newsrooms has allowed the rise of the so called structured journalism (SJ). SJ is a recent trend in digital journalism that considers the reuse, accumulation, revision and contrast of current information with archived information and associated metadata. It is defined as a system in which the information storage in databases is combined with the potential for exploitation and diffusion of digital journalism. It is a way of approaching the informational content in which direct accessibility to primary information, documents, and data is given priority, and in which the construction of the narrative is mediated by the user’s interactivity. In addition to obtaining information and writing news, structured journalism requires an efficient definition and structuring of the database in which that information is stored, the design of information layers and an interactive story.

Risk information system: The visibility factor

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 13:14:06 +0200

Project risk evaluation complexity demands modern information systems that increase objectivity and are more visual, intuitive, and flexible. Thousands of construction projects have been analyzed to define a risk system that fulfills these requirements and uses a new kind of risk indicator: The Visibility factor. This indicator makes it possible to get quantitative values for any risk and to summarize risk scenarios. The system is analytical and the result is visual in order to allow the risk level to be identified at any stage, making it much easier for decision-makers to determine the best possible option. Risk data is collected via multiple choice questionnaires, built over a template, and the sections are weighted based on the project characteristics and its circumstances. This system can be used in any industry by modifying the questionnaires and it has been tested in a Spanish IBEX-35 construction company.