Scipedia: Documents published in 2016

Environmental policies and economic performance

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:06:28 +0100

A dirty, rundown environment has quantifiable costs for the economy and the well-being of societies. For example, the welfare costs of air pollution from road transport alone are estimated to amount to around USD 1.7 trillion in OECD countries, USD 1.4 trillion in China and USD 0.5 trillion in India. Without adequate policy action, costs will continue to increase, and can have tangible effects on economic growth, for instance through reduced labour productivity. Similarly, the prospects for long-term growth are under stress â for example, climate change is projected to decrease global GDP by 1% to 3.3% by 2060.

Appendix 1. Glossary

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:59:31 +0100

Agricultural biodiversity: A broad term that includes all components of biological diversity of relevance to food and agriculture, and all components of biological diversity that constitute the agricultural ecosystems, also named agro-ecosystems: the variety and variability of animals, plants and micro-organisms, at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels, which are necessary to sustain key functions of the agroecosystem, its structure and processes (CBD, 2000). Agrobiodiversity: see Agricu...

ERTRAC: The European Road Transport Research Advisory Council

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:58:03 +0100

ERTRAC is the European road transport research advisory council. It is the European technology platform (ETP) which brings together road transport stakeholders to develop a common vision for road transport research in Europe. ERTRAC aims at creating and implementing the needed research and innovation strategies for a sustainable and competitive European road transport system. In this context, ERTRAC is recognized and supported by the European Commission.

THE ANALYSIS OF THE SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY LEVEL IN SELECTED EUROPEAN CITIES

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:56:03 +0100

[EN] Transport needs have to be met through efficient and integrated usage of existing transport infrastructure and urban space together with actions taken in order to reduce traffic congestion by reducing the number and length of travels by car and reducing the demand for the travelling. The expected effect of these actions is the less noise, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The article presents the proposal of the indicator for measuring the degree of sustainable mobility based on the example of European Union cities. The presented method for determining the level of sustainable mobility has been inspired by different researches and it is based on a study of different sub-indicators used for measuring the degree of sustainability of the modal split. Ciaston-Ciulkin, A. (2016). THE ANALYSIS OF THE SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY LEVEL IN SELECTED EUROPEAN CITIES. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 2413-2420. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.3455 OCS 2413 2420

Public transport traffic management systems simulation in Craiova city

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:49:19 +0100

[EN] Urban transport is a comprehensive and dynamic mechanism. Therefore, all the problems for improving and reorganization of the system can be examined only in the light of a systemic approach. Currently, public passenger transport is one of the most important branches of the urban development in cities and metropolis. Public passenger transport activity and all the steps taken to improve that activity are considered to be of great social importance. In the current stage of city development, one of the main tasks is to create a public passenger transportation system that is safe, affordable, economical, reliable and environmentally friendly. The important role of passenger transport in the city's economy and achieving important social services to the population, dictates the need to introduce measures in the system that are harmonious, balanced and effective. This can only be done, in the context of current development, only after the system as a whole is tested extensively through special traffic and management software. Dumitru, I.; Matei, L.; Racila, L.; Nicolae, D. (2016). Public transport traffic management systems simulation in Craiova city. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 826-831. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4255 OCS 826 831

Iran

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:48:32 +0100

Multimobility and Sharing Economy: Shaping the Future Market Through Policy and Research

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:46:46 +0100

This report summarizes a workshop was held on January 10, 2016, at the 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board in Washington, DC. The workshop focused on new developments in the shared-mobility sphere, the use of smartphones in pushing the goal of shared mobility forward, and on rural and suburban mobility problems. It also raised the issue of equity for paratransit options in relation to innovative transportation modes and touched on strategies that could foster an environment of increased inclusion. Automated vehicles also were considered at the workshop, namely their benefits and challenges for policy makers in ensuring that their safety standards match existing ones.

System Architecture and Safety Requirements for Automated Driving

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:46:10 +0100

Driver assistance systems have been successfully deployed to the market in the last 15 years, resulting in an increase of driving comfort and driving safety. In the future, these systems will be able to analyze ever more complex traffic situations and to support the driver or even act independently. Upcoming functionality will combine longitudinal and lateral control to partially automated driving functions; highly automated functions will soon follow. With the increase of automation, the role of the driver is going to gradually change from an active driver to a passenger, at least for some duration of the drive. In this chapter, we discuss the implications of this evolution on the requirements for future vehicle architectures.

Autonomic Road Transport Support Systems

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:42:53 +0100

The work on Autonomic Road Transport Support (ARTS) presented here aims at meeting the challenge of engineering autonomic behavior in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) by fusing research from the disciplines of traffic engineering and autonomic computing. Ideas and techniques from leading edge artificial intelligence research have been adapted for ITS over the last 30 years. Examples include adaptive control embedded in real time traffic control systems, heuristic algorithms (e.g. in SAT-NAV systems), image processing and computer vision (e.g. in automated surveillance interpretation). Autonomic computing which is inspired from the biological example of the bodys autonomic nervous system is a more recent development. It allows for a more efficient management of heterogeneous distributed computing systems. In the area of computing, autonomic systems are endowed with a number of properties that are generally referred to as self-X properties, including self-configuration, self-healing, self-optimization, self-protection and more generally self-management. Some isolated examples of autonomic properties such as self-adaptation have found their way into ITS technology and have already proved beneficial. This edited volume provides a comprehensive introduction to Autonomic Road Transport Support (ARTS) and describes the development of ARTS systems. It starts out with the visions, opportunities and challenges, then presents the foundations of ARTS and the platforms and methods used and it closes with experiences from real-world applications and prototypes of emerging applications. This makes it suitable for researchers and practitioners in the fields of autonomic computing, traffic and transport management and engineering, AI, and software engineering. Graduate students will benefit from state-of-the-art description, the study of novel methods and the case studies provided.

High Speed Rail Services and tourism expansion: the need for cooperation

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:41:47 +0100

International audience; Abstract : In cities served by high-speed rail (HSR), local actors expect there to be an expansion in the tourism sector. Indeed, HSR can be perceived as an opportunity for renewed attractiveness, particularly in the field of tourism. However, the literature on this subject is highly controversial. A few cities have experienced growth in visitor numbers; however, a decrease in the average duration of tourist stays sometimes occurs. A number of elements may affect the link between HSR and tourism; this article focuses on the forms of cooperation that exist between actors, which seem to be one of the key elements of this reported dynamism. After all, a tourist destination incorporates numerous products and services realized by various stakeholders in a given place. The production of this destination requires coordination between these stakeholders. The arrival of an HSR service can incite them to work together, so as to take full advantage of the best possible accessibility for their area.

The Effect of Service Attributes’ Hierarchy on Passengers’ Segmentation. A Light Rail Transit Service Case Study

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:41:36 +0100

[EN] Market segmentation can help transit operators to identify groups of passengers that share particular characteristics and specific needs and requirements about the service. Traditionally, socioeconomic variables have been used to perform a simple segmentation, although satisfaction rates about service attributes were not similar among individuals belonging to a group. Cluster analysis emerges as a novel analytical technique for extracting passengersâ profiles. This paper investigates passengersâ profiles at the metropolitan Light Rail Transit service of Seville (Spain). Latent Class Clustering algorithm is applied and satisfaction rates about different service quality attributes are considered for the segmentation. Particularly, two different cluster analyses are accomplished: first level, with only socioeconomic attributes; and second level, with eight service quality factors and socioeconomic attributes. The service quality factors are obtained through a principal component analysis, at which, the large number of attributes describing the service is reduced into constructs underlying them. Equivalent satisfaction rates are calculated for these service factors. Then, homogeneous groups of passengers are obtained. Additionally, the main differences among cluster are identified. Diez De Los Rios Mesa, F.; De OÃ±a LÃ³pez, R.; De OÃ±a LÃ³pez, J. (2016). The effect of service attributesâ hierarchy on passengersâ segmentation. A light rail transit service case study. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 2124-2131. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.3844 OCS 2124 2131

Automating Biomedical Data Science Through Tree-Based Pipeline Optimization

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:35:17 +0100

Over the past decade, data science and machine learning has grown from a mysterious art form to a staple tool across a variety of fields in academia, business, and government. In this paper, we introduce the concept of tree-based pipeline optimization for automating one of the most tedious parts of machine learning---pipeline design. We implement a Tree-based Pipeline Optimization Tool (TPOT) and demonstrate its effectiveness on a series of simulated and real-world genetic data sets. In particular, we show that TPOT can build machine learning pipelines that achieve competitive classification accuracy and discover novel pipeline operators---such as synthetic feature constructors---that significantly improve classification accuracy on these data sets. We also highlight the current challenges to pipeline optimization, such as the tendency to produce pipelines that overfit the data, and suggest future research paths to overcome these challenges. As such, this work represents an early step toward fully automating machine learning pipeline design.

The effects of large-diameter underground crude-oil pipelines on wildlife : with emphasis on the proposed Northern Tier pipeline in Montana /

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:29:39 +0100

Shared Mobility and the Transformation of Public Transit

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:28:21 +0100

This report examines the relationship of public transportation (including paratransit and demand-responsive services) to shared modes, including bikesharing, carsharing, microtransit, and ridesourcing services provided by companies such as Uber and Lyft. This report is designed to assist transit agencies in examining issues and exploring opportunities and challenges as they relate to technology-enabled mobility services, including suggesting ways that transit can learn from, build upon, and interface with these new modes. The study draws on several sources of information: in-depth interviews with transportation officials; a survey of shared mobility users; analysis of transit and ridesourcing capacity, demand, and comparative travel times; an assessment of practices and regulations relating to paratransit provision; and a compilation of current business models and public-private partnerships that build on new technologies from the emerging shared mobility sector. The surveys and interviews were conducted in seven cities: Austin, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, DC. The report presents five key findings: among survey respondents, greater use of shared modes is associated with greater likelihood to use transit frequently, own fewer cars, and have reduced transportation spending; shared modes largely complement public transit, enhancing urban mobility; because shared modes are expected to continue growing in significance, public entities should identify opportunities to engage with them to ensure that benefits are widely and equitably shared; the public sector and private mobility operators are eager to collaborate to improve paratransit using emerging approaches and technology; and a number of business models are emerging that include new forms of public-private partnership for provision of mobility and related information services. This report concludes by presenting actions that public entities can take to promote useful cooperation between public and private mobility providers. It also suggests regulatory enhancements, institutional realignments, and forms of public-private engagement that would allow innovation to flourish while still providing mobility as safely, broadly, and equitably as possible.

Identifying and Harnessing the Building Blocks of Machine Learning Pipelines for Sensible Initialization of a Data Science Automation Tool

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:20:15 +0100

As data science continues to grow in popularity, there will be an increasing need to make data science tools more scalable, flexible, and accessible. In particular, automated machine learning (AutoML) systems seek to automate the process of designing and optimizing machine learning pipelines. In this chapter, we present a genetic programming-based AutoML system called TPOT that optimizes a series of feature preprocessors and machine learning models with the goal of maximizing classification accuracy on a supervised classification problem. Further, we analyze a large database of pipelines that were previously used to solve various supervised classification problems and identify 100 short series of machine learning operations that appear the most frequently, which we call the building blocks of machine learning pipelines. We harness these building blocks to initialize TPOT with promising solutions, and find that this sensible initialization method significantly improves TPOT's performance on one benchmark at no cost of significantly degrading performance on the others. Thus, sensible initialization with machine learning pipeline building blocks shows promise for GP-based AutoML systems, and should be further refined in future work.

An assessment approach of maritime supply chain of energy vulnerability to piracy risk by simulation of spatial behavior

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:18:52 +0100

International audience; Nowadays, oil tankers represent 25% of the targets of maritime piracy attacks. The main goal of this paper is to propose an approach to evaluate the vulnerability of the maritime supply chain to piracy risk. This approach, based on spatial reasoning and modelling tend to measure the impact of piracy on the network by the changes on maritime network realized by disruptions. To achieve it, we use multi-agent system, which can be defined by a set of agent within a shared environment. Agents are entity which has their own goal, capacity and resources which induce a specific behavior. By using the sum of these behaviors, the main objective of this paper is to measure disruptions by a conceptual approach to qualify and quantify the piracy risk.

Urban Traffic Operation Pattern and Spatiotemporal Mode Based on Big Data (Taking Beijing Urban Area as an Example)

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:15:05 +0100

An analysis of urban traffic operation pattern and spatiotemporal mode is an important basis to solve the problems of traffic congestion, emergency and extreme weather. Traditional studies on the urban traffic operation pattern and spatiotemporal mode usually are restricted by issues as poor time effectiveness, large space scale and coarse time granularity of traffic flow data, thus this essay choose to use the urban traffic speed data based on floating vehicle trajectory to dissect the urban traffic operation pattern and spatiotemporal mode in Beijing in a multi-dimensional and fine granularity. Differences of features in weekdays and weekends are also compared. This paper reports that âtwo-peakâ mode is obvious in the urban traffic condition. Besides, the morning peak of weekends is postponed to 11-12 am, and the night peak appears shorter in 5 pm compared to weekdays. Finally, four modes of traffic and its driving mechanism are concluded.

Designing Image Analysis Pipelines in Light Microscopy: A Rational Approach

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:04:14 +0100

With the progress of microscopy techniques and the rapidly growing amounts of acquired imaging data, there is an increased need for automated image processing and analysis solutions in biological studies. Each new application requires the design of a specific image analysis pipeline, by assembling a series of image processing operations. Many commercial or free bioimage analysis software are now available and several textbooks and reviews have presented the mathematical and computational fundamentals of image processing and analysis. Tens, if not hundreds, of algorithms and methods have been developed and integrated into image analysis software, resulting in a combinatorial explosion of possible image processing sequences. This paper presents a general guideline methodology to rationally address the design of image processing and analysis pipelines. The originality of the proposed approach is to follow an iterative, backwards procedure from the target objectives of analysis. The proposed goal-oriented strategy should help biologists to better apprehend image analysis in the context of their research and should allow them to efficiently interact with image processing specialists.

From Controllability to Safety in Use: Safety Assessment of Driver Assistance Systems

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:59:41 +0100

Increasing automation requires a change from looking into the driver performance in single situations to the analysis of the entire likelihood of risks. Driver performance, system performance, and the traffic in general are important issues in this. The approach to develop safety in use, where these components have to be considered, is introduced and explained. The difference to functional safety according to the ISO 26262 is also made explicit. The analysis of safety in use offers the opportunity of quantifying risks. An acceptable reference value for this risk does not yet exist. Two existing approaches that could be used as a reference are explained, dealing with similar risks. In the second part of this paper, methods and examples of how to get necessary data for an analysis of safety in use are described. Literature reviews, questionnaires, studies in driving simulator or in real vehicles, and observation of traffic or field operational tests are explained using examples of conducted investigations in China and Germany.

PDE Model for Leakage Detection in High Pressure Gas Networks

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:55:12 +0100

In this paper we design a model based method to locate a leakage and estimate its size in a gas network, using a linearised version of an hyperbolic PDE. To do this, the problem is reduced to two identical ODEs, allowing in this way for a representation of the pressure as well as the mass flow in terms of its system of fundamental solutions. Then using the available measurements at the grid boundary points, the correspondent coefficients can be determined. Assuming pressure continuity, we check for consistency of the coefficients in order to find faulty pipelines. Thence, the location of the leakage can be found either graphically or using a numerical method for a specific pipe. Next, its size can also be estimated. ISR Coimbra, Centre CMAT-Pole CMAT-UTAD, Brag

Post-Harvest Soybean Loss During Truck Transport: A Case Study of Piaui State, Brazil

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:54:02 +0100

Part 12: Agrifood Supply Chains; International audience; Reducing post-harvest losses in the grain production system are of great interest to Brazilian agricultural production. Truck transport is commonly used world wide for the distribution of goods for trade. In Brazil, truck transportation is usually the most economical way to distribute goods in places where inexpensive or natural means of transport alternatives are not available. Truck transport plays a significant role in moving raw materials and processed products from the agricultural production. This study aimed to evaluate the post-harvest loss in transportation in soybean in the state of Piaui. The route of trucks loaded with soybean was analyzed from two regions. The trucks were weighted when leaving the farm and again weighted when arriving at the processing plant. Results indicate that there was a difference in weight between the farm and final destination indicating possible losses during the road transport.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Cyber-Physical Objects as key elements for a Smart Cyber-City

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:52:09 +0100

The continuous growth of the urban population has generated a drastic expansion of our cities. Nowadays, indeed, more than 50 % of the worldâs population is urban, and they forecast that it will reach 70 % by 2050. Therefore, cities need to be ready to accommodate this huge amount of citizens and to face new challenges (e.g., traffic congestion, air pollution, waste management, etc.). The concept of cyber-physical systems, as integration of computation and physical processes, can help toward the realization of real smart cities capable to ensure sustainability and efficiency. To this purpose, this chapter investigates the cyber-physical system (CPS) and their cyber-physical object (CPO) as key units, in the context of a smart city concept. We survey the smart city vision, providing information on the main requirements, the open challenges, and highlighting the benefits; we also browse the European Commission initiatives for smart cities and some pilot projects that are in development.

On the Evaluation of Plug-in Electric Vehicle Data of a Campus Charging Network

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:48:59 +0100

The mass adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) requires the deployment of public charging stations. Such facilities are expected to employ distributed generation and storage units to reduce the stress on the grid and boost sustainable transportation. While prior work has made considerable progress in deriving insights for understanding the adverse impacts of PEV chargings and how to alleviate them, a critical issue that affects the accuracy is the lack of real world PEV data. As the dynamics and pertinent design of such charging stations heavily depend on actual customer demand profile, in this paper we present and evaluate the data obtained from a $17$ node charging network equipped with Level $2$ chargers at a major North American University campus. The data is recorded for $166$ weeks starting from late $2011$. The result indicates that the majority of the customers use charging lots to extend their driving ranges. Also, the demand profile shows that there is a tremendous opportunity to employ solar generation to fuel the vehicles as there is a correlation between the peak customer demand and solar irradiation. Also, we provided a more detailed data analysis and show how to use this information in designing future sustainable charging facilities.

GraCT: A Grammar based Compressed representation of Trajectories

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:43:42 +0100

We present a compressed data structure to store free trajectories of moving objects (ships over the sea, for example) allowing spatio-temporal queries. Our method, GraCT, uses a $k^2$-tree to store the absolute positions of all objects at regular time intervals (snapshots), whereas the positions between snapshots are represented as logs of relative movements compressed with Re-Pair. Our experimental evaluation shows important savings in space and time with respect to a fair baseline.

An on-the-road study

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:40:45 +0100

Driver distraction is a leading cause of crashes. The introduction of in-vehicle technology in the last decades has added support to the driving task. However, in-vehicle technologies and handheld electronic devices may also be a threat to driver safety due to information overload and distraction. Adaptive in-vehicle information systems may be a solution to this problem. Adaptive systems could aid the driver in obtaining information from the device (by reducing information density) or prevent distraction by not presenting or delaying information when the driverâs workload is high. In this paper, we describe an on-the-road evaluation of a real-time driver workload estimator that makes use of geo-specific information. The results demonstrate the relative validity of our experimental methods and show the potential for using location-based adaptive in-vehicle systems.

Human Capital Resource Pipelines

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:37:27 +0100

The âHuman Capital Resource (HCR) pipelineâ is an organizational capacity that involves the internal, external, horizontal, and vertical flow of human capital resources in and out of an organization. The goal of an HCR pipeline is to ensure that the appropriate quality and quantity of HCRs are in place for the ongoing functioning of organizations. In turn, managing the HCR pipeline is the organizational capability to acquire, develop, and align individual or unit-level capacities to match unit-relevant purposes as they arise. It is necessary for organizations to think of managing the HCR pipeline as an ongoing process that involves the horizontal alignment, or congruence, of several human resources (HR) functions. This includes Staffing, through attraction, Selection, and Attrition. Once talent is in place, then it must be developed through Performance Appraisal, Succession Planning, and Training. It is also essential to align that talent with the organizationâs objectives. This involves continuously matching talent with the appropriate role, including focusing on Internal Mobility, Fit, and Flexibility. Compensation also affects the HCR pipeline through Sorting (e.g., who is attracted to the pipeline) and its effects on how the HCR pipeline coordinates; however, heretofore, compensation has not been explicitly tied to the HCR pipeline. The HCR pipeline may also need to focus extra and different attention on Stars and executives or other employees who disproportionately contribute to organizational performance. The general idea of considering the HCR pipeline has been growing in importance, including the creation of a special interest group at the Strategic Management Society, and two journal special issues dedicated to the topic. Therefore, the concept of the HCR pipeline is an extension of this literature that highlights the dynamic nature of HCR that has thus far been looked at in a static lens.

Proyecto Dorothy: creación y puesta en marcha del "Clúster Logística Urbana de la Comunitat Valenciana

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:35:33 +0100

[ES] En julio de 2013 comenzÃ³ el proyecto DOROTHY âDevelopment Of RegiOnal clusTers for researcH and implementation environmental friendlY urban logistics" (www.clusterdorothy.com), que forma parte del 7th Framework Programme of the EU. Dicho proyecto estÃ¡ centrado en la logÃstica urbana. Su fecha de finalizaciÃ³n, 30 de Junio de 2016, coincide prÃ¡cticamente con la celebraciÃ³n del Congreso de IngenierÃa de Transporte CIT 2016. Uno de los objetivos principales del Proyecto Dorothy es la creaciÃ³n de clusters, a nivel regional que aborden temas relacionados con la logÃstica urbana. Uno de estos clÃºsters se ha desarrollado en la RegiÃ³n de Valencia. La creaciÃ³n de un clÃºster en logÃstica urbana, y su puesta en marcha, sin disponer de fondos econÃ³micos para su dinamizaciÃ³n inicial, es un proceso complejo que requiere abordar diversos pasos con continuidad y llevar a cabo distintas gestiones. Al menos este ha sido el caso de la creaciÃ³n del clÃºster de la RegiÃ³n de Valencia. Entendemos que explicar este proceso con cierto detalle puede resultar de interÃ©s para futuras creaciones de asociaciones o clÃºsters relacionados con la logÃstica urbana o con el transporte en sus diversos aspectos. La presente ponencia recoge las distintas acciones que han sido necesarias para la creaciÃ³n del clÃºster, asÃ como las primeras actuaciones del mismo que ponen de manifiesto el dinamismo inicial de esta iniciativa. Colomer Font, O.; Colomer Ferrandiz, JV.; Fiore, M. (2016). Proyecto Dorothy: creaciÃ³n y puesta en marcha del "ClÃºster LogÃstica Urbana de la Comunitat Valenciana. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 801-819. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4265 OCS 801 819

Vehicular Social Networks

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:34:23 +0100

Vehicular communication networks are a type of network in which vehicles and roadside units are the communicating nodes, providing each other with information such as safety warnings and traffic information. As a cooperative approach, vehicular communications can be more effective in avoiding accidents and traffic congestion, rather than each vehicle trying to solve these problems individually. Therefore, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have been developed to address the challenges of the safety, security, and efficacy of the current transportation systems. The field of inter vehicular communications (IVC) includes both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to infrastructures (V2I) communication and is also known as the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). The VANET is recognized as an important component of ITS in various national plans [1]. Direct communication between vehicles may be set up by means of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), which do not depend on the altered foundation. Research on MANETs covers the application prerequisites and correspondence conventions for everything from sensor systems to handheld PCs and vehicular frameworks [2].

Highway Traffic State Estimation and Short-term Prediction

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:24:06 +0100

Traffic congestion is increasing in almost all large cities, leading to a number of negative effects such as pollution and delays. However, building new roads is not a feasible solution. Instead, the use of the existing road network has to be optimized, together with a shift towards more sustainable transport modes. In order to achieve this there are several challenges that needs to be addressed. One challenge is the ability to provide accurate information about the current and future traffic state. This information is an essential input to the traffic management center and can be used to influence the choices made by the travelers. Accurate information about the traffic state on highways, where the potential to manage and control the traffic in general is very high, would be of great significance for the traffic managers. It would help the traffic managers to take action before the system reaches congestion and limit the effects of it. At the same time, the collection of traffic data is slowly shifting from fixed sensors to more probe based data collection. This requires an adaptation and further development of the traditional traffic models in order for them to handle and take advantage of the characteristics of all types of data, not just data from the traditionally used fixed sensors. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the development and implementation of a model for estimation and prediction of the current and future traffic state and to facilitate an adaptation of the model to the conditions of the highway in Stockholm. The model used is a version of the Cell Transmission Model (CTM-v) where the velocity is used as the state variable. Thus, together with an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) it can be used to fuse different types of point speed measurements. The model is developed to run in real-time for a large network. Furthermore, a two-stage process used to calibrate the model is implemented. The results from the calibration and validation show that once the model is calibrated, the estimated travel times corresponds well with the ground truth travel times collected from Bluetooth sensors. In order to produce accurate short-term predictions for various networks and conditions it is vital to combine different methods. We have implemented and evaluated a hybrid prediction approach that assimilates parametric and non-parametric short-term traffic state prediction. To predict mainline sensor data we use a neural network, while the CTM-v is ran forward in time in order to predict future traffic states. The results show that both the hybrid approach and the CTM-v prediction without the additional predicted mainline sensor data is superior to a naÃ¯ve prediction method for longer prediction horizons.

Assessment of Shopping Malls Accessibility: Case Study of Krakow

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:42:16 +0100

[EN] The main aim of presented study was to analyze and to assess accessibility of shopping malls as traffic generators in the city of Krakow (Poland) as well as to compare calculated results in the perspective of the whole amount of shopping centers. The scope of research work includes the calculation of two kinds of accessibility measures: distance measures based on the straight line (Euclidean distance) and real distances and potential accessibility measures also based on the same distances and, additionally, weighted by characteristics of shopping malls and transport districts. The data from the OpenStreetMap project was used to get information concerning transport network and two kinds of above-mentioned distances. At the end of article a possible usage of obtained results and the further development of topic are described. Pashkevich, A.; PuÅawska, S. (2016). Assessment of Shopping Malls Accessibility: Case Study of Krakow. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 1743-1758. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.4117 OCS 1743 1758

Comparing Signal Setting Design Methods through emissions and fuel consumption performance indicators

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:42:04 +0100

In order to address the Signal Setting Design at urban level two main approaches may be pursued: the coordination and the synchronisation approaches depending on the steps considered for the optimisation of decision variables (two steps vs. one step). Furthermore, in terms of objective functions mono-criterion or multi-criteria may be adopted. In this paper the coordination approach is implemented considering the multi-criteria optimisation at single junctions and mono-criterion optimisation at network level whereas the synchronisation is implemented considering the mono-criterion optimisation. The main purpose of the paper is the evaluation of the performances of two strategies not only considering indicators such as the total delay, the queue length etc. but also considering other indicators such as the emissions and the fuel consumption. The methodological framework is composed by three stages: (i) the decision variables (green timings and offsets) computation through optimisation methods; (ii) the implementation of optimal signal settings in a microscopic traffic flow simulator (âSimulation of Urban MObilityâ-SUMO); (iii) the estimation of emissions and fuel consumption indicators.

Towards Aligning Multi-Concern Models via NLP

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:41:45 +0100

The design of large-scale complex systems requires their analysis from multiple perspectives, often through the use of requirements models. Diversely located experts with different backgrounds (e.g., safety, security, performance) create such models using different requirements modeling languages. One open challenge is how to align these models such that they cover the same parts of the domain. We propose a technique based on natural language processing (NLP) that analyzes several models included in a project and provides suggestions to modelers based on what is represented in the models that analyze other concerns. Unlike techniques based on meta-model alignment, ours is flexible and language agnostic. We report the results of a focus group session in which experts from the air traffic management domain discussed our approach.

Initial Study on Fault Tolerant Control with Actuator Failure Detection for a Multi Motor Electric Vehicle

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:41:10 +0100

Part 7: Control and Fault Tolerance; International audience; This study presents a scheme to detect and isolate faults in over-actuated electric vehicles. Although this research work is still emerging, it already provides a view of the main challenges on the problem and discusses some possible approaches that can be useful to overcome the key difficulties. This paper intends to present a fault detection algorithm based on Unknown Input Observer (UIO). The residuals are built through the difference of signals between the measured outputs and the output estimations from the observer. The main idea is to detect fault in the electric motors and steering wheel actuator. The algorithm is presented and tested with some fault scenarios using the co-simulation tool between Simulink/MATLAB and the high-fidelity model from Carsim software.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Online and App-Based Carpooling in France: Analyzing Users and Practices—A Study of BlaBlaCar

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:34:56 +0100

This chapter examines the characteristics and practices of ridesharing users in France. In May 2013, the authors surveyed members of BlaBlaCar, the largest online and app-based carpooling service in France, to analyze the sociodemographic characteristics and usage patterns of the respondents. The survey results identify correlations between socio-demographic characteristics and usage elements. Notably, users with a lower income level are more inclined to be passengers, while higher income users employ carpooling mainly as drivers. Students are shown to be more frequent users as well. These findings indicate some equity balancing effects, which may be unique to this shared mobility mode.

Traffic Congestion Manager, a Cost-Effective Approach

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:33:09 +0100

Traffic congestion is a worldwide problem which challenges both scientific community and governments. This paper proposes a novel cost-effective approach which aims to predict congestion levels of road segments and thus helps preventing high traffic congestions. Unlike other approaches based on cooperative vehicular communication, this work adopts a cooperation-without-communication approach inspired by social insects. In fact, vehicles cooperate and share their experiences through RSU (Road Side Unit) controllers placed in the traffic lights of the studied area. Each vehicle is equipped with a navigation device which notifies the driver about congestion levels of road segments. Hence, vehiclesâ distribution over the road network tends towards homogeneity. An evolutionary algorithm which optimizes traffic reports exchange between vehicles and RSU controllers is described.

Governing diversity and social cohesion in European cities

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:32:52 +0100

When Autonomous Vehicles Are Introduced on a Larger Scale in the Road Transport System: The Drive Me Project

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:26:06 +0100

The Drive Me project focuses on studying potential benefits when autonomous vehicles are introduced on larger scale in the road transportation system. It aims to put a fleet of 100 autonomous vehicles in the hands of ordinary Volvo customers to operate on public roads in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 2017. The customers will not need to continuously supervise the vehicle operation and therefore will be allowed to spend time on other activities. The autonomous vehicles will be used as measurement probes for research on the effect on safety, traffic flow, and energy efficiency. Thus, the Drive Me project has a high-profile ambition to define and evaluate how autonomous vehicles will have a major importance for quality of life and achievement of a sustainable urban environment.

Public Perception of CO 2 Pipelines

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:21:35 +0100

Abstract To date, the transportation aspect has received little attention in social science research on the public perception of CCS. This study contributes to filling this gap by investigating the public perception of CO 2 pipelines among the German public. For this purpose, a representative survey was carried out and analysed with methods of descriptive and inductive statistics. The results showed that on average CO 2 pipelines are perceived neutrally by the general public in Germany. With respect to the acceptance of CO 2 pipelines close to one's home, the involvement of environmental organizations in the assessment of the safety and environmental compatibility of the pipeline and a convincing safety concept on the part of the pipeline operator were identified as likely to be more effective than other measures such as financial compensation or participation in the planning process. However, factual knowledge of pipelines, risk perceptions, general attitude and willingness to protest against a CO 2 pipeline close to one's home, as well as the level of agreement with factors for the acceptance of CO 2 pipelines, vary significantly according to gender, age and professional qualifications. The characteristics and perceptions of the citizens affected should therefore be taken into account for the siting of CO 2 infrastructure projects.

One-Dimensional Modeling of Pipeline Transients

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:19:43 +0100

International audience; This chapter summarizes the one-dimensional modeling of transients in a pipeline, commonly used for detection and location of faults (such as leaks and obstructions) by means of model-based methods. The modeling starts with the discretization via finite-difference method of classical water hammer equations. The result of such a discretization is a system of ordinary differential equations, which is considered together with boundary conditions that represent faults and pipeline accessories. Some illustrative results are finally given based on a test bench.

Quality analysis of the Parisian OSM toponyms evolution

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:14:31 +0100

International audience; The paper presents empirical research on the quality of the toponyms that can be retrieved from OpenStreetMap (OSM) under the purpose of enriching authoritative toponymic databases and gazetteers. An analysis on the volatility of places and points-of-interest (POIs) is presented. We examine how named features behave and change in terms of type, name and location. The challenge is to understand the behavior and consequently the fitness-for-purpose of OSM data when it comes to a possible use and integration with authoritative datasets. We show that, depending on the OSM feature type, the volatility can vary considerably and we elucidate which feature types are consistent, and thus could be used in authoritative gazetteers despite their grassroots nature and if there are spatial patterns behind the location changes of features during their lifespan.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Security Requirements for SATCOM Datalink Systems for Future Air Traffic Management

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:12:59 +0100

Aircraft equipped with satellite communication (SATCOM) systems will enable advanced Air Traffic Management (ATM) operations over datalink on a global basis. A key concept of future ATM is 4D trajectory management, which aims to ensure an optimal path and designated arrival time for the flight by integrating time as a fourth dimension into the aircraft trajectory. However, the increase reliance on digital information exchange needed for implementing 4D implies that cyber security will be a key concern. The goal of the Iris Service Evolution programme is to provide a secure and reliable datalink for air-ground communication in oceanic and remote environment based on satellite. This paper provides an overview over ongoing work on cyber security in the Iris programme. We discuss the need for security for future datalink services in the aircraft control domain and, based on a security risk and threat analysis, provide a number of security requirements that future SATCOM datalink systems for ATM should fulfil.

Intelligent Vehicles

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:12:32 +0100

International audience; This chapter describes the emerging robotics application field of intelligent vehicles â motor vehicles that have autonomous functions and capabilities. The chapter is organized as follows:- Section 62.1 provides a motivation for why the development of intelligent vehicles is important, a brief history of the field, and the potential benefits of the technology.- Section 62.2 describes the technologies that enable intelligent vehicles to sense vehicle, environment, and driver state, work with digital maps and satellite navigation, and communicate with intelligent transportation infrastructure.- Section 62.3 describes the challenges and solutions associated with road scene understanding â a key capability for all intelligent vehicles.- Section 62.4 describes advanced driver assistance systems, which use the robotics and sensing technologies described earlier to create new safety and convenience systems for motor vehicles, such as collision avoidance, lane keeping, and parking assistance.- Section 62.5 describes driver monitoring technologies that are being developed to mitigate driver fatigue, inattention, and impairment.- Section 62.6 describes fully autonomous intelligent vehicles systems that have been developed and deployed.- Sections 62.7 and 62.8 conclude the chapter with a discussion of future prospects, and provide references to further reading and additional resources.

On the Contribution of Volunteered Geographic Information to Land Monitoring Efforts

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:09:16 +0100

Land-related inventories are important sources of geoinformation for environmentalists, researchers, policy-makers, practitioners, and ecologists. Traditionally, a considerable amount of energy, time, and money have been dedicated to map global/regional/local land use datasets. While remote sensing images and techniques along with field surveying have been the main sources of data for determining land use features, field measurements of ground truth have always amplified the required time and money, as well as information credibility. Nowadays, volunteered geographic information (VGI) has shown its great contributions to different scientific disciplines. This was made possible thanks to Web 2.0 technologies and GPS-enabled devices, which have advanced citizens knowledge-based projects and made them user-friendly for volunteered citizens to collect and share their knowledge about geographical objects. OpenStreetMap as one of those leading VGI projects has shown its great potential for collecting and providing land use information. The collaboratively collected land use features from diverse citizens could greatly back up the challenging element of land use mapping, which is in-field data gathering. Hence, in this literature we will look at the completeness, thematic accuracy and fitness for use of OpenStreetMap features for land mapping purposes over European countries. The empirical findings reveal that the degree of completeness varies widely ranging from 2% to 96% and overall and per-class thematic accuracies goes up to 80% and 96%, respectively compared to the European GMESUA datasets. Furthermore, more than 50% of land use features of eight European countries are mapped. This messages that the harnessing citizensâ knowledge can play a great role in land mapping as an alternative and complementary data source. COST Action IC1203 (European Network Exploring Research into Geospatial Information Crowd-sourcing: software and methodologies for harnessing geographic information from the crowd)

Data reduction pipelines for the Keck Observatory Archive

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:03:57 +0100

The Keck Observatory Archive (KOA) currently serves ~ 42 TB of data spanning over 20 years from all ten past and current facility instruments at Keck. Although most of the available data are in the raw form, for four instruments (HIRES, NIRC2, OSIRIS, LWS), quick-look, browse products generated by automated pipelines are also offered to facilitate assessment of the scientific content and quality of the data. KOA underwrote the update of the MAKEE package to support reduction of the CCD upgrade to HIRES, developed scripts for reduction of NIRC2 data and automated the existing OSIRIS and LWS data reduction packages. We describe in some detail the recently completed automated pipeline for NIRSPEC, which will be used to create browse products in KOA and made available for quicklook of the data by the observers at the telescope. We review the currently available data reduction tools for Keck data, and present our plans and anticipated priorities for the development of automated pipelines and release of reduced data products for the rest of the current and future instruments. We also anticipate that Keck's newest instrument, NIRES, which will be delivered with a fully automated pipeline, will be the first to have both raw and level-1 data ingested at commissioning.

Sectoral expansion of the EU ETS

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:02:54 +0100

The European Emissions trading Scheme (EU ETS) was launched in 2005. The scheme started off with a limited scope, but has gradually expanded, in terms of geographical, sectoral and gas coverage. This report analyses the possibilities for further sectoral expansion in the Nordic countries. The analysis is done in terms of barriers and solutions for inclusion of four major sectors currently outside the scope of the scheme: transport, heating, agriculture and fisheries, and waste. Focus is on the road transport sector, which is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions in the Nordic countries. The main barriers identified for inclusion of road transport are related to the overlap with existing policy instruments, high administrative costs of downstream inclusion, and potential loss of fiscal revenue. Experiences from other trading schemes show that the barriers can be overcome.

Adaptive Supervision Online Learning for Vision Based Autonomous Systems

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:56:27 +0100

Driver assistance systems in modern cars now show clear steps towards autonomous driving and improvements are presented in a steady pace. The total number of sensors has also decreased from the vehicles of the initial DARPA challenge, more resembling a pile of sensors with a car underneath. Still, anyone driving a tele-operated toy using a video link is a demonstration that a single camera provides enough information about the surronding world. Â Most lane assist systems are developed for highway use and depend on visible lane markers. However, lane markers may not be visible due to snow or wear, and there are roads without lane markers. With a slightly different approach, autonomous road following can be obtained on almost any kind of road. Using realtime online machine learning, a human driver can demonstrate driving on a road type unknown to the system and after some training, the system can seamlessly take over. The demonstrator system presented in this work has shown capability of learning to follow different types of roads as well as learning to follow a person. The system is based solely on vision, mapping camera images directly to control signals. Â Such systems need the ability to handle multiple-hypothesis outputs as there may be several plausible options in similar situations. If there is an obstacle in the middle of the road, the obstacle can be avoided by going on either side. However the average action, going straight ahead, is not a viable option. Similarly, at an intersection, the system should follow one road, not the average of all roads. Â To this end, an online machine learning framework is presented where inputs and outputs are represented using the channel representation. The learning system is structurally simple and computationally light, based on neuropsychological ideas presented by Donald Hebb over 60 years ago. Nonetheless the system has shown a cabability to learn advanced tasks. Furthermore, the structure of the system permits a statistical interpretation where a non-parametric representation of the joint distribution of input and output is generated. Prediction generates the conditional distribution of the output, given the input. Â The statistical interpretation motivates the introduction of priors. In cases with multiple options, such as at intersections, a prior can select one mode in the multimodal distribution of possible actions. In addition to the ability to learn from demonstration, a possibility for immediate reinforcement feedback is presented. This allows for a system where the teacher can choose the most appropriate way of training the system, at any time and at her own discretion. Â The theoretical contributions include a deeper analysis of the channel representation. A geometrical analysis illustrates the cause of decoding bias commonly present in neurologically inspired representations, and measures to counteract it. Confidence values are analyzed and interpreted as evidence and coherence. Further, the use of the truncated cosine basis function is motivated. Â Finally, a selection of applications is presented, such as autonomous road following by online learning and head pose estimation. A method founded on the same basic principles is used for visual tracking, where the probabilistic representation of target pixel values allows for changes in target appearance.

Level of Details Harmonization Operations in OpenStreetMap Based Large Scale Maps

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:52:16 +0100

International audience; OpenStreetMap data comprise of very detailed (e.g. zebra crossing) and quite rough features (e.g. built-up area). But making large scale maps from data with inconsistent level of detail often blurs map comprehension. This paper explores the automatic harmonization of OpenStreetMap data for large scale maps, i.e. the process that transforms rough objects to make them consistent with detailed objects. A typology of the new operators that harmonization requires is presented and six algorithms that implement the operators are described. Experiments with these algorithms raise several research questions about automation, parametrization, or the level of abstraction of the transformation, which are discussed in the paper.

Factors influencing the transport accessibility level - seniors point of view

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:48:06 +0100

[EN] The growing group of European older inhabitants, namely senior citizens (aged + 65) belong to the most vulnerable group to social exclusion. Transport accessibility is a concept, that can lead to enhancing life quality of seniors, which is shown based on the case study of Cracow, Poland as a European city. 100 seniors, that are living in different areas (urban, suburban), were asked for define different aspects that may influence their travel behaviour. Respondents were indicating their individual concerns connected with travelling, the existing barriers and expected solutions. The goal of the paper is to present the main outcomes of the conducted surveys, in order to present the concept of transport accessibility in the context of the most important factors influencing seniors life quality. The accessibility conditions and barriers, which can affect mobility possibilities and different activities of senior citizens in urban areas, are indicated in the paper. The identification of the crucial aspects of accessibility play an important role in development of sustainable transport system together with sustainable urban design, that will be friendly for all citizens in aging society. Zakowska, L.; Pulawska-Obiedowska, S. (2016). Factors influencing the transport accessibility level - seniors point of view. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 1253-1260. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.3519 OCS 1253 1260

Recent trends in air transport sustainibility

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:47:00 +0100

[EN] The target of this paper is to analyse the main elements of Air Transport sustainability, studying their evolution during the last years and establishing the future prevalent trends, which might be modified by the application of the adequate policies. Air Transport sustainability is considered as integrated by five basic characteristics: physical accessibility, economic affordability, safety, security and environmental impact. Each one of them has its own influence on the development of this transportation mode and all of them are required in order to achieve a sustainable development. After defining the structural elements of the five characteristics and the corresponding quantitative indicators, the paper studies the recent evolution of such indicators and extrapolates the most likely future trends, having taken into account the most relevant limitations presently existent or potentially appearing in the near future. The most important policies being presently studied (future aircraft designs, infrastructure developments, potential safety and security new rules and tentative environmental action programs) are evaluated, considering the potential repercussions on sustainability progress. Some combinations of them are suggested as the most efficient alternatives for preserving the sustainable development of XXI century air transport. Benito, A.; Alonso, G. (2016). Recent trends in air transport sustainibility. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 97-112. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.2150 OCS 97 112

Verkehrsplanung im Kontext der Raumplanung

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:45:49 +0100

In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden die BerÃ¼hrungspunkte zwischen der Verkehrsnetzplanung und der Raumplanung im Kontext der Problematik der Standortkonkurrenzen und des Leitbilds "WettbewerbsfÃ¤higkeit stÃ¤rken" dargestellt. Es wird aus verkehrstechnischer Sicht die grundlegende Methodik der Netzgestaltung beschrieben und auf die Defizite im GÃ¼terverkehr eingegangen. In einem kurzen Exkurs wird diesbezÃ¼glich eine niederlÃ¤ndische Vorgehensweise erlÃ¤utert. Im Anschluss wird mit der Vorstellung laufender Forschungsarbeiten im Auftrag des BMVI der Themenkomplex des GÃ¼terverkehrs abgeschlossen. Im Fazit wird erneut der Bezug zur Raumplanung hergestellt sowie der Bedarf an Kommunikation im Sinne eines wissenschaftlichen Austausches zwischen den verschiedenen beteiligten Fachdisziplinen aufgezeigt. In the article, the main objective are the boundary points and commonalities of traffic engineering and spatial planning against the background of the field of site competition and the general principle for spatial planning "sustaining competitiveness". The basics of the approach of network planning in traffic engineering are presented and the deficits of goods transport are described. In a short digression, a method developed and established in the Netherlands is presented and additional, an actual research project (network planning for freight transport) is explained basically. In the conclusion spatial planning is connected to traffic engineering and the importance of a further and wide information exchange between the different disciplines will be revealed.

Intelligent Transportation Systems

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:34:52 +0100

The increasing need for mobility has brought about significant changes in transportation infrastructures. Inefficiencies cause enormous losses of time, decrease in the level of safety for both vehicles and pedestrians, high pollution, degradation of quality of life, and huge waste of nonrenewable fossil energy.The scope of this article is to introduce novel functionality for providing knowledge to vehicles, thus jointly managing traffic and safety. This will be achieved through the design of the proposed functionality, which, at a high level, will comprise (1) sensor networks formed by vehicles of a certain vicinity that exchange traffic-related information, (2) cognitive management functionality placed inside the vehicles for inferring knowledge and experience, and (3) cognitive management functionality in the overall transportation infrastructure. The goal of the aforementioned three main components shall be to issue directives to the drivers and the overall transportation infrastructure valuable in context handling.

Validation of Highly Automated Safe and Secure Systems

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:34:25 +0100

Due to the constantly growing global population and the ageing society, the CO2 production as well as the demand for mobility is constantly rising and hence needs new concepts as offered by advanced driver assistance systems up to fully automated vehicles. If existing approaches were used for these new concepts, the validation of these systems would require unacceptable long validation times and high costs. Therefore, new validation methods are necessary. The extensive use of validation in mixed real and virtual environments together with statistical methods of combinatorial testing offers promising solutions. Standardization of scenarios and learning validation schemes can reduce the validation effort to an acceptable level.

Divercities : dealing with urban diversity : the case of Antwerp

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:33:24 +0100

East African Railways and Harbours, 1945–1960: From ‘Crisis of Accumulation’ to Labour Resistance

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:33:04 +0100

Weak infrastructure, a low level of development and âunderdevelopmentâ generally can and does inhibit the metamorphosis of the commodity form within peripheral sites of production. Anti-commodity tendencies can also be manifest as âthe commonsâ refusing commodification, or as goods and resources destined for commodification but which resist the full evolution into the commodity form. This is deeply symptomatic of crisis and breakdown.

SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND HIGH SPEED RAIL: THE CASE STUDY OF SPAIN

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:32:01 +0100

[EN] Very few contributions in the literature have dealt with the issue of social exclusion related to High Speed Rail systems. The objective of this manuscript is to understand what are the factors excluding users from choosing High Speed Rail services considering as case study Spain. For this purpose, a Revealed Preference survey was employed in November and December 2015. A questionnaire was submitted to users of the Spanish transport systems travelling for long distance-journeys. The aim was that of investigating their perception of High Speed Rail system and the factors inhibiting passengers or excluding them from its use. Data about their socioeconomic characteristics were collected as well. The main result of the survey has been that a relationship between social exclusion and High Speed Rail in Spain is present, especially in terms of geographical exclusion. Pagliara, F.; Menicocci, F.; Vassallo, JM.; Gomez, J. (2016). SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND HIGH SPEED RAIL: THE CASE STUDY OF SPAIN. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 476-782. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.3100 OCS 476 782

Assessing CO2 emissions of electric vehicles for e-sharing and home care. Two cases developed at Valencian region

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:31:49 +0100

[EN] Assessing the environmental impact of transport has been an issue over the last decade. The general framework is established and the followings factors must be considered to obtain results as accurate as possible. Among others (a) the study should considered the entire life cycle if possible: building & materials, usage phase and waste treatment and (b) usage phase assessment must be developed under real conditions in addition to lab tests. When the object of study is urban private transport, some extra lines can be taken into account considering the high impact that environmental initiatives makes in society. The information that local authorities and community receives about the initiative is as relevant as the environmental benefits obtain of the implementation of the project. In this paper, we present the methodology developed to assess CO2 emissions of electric vehicles intendent to car-sharing and home care; two projects developed at Valencian region. We deepen in the relevance and type of information obtain and manage for both studies with a life cycle vision. As a result of usage phase assessment, field test proves to be revealing giving a more realistic vision of the benefits of the project. Theoretical assessments were useful to consider the implementation of a certain project and the necessary support complementing the entity of the study. Resources needed to develop field test might skew results by biasing the study. Attention need to be paid in order to manage resources to set up field tests and avoid setting up field tests due to available resources. Bibliographic studies have shown building, materials and waste treatment depends on available data. Life cycle assessment seems to be the most adequate tool to obtain accurate results although the cost of the assessment is high and might not show significant differences between cars of similar characteristics. Authors would like to thank MOVUS S.L, Juan Sans Hospital of Alcoy, Sagunto Town Council and Univeristat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia for their participation and trust in this project. Lo Iacono Ferreira, V.; Torregrosa LÃ³pez, J.; Colomer Ferrandiz, JV. (2016). Assessing CO2 emissions of electric vehicles for e-sharing and home care. Two cases developed at Valencian region. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 1939-1946. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3430 OCS 1939 1946

Social Inclusion in Macro-Level Diagnostics : Reflecting on the World Bank Group's Early Systematic Country Diagnostics

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:18:39 +0100

The idea of social inclusion has garnered considerable attention, especially in the context of two recent developments: the Sustainable Development Goals and the heightened attention to inequality. This paper reviews the manner and extent to which social inclusion is addressed in the first 17 Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs), which are ex ante, country-level assessments conducted by the World Bank Group, ahead of the preparation of its Country Partnership Frameworks. In addition to this primary purpose, the paper fulfils three other purposes. It allows for a broader reflection on the value of the social inclusion construct in macro-level diagnostics; it takes the opportunity to develop and refine a methodology to assess social inclusion and finally, it positions the narrative on social inclusion into the ongoing discourse on poverty, shared prosperity, inequality and the thinking around the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. It is therefore, a refined articulation of the idea of social inclusion in the context of global epistemological shif

Document type: Book

UFO: Ultraflat Overrunable Robot for Experimental ADAS Testing

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:50:55 +0100

This industrial project introduces an ultraflat automated robot that can be used for testing driver assistance systems as well as automated driving scenarios. Because of its very stable and flat structure, it can be overrun by test vehicles without any damage. Therefore, it is possible to use this robot for both pre- and postcrash testing scenarios as well as for the evaluation of active safety systems (e.g., automatic brake) and autonomous driving.

Delay Prediction System for Large-Scale Railway Networks Based on Big Data Analytics

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:46:36 +0100

State-of-the-art train delay prediction systems do not exploit historical train movements data collected by the railway information systems, but they rely on static rules built by expert of the railway infrastructure based on classical univariate statistic. The purpose of this paper is to build a data-driven train delay prediction system for large-scale railway networks which exploits the most recent Big Data technologies and learning algorithms. In particular, we propose a fast learning algorithm for predicting train delays based on the Extreme Learning Machine that fully exploits the recent in-memory large-scale data processing technologies. Our system is able to rapidly extract nontrivial information from the large amount of data available in order to make accurate predictions about different future states of the railway network. Results on real world data coming from the Italian railway network show that our proposal is able to improve the current state-of-the-art train delay prediction systems.

Aviation and Tourism

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:44:27 +0100

This highly accessible and comprehensive Handbook presents a cutting edge discussion of the state of tourism economics and its likely directions in future research. Leading researchers in the field explore a wide range of topics including: demand and forecasting, supply, transport, taxation and infrastructure, evaluation and application for policy-making. Each chapter includes a discussion of its relevance and importance to the tourism economics literature, an overview of its main contributions and themes, a critical evaluation of existing literature and an outline of issues for further conceptual and applied research.

Keynote Lecture: Sustainable and increasingly efficient road transport for the next generations – continuous improvement through an integrated approach

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:37:55 +0100

MobilitApp: analysing mobility data of citizens in the metropolitan area of Barcelona

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:37:07 +0100

MobilitApp is a platform designed to provide smart mobility services in urban areas. It is designed to help citizens and transport authorities alike. Citizens will be able to access the MobilitApp mobile application and decide their optimal transportation strategy by visualising their usual routes, their carbon footprint, receiving tips, analytics and general mobility information, such as traffic and incident alerts. Transport authorities and service providers will be able to access information about the mobility pattern of citizens to offer their best services, improve costs and planning. The MobilitApp client runs on Android devices and records synchronously, while running in the background, periodic location updates from its users. The information obtained is processed and analysed to understand the mobility patterns of our users in the city of Barcelona, Spain.

Gender Differences in Commuting Behavior: Women's Greater Sensitivity

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:33:33 +0100

[EN] Women's greater sensitivity to changes in their environment is one of the most distinguishing features between both genders. This article raises women's greater sensitivity to the different variables which influence their commuting modal choice. In order to do this, gender gaps detected in the choice of means of transport in commuting trips with respect to the decision factors such as age, education level, driver's license, private transport access; location, household size and net income, are quantified. The results show a greater female sensitivity to the different variables that affect their modal choice, which helps to better understand the different mobility patterns and it is useful for planning measures favoring sustainable mobility policies and equity. Olmo SÃ¡nchez, M.; Maeso GonzÃ¡lez, E. (2016). Gender differences in commuting behavior: Women's greater sensitivity. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 1277-1284. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.3405 OCS 1277 1284

Robust Tabu Search Algorithm for Planning Rail-Truck Intermodal Freight Transport

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:25:26 +0100

Part 5: Scheduling in Manufacturing and Other Applications; International audience; In this paper a new efficient tabu search algorithm for assigning freight to the intermodal transport connections was developed. There were also formulated properties of the problem that can be used to design robust heuristic algorithms based on the local search methods. The quality of solutions produced by the tabu search algorithm and by often recommended greedy approach were also compared.

Document type: Conference object

EFFICIENT POSTAL SERVICE AND RESPECTFUL WITH THE ENVIRONMENT

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:24:41 +0100

[EN] The postal service is suffering an adaptation to the new markets opened by the users. The traditional post, letters and postcards, is being used less and is substituted by mail and packaging. To adequate to this new market it's important for the postal sector companies. In Spain, the operator of the Universal Postal Service has taken example from other companies of the sector, national and international, implanting electrical bicycle mail and packaging service in the centre of big cities. This is due to the fact that there are more the cities that are forbidding vehicle access to it's historical centres and the volume of packaging to deliver is greater. But, is it viable to deliver using hybrid and electrical vehicles in cities? This study intends to improve the distribution in cities with the implantation of these vehicles. It takes into account the characteristics of populations between 50.000 and 100.000 inhabitants, in which it will be analysed the advantages and inconvenience, doing special emphasis in the economic cost, conducting studies of the costs of implantation and amortization time. Vera LÃ³pez, J.; PabÃ³n DueÃ±as, AB.; LiÃ±Ã¡n Ruiz, RJ.; Merino CÃ³rdoba, S. (2016). EFFICIENT POSTAL SERVICE AND RESPECTFUL WITH THE ENVIRONMENT. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 1965-1974. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.4085 OCS 1965 1974

An Agent-Based Simulation Framework to Evaluate Urban Logistics Schemes

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:19:52 +0100

Inefficient urban freight transport has a negative impact on both livability in cities and profit margins in the supply chain. Urban logistics schemes, consisting of governmental policies and company initiatives, attempt to address these problems. However, successful schemes are difficult to realize due to the divergent objectives of the agents involved in urban logistics. Traditional optimization techniques fall short when evaluating schemes, as they do not capture the required change in behavior of autonomous agents. To properly evaluate schemes, we develop an agent-based simulation framework that assesses the interaction between five types of autonomous agents. Compared to existing studies in this field, we contribute by (i) explicitly including company-driven initiatives, and (ii) adopting a supply chain-wide perspective. We illustrate the working of our framework by testing a number of schemes on a virtual network.

Behavioral Responses to Traffic Congestion - Findings from Paris, Sao Paulo and Mumbai

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:13:04 +0100

International audience; This chapter focuses on the impacts of traffic congestion in the daily life of metropolitan motorized households. It is based on a doctoral dissertation defended in 2012, which studied three megacities: Paris in France, Sao Paulo in Brazil and Mumbai in India. A stated-adaptation survey was conducted in 2009â2010 to identify behavioral responses to traffic congestion and to estimate the threshold of household tolerance to congestion in the three regions. The implemented stated-adaptation survey was based on increasing the travel time. It allowed us to comprehend behavioral responses to traffic congestion. The survey had two stages: the respondent filled up a trip diary listing all trips, no matter what purpose or mode of transport was used, for several consecutive days, and during an in-depth face-to-face interview, the respondent reacted to hypothetical situations based on selected trips from the trip diary.

Control-Theoretic Models of Feedforward in Manual Control

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:12:54 +0100

Understanding how humans control a vehicle (cars, aircraft, bicycles, etc.) enables engineers to design faster, safer, more comfortable, more energy efficient, more versatile, and thus better vehicles. In a typical control task, the Human Controller (HC) gives control inputs to a vehicle such that it follows a particular reference path (e.g., the road) accurately. The HC is simultaneously required to attenuate the effect of disturbances (e.g., turbulence) perturbing the intended path of the vehicle. To do so, the HC can use a control organization that resembles a closed-loop feedback controller, a feedforward controller, or a combination of both. Previous research has shown that a purely closed-loop feedback control organization is observed only in specific control tasks, that do not resemble realistic control tasks, in which the information presented to the human is very limited. In realistic tasks, a feedforward control strategy is to be expected; yet, almost all previously available HC models describe the human as a pure feedback controller lacking the important feedforward response. Therefore, the goal of the research described in this thesis was to obtain a fundamental understanding of feedforward in human manual control."br/"First, a novel system identification method was developed, which was necessary to identify human control dynamics in control tasks involving realistic reference signals. Second, the novel identification method was used to investigate three important aspects of feedforward through human-in-the-loop experiments which resulted in a control-theoretical model of feedforward in manual control. The central element of the feedforward model is the inverse of the vehicle dynamics, equal to the theoretically ideal feedforward dynamics. However, it was also found that the HC is not able to apply a feedforward response with these ideal dynamics, and that limitations in the perception, cognition, and action loop need to be modeled by additional model elements: a gain, a time delay, and a low-pass filter."br/"Overall, the thesis demonstrated that feedforward is indeed an essential part of human manual control behavior and should be accounted for in many human-machine applications.

Urban mobility, socioeconomic and urban transport variables in metropolitan areas in three continents

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:11:22 +0100

[EN] Transportation is the soul of urban cities. Find sustainable ways to keep people moving in our cities is more important than ever. Historically, cities have developed in different ways. Each has its own personality and complexity. But in all cases, transport and mobility have played a key role in city life. Due to the relevance of mobility this article tries to establish the relationship between some variables. The method was developed by collecting, analyzing and comparing data on metropolitan regions in North America, South America, Europe and Oceania through a mathematical model. From each selected location the following data were gathered: population, area (kmÂ²), demographic density (inhab/kmÂ²), socio-economic aspects (annual GDP per capita), transport system (subway extension), number of trips per person per day and modal split (% non-motorized, % public transport and % private transport). In this study we analyze some variables that influence the number of trips per person per day. Understanding the associations between all the variables that influence the number of trips per person per day contributes the planners to determine whether changes are needed to improve in the transport system in the metropolitan region. Costa, FC.; Nassi, C. (2016). Urban mobility, socioeconomic and urban transport variables in metropolitan areas in three continents. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 2054-2064. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.3763 OCS 2054 2064

How do Continuous Climb Operations affect the capacity of a Terminal Manoeuvre Area?

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:07:48 +0100

[EN] Continuous climb operations are the following step to optimise departure trajectories with the goals of minimizing fuel consumption and pollutants and noise emissions in the airports neighbourhood, although due to intrinsic nature of these procedures, the integration of these procedures need to develop a new framework for airline operators and air traffic control. Based on the BADA model developed by EUROCONTROL, three activities have been carried out: simulation of several continuous climbs for three aircraft types (Light, Medium and Heavy), analysation of different applied separations throughout the climb from the runway up to cruise level and, as third activity, definition of new separation minima to ensure that the minimum separations are not violated with this new procedures along the climb. In this work are presented the results of modelling three continuous climb type (constant true airspeed, constant climb angle and constant vertical speed) and new time-based separations for most used models in Palma TMA, which will be the case-study scenario. Finally, this theoretical analysis has been applied to a real scenario in Palma de Mallorca TMA in order to compare how the capacity deals with the introduction of this new procedure to standard departures, standard departures are understood as a departure with a level-off at a determined altitude and with the possibility to be affected by any ATC action. First outcomes are promising because capacity, theoretically, would not be grossly diminished, which could initially be expected based on previous studies on continuous descent approaches, although these results should be considered cautiously due to the fact that the model lacks several factors of associated uncertainty for a real climb. This Project has been developed under the programe âPlan estatal de InnovaciÃ³n CientÃfica y TÃ©cnica y de InnovaciÃ³n 2013-201, Programa Estatal de InvestigaciÃ³n, Desarrollo e InnovaciÃ³n Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad: Development and optimization of takeoff and climb procedures for a smarter, sustainable and integrated air transport air transport systemâ with the collaboration of the Rey Juan Carlos University. PÃ©rez CastÃ¡n, J.; GÃ³mez Comendador, F.; Arnaldo ValdÃ©s, RM. (2016). How do Continuous Climb Operations affect the capacity of a Terminal Manoeuvre Area?. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 113-120. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.3525 OCS 113 120

Maritime Transport VII

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:06:42 +0100

PUBLIC BUS SERVICE AND THE CONCESSION CONTRACT IN ANDALUSIA. EFFECT OF TRANSMISSION

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:06:00 +0100

[EN] The Andalusian sector of regular public passenger transport of general use, has beentraditionally characterized by being configured by a wide variety of operators of small andmedium-scale, where the concession contracts were the only and main economic activity.Over time, new trends have appeared on the market that have led to the evolution of thesector to other models. On the one hand, transformation of the business owner tocorporations, and secondly the penetration of large multinational companies which haveentered the sector through the acquisition and, on many occasions, absorbing existingconcession companies.This paper analyzes the changes experienced in the concession contracts related to theirchange of ownership and its impact on the current structure industry. The analysis showsan overview of the regular public transport system travelers utility road in Andalusia.The results are interesting for the planning and design of new concession contracts,extension approach of the current contracts and general optimization of the system forpromotion of a sustainable transport, which satisfies needs of users, respecting the rule offree market.In short, this paper aims to provide a deeper knowledge of the sector, from the point ofview of the operating companies that intergrates it, showing the evolution in existingbusiness structures. Sanchez Portales, S.; Maeso Gonzalez, E. (2016). PUBLIC BUS SERVICE AND THE CONCESSION CONTRACT IN ANDALUSIA. EFFECT OF TRANSMISSION. En XII Congreso de ingenierÃa del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (EspaÃ±a). Editorial Universitat PolitÃ¨cnica de ValÃ¨ncia. 329-336. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3975 OCS 329 336

Galileo-Based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems: Key Components and Development

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:03:37 +0100

This chapter presents a test infrastructure for the Galileo satellite system and its applications in advanced driver assistance systems. For this purpose, we first introduce a sensor data fusion of Galileo signals and vehicle data using an extended Kalman filter. The fused data give an estimation of vehicle states and position. Based on the introduced sensor fusion, we show two applications including results from experiments we conducted in the aforementioned test infrastructure. The first application is a cooperative adaptive cruise control system, which uses navigation data in combination with digital road maps as well as V2V communication. The second application is a collision avoidance system, which uses both navigation data and inertial data to estimate the relevant vehicle states for a controller to let the vehicle follow a given evasion path.

Un sistema para la reconstrucción de superficies mediante técnicas de interpolación de datos dispersos

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Nov 2020 15:11:41 +0100

La interpolación de datos dispersos es de gran utilidad en la ciencia e ingeniería para el análisis y modelación de una gran cantidad de fenómenos físicos y experimentos que se presentan en estos campos. Por ello, se ha desarrollado un sistema que resuelve este problema eligiendo entre varias técnicas como, distancia inversa, funciones de base radial, B-spline multinivel y kriging. En este escrito se describe a grandes rasgos el sistema y se mostrará su aplicación a la generación de mallas estructuradas en 3D.

Modulación no-ortogonal mediante los modelos Legendre-Fourier y Taylor-Fourier

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Nov 2020 15:11:34 +0100

Las bases de expansion ortogonales son ampliamente utilizadas tanto en los algoritmos de procesamiento digital de señales (DSP) como en el MOdulador-DEModulador (MODEM) de los sistemas de comunicaciones digitales. En el presente trabajo se explora desempeño de un par de esquemas de modulación no-ortogonal Legendre-Fourier (LF) y Taylor Fourier (TF) y se evalúa su razón de error binaria (BER) en un canal de ruido blanco aditivo gausiano (AWGN).

Modelado de islas de calor urbanas usando diferencias finitas generalizadas en mallas estructuradas

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Nov 2020 15:11:26 +0100

En este trabajo planteamos un esquema en diferencias finitas generalizadas en mallas estructuradas no rectangulares con dominios con secciones transversales planas, para calcular la solución numérica de la ecuación de difusión-advección en 2 dimensiones, el cual modela la concentración de contaminantes en capas horizontales adyacentes al nivel del suelo. Mostramos el desempeño del método con un breve estudio de la dispersión de contaminantes bajo el efecto de islas de calor urbanas en la ciudad de Morelia, asumiendo que los contaminantes son emitidos del suelo en zonas definidas a una tasa constante.

Lector Agrícola

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Nov 2020 15:11:18 +0100

El Lector Agrícola es un prototipo que, utilizado en suelos agrícolas, toma muestras de temperatura y humedad para determinar la viabilidad de cultivo de maíz. El prototipo se desarrolló con la instrumentación de sensores integrados a un microcontrolador Arduino, éste obtiene datos que son almacenados en un sistema gestor de base de datos para, posteriormente, ser procesados e interpretados por un sistema de informacóon.

Esquema local de precondicionamiento para resolver la ecuación de Poisson mediante funciones de base radial

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Nov 2020 15:11:11 +0100

En este trabajo se explora la construcción de un precondicionador basado en la aproximación de una función cardinal mediante una combinación lineal de funciones multicuádricas, con el objetivo de reducir el tiempo de cómputo y aminorar los efectos del mal condicionamiento en la solución numérica del sistema lineal asociado a la aproximación de la solución de la ecuación de Poisson mediante un esquema de colocación asimétrico. Se aproxima la función cardinal usando un esquema local, que permite aproximarla tomando en cuenta solo un pequeño subconjunto de nodos del dominio. Varios investigadores proponen reducir el error que ocurre en los nodos del dominio que se encuentran más distantes, mediante la introducción de un conjunto de nodos especiales. En este artículo también se propone una distribución de puntos en el cuadrado unitario, que permiten seleccionar el conjunto de nodos especiales destinados a complementar el esquema local. Finalmente, se hace una comparación entre el número de flops necesarios para calcular el procondicionador y para calcular la pseudoinversa de Moore Penrose.

Modelo de clasificación acorde a parámetros de atención primaria de adultos mayores en el municipio de Saltillo, Coahuila.

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Nov 2020 15:11:04 +0100

La magnitud e importancia del crecimiento de la población de los adultos mayores a nivel mundial, ha obligado a los gobiernos a establecer políticas públicas idóneas para este sector de la población, como es el caso de políticas para el sistema de salud y la integración plena de las personas mayores como participantes activos en el desarrollo social. En este documento se presenta un modelo estadístico de clasificación que permite identificar las variables más significativas que presenta un adulto mayor en el caso de una urgencia médica. Con la identificación el modelo clasifica cuales son los principales síntomas, a partir del registro histórico de dichas variables. La información histórica de éstas fue obtenida a partir de los registros del FRAP de Patronato de Cuerpo de Bomberos en el período del 2013 al 2014 en la atención de urgencias de adultos mayores del municipio de Saltillo Coahuila, México. Adicionalmente se presenta las características del modelo y los fundamentos teóricos de éste, así como los resultados obtenidos con su aplicación al caso señalado.

Reconocimiento de Patrones en Imágenes Digitales a Color usando el Descriptor RFM

Scipedia content — Thu, 26 Nov 2020 15:10:37 +0100

En este trabajo se propone un sistema digital de reconocimiento de patrones para imágenes a color basado en firmas 1D invariantes a traslación, escala y rotación (RST). La invariancia a rotación se obtiene por medio de la transformada de Radon. Para la invariancia a escala se utiliza la transformada de Fourier-Mellin normalizada. La invariancia a traslación se consigue a través del espectro de amplitud de la transformada de Fourier de la imagen. Al trabajar en el espacio de color RGB la imagen se separa en tres imágenes monocromáticas, las cuales corresponden al canal rojo (R), verde (G) y azul (B). Al aplicar las transformadas integrales a cada una de las imágenes monocromáticas se generan tres imágenes, denominadas Radon-Fourier-Mellin (RFM) que son invariantes a traslación, escala y rotación, por lo que para una imagen a color se generan tres imágenes Radon-Fourier-Mellin. Para cada una de las imágenes Radon-Fourier-Mellin (señal 2D) se construye una firma 1D invariante a traslación, escala y rotación, de la cual se calcula su potencia. Como para la imagen se tienen tres firmas 1D (una para cada canal), entonces se tienen tres potencias. Las tres potencias son los atributos que se le asignan a la imagen a color para su clasificación y se utilizan para generar un espacio de clasificación 3D que tiene un nivel de confianza de al menos el 95.4 %. Para mostrar la eficiencia del sistema se emplea una base de datos de 18 imágenes de referencia a color que contienen mariposas, dicho conjunto fue seleccionado por la similitud que presentan en su morfología y gama de colores.

From Simulation Data to Test Cases for Fully Automated Driving and ADAS

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:35:40 +0200

Part 3: Practical Applications International audience Within this paper we present a new concept on deriving test cases from simulation data and outline challenging tasks when testing and validating fully automated driving functions and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). Open questions on topics like virtual simulation and identification of relevant situations for consistent testing of fully automated vehicles are given. Well known criticality metrics are assessed and discussed with regard to their potential to test fully automated vehicles and ADAS. Upon our knowledge most of them are not applicable to identify relevant traffic situations which are of importance for fully automated driving and ADAS. To overcome this limitation, we present a concept including filtering and rating of potentially relevant situations. Identified situations are described in a formal, abstract and human readable way. Finally, a situation catalogue is built up and linked to system requirements to derive test cases using a Domain Specific Language (DSL).

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Cycling Futures

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:31:37 +0200

Australasian researchers, practitioners, policy makers and community members are engaged in a global discussion on the role of cycling in addressing these concerns. Contributors to this book report on and extend this discussion as they explore the insights generated locally and internationally on the past, present and future of cycling. The focus of the first half of the book is largely on the current engagement with cycling, challenges faced by existing and would-be cyclists and the issues cycling might address. The second half of the book is concerned with strategies and processes of change. Contributors working from different ontological positions reflect on changing socio-spatial relations to enable the broadest possible participation in cycling.'

Document type: Book

Market Integration and Poverty : Evidence from South Sudan

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:31:22 +0200

This paper examines the effects of market integration on household consumption using data on seven food and two energy markets across South Sudan. The analysis reveals that markets in South Sudan are highly segmented. Price differences for narrowly defined products, across cities exceed in some cases 100 percent. In addition, price volatility increased substantially following the imposition of the trade restrictions with Sudan. This increase tends to hurt disproportionately the poor, who cannot smooth purchasing decisions over time because of liquidity constraints. Transportation costs explain almost half of the variation in food prices across space, and improving the quality of roads has a large potential to reduce prices in the most expensive towns. On the basis of this price effect, the simulations suggest that bringing all road quality across states to that of primary roads can yield a reduction in poverty from the rate of 51.7 percent in 2009 to between 42.8 and 46.9 percent. These estimates have to be interpreted as conservative, as they do not take into account the second-order effects of road construction from increased trade that will result from better road connectivity.

Document type: Book

SOFC Auxiliary componentcharacterization

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:28:43 +0200

Auxiliary components of the SOFC system (reformer, anode gas recirculation device) were investigated. In the hybrid system all devices will be operated with different biogases. The influence of biogas on the devices was investigated theoretically and experimentally.

Document type: Book

Augmented reality in the control tower a rendering pipeline for multiple head tracked head up displays

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:24:45 +0200

The purpose of the air traffic management system is to accomplish the safe and efficient flow of air traffic. However, the primary goals of safety and efficiency are to some extent conflicting. In fact, to deliver a greater level of safety, separation between aircrafts would have to be greater than it currently is, but this would negatively impact the efficiency. In an attempt to avoid the trade- off between these goals, the long-range vision for the Single European Sky in- cludes objectives for operating as safely and efficiently in Visual Meteorological Conditions as in Instrument Meteorological Conditions. In this respect, a wide set of virtual/augmented reality tools has been developed and effectively used in both civil and military aviation for piloting and training purposes (e.g., Head-Up Displays, Enhanced Vision Systems, Synthetic Vision Systems, Combined Vi- sion Systems, etc.). These concepts could be transferred to air traffic control with a relatively low effort and substantial benefits for controllers situation aware- ness. Therefore, this study focuses on the see-through, head-tracked, head-up dis- play that may help controllers dealing with zero/low visibility conditions and in- creased traffic density at the airport. However, there are several open issues as- sociated with the use of this technology. One is the difficulty of obtaining a con- stant overlap between the scene-linked symbols and the background view based on the users viewpoint, which is known as registration. Another one is the presence of multiple, arbitrary oriented Head-Up Displays (HUDs) in the control tower, which further complicates the generation of the Augmented Reality (AR) content. In this paper, we propose a modified rendering pipeline for a HUD sys- tem that can be made out of several, arbitrary oriented, head-tracked, AR dis- plays. Our algorithm is capable of generating a constant and coherent overplay between the AR layer and the outside view from the control tower. However a 3D model of the airport and the airports surroundings is needed, which must be populated with all the necessary AR overlays (both static and dynamic). We plan to use this concept as a basis for further research in the field of see-through HUDs for the control tower.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Matchmaking in nairobi the role of land use

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:21:28 +0200

Well-functioning cities reduce the economic distance between people and economic opportunities. Cities thrive because they enable matchmaking -- among people, among firms, and between people and job opportunities. This paper examines employment accessibility in Nairobi, Kenya and evaluates whether modification of land use patterns can contribute to increases in aggregate accessibility. The assessment is based on simulation of counterfactual scenarios of the location of jobs and households throughout the city without new investments in housing or transport infrastructure. The analysis finds that modifications to the spatial layout of Nairobi that encourage land use clustering can increase the share of overall opportunities that can be accessed within a given time-frame. When commuters travel by foot or using the minibus network, the share of accessible economic opportunities within an hour doubles from 11 to 21 percent and from 20 to 42 percent respectively. The analysis also finds that spatial layouts that maximize the number of households that have access to a minimum share of jobs, through a more even jobs-housing balance, come at the expense of average accessibility. This result is interpreted as a trade-off between inclusive and efficient labor markets.

Document type: Book

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Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:15:21 +0200

Despite being a basic tool for decision-making about the implementation and operation of enterprises with potential negative impacts on the environment, Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) still facechallenges to its consolidation as an effective tool for achieving sustainable development. This study seeks to evaluate the EIAs available in the digital platforms of both federal and state agencies, with afocus on their development (based on regulatory laws), as well as to understand the perspectives of the professionals involved in the drafting and assessment of EIAs. A total of 151 EIA were analyzed and 27 questionnaires were applied to professional EIA drafters and evaluators. EIAs display as their main positive features a predominant authorship by multidisciplinary teams, while their main deficiency liesin their impact evaluations (including the valuation, significance and analysis of cumulative and synergistic impacts). Survey participants pointed out as potential improvement areas the phases of design, preparation, evaluation and implementation of EIAs.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Large Scale 4D Trajectory Planning

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:14:48 +0200

International audience To sustain the continuously increasing air traffic demand, the future air traffic management system will rely on a so-called trajectory based operations concept that will increase air traffic capacity by reducing the controllers workload. This will be achieved by transferring tactical conflict detection and resolution tasks to the strategic planning phase. In this future air traffic management paradigm context, this paper presents a methodology to address such trajectory planning at nation-wide and continent scale. The pro-posed methodology aims at minimizing the global interaction between aircraft trajectories by allocating alternative departure times, alternative horizontal flight paths, and alternative flight levels to the trajectories involved in the interaction. To improve robustness of the strategic trajectory planning, un-certainty of aircraft position and aircraft arrival time to any given position on the trajectory are considered. This paper presents a mathematical formulation of this strategic trajectory planning problem leading to a mixed-integer optimization problem, whose objective function relies on the new concept of interaction between trajectories. A computationally efficient algorithm to compute interaction between trajectories for large-scale applications is presented and implemented. Resolution method based on hybrid-metaheuristic algorithm have been developed to solve the above large-scale optimization problems. Finally, the overall methodology is implemented and tested with real air traffic data taking into account uncertainty over the French and the European airspace, involving more than 30,000 trajectories. Conflict-free and robust 4D trajectory planning are produced within computational time acceptable for the operation context, which shows the viability of the approach.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Jobs in the city explaining urban spatial structure in kampala

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:05:50 +0200

This paper examines the spatial organization of jobs in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, and applies the Lucas and Rossi-Hansberg (2002) model to explain the observed patterns in terms of the agglomeration forces and the commuting costs of workers. The paper suggests that: (i) Economic activities are concentrated in the downtown -- beyond which employment is spatially dispersed. (ii) Geographically weighted regressions identify five potential subcenters in 2011; however, none of these contribute significantly to employment. When explaining the variation in employment density across localities in Kampala, the research highlights that (i) density falls by 23.5 percent per kilometer increase in distance from the nearest potential subcenter; (ii) an increase in local production externalities of 10 percent increases density by 3.7 percent; and (iii) production externalities in Kampala's potential subcenters are extremely weak to have any significant impact even on nearby tracts.

Document type: Book

TVL Planarity Regularization for 3D Shape Approximation

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:01:39 +0200

The modern emergence of automation in many industries has given impetus to extensive research into mobile robotics. Novel perception technologies now enable cars to drive autonomously, tractors to till a field automatically and underwater robots to construct pipelines. An essential requirement to facilitate both perception and autonomous navigation is the analysis of the 3D environment using sensors like laser scanners or stereo cameras. 3D sensors generate a very large number of 3D data points when sampling object shapes within an environment, but crucially do not provide any intrinsic information about the environment which the robots operate within. This work focuses on the fundamental task of 3D shape reconstruction and modelling from 3D point clouds. The novelty lies in the representation of surfaces by algebraic functions having limited support, which enables the extraction of smooth consistent implicit shapes from noisy samples with a heterogeneous density. The minimization of total variation of second differential degree makes it possible to enforce planar surfaces which often occur in man-made environments. Applying the new technique means that less accurate, low-cost 3D sensors can be employed without sacrificing the 3D shape reconstruction accuracy. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Disaster Risk Management and Fiscal Policy : Narratives, Tools, and Evidence Associated with Assessing Fiscal Risk and Building Resilience

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:01:07 +0200

This paper addresses the question whether and how co-benefits, through disaster resilience building, can be further promoted. Co-benefits are defined as positive externalities that arise deliberately as a result of a joint strategy that pursues several objectives synergistically at the same time, such as disaster risk management and development goals, or disaster risk management and climate change adaptation. Of particular interest is the question of how the economic and broader benefits of disaster risk management can be recognized and realized by those in charge of fiscal policy decisions. The paper considers the interplay between public disaster risk management investment and fiscal policy, and provides an overview of the current debate as well as assessment methods, tools, and policy options. In fiscal budgeting, it has been standard practice to focus on direct liabilities and recurrent spending. Costs of disasters are often dealt with after the fact only, rather than being considered as contingent liabilities. As a consequence, the full costs of disasters have often not been budgeted for, and, with a price signal missing, there is lack of clear incentives for investing in disaster risk management. Overall, the paper identifies four steps and three dividends to be harnessed: (i) understanding fiscal risk; (ii) protecting public finance through risk financing instruments, the first dividend; (iii) managing disaster risk comprehensively, the second dividend; and (iv) pursuing a synergistic, co-benefits strategy of concurrently managing disaster risks and promoting development, the third dividend.

Document type: Book

Semos a middleware for providing secure and mobility aware sessions over a p2p overlay network

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:58:58 +0200

International audience; Mobility and security are major features for both current and future network infrastructures. Nevertheless, the integration of mobility in traditional virtual private networks is difficult due to the costs of re-establishing broken secure tunnels and restarting broken connections. Besides session recovery costs, renegotiation steps also present inherent vulnerabilities. In order to address these issues, we propose a new distributed mobile VPN system called SEcured MObile Session (SEMOS). Based upon our CLOAK peer-to-peer overlay architecture, SEMOS provides security services to the application layer connections of mobile users. Secure and resilient sessions allow user connections to survive network failures as opposed to regular transport layer secured connections used by traditional VPN protocols.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Intelligent Vehicles

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:58:45 +0200

International audience; This chapter describes the emerging robotics application field of intelligent vehicles motor vehicles that have autonomous functions and capabilities. The chapter is organized as follows:- Section 62.1 provides a motivation for why the development of intelligent vehicles is important, a brief history of the field, and the potential benefits of the technology.- Section 62.2 describes the technologies that enable intelligent vehicles to sense vehicle, environment, and driver state, work with digital maps and satellite navigation, and communicate with intelligent transportation infrastructure.- Section 62.3 describes the challenges and solutions associated with road scene understanding a key capability for all intelligent vehicles.- Section 62.4 describes advanced driver assistance systems, which use the robotics and sensing technologies described earlier to create new safety and convenience systems for motor vehicles, such as collision avoidance, lane keeping, and parking assistance.- Section 62.5 describes driver monitoring technologies that are being developed to mitigate driver fatigue, inattention, and impairment.- Section 62.6 describes fully autonomous intelligent vehicles systems that have been developed and deployed.- Sections 62.7 and 62.8 conclude the chapter with a discussion of future prospects, and provide references to further reading and additional resources.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

The Morphology of African Cities

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:51:54 +0200

This paper illustrates how the capabilities of GIS and satellite imagery can be harnessed to explore and better understand the urban form of several large African cities (Addis Ababa, Nairobi, Kigali, Dar es Salaam, and Dakar). To allow for comparability across very diverse cities, this work looks at the above mentioned cities through the lens of several spatial indicators and relies heavily on data derived from satellite imagery. First, it focuses on understanding the distribution of population across the city, and more specifically how the variations in population density could be linked to transportation. Second, it takes a closer look at the land cover in each city using a semi-automated texture based land cover classification that identifies neighborhoods that appear more regular or irregularly planned. Lastly, for the higher resolution images, this work studies the changes in the land cover classes as one moves from the city core to the periphery. This work also explored the classification of slightly coarser resolution imagery which allowed analysis of a broader number of cities, sixteen, provided the lower cost.

Document type: Book

Russian federation how services contribute to competitiveness

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:47:20 +0200

Globalization is creating many new trade and growth opportunities, with services trade increasingly becoming an issue for export-oriented economies. Services are important to country trade strategies, because they represent activities in which countries may have a comparative advantage, and they are drivers of competitiveness for the whole economy. This paper uses data from the World Development Indicators, two new databases (the Export in Value-Added database from the Global Trade Analysis Project, and Trade in Services data), and firm-level data. The paper employs a wide range of indicators to analyze the trade competitiveness of the services sector in the Russian Federation. Since service exports are less than would be expected considering Russia's level of development, the study finds that the contribution of services to export diversification could be heightened significantly. The scale of Russian business services exports is relatively low, although exports of traditional services, like transport and travel, are performing well. Despite the relatively minor importance of exports of modern services, the category of other business services has in recent years been growing fast, and business services have strengthened their revealed comparative advantages. Yet Russia still has much potential for expanding trade in modern services. There is also potential to diversify services exports to other markets, such as France, Germany, Japan, and elsewhere in Asia, which today seems underexploited. Finally, although exports of direct services are low, services such as transport, distribution, finance, and other business services are making major contributions to other exports, in particular energy.

Document type: Book

The changing context for planning education in the uk and the prospects for research led practice engaged teaching

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:47:07 +0200

The UKs Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) has celebrated its centenary in 2014, marking 100 years of close relationships between university-based planning schools and a professional body focused on planning practice. During this period, the context for university education and the very idea of planning have changed dramatically contributing to a continual renegotiation of the relationships between the planning profession and the educational institutions it accredits. These changes have been particularly pronounced in the last 10 years where a number of factors have forced a rapid change in the nature of planjavascript:void(0);ning education in the UK. This has included a boom and then slump in the number of planning students linked to the dynamics of national economic situation, a reorganization of many planning school curricula, and their merger with cognate disciplines such as geography and an increased focus on research output, rather than professional engagement as the key indicator of institutional success. This last factor adds a particularly new dimension to the profession-university relationship, which could potentially lead to either straining of tensions or a synergy through research-led teaching that could significantly benefit both. This chapter will briefly review the evolution of UK planning schools and of the main ideas informing planning education. It will then describe the current profile of UK planning schools, based on an extensive national survey conducted on behalf of the Royal Town Planning Institute. The paper will then critically review the main challenges and opportunities facing UK planning schools in the context of changes in both planning practice and higher education. It will then move on to the concept of research-led teaching, drawing on current practice in the UK and review how well this concept serves students and the idea of developing reflective planning practitioners. Finally, the paper will seek to draw broad lessons from the experience of the UK and reflect on the type of planning education that can best serve planning professions in a variety of international contexts in the future.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

The Bicycle and the Arctic Resilient and Sustainable Transport in Times of Climate Change

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:39:52 +0200

In Alaska, alternative transport modes to cars and other motorized, petrol powered vehicles are gaining in importance due to increasing urbanization and as adaptive responses to risks of infrastructural damage to transportation networks in facing the climate change. Bicycling functions as a transportation practice in response to increasing infrastructure disruptions, offering a strategy towards sustainable and resilient means of transportation in the times of global climate change and its associated challenges. Changing weather conditions and demographic changes lead to the necessity to establish more adapted infrastructures. The use of the bicycle hereby offers a suitable mode of transport in Arctic and Subarctic areas. New technologies such as fat bikes make bicycling throughout the winter season possible. The combination of the theoretical concepts of sustainability and resilience bears the potential to foster concrete solutions and action strategies for policy makers with respect to infrastructural challenges in the Arctic.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Lifting Economic Sanctions on Iran: Global Effects and Strategic Responses

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:34:15 +0200

This paper uses a global general equilibrium simulation model to quantify the effects of lifting economic sanctions on Iran with and without strategic responses. Iran benefits the most, with average per capita welfare gains ranging from close to 3 percent, in the case when Iran's crude oil exports to the European Union recover to half their pre-embargo level, to 6.5 percent, in the best case of complete recovery of oil exports to the European Union, successful domestic reforms that enable a strong supply response, and increased market access for Iranian exports in developed markets. Iran could achieve benefits close to the upper range if Gulf Cooperation Council oil exporters limit their crude oil exports to support the oil price. If they do nothing, however, the price of oil will decline by 13 percent in the case of complete recovery of oil exports to the European Union, leaving net oil importers better off and net oil exporters worse off.

Document type: Book

Agile testing on an online betting application

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:30:05 +0200

Agile development with continuous integration and constant releases is only sustainable followed by a rock solid quality process. At blip/betfair we work very hard to build and continuously improve our quality process to provide at the same time a unique reliability experience to our customers and new features fast. Three major components of this process are: Mind maps to help us learn more about our product and represent our knowledge about it in a structure way, Exploratory Testing that must be free and creative and happen as soon as possible in the process to allow fast feedback cycles and CI pipelines with high levels of automation testing to avoid regression. Agile development with continuous integration and constant releases is only possible with a rock solid quality process.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

International Air Transport Association (IATA)

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:23:20 +0200

Founded in 1945 for inter-airline co-operation in promoting safe, reliable, secure and economical air services, IATA has approximately 250 members from 115 nations worldwide. IATA is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, founded in The Hague in 1919, the year of the worlds first international scheduled services.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book