Scipedia: Documents published in 2015

Optimal Control of Transient Flow in Natural Gas Networks

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:48:04 +0100

We outline a new control system model for the distributed dynamics of compressible gas flow through large-scale pipeline networks with time-varying injections, withdrawals, and control actions of compressors and regulators. The gas dynamics PDE equations over the pipelines, together with boundary conditions at junctions, are reduced using lumped elements to a sparse nonlinear ODE system expressed in vector-matrix form using graph theoretic notation. This system, which we call the reduced network flow (RNF) model, is a consistent discretization of the PDE equations for gas flow. The RNF forms the dynamic constraints for optimal control problems for pipeline systems with known time-varying withdrawals and injections and gas pressure limits throughout the network. The objectives include economic transient compression (ETC) and minimum load shedding (MLS), which involve minimizing compression costs or, if that is infeasible, minimizing the unfulfilled deliveries, respectively. These continuous functional optimization problems are approximated using the Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto (LGL) pseudospectral collocation scheme to yield a family of nonlinear programs, whose solutions approach the optima with finer discretization. Simulation and optimization of time-varying scenarios on an example natural gas transmission network demonstrate the gains in security and efficiency over methods that assume steady-state behavior.

A general activity-based methodology for simulating multimodal transportation networks during emergencies

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:47:54 +0100

Many possible emergency conditions, including evacuations, negatively affect the urban transportation system by substantially increasing the travel demand and/or reducing the supplied capacity. A transportation model can be used to quantify and understand the impact of the underlying disasters and corresponding management strategies. To this end, we develop an efficient methodology suitable for simulating multimodal transportation systems affected by emergencies, based on the novel integration of an activity-based choice model with both pre-trip and en-route choices, and a macroscopic or mesoscopic dynamic network loading model. The model structure first estimates the daily equilibrium and then uses that result as a starting point to simulate the emergency situation without further iterations. Unlike previous efforts, our methodology satisfies all requirements identified from literature regarding transportation modeling for emergencies, and is sufficiently general to investigate a wide range of emergency situations and management strategies. An evacuation case study for Delft shows the feasibility of applying the methodology. Furthermore, it yields practical insights for urban evacuation planning that stem from complex system dynamics, such as important interactions among travel directions and among modes. This supports the need for a comprehensive modeling methodology such as the one we present in this paper.

Identification and assessment of geohazards affecting pipelines and urban areas

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:46:12 +0100

The paper addresses methods and criteria of risk assessment associated with land subsidence threatening pipelines, buildings, and constructions. Currently, there are some practical issues relating to geohazards that should be taken into account while constructing a pipeline. The article provides comparison data on the effects of Spitak earthquake and the natural disaster in Neftegorsk in terms of geohazards impact on the pipeline systems. The suggested risk assessment procedure embraces a wide range of aspects: from soil properties to economic and management issues.

Wind Networking Applied to Aircraft Trajectory Prediction

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:45:57 +0100

International audience; Trajectory prediction estimates the future position of aircraft along their planned trajectories in order to detect potential conflicts and to optimize air space occupancy. This prediction is a critical task in the Air Traffic Control (ATC) process and has been studied for many years. For the future automation processes developed in the SESAR [1], NextGen [2] and CARATS [3] projects, such trajectory prediction will be even more critical. In these projects the trajectory predictors generate aircraft forecast trajectories, typically for client applications. As there is always a deviation between the predicted wind (from the weather forecasts) and the encountered wind, the main longitudinal (along-track) error source between the predicted and the actual trajectory is linked to wind estimation. Based on the current performances of Air Traffic Control systems, controllers are able to efficiently detect conflict 20 minutes in advance; for a larger time horizon (look-ahead time), the induced trajectory prediction uncertainty strongly reduces the reliability of the conflict detection. The goal of this work is to measure the potential benefit produced by sharing wind measures between aircraft (this concept will be called wind networking (WN)). To reach this goal, aircraft measure their local atmospheric data (wind, temperature, density and pressure) and broadcast them to the other aircraft. Having such distributed weather information, each aircraft is able to compute an enhanced local wind map as a function of location (3D) and time. These updated wind fields could be shared with other aircraft and/or with ground systems. Using this enhanced weather information, each aircraft is able to improve drastically its own trajectory prediction. This concept has been simulated in the French airspace with 8 000 flights. Comparisons have been investigated on trajectory prediction performances with and without wind networking. Statistics have been conducted in order to measure the bene- it of such concept in both time and space dimensions showing higher improvement in high traffic areas, as expected.

Property Impacts on Performance of CO2 Pipeline Transport

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:45:17 +0100

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the most potential technologies to mitigate climate change. Usingpipelinesto transport CO2 from emission sources to storage sitesis one of common and mature technologies. The design and operation of pipeline transport process requires careful considerations of thermo-physical properties.This paper studied the impact of properties, including density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and heat capacity, onthe performance of CO2 pipeline transport. The pressure loss and temperature dropin steady state were calculated by using homogenous friction model and Sukhof temperature drop theory, respectively. The results of sensitivity study show thatover-estimating density and viscosity increases the pressure loss while under-estimating of density and viscosity decreases it. Over-estimating density and heat capacity leads to lower temperature drop while under-estimating of density and heat capacity result in higher temperature drop.This study suggests that the accuracy of property models for example, more accurate density model, should be developed for the CO2 transport design.

GUI: GPS-Less Traffic Congestion Avoidance in Urban Areas with Inter-Vehicular Communication

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:42:56 +0100

Driving in an urban canyon can be frustrating when your GPS teller keeps telling you to make a turn at the place that you just passed, because the information transmission is deferred by the wireless signal reflecting off of buildings and other interfering objects. In this paper, we provide a practical solution for turn-to-turn guidance with inter-vehicle communication in vehicle ad-hoc networks (VANETs). Vehicles collect information from neighbors and catch the snapshot to describe the global impact of traffic congestions, in the presence of unpredictable changes of topology and vehicle trajectory. Without any centralized control, the information can be aggregated along the traffic flow and be disseminated in a minimal area, while sufficiently guiding each vehicle to achieve a global optimization on its path, and to remain on a non-blocked route. The information constitution is implemented in the proactive model, saving the delay of reconstruction in the reactive model (on-demand). Its substantial improvement on the elapsed time will be shown in the experimental results, compared with the best results known to date in both proactive and reactive information models.

Research on Implementing PLC Constant-pressure Water Supply Control Based on Modbus

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:38:37 +0100

PLC of the low layer of network in the paper communicates with field equipment by fieldbus or Modbus. And all PLC of the upper layer implements Ethernet hybrid network control system. The paper proposes a hybrid control network system based on PLC. The programmable controller TWDLCAE40DRF has the function of PID control on 13 parameters. So the programmable controller TWDLCAE40DRF can be used to control transducer to change the pressure value of water pipeline and maintain constant pressure of water pipelines. HMI is used to monitor the pressure of pipelines and adjust PID parameter in control.

The Constraints of Vehicle Range and Congestion for the Use of Electric Vehicles for Urban Freight in France

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:33:48 +0100

The 9th International Conference on City Logistics, Tenerife, Espagne, 17-/06/2015 - 19/06/2015; Electric vehicle is a solution to reduce pollutant emissions from road urban freight. This paper assesses the potential CO2 reduction by transferring urban freight from diesel to electric vehicles while simultaneously looking at the two main technical constraints: electric vehicle range and the impact on congestion linked to change diesel heavy duty vehicles (with a load up to 25 tons) to much smaller electric vehicles. The data used has been computed from a survey (ECHO) that describes in details a very large sample of French shipments. Two scenarios were set up, which differ mainly by the type of available electric vehicle: In scenario E1, the electric vehicle has a payload of 2 tons, versus 6 tons in scenario E2. The vehicle range is not very binding for urban deliveries in our scenario, except in the Paris Urban area. The CO2 reduction is nearly the same in the two scenarios, but the congestion is much higher in scenario E1, showing that the payload is an important issue for the generalisation of electric vehicles in urban freight.

Document type: Conference object

High Rate of Inattentional Deafness in Simulated Air Traffic Control Tasks

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:30:32 +0100

International audience; The Air Traffic Control (ATC) environment is complex and safety-critical; operators work in dynamic situations and must make high-risk decisions under stress and temporal pressure. Whilst exchanging information with the aircrafts under their responsibility via radio, operators must also be alert to the occurrence of auditory alarms, such as the collision avoidance alert or danger area infringement warning. In addition, auditory warnings are increasingly integrated within ATC workstations. The high perceptual load involved in ATC means that controllers’ attention must be shared between several subtasks, with few or no remaining attentional capacity for processing information that is not related directly to the focal task. In this kind of situation, the likelihood of a controller failing to become aware of an auditory alarm, i.e. inattentional deafness, is high. Characterizing physiological symptoms associated with inattentional deafness would enable online detection of the phenomenon in safety-critical situations (nuclear power station supervision, piloting or air traffic control). We designed an ecological ATC thanks to the simulation environment called the “LABY” microworld. Twenty participants were required to guide one (low cognitive load) or two planes (high cognitive load) around a given route, while dealing with visual notifications relating to peripheral aircrafts. During the task, participants were played either standard tones which they were told to ignore, or deviant tones (“the alarm”, probability = 0.20) which they were told to report (20 alarms per scenario). We hypothesized that the detection rate of auditory alarms will decrease with cognitive workload. In order to explore this possibility, Behavioral results showed that 28.8% of alarms were not reported when guiding one plane, and up to 46.2% when guiding two planes (high load). The cognitive load increase led to a reduced visual notification detection rate, but the performance to guiding the central aircrafts was maintained, as well as the reaction times to report auditory alarms when perceived. This high rate of inattentional deafness is essential to further physiological studies on alarm omission in aeronautics, such as ERP or eye movement analysis. Potential applications are related to the integrative online detection and prevention of alarm omission, and the online measurement of workload in ecological situation.

Electric energy storage systems integration in distribution grids

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:30:21 +0100

This paper presents a real time control strategy for dynamically balancing electric demand and supply at local level, in a scenario characterized by a HV/MV substation with the presence of renewable energy sources in the form of photovoltaic generators and an electric energy storage system. The substation is connected to the grid and is powered by an equivalent traditional power plant playing the role of the bulk power system. A Model Predictive Control based approach is proposed, by which the active power setpoints for the traditional power plant and the storage are continually updated over the time, depending on generation costs, storage's state of charge, foreseen demand and production from renewables. The proposed approach is validated on a simulation basis, showing its effectiveness in managing fluctuations of network demand and photovoltaic generation in test and real conditions.

Comment: To appear in IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (IEEE EEEIC 2015)

An End has a Start – Investigating the Usage of Electric Vehicles in Commercial Fleets

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:25:13 +0100

The road transport system is moving, slowly but surely, away from using fossil fuels. Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are an energy-efficient alternative to conventional vehicles. Commercial vehicle fleets are an attractive entry for PEVa into the transport system. This paper presents findings from a three-year study of 550 PEVs and their users. A combination of technical and social science methods provides a basis for greater understanding of PEV operations in commercial vehicle fleets. This paper shows that battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have proven their functionality in several applications, but that winter conditions still imply an unjustified decrease in use. Usage varies according to application but results show that in general a substantial share of the battery capacity is redundant. Findings indicate that usage is not necessarily inhibited by the technical specifications of the battery but by the operational conditions in which commercial duties are performed. The only reliable alternative is to return with a large battery surplus. The vehicles studied have demonstrated their functionality and the users are positive. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) imply no restrictions in mobility, which results in high user satisfaction. Commercial vehicle fleets are suitable for PEV operations and with growing acceptance users have requested more PEVs hence a significant possibility exists to substitute a large share of the fossil-fuelled vehicles operating in commercial vehicle fleets.

CO2 EMISSIONS AS AN INDICATOR OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:20:35 +0100

Social impacts and public participation in transportation projects: a review of the Third Bridge Project in Istanbul

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:19:32 +0100

Transportation systems affect our lives directly by providing accessibility to food, healthcare, employment and recreation facilities; and indirectly by creating changes in urban areas and the transportation conditions. It is crucial to define how transportation projects shape people’s daily lives and to identify the extension of these effects, in individual and societal context. Analyzing the impacts in a comprehensive way provides precautions to mitigate the negative effects and promote a higher life quality for society. The aim of this study is to observe the social impact assessment and participation techniques in transportation projects through the exemplary case of the Third Bridge Project in Istanbul. Phenomenological meetings, ethnographic observation and Stakeholder Analysis (N=65), were conducted in the vicinity of Garipce and Poyrazkoy, where the piers of the Third Bridge stand. This study revealed that the public has not been informed about the social risks and access to alternative resources (especially for disadvantaged groups) and that participation was not integrated in the project planning and implementation phase. These deficient studies create uncertainties about the benefits of the project and complicate the solutions of the problems; adequate measures can create positive outcomes for future projects.

Online Electric Vehicle Recharge Scheduling under different e-Mobility Operator's Pricing Model

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:12:08 +0100

International audience; Electric Vehicles (EV) appear as a clean transportation technology with clear environmental advantages and potential benefits for the grid, being a key element of future modern smart cities. However, autonomy of the vehicle and lack of recharging stations are barriers that need to be overcome in order to make the service reliable and broadly accepted. To tackle this problem, French GreenFeed project is working to define and implement an interoperable and universal architecture to allow EV-recharge roaming. In this work, we consider such architecture and focus on issues faced by the e-mobility operator (EMO) and identified by the GreenFeed project. The EMO, a key actor in the architecture, maintains contracts with EV users to allow EV recharge at any geographical place (recharge roaming) through agreements with charging infrastructure operators. The interest of the EMO is to schedule the recharge demands and fulfil the contracts while maximizing its revenue. We analyse different online EV recharge scheduling under different pricing models, agreed between the EV users and the EMO, to study their impact on the EMO's revenues. In this analysis, we assume recharges arriving at random times and requesting a certain amount of energy during a fixed time period. We simulate a scenario with real day-ahead hourly electricity prices over two years and different scheduling polices to illustrate the feasibility of online recharge scheduling.

Vulnerable road users and motor vehicles involved in crashes: application to portuguese road safety data

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:07:17 +0100

In the last decades the private vehicle has been the most commonly used transportation mode for daily journeys. This is a National and European trend and it is due to the economic growth and the investments focused on the road infrastructures. Because of that reason, cities have been often organized in terms of planning with especial attention to road vehicles and not well prepared for pedestrians and cyclists. There is a need to change this behavior to a society that privileges the active transportation modes. However, there is the need to ensure the safety of the most vulnerable users. This Dissertation was focused on analyzing the trends of road crashes involving cyclists and pedestrians and what are the main difficulties that people using active modes face in their daily journeys. In order to reach this objective, crashes registrations involving motor vehicles and vulnerable road users (pedestrians or cyclists) in the city of Aveiro were analyzed (given by the Public Safety Police “PSP” of Aveiro). In relation to accidents involving cyclists, 68% the victims are men; this can be possibly explained because there are more men cyclists than women as was verified in the sample of the survey, but there is a lack of statistics in Aveiro on the gender distribution of cyclists involved in accidents. In a second stage, a survey was prepared with the objective to understand the main difficulties of the university community who use the active modes in their daily journeys. From the survey it has been pointed out that the main problems found are the lack of drivers’ awareness and weather conditions. The third reason was the lack of dedicate cycle lanes. On the other hand, the main motivations for biking are the reduced cost and the easiness of mobility.

Conflict Alerts for Aircraft Conducting Visual Approaches

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:06:44 +0100

It is common for aircraft to conduct visual and instrument final approaches to a single runway or multiple parallel runways. Useful, nonexcessive safety alerts on aircraft conducting visual approaches are helpful to air traffic controllers, though pilots are responsible for separation with the preceding aircraft. A variety of visual approaches to various runway configurations are studied, and a set of safety alert thresholds is proposed. Fast-time simulations with recorded real-world air traffic data of mostly visual approach flights are performed on a prototype tactical separation assurance system for terminal airspace. Alerts are generated -- with both the standard separation thresholds and the proposed safety alert thresholds -- and compared with those from the Conflict Alert (CA) functionality in the Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS). The results show that the number of Mode-C Intruder alerts generated was reduced 76% as compared to STARS CA. The nuisance alerts generated by assuming visual to be instrument approaches was reduced by 92% when the proposed safety alert thresholds were used and visual approaches were assumed.

A Method for Managing Transportation Requests and Subdivision Costs in Shared Mobility Systems

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:06:27 +0100

This paper presents an algorithm for managing the demand and supply in a shared transportation system. In particular we present a method, independent from the Geographic Information System (GIS), which processes drivers and passengers requests and ranks them in order to encourage matching and to propose the solution profitable for all. The basic idea is to give priority to the requests of passengers with more common route and avoid those with greater excess path. In the end, we propose a solution for the distribution of costs among the participants of shared travel based on the application of the Shapley value.

Off Like a Rocket: A Media Discourse Analysis of Tesla Motor Corporation

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 18:26:48 +0100

Energy and transportation are topics of great importance to global sustainable development. Tesla Motor Corporation is an electric vehicle company with the objective to “accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy” (Musk, 2016). This thesis, a media discourse analysis, examines media texts concerning Tesla Motors to provide a better understanding of the company’s hitherto success in penetrating the automotive market. Qualitative analyses of text were utilized to first define the discourse, then to describe how it has contributed to Tesla’s success. A combination of word frequency analysis, textual analysis for positive modality, and analysis for principles of branding was utilized as method. A sample set of 15 texts were analyzed to define the macro discourse, and one interview of Elon Musk analyzed closely to explicate how the textual content contributes to the company’s success. The results of a word frequency analysis suggest that Elon Musk’s personal narrative represents the discourse surrounding Tesla Motors and that it contributes to the company’s success via being imbued with authoritybuilding, trust building, and branding content.

Tractive system simulation of a Formula Student Car

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 18:24:03 +0100

En aquest projecte s’analitza el comportament estàtic d’un sistema de tracció elèctrica complert per a un cotxe de Formula Student. Mitjançant la eina Simulink del programa Matlab, es realitzen una sèrie de simulacions en les quals s’analitza el comportament de dos motors síncrons d’imants permanents, els dos respectius inversors i la bateria que utilitzen com a alimentació. També s’estudia el sistema de control dels inversors, el Field-oriented Control, integrat en el propi inversor. Es farà una petita introducció al vehicle elèctric i a les seves principals caractrístiques, però posant molt ènfasis a l’explicació dels components que formen part del model estudiat en aquest treball.

Sustainable Personal Road Transport : The Role of Electric Vehicles

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 18:22:06 +0100

Electric vehicles can play an important role in a future sustainable road transport system and many Swedish politicians would like to see them implemented faster. This is likely desirable to reach the target of a fossil independent vehicle fleet in Sweden by 2030 and a greenhouse gas neutral Swedish society no later than 2050. However, to reach both these targets, and certainly to support the full scope of sustainability, it is important to consider the whole life-cycle of the vehicles and also the interaction between the transport sector and other sectors. So far, there are no plans for transitions towards a sustainable transport system applying a sufficiently wide systems perspective, in Sweden or elsewhere. This implies a great risk for sub-optimizations. The overall aim of this work is to elaborate methodological support for development of sustainable personal road transport systems that is informed by a strategic sustainable development perspective. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) is used as a foundation for the work to ensure a sufficiently wide systems perspective and coordinated collaboration across disciplines and sectors, both in the research and application. Maxwell’s Qualitative Research Design and the Design Research Methodology are used as overall guides for the research approach. Specific research methods and techniques include literature studies, action research seminars, interviews, and measurements of energy use, costs, and noise. Moreover, a case study on the conditions for a breakthrough for vehicles in southeast Sweden has been used as a test and development platform. Specific results include a preliminary vision for electrical vehicles in southeast Sweden, framed by the principled sustainability definition of the FSSD, an assessment of the current reality in relation to that vision, and proposed solutions to bridge the gap, organized into a preliminary roadmap. The studies show that electric vehicles have several sustainability advantages even when their whole life-cycle is considered, provided that they are charged with electricity from new renewable sources. Electrical vehicles also imply a low total cost of ownership and could promote new local ‘green jobs’ under certain conditions. Particularly promising results are seen for electric buses in public transport. As a general result, partly based on the experiences from the specific case, a generic community planning process model is proposed and its usefulness for sustainable transport system development is discussed. The strategic sustainable development perspective of this thesis broadens the analysis beyond the more common focus on climate change issues and reduces the risk of sub-optimizations in community and transport system development. The generic support for multi-stakeholder collaboration could potentially also promote a more participatory democratic approach to community development, grounded in a scientific foundation. Future research will explore specific decision support systems for sustainable transport development based on the generic planning process model. GreenCharge

E-Education: telecommuting potential in a higher education institution in Malaysia /

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 18:07:15 +0100

Thesis (PhD(Planning))--University of South Australia, 2016. Includes bibliographical references (pages 151-168) The objective of this thesis is to determine the extent to which telecommuting plays a role in reducing the academics’ physical travel needs by private vehicles (cars, motorcycles, vans). To be more specific, this thesis aims to study the possibility of reducing physical travel for academics, thus alleviating traffic congestion. Drawing upon research conducted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia this thesis investigates the attitudes toward and practice of telework amongst a sample of academic staff at the International Islamic University Malaysia. Specifically, it investigates the physical travel demands and needs of the target population as promoted by an irregular timetable and how telecommuting work arrangements can be and/or are facilitated within this timetable.

Work and Safety in Small to Medium-Sized Air Traffic Control Towers : A Study of Distributed Cognition and Resilience

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 18:05:36 +0100

Traffic Control (ATC) is a safety-critical system which places high demands on air traffic controllers’ (ATCO) multitasking abilities. Having the requisite information for well-informed decision making is central, and as new technologies such as remote towers demand an increase in capacity, efficiency, and safety there is a need for research that informs system development. Adopting a systems perspective, Distributed Cognition is an approach for investigating system functioning, and Resilience Engineering is a way of observing safety factors in everyday work. The purpose of this study is to understand how air traffic controllers work from a distributed cognition perspective, and manage safety in everyday tasks from a resilience perspective. Six observations and six interviews were conducted in a Swedish control tower. The data was analyzed using Distributed Cognition for Teamwork (DiCoT) and Resilience markers (REM), which both focus on the transformation and propagation of information. The results of DiCoT show how cognitive processes in ATCO work are supported in models of physical layout, artefacts, information flow, social organization, and evolutionary design. The results of REM show potential for resilience enhancing behavior in several episodes of ATCO work. Moreover, the results suggest that methods such as DiCoT and REM may work well in the ATC domain, as well as complementary to each other. The results may be used for informing system development, and enable a before-and-after study as the control tower of study will be transformed into a remote tower.

Time series prediction for Electric Vehicle Charging Load and Solar Power Generation in the context of Smart Grid

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 18:00:28 +0100

In view of the success of machine learning based prediction algorithms in the recent years, in this study, we have employed a selection of these algorithms on some time series prediction problems in the context of smart grid. We have used real world data from the UCLA campus solar PV panels and parking lots. In the process of applying these algorithms on the Electric Vehicle (EV) charging load prediction problem, two new prediction algorithms have been proposed, namely Modified Pattern Sequence Forecasting (MPSF) and Time Weighted Dot Product Nearest Neighbor (TWDP NN). One of the objectives when predicting the EV charging load is speed of prediction since it is intended to be used in a real time application (smartphone application for EV customers). Using our dataset, TWDP NN decreased the processing time by a third. As missing data is a significant concern in real world data, the effect of missing values on the prediction quality has been investigated. Six different imputation methods have been applied to compensate for missing values in EV charging data. Based on non-parametric statistical tests, suitable (or unsuitable) imputation methods for each prediction algorithm are recommended. Forecasting of the Electric Vehicle (EV) charging load can be done based on two different datasets: data from the customer profile (charging record) and data from outlet measurements (station record). We found that charging records provide relatively faster prediction while putting customer privacy at jeopardy. On the other hand, station records provide relatively slower prediction while respecting the customer privacy. In general, both datasets generate comparable prediction error. Forecasting solar power generation with application on real-time control of energy system has also been investigated. Since predictions are made on every minute for one minute ahead values, the designed system has to be rapidly responsive. This has been pursued by: first, we have solely relied on past values of solar power data (rather than external data), hence lowering the volume of input data; second, the investigated algorithms are capable of generating predictions in less than a second. The results show that kNN and SVR show lower error.

Mobile information systems' security, privacy, and environmental sustainability aspects

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 17:58:38 +0100

[no abstract]

Statistical modelling of algorithms for signal processing in systems based on environment perception

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 17:58:09 +0100

One cornerstone for realising automated driving systems is an appropriate handling of uncertainties in the environment perception and situation interpretation. Uncertainties arise due to noisy sensor measurements or the unknown future evolution of a traffic situation. This work contributes to the understanding of these uncertainties by modelling and propagating them with parametric probability distributions.

Closing the Food Systems Loop: Leveraging Social Sciences to Improve Organic Waste Policy

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 17:57:11 +0100

Urban food waste in the U.S. is almost exclusively bound for landfills, with significant environmental and the economic consequences. Contrary to this linear flow, cities across the developed world are implementing organics collection programs (OCP) that transform waste into a resource. These systems convert excess food into inputs (e.g. biofuel or soil amendment) for other processes (i.e. food and energy production, water reclamation) thereby approximating naturally occurring closed-loop nutrient systems. However, efforts to address the flow of food waste into landfills have largely focused on technical solutions that alter the waste management systems of provision, largely ignoring the social aspects of food waste generation and source separation. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behavior and concepts from social marketing research, results from longitudinal repeated-measures experiments indicate that providing supportive infrastructure is necessary for residents to act on their "intention" to divert food waste from landfills. The experiments are also the first to confirm that communicating the new community norms of separation in the context of a new OCP will increase separation behavior. In sum, closing the loop on urban food systems demands transformations of the systems of provision as well as the social aspects of waste systems. This research traces the evolution of organic waste policy on two continents using problem-framing as a lens through which to understand how different characterizations of food waste as a problem (i.e. as one of disposal efficiency, risk management or value recovery) result in different policy responses with varying degrees of linearity in urban food material flows. This dissertation contends that successfully closing the loop on urban food systems will demand new problem-framing that employs systems-thinking at the highest levels of policy-making, transformations of both the systems of provision and social practices, and an understanding of the relationship between social and natural systems (i.e. socio-ecological relationships).

Very long term development of the Dutch Inland Waterway Transport System: Policy analysis, transport projections, shipping scenarios, and a new perspective on economic growth and future discounting

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 17:49:39 +0100

This thesis addresses how a new method for the evaluation of policies with a very long term impact on the Dutch Inland Waterway Transport (IWT) system can be developed. It proposes an outline for a very long term transport model, prepares a number of very long term scenarios, and indicates that a different perspective on economic growth and future discounting is required to obtain realistic projections and develop sensible policies for issues with a very long term impact. Extended summary report: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ef349716-b484-4820-a02a-d1cd13bc51b8

From Passive to Active Electric Distribution Networks

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 17:47:39 +0100

Large penetration of distributed generation from variable renewable energy sources, increased consumption flexibility on the demand side and the electrification of transportation pose great challenges to existing and future electric distribution networks. This thesis studies the roles of several actors involved in electric distribution systems through electricity consumption data analysis and simulation models. Results show that real-time electricity pricing adoption in the residential sector offers economic benefits for end consumers. This occurs even without the adoption of demand-side management strategies, while real-time pricing also brings new opportunities for increasing consumption flexibility. This flexibility will play a critical role in the electrification of transportation, where scheduled charging will be required to allow large penetration of EVs without compromising the network's reliability and to minimize upgrades on the existing grid. All these issues add significant complexity to the existing infrastructure and conventional passive components are no longer sufficient to guarantee safe and reliable network operation. Active distribution networks are therefore required, and consequently robust and flexible modelling and simulation computational tools are needed for their optimal design and control. The modelling approach presented in this thesis offers a viable solution by using an equation-based object-oriented language that allows developing open source network component models that can be shared and used unambiguously across different simulation environments.

Designing Electronic Waybill Solutions for Road Freight Transport

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 17:37:24 +0100

In freight transportation, a waybill is an important document that contains essential information about a consignment. The focus of this thesis is on a multi-purpose electronic waybill (e-Waybill) service, which can provide the functions of a paper waybill, and which is capable of storing, at least, the information present in a paper waybill. In addition, the service can be used to support other existing Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) services by utilizing on synergies with the existing services. Additionally, information entities from the e-Waybill service are investigated for the purpose of knowledge-building concerning freight flows. A systematic review on state-of-the-art of the e-Waybill service reveals several limitations, such as limited focus on supporting ITS services. Five different conceptual e-Waybill solutions (that can be seen as abstract system designs for implementing the e-Waybill service) are proposed. The solutions are investigated for functional and technical requirements (non-functional requirements), which can potentially impose constraints on a potential system for implementing the e-Waybill service. Further, the service is investigated for information and functional synergies with other ITS services. For information synergy analysis, the required input information entities for different ITS services are identified; and if at least one information entity can be provided by an e-Waybill at the right location we regard it to be a synergy. Additionally, a service design method has been proposed for supporting the process of designing new ITS services, which primarily utilizes on functional synergies between the e-Waybill and different existing ITS services. The suggested method is applied for designing a new ITS service, i.e., the Liability Intelligent Transport System (LITS) service. The purpose of the LITS service isto support the process of identifying when and where a consignment has been damaged and who was responsible when the damage occurred. Furthermore, information entities from e-Waybills are utilized for building improved knowledge concerning freight flows. A freight and route estimation method has been proposed for building improved knowledge, e.g., in national road administrations, on the movement of trucks and freight. The results from this thesis can be used to support the choice of practical e-Waybill service implementation, which has the possibility to provide high synergy with ITS services. This may lead to a higher utilization of ITS services and more sustainable transport, e.g., in terms of reduced congestion and emissions. Furthermore, the implemented e-Waybill service can be an enabler for collecting consignment and traffic data and converting the data into useful traffic information. In particular, the service can lead to increasing amounts of digitally stored data about consignments, which can lead to improved knowledge on the movement of freight and trucks. The knowledge may be helpful when making decisions concerning road taxes, fees, and infrastructure investments.

Sampling Based Motion Planning for Heavy Duty Autonomous Vehicles

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 17:30:28 +0100

The automotive industry is undergoing a revolution where the more traditional mechanical values are replaced by an ever increasing number of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) where advanced algorithms and software development are taking a bigger role. Increased safety, reduced emissions and the possibility of completely new business models are driving the development and most automotive companies have started projects that aim towards fully autonomous vehicles. For industrial applications that provide a closed environment, such as mining facilities, harbors, agriculture and airports, full implementation of the technology is already available with increased productivity, reliability and reduced wear on equipment as a result. However, it also gives the opportunity to create a safer working environment when human drivers can be removed from dangerous working conditions. Regardless of the application an important part of any mobile autonomous system is the motion planning layer. In this thesis sampling-based motion planning algorithms are used to solve several non-holonomic and kinodynamic planning problems for car-like robotic vehicles in different application areas that all present different challenges. First we present an extension to the probabilistic sampling-based Closed-Loop Rapidly exploring Random Tree (CL-RRT) framework that significantly increases the probability of drawing a valid sample for platforms with second order differential constraints. When a tree extension is found infeasible a new acceleration profile that tries to brings the vehicle to a full stop before the collision occurs is calculated. A resimulation of the tree extension with the new acceleration profile is then performed. The framework is tested on a heavy-duty Scania G480 mining truck in a simple constructed scenario. Furthermore, we present two different driver assistance systems for the complicated task of reversing with a truck with a dolly-steered trailer. The first is a manual system where the user can easily construct a kinematically feasible path through a graphical user interface. The second is a fully automatic planner, based on the CL-RRT algorithm where only a start and goal position need to be provided. For both approaches, the internal angles of the trailer configuration are stabilized using a Linear Quadratic (LQ) controller and path following is achieved through a pure-pursuit control law. The systems are demonstrated on a small-scale test vehicle with good results. Finally, we look at the planning problem for an autonomous vehicle in an urban setting with dense traffic for two different time-critical maneuvers, namely, intersection merging and highway merging. In these situations, a social interplay between drivers is often necessary in order to perform a safe merge. To model this interaction a prediction engine is developed and used to predict the future evolution of the complete traffic scene given our own intended trajectory. Real-time capabilities are demonstrated through a series of simulations with varying traffic densities. It is shown, in simulation, that the proposed method is capable of safe merging in much denser traffic compared to a base-line method where a constant velocity model is used for predictions.

Correlations between network conditions and quality of CACC systems in terms of safety, efficiency and channel utilization

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 17:30:15 +0100

This thesis reviews approaches towards Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC), identifies important simulation parameters, and analyzes their correlation with metrics that describe the performance of the application in terms of safety, efficiency and channel utilization. This is achieved through simulation of realistic traffic and V2V communication by using recent ETSI ITS standards including different GeoNetworking message dissemination mechanisms. The results show, that an increasing traffic on the network channel has a negative effect on the safety of a platooning application, but it can be compensated by using more conservative configuration parameters. This impact is increasing slightly for lower vehicle spacing, stronger for longer platoons and drastically for lower beacon rates.

An optimization Framework for Shared Mobility in Dynamic Transportation Networks

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 17:28:44 +0100

Recent advances in communication technology coupled with increasing environmental concerns, road congestion, and the high cost of vehicle ownership have directed more attention to the opportunity cost of empty seats traveling throughout the transportation networks every day. Peer-to-peer (P2P) ridesharing is a good way of using the existing passenger-movement capacity on the vehicles, thereby addressing the concerns about the increasing demand for transportation that is too costly to address via infrastructural expansion.This dissertation is dedicated to the optimization of the matching process between the participants in a ridesharing system. More specifically, focus of this dissertation is on multi-hop matching, in which riders have the possibility of transferring between vehicles. Different algorithms have been presented for various implementation strategies of ridesharing systems. Multiple case studies assess the important role ridesharing can play as a separate mode, or in conjunction with other modes of transportation, in multi-modal settings.

Electric vehicles in Norway: a cost-benefit analysis

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 17:22:50 +0100

This research looks at the socioeconomic effects between the procurement and use of an electric vehicle compared to a conventional vehicle under today´s policy measures. In order to get a sufficient comparison between electric and vehicles the cost-benefit analysis was chosen. The cost-benefit analysis was done in three separate scenarios, where each scenario included different variables. This was done in order to see which impact each of the variables had, and in turn evaluate the policy measures and results based on this. With the assumption that an electric vehicle has a lifetime of 14 years and an annual driving distance of 13.000, the marginal socioeconomic net present value was estimated to be 262.956 NOK for choosing an electric vehicle instead of a conventional vehicle, given today´s policy measures throughout the lifetime. The estimated cost-benefit model showed that the difference in the marginal net benefit in the private costs of owning an electric vehicle compared to a conventional vehicle had a big impact on the results. The greater the difference was the more socioeconomic beneficial the electric vehicle became compared to the conventional vehicle. For future policies it was recommended that policy measures toward road transportation should aim at making the use of vehicles a more costly choice compared to public transport, walking or cycling than they are today. At the same time make sure that the private costs of electric vehicles are significantly less than for the conventional vehicles.

Modeling shared vehicle systems with application to e-vehicles

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 17:20:40 +0100

This research project aims to model shared vehicle systems at strategic and tactical levels. The objective is to obtain a simple model that establishes the existing trade-offs between the agency costs (i.e. vehicle fleet, stations, repositioning costs) and the user costs (i.e. access and wait). This would allow optimizing the main strategic and tactic variables of the system (i.e. strategic: total number of vehicles, density of stations; tactic: size of each station, occupancy at each station after a complete rebalancing period).

CPDLC digital communication implementation between an ATC and RPAS

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 17:19:03 +0100

This project has been developed with the principal aim of simulating CPDLC(Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications) between ATC (Air Traffic Controller) and RPAS (Remote Piloted Aircraft Systems). Communication between ATC and conventional aircraft is possible too. The uprising number of users in airspace compels the aerial communications to reinvent themselves for not collapsing the assigned frequency band. As a solution it is proposed CPDLC communications, an application that allows the direct exchange of text-based messages between a controller and a pilot. The most direct benefits in utilization of CPDLC are: 1) Air traffic management is more efficient. 2) Increase of airspace capacity. 3) Communication, surveillance and route conformance monitoring improvement. 4) Voice channel congestion reduction. The CPDLC code developed is integrated with ATM(Air Traffic Management) simulation program "eDEP", provided by Eurocontrol and it is also integrated with Icarus group research simulations. The project is divided in two main parts: a) Encoding library messages. It has been done the effort of collecting all the possible messages that can be exchanged between ATC and pilot. Messages have been encoded to byte level and it has been prepared to be sent through the net. b) Program graphic development. It has been developed a friendly and understandable graphical environment to be able to interact with a computer for sending the messages in a correct way. As a long term objective, it is expected that CPDLC program can be evaluated by real air traffic controllers in ATM simulations where RPAS and conventional aviation is mixed in non-segregated airspace. TFG will be useful for extracting conclusions about benefits provided by CPDLC and to know the real workload that CPDLC system provides to the air traffic controller.

Creation of RPAS aircraft performance models for BADA.

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:57:13 +0100

The RPAS have become the new airspace users, which introduces a significant change into the ATM world. In order to support this change, the RPAS integration should be done by simulating real scenarios with the aim to maintain the same safety level like before their integration. Initiatives like Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) bring to the table all the necessary data to enable complete and accurate trajectory predictions by means of creating Aircraft Performance Models (APM). This project is focused on the modelling and consequently APM creation of two RPAS. Along it, the process followed and the results obtained are ex- plained, considering the lack of available data. Furthermore, a trajectory predictor (BTP) has been performed allowing all kind of trajectories simulations and the obtaining of impor- tant parameters such as altitude, thrust, fuel,etc. It is necessary to remark that the BTP has played an important role in the validation of the models created. On the one hand, many conclusions have been obtained in the end of the process, letting the demonstration that the APMs created show acceptable errors in comparison to the NASA real telemetry. On the other hand, the BTP fulfils the error limits in comparison to the EUROCONTROL TP, ensuring accurate and reliable results.

Large scale fast time simulation platform topic

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:56:40 +0100

This report presents design principles and algorithms for building a fast-time scheduler of arrival aircraft based on a FCFS (first-come-first-served) scheduling protocol and non FCFS. The algorithms provide the conceptual and computational foundation for the Traffic Management Advisor (TMA) of the Centre/terminal radar approach control facilities (TRACON) automation system, that's it an arrival manager (AMAN concept). The primary objective of the scheduler is to assign arrival aircraft to a favourable landing runway and schedule then to land at times that minimize delays. In order to solve the problem a fast time simulator platform was selected by Eurocontrol (the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation) named AirTOp. Many problems in that module, as for example the lack of information about the code, the fact that for changing one small parameter, the process involved takes more than 2 or 4 months or the fact that EUROCONTROL is paying a special license only to use this specific module has brought to think in a better solution. This solutions entails the creation of a separate module from zero, a plugin, due to AirTOp is providing and API (Application Programming Interface) where the user can create, retrieve or modify the data during the simulations. The creation of this module was made in Java due to AirTOp is programmed in Java and allows easily the creation of a plugin. A plugin is an external module that can use some information from the main software, and allows the user to model and create some new information, such as a new AMAN. In the creation of the AMAN plugin two solution has been tested, in order of complexity to continue programming, an FCFS time schedule algorithm (First Come First Served) and a non-FCFS time schedule algorithm. By the end of this project a full AMAN was created in Java with Eclipse, helping the Air Traffic Controllers to manage the situation with better solutions, it can reduce the average delays up to 20% (depending of the case) and it improves the time constraint feasibility in a 17%. A full deployment and distribution of this plugin has been made for the ATM/RDS/ATS unit in Eurocontrol, unit in charge of the research and development for the Air Traffic Management and Air Traffic Services improvements and innovations. In addition a user guide for the creation of a plugin has been created, explaining all required steps to develop a generic plugin.

An Approach to Business Modeling for Sustainable Personal Road Transport

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:56:22 +0100

Between 1950 and 2013 the total amount of Swedish travelling has increased from about 20 billion to about 140 billion passenger kilometers. This included an increase in travelling with private cars from about 3 billion to about 105 billion passenger kilometers, and in bus travelling from about 2.5 billion to about 5 billion passenger kilometers. The European commission has indicated that public transportation (if powered by clean fuels) is a suitable way to reduce environmental and health problems. This thesis focuses on sustainable personal road transport, and aims to develop and test a new approach to examining the economic and socio-ecological sustainability effects of various road vehicles for private travelling and related business models. A special focus is set on comparing various bus systems for public transport and ways (business models) for private people to access cars. The main comparison parameters are the total cost of ownership and carbon dioxide emissions of different energy carriers for buses and cars. The Design Research Methodology is used to guide the research approach. The approach also builds on the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development, which includes, for example, principles that define any sustainable future and a strategic planning process. The approach first employs Strategic Life Cycle Assessment to give a quick overview of sustainability challenges in each bus life cycle stage from raw materials to end of life. Several analysis tools such as Life Cycle Costing, Life Cycle Analysis, Product Service System, and Business Model Canvas mapping are then iteratively used to ”dig deeper” into identified prioritized challenges. Literature reviews, interviews, and simulations are used as supporting methods. The results from a first theoretical test of the new approach suggest that a shift from diesel buses to electric buses (powered by renewable energy) could significantly lower carbon dioxide emissions, while also significantly lowering the total cost of ownership. The theoretical calculations were followed up by testing of electric buses in real operation in eight Swedish municipalities. The tests verified the theoretical results, and showed that electric buses are better than diesel buses both from a sustainability point of view and a cost point of view, and also that electric bus operation is a practically viable alternative for public transport. The new approach was tested also by comparing a variety of business models for private car travelling. The results indicate, among other things, that only people who travel more than 13.500 kilometers per year would benefit from owning a car. In all, the thesis suggests a simultaneous shift from diesel buses to electric buses in public transport and, for the majority of the car drivers that drive less than 13.500 kilometers per year, switching from car ownership to car use services would be favourable for an affordable transition of the transport sector towards sustainability.

Reliable communication in mine environments for autonomous vehicles

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:55:33 +0100

utomation in the mining industry has the potential to increase safety and productivity while improving working conditions. Ore transportation within the mine is a repetitive task which is well suited to be replaced by an autonomous mining vehicle operating around the clock. Scania, a world leader in sustainable transport solutions is investigating this new concept of vehicle. The autonomous operation is enabled by several technologies installed on the vehicle, including a communication system object of this thesis. Connectivity among vehicles is required in order to coordinate paths and exchange mission critical information. In this thesis, after identifying the challenges of wireless propagations in mines, the communication technology is chosen and possible antenna configurations and communication ranges are found. Through numerical link-budget simulations and subsequent range measurements, the potential communication range of this vehicle has been quantified. The results show the effectiveness of height diversity in extending the communication range. Lastly, the performance degradation caused by dust accumulated on the antennas is discussed. Automatiseringen i gruvindustrin har potentialen att öka säkerheten och produktiviteten samtidigt som den förbättrar arbetsvillkoren. Malmtransporten inne i gruvan är en repetitiv uppgift som passar bra att bli utbytt av en autonom gruvtransport som är i drift dygnet runt. Scania, en av de världsledande inom hållbara tranportlösningar, undersöker just nu denna typ av fordon. Den självstyrande driften aktiveras genom att ett flertal teknologier installeras på fordonet, inklusive ett kommunikationssystem som är ämne för denna avhandling. Anslutningen mellan fordonen är nödvändig för att kunna samordna banor och ge information i för uppdraget kritiska lägen. I denna avhandling, efter att ha identifierat svårigheterna med en trådlös utbredning i gruvor, är kommunikationsteknologin vald och möjliga antennkonfigurationer och kommunikationsräckvidder funna. Genom numeriska länkbudgetsimuleringar och efterföljande räckviddsmätningar, har det potentiella kommunikationsområdet för detta fordon kvantifierats. Resultaten visar effektiviteten av mångfald när det gäller höjd när man utvidgar kommunikationsområdet. Slutligen diskuteras prestandaförsämringen orsakad av damm som ackumulerats på antennerna.

Investigation of automated vehicle effects on drivers behavior and traffic performance

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:52:21 +0100

dvanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) offer the possibility of helping drivers to fulfill their driving tasks. Automated vehicles are capable of communicating with surrounding vehicles (V2V) and infrastructure (V2I) in order to collect and provide essential information about driving environment. Studies have proved that automated vehicles have a potential to decrease traffic congestion on road networks by reducing the time headway, enhancing the traffic capacity and improving the safety margins in car following. Furthermore, vehicle movement and drivers behavior of conventional vehicles will be affected by the presence of automated vehicles in traffic networks. Despite different encouraging factors, automated driving raises some concerns such as possible loss of situation awareness, overreliance on automation and degrading driving skills in absence of practice. Moreover, coping with complex scenarios, such as merging at ramps and overtaking, in terms of interaction between automated vehicles and conventional vehicles need more research. This thesis work aims to investigate the effects of automated vehicles on drivers behavior and traffic performance. A broad literature review in the area of driving simulators and psychological studies was performed to examine the automated vehicle effects on drivers behavior. Findings from the literature survey, which has been served as setup values in the simulation study of the current work, reveal that the conventional vehicles, which are driving close to the platoon of automated vehicles with short time headway, tend to reduce their time headway and spend more time under their critical time headway. Additionally, driving highly automated vehicles is tedious in a long run, reduce situation awareness and can intensify driver drowsiness, exclusively in light traffic. In order to investigate the influences of automated vehicles on traffic performance, a microscopic simulation case study consisting of different penetration rates of automated vehicles (0, 50 and 100 percentages) was conducted in VISSIM software. The scenario network is a three-lane autobahn segment of 2.9 kilometers including an off-ramp, on-ramp and a roundabout with some surrounding urban roads. Outputs of the microscopic simulation in this study reveal that the positive effects of automated vehicles on roads are especially highlighted when the network is crowded (e.g. peak hours). This can definitely count as a constructive point for the future of road networks with higher demands. In details, average density of autobahn segment remarkably decreased by 8.09% during p.m. peak hours in scenario with automated vehicles. Besides, Smoother traffic flow with less queue in the weaving segment was observed. Result of the scenario with 50% share of automated vehicles moreover shows a feasible interaction between conventional vehicles and automated vehicles. Meaningful outputs of this case study, based on the input data from literature review, demonstrate the capability of VISSIM software to simulate the presence of automated vehicles in great extent, not only as an automated vehicle scenario but also a share of them, in traffic network. The validity of the output values nonetheless needs future research work on urban and rural roads with different traffic conditions.

Airspace complexity implementation for an Extended ATC Planner

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:48:12 +0100

This report describes the implementation of an airspace complexity server into the preindustrial prototype of the Extended ATC Planner. First, there is the description of the current ATC en-route control room situation, with a presentation of the different actors and their roles. Then, a study of the multi-sector planner (EAP) is made, focused on the frame of the new SESAR operating method. The third part of the report deals with the airspace complexity. It is defined, then the algorithms are detailed and its applications for the EAP are justified. Finally, there is the description of the airspace complexity implementation in the EAP prototype. The platform and complexity server architectures are presented, simulations and results are analysed and future improvements are proposed in order to continue the project later on.

Costs and Operating Dynamics of Integrating Distributed Energy Resources in Commercial and Industrial Buildings with Electric Vehicle Charging

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:47:56 +0100

Growing concerns over greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions have increased the pressure to shift energy conversion paradigms from current forms to more sustainable methods, such as through the use of distributed energy resources (DER) at industrial and commercial buildings. This dissertation is concerned with the optimal design and dispatch of a DER system installed at an industrial or commercial building. An optimization model that accurately captures typical utility costs and the physical constraints of a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system is designed to size and operate a DER system at a building. The optimization model is then used with cooperative game theory to evaluate the financial performance of a CCHP investment. The CCHP model is then modified to include energy storage, solar powered generators, alternative fuel sources, carbon emission limits, and building interactions with public and fleet PEVs. Then, a separate plugin electric vehicle (PEV) refueling model is developed to determine the cost to operate a public Level 3 fast charging station. The CCHP design and dispatch results show the size of the building load and consistency of the thermal loads are critical to positive financial performance. While using the CCHP system to produce cooling can provide savings, heat production drives positive financial performance. When designing the DER system to reduce carbon emissions, the use of renewable fuels can allow for a gas turbine system with heat recovery to reduce carbon emissions for a large university by 67%. Further reductions require large photovoltaic installations coupled with energy storage or the ability to export electricity back to the grid if costs are to remain relatively low.When considering Level 3 fast charging equipment, demand charges at low PEV travel levels are sufficiently high to discourage adoption. Integration of the equipment can reduce demand charge costs only if the building maximum demand does not coincide with PEV refueling. Electric vehicle refueling does not typically affect DER design at low PEV travel levels, but can as electric vehicle travel increases. However, as PEV travel increases, the stochastic nature of PEV refueling disappears, and the optimization problem may become deterministic.

Study of the free route airspace in the future southwest (Spain-Portugal) functional airspace block

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:45:07 +0100

The European air traffic management (ATM) systems handles approximately 26,000 flights daily. Forecasts indicate that the European air traffic levels going to be double by 2020. In addition, European ATM costs an additional 2-3 billion every year, compared to other similar systems in the world.1 Taking into account this scenario, European ATM systems have to look for solutions for accommodates the increasing air traffic flows in the future airspaces, whilst cutting costs and improving its performance. One of these solutions came with the initiative of organizing airspace into functional blocks, according to traffic flows rather than to national borders. Such a project was not possible without common rules and procedures at European level.1 The establishment of Functional Airspace blocks (FAB) shall enable optimum use of airspace taking into account air traffic flows. In the same way, FABs initiatives contain a new philosophy for design the airspace, the new airspace structures include application of Flexible Use of Airspace (FUA) concept, Free Route Airspace (FRA) blocks, night direct routes implementation, etc. Additionally, FAB blocks look for cooperation or fusion between Air Navigation Services providers (ANPs), all this with the goal of reduce air navigation services costs for users. Particularly, Free Route Airspace concept offers enormous benefits to airspace users, because permits to select the user-preferred trajectories with the optimal flight profile, enabling flights to operate outside a pre-defined route structure, resulting in shortest routes and big distances saving for airlines. Furthermore, free route blocks will significantly impact in ATC systems, changing the way for establish aircraft separation in these new airspace structures. For all these reasons, this thesis will study the functionality of the future Southwest Functional Airspace Block (SW FAB), specially the implementation of the Free Route Airspace concept, focused in the long term phase (2020) that includes Santiago-Asturias, Lisbon, Santa Maria Oceanic and Canarias airspaces in one free route airspace block.2 Objectives 1.-Evaluate the Free Route Airspace block in the future Southwest Functional Airspace Block in terms of flight efficiency (fuel,CO2,NM), ATC workload****. 2.-Study the interaction between Free Route Airspace and conventional airspace divided in sectors (flying with RNAV). 3.-Explore the future systems and procedures for traffic separation in Free route airspace. Methodology As was explained before, this thesis pretend to make an analysis of the free route airspace in the future SW FAB, for achieves this goal it will be necessary, firstly to explain the main concepts and background of: Flexible Use of Airspace (FUA), Functional Airspace Block (FAB) and Free Route Airspace (FRA), and others concepts. In the same way, it will be necessary to review the phases of the future SW (Spain-Portugal) FAB main plan; all concepts will help to settle the base for the future analysis in the thesis. Secondly, this thesis will propose and simulate the future Free route airspace in the SW FAB. The simulation pretends to evaluate the advantages and possible problems of this new way of flight. Thirdly, this project will include some interviews from ATC professionals; these interviews pretend to see how will impact the FRA (Free route airspace) in the future, additionally those interviews can provide different points of view and needs in the ATM (Air traffic management) system. Finally this master thesis will include an exhaustive analysis of results (concepts, simulation, interviews, etc.) and a presentation of conclusion

Benefits of Coordinating Plug-In Electric Vehicles in Electric Power Systems

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:39:17 +0100

Analyse der Realnutzung von Elektrofahrzeugen in kommerziellen Flotten zur Definition einer bedarfsgerechten Fahrzeugauslegung

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:35:17 +0100

uf Basis einer Naturalistic Driving Studie mit Elektrofahrzeugen in kommerzieller Nutzung wird eine detaillierte Analyse der Mobilität vorgenommen und daraus eine empirisch begründete bedarfsgerechte Fahrzeugauslegung abgeleitet, die sich auf den Kern der Nutzeranforderungen konzentriert und statistische Ausreißer zu Gunsten einer sparsameren Auslegung ausschließt. Weiterhin werden Realfahrzyklen für Elektrofahrzeuge erarbeitet und das Marktpotential dieser Fahrzeugspezifikation abgeschätzt.

Cumulative effect assessment for sustainable road transport system planning: a study on Dhaka city of Bangladesh /

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:34:37 +0100

Thesis (PhD(Planning))--University of South Australia, 2016. Includes bibliographical references (pages 120-138) The research objective was primarily to assess the degree of connectedness among the stressors affecting the transport system, which is the central phase in the pathway of CEA. The important stressors prevailing in the system were identified; digraph theory and matrix analysis technique was used in analysing the connectedness among stressors, which is innovative and challenging to incorporate with transport system analysis. The research aimed to support an effective transport planning strategy for the mega cities of the developing world, with Dhaka City as an exemplar possessing similar characteristics. In order to identify the transport system stressors, a detailed field survey was conducted in Dhaka City during July to October of 2013, in conjunction with analysing secondary data and reviewing previous works.

Designing Energy-Sensitive Interactions: Conceptualising Energy from the Perspective of Electric Cars

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:33:25 +0100

technology is increasingly used in mobile settings, energy and battery management is becoming a part of everyday life. Many have experienced how quickly a battery can be depleted in a smartphone, laptop or electric cars, sometimes causing much distress. An important question is how we can understand and work with energy as a factor in interaction design to enable better experiences for end-users. Through design-oriented research, I have worked with the specific case of electric cars, which is currently a domain where people struggle in terms of energy management. The main issue in this use case is that current driving range estimates cause distrust and anxiety among drivers. Through sketches, prototypes and studies, I investigated causes as well as possible remedies to this situation. My conclusion is that instead of providing black-boxed predictions, in-car interfaces should expose the logics of estimates so that drivers know how their own actions in e.g. driving style, climate control, and other equipment, affects energy use. Revealing such energy mechanisms will not only empower the driver, it will also acknowledge the impact of variables that cannot be predicted automatically. In this work, understanding the dynamic aspects of energy has emerged as central to interaction with systems. This points to a need to design energy sensitive interactions - focusing on supporting users to find the right balance between energy use and the experiential values sought for. To ease design of energy sensitive interactions, energy use is divided into three different categories with accompanying ideals. These are exergy (always needed to achieve the required interaction), intergy (controllable and changing over time and use, needs to be addressed in design), and anergy (always waste that needs to be reduced). This articulation highlights aspects of energy that are specific to interaction design, and possible aspects to expose to allow more energy-efficient interactions in use. I takt med att vi använder alltmer teknik i mobila sammanhang blir energi- och batterihantering en allt större del av vår vardag. Många har erfarenheter av de besvär som ett plötsligt urladdat batteri i en mobiltelefon, laptop eller elbil kan orsaka. En central fråga för att uppnå bättre användarupplevelser är hur vi kan förstå och arbeta med energi som en faktor i design av interaktion med mobil teknik. Genom designdriven forskning har jag arbetat specifikt med interaktionen i elbilar, en situation där många brottas med just hantering och förståelse av begränsad energi. En specifik utmaning i denna kontext är den misstro som många upplever kring existerande system för räckviddsberäkning. Genom skisser, prototyper och användarstudier har jag undersökt orsaker och praktiska lösningar på detta problem. Min slutsats är att bilens gränssnitt bör exponera den inre logik som beräkningarna bygger på, så att föraren förstår hur egna handlingar, såsom körsätt och användning av t ex kupévärmare, påverkar energiförbrukning och räckvidd. Detta leder till ökad upplevelse av kontroll för föraren, och samtidigt till mer tillförlitliga beräkningar då det tar hänsyn till variabler som inte kan förutsägas automatiskt. I arbetet har dynamiska aspekter av energi framträtt som centralt i användning av interaktiva system. Detta pekar på behovet av att designa energikänsliga interaktioner, som hjälper användaren att förstå balansen mellan energiåtgång och bruksvärde. För att stödja design av energikänsliga interaktioner artikuleras tre kategorier av energianvändning i interaktiva system. Dessa är exergi (behövs för att uppnå tänkt interaktion), intergi (kontrollerbar och föränderlig över tid och användning, måste adresseras med design), och anergi (är alltid ett slöseri som behöver reduceras). Denna artikulation belyser specifikt de aspekter av energiförbrukningen som varierar genom användning, och som skulle kunna exponeras för mer energieffektiv interaktion med ny teknik. "p"QC 20160429

Environmental Modelling and Qualitative Comparative Analysis of public policies that implemented compressed natural gas on buses

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:31:30 +0100

Esta dissertação desenvolveu duas análises de natureza diferente, mas complementares, uma vez que são unidas por uma mesma questão. Esta questão diz respeito à utilização do gás natural veicular em substituição ao óleo diesel em ônibus urbanos. O autor argumenta que, devido a suas características técnicas, o gás natural pode contribuir para a promoção de um transporte mais sustentável, mesmo que o gás natural seja um combustível igualmente não renovável, como o óleo diesel. Na primeira análise desenvolvida, utiliza-se uma metodologia bottom-up para demonstrar os ganhos ambientais que podem ser alcançados ao se substituir o óleo diesel por gás natural em ônibus urbanos. Adota-se a cidade de São Paulo como estudo de caso. Esses ganhos ambientais manifestam-se tanto na redução das emissões de poluentes locais, como material particulado, monóxido de carbono e óxidos de enxofre, conduzindo a melhoras importantes na qualidade de vida das pessoas que sofrem os efeitos nocivos dessas emissões (usuários ou não do transporte público urbano), como, também, no declínio das emissões de gases de efeito estufa, especialmente o dióxido de carbono, levando a benefícios ambientais globais. Os resultados amparam o uso do gás natural em ônibus como uma estratégia de maior sustentabilidade no plano ambiental. Já, na segunda análise desenvolvida, a pesquisa levanta as questões seguintes: Quais outros parâmetros influenciam a decisão de se promover a substituição de combustíveis em ônibus urbanos? Quais critérios explicam as escolhas por distintos combustíveis substitutos? As respostas a essas questões são obtidas através de uma Análise Qualitativa Comparativa (AQC). A pesquisa comparou 39 cidades em todo o mundo, que adotaram combustíveis substitutos ao óleo diesel em ônibus urbanos, incluindo o gás natural, biocombustíveis, eletricidade e hidrogênio. Os resultados atestam que as cidades de fato utilizam-se da substituição de combustíveis para tornar o transporte mais sustentável. Observa-se que a opção pelo gás natural é acolhida na maioria dos casos analisados como uma opção com vantagens ambientais e economicamente mais atrativa. A principal razão para sua eventual não adoção identifica-se com a insegurança energética. Algumas cidades receiam depender de um combustível que, assim como o petróleo (do qual o óleo diesel é um derivado), também está afeito a importantes suscetibilidades geopolíticas. A conclusão do trabalho reforça a importância do gás natural como um combustível ambientalmente mais amigável, e que pode contribuir na busca das cidades por sistemas de transporte público mais sustentáveis, especialmente em grandes áreas metropolitanas. Olhando, especificamente, o caso da cidade de São Paulo, com desdobramentos para o Brasil como um todo, a pesquisa enfatiza a necessidade de se superar barreiras regulatórias, e de se comprovar vantagens econômicas e de segurança de suprimento energético, para que o gás natural possa confirmar-se atrativo e mais sustentável aos olhares dos gestores dos sistemas de transporte público urbanos. Esses temas não podem ser deslembrados ao se propor uma política mais racional de combustíveis para o transporte público das grandes cidades brasileiras. This work has developed two analyzes of different kinds, but complementary, since they are united by the same issue. This issue relates to the use of compressed natural gas to replace diesel fuel in city buses. The author argues that, due to its technical characteristics, natural gas can contribute to the promotion of more sustainable transport, even though the gas is a non-renewable fuel, such as diesel oil. In the first in-depth analysis, a bottom-up methodology is used in order to demonstrate the environmental benefits that can be achieved by replacing the diesel oil with natural gas in urban buses. The city of São Paulo is adopted as a case study. These environmental gains are manifested both in reducing emissions of local pollutants such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide and sulfur oxides, leading to significant improvements in quality of life of people suffering the harmful effects of the emissions (both public urban transport users and non-users), and also in the decline of emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, leading to global environmental benefits. The results bolster the use of natural gas buses as a more sustainable strategy in environmental terms. In the second developed analysis, the research raises the following questions: What other parameters influence the decision to encourage the substitution of urban buses in fuels? What criteria explain the choices for different substitute fuels? The answers to these questions are obtained from a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). The study compared 39 cities across the world that have adopted fuel substitutes to diesel fuel in urban buses, including natural gas, biofuels, electricity and hydrogen. The results show that in fact, cities are use fuel shifting as a way to turn its transport system more sustainable. It is observed that the option for natural gas is considered, in most analyzed cases, as an option with environmental advantages and economically more attractive. The main reason for natural gas non-adoption was identified as energy insecurity. Some cities fear depending on a fuel that, like petroleum (of which diesel oil is a derivative), is also sensitive to relevant geopolitical issues. The conclusion of the work reinforces the importance of natural gas as a more environmentally friendly fuel, and can contribute to the promotion more sustainable public transport systems in cities, especially in large metropolitan areas. Looking specifically at the case of the city of São Paulo, as well as considering Brazil as a whole, the research emphasizes the need to overcome regulatory barriers, and to prove economic benefits and energy supply security, so that the natural gas can confirm is attractive and more sustainable to the eyes of managers of urban public transport systems. These issues cannot be forgotten in order to propose a more rational policy of fuel for public transport in large Brazilian cities.

Upravljanje armiranobetonskim mostovima u kontekstu njihove ugroženosti lokalnom erozijom rečnog dna.

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:30:17 +0100

The road infrastructure around the world is impaired by natural hazards, in particular with extreme flooding, which sever the road links and lead to serious socio-economic consequences. The bridges, which are the most critical parts of road links, are threatened even by less extreme floods with high occurrence rates. The local scour at bridge substructures associated with floods is regarded as the predominant cause of hazard triggered failures. Although the management of bridges exposed to flooding is not a new topic and has been extensively elaborated in the last 20 years, the current Bridge Management Systems still cannot account for sudden events such as the local scour. The current procedures, which usually rest on qualitative approaches and regular inspections, do not give satisfactory results in scheduling the appropriate risk reducing interventions. The evaluation of real-time risk changes associated to this hazard is deemed necessary. The topic of the thesis is to present the basis of the novel methodology for quantitative vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete bridges with shallow foundations exposed to local scour. Here, the accent is set on the estimation of the conditional probability of a bridge failure due to a scouring event, while the related consequences are beyond the scope of the thesis. Based on the scour critical bridges in the Serbian road network, the reinforced concrete bridge types which are considered in the analysis have multiple span double-tee main girders on common pier-foundation systems. In order to solve the multidisciplinary problem of local scour action at bridge piers and associated failures, it was essential to develop a typical bridge model and framework with a modest data set for its simple yet accurate analysis. As the general approach to analyze possible failure modes and consequently obtain the probability of bridge failure, the water-soil-bridge interaction is suggested. In addition, the perfectly rigid plastic behavior of soil and bridge is assumed to apply the upper bound theorem of the theory of plasticity. iii The first step in the analysis is the approximation of the local scour action and here the choice of the appropriate local scour formula is discussed based on the state-of-the-art research on pier scour, giving the advantage to the formulas that may consider temporal aspect. The scour cavities beneath the common pier-foundation systems are given by the time-dependant local scour depth and their geometry is approximated in order to simplify the local scour action to a plane strain problem. The second step in the analysis is evaluation of supporting soil and bridge resistances to the approximated scour cavities. The cavities` influence on the decrease of a bearing capacity of the supporting soil at an affected pier is considered with basic kinematic mechanisms which are based on soil properties. The bridge resistance is given by plastic strengths of its elements, which is based on structural system properties and reinforcement detailing. The soil-bridge model is defined, and separately for its longitudinal and lateral direction, the adopted kinematic mechanisms in the supporting soil are coupled with the possible failure modes of the bridge superstructure to reveal combined failure modes. These are consequently used in the optimization procedure, where the resistance of the model to local scour action is obtained as the ultimate horizontal scour extent beneath a shallow foundation. The uncertainties related to parameters used in the local scour evaluation, soil properties and bridge elements’ properties are discussed as the essential topic in calculation of the conditional probability of a bridge failure relying on the state-of-theart research. In the example of a four span continuous bridge over a river channel, the conditional probabilities of the bridge failure are estimated in Monte Carlo simulations for four scenarios. Here, the limit state function accounts time-dependant local scour depths and the resistance of the assumed soil-bridge model to local scour action at the affected bridge pier. The presented soil-bridge model clarifies the behavior of multiple span reinforced concrete girder bridges with shallow foundations in a scouring event. It sets the upper bound of the local scour extent at bridge piers necessary to trigger a failure. Here, in the calculation of the conditional probability of a bridge failure due to local scour, the combined resistance of the supporting soil and the bridge structure to local scour action is included as the essential ingredient, which has not been done in theup-to-date research. The suggested methodology for quantitative vulnerability assessment provides a basis for development of vulnerability maps for road networks in respect to extreme flooding. These maps are going to be especially useful for unambiguous allocation of resources for mitigating the threat from future flooding events and issuing timely warnings in the regions where intensive flooding is expected. Путна инфраструктура широм света је угрожена природним непoгодама, посебно са ектремним поплавама, које доводе до прекида путних праваца а самим тим и до озбиљних социо-економских последица. Мостови као најкритичнији сегменти путних праваца су угрожени чак и са не тако екстреминм поплавама које имају велику учесталост догађања. Локална ерозија речног дна код доњег строја мостова која се догађа у поплавама је највећи узрок отказа и оштећења мостова изазваних природним непогодама. Иако тема управљања мостовима који су изложени поплавама није нова и значајно је обрађивана у предходних 20 година, данашњи Системи Управљања Мостовима и даље не узимају у обзир изненадне екстремне догађаје као што је локална ерозија речног дна. Овај проблем се у данашњој прaкси углавном третира квалитативним приступом који се ослања на базу података мостова и регуларне инспекције, међутим то не даје задовољавајуће резултате и оценa промене ризика од екстеремних поплава у реалном времену се сматра неопходним. Тема ове тезе је представљање основе за нову методологију за квантитативну оцену угрожености армиранобетонских мостова са плитко фундираним темељима изложених локалној ерозији речног дна. Акценат је стављен на одређивање условне вероватноће лома моста услед локалне ерозије речног дна док последице оваквог догађаја нису разматране у оквирима тезе. Базирајући се на мостовима који су угрожени ерозијом речног дна у путној мрежи Србије, разматрани су континуални гредни армиранобетонски мостови са главним носачем који има попречни пресек дуплог слова Т. Приликом решавања мултидисциплинарног проблема отказа моста услед локалне ерозије речног дна код стубова, било је неопходно дефинисати типични модел тло-мост и поступак са ограниченим бројем улазних података потребних за његову упрошћену али довољно прецизну анализу. Овде је као општи приступ за анализу могућих механизама лома модела и одређивање условне вероватноће лома разматрана интеракција вода-тло-мост и претпостављено је круто-пластично vi понашање елемената модела како би се применила горња теорема теорије пластичности. Први корак у анализи је поједностављење начина деловања локалне ерозије речног дна око мостовских стубова и овде је разматрана могућост примене формула за евалуацију локалне речне ерозије у оцени угрожености мостова, ослањајући се на савремена истраживања. Предност је дата оним формулама које могу узети у обзир раст дубине ерозије у току времена. Геометрија еродираног тла око и испод мостовских стубова је упрошћена тако да се начин деловања локалне ерозије на кострукцију може посматрати кроз равански проблем. Други корак у анализи је прорачун отпорности ослоначког тла и мостовске конструкције на усвојену упрошћену геометрију поткопавања код стубова. Овде је смањење граничне носивости тла моделирано уз помоћ основних кинематичких механизама који се заснивају на геотехничким својствима тла и узимају у обзир геометрију поткопавања. Отпорност мостовске конструкције је узета у обзир преко пластичне носивости њених елемената, одређене на основу карактеристика конструктивног система моста и детаља армирања. За дефинисан модел тло-мост, посебно за подужни и попречни правац моста, одређују се комбиновани механизми отказа тако што се доводе у везу усвојени кинематички механизми за тло и механизми лома горњег строја моста. Комбиновани механизми се потом користе у оптимизационој процедури где је максимална отпорност модела тло-мост одређена као највећи хоризонтални домет поткопавања локалне ерозије речног дна код мостовског стуба. Неизвесности код одређивања параметара потребних код евалуације локалне речне ерозије, карактеристика тла и носивости елемената мостовске конструкције су разматране на бази савремених истраживања као главна тема при прорачуну условне вероватноће отказа моста. На примеру континуалног моста на четири поља који прелази преко реке, срачунате су условне вероватноће лома моста у Монте Карло симулацијама за четири сценарија. Овде је у граничној функцији узета у обзир временски зависна дубина локалне ерозије и отпорност модела тло-мост на ширење зоне поткопавања код мостовског стуба.Представљени модел тло-мост разјашњава понашање плитко фундираних континуалних гредних армиранобетонских мостова изложених деловању локалне ерозије речног дна и даје горњу границу простирања ерозије код мостовских стубова која доводи до отказа конструкције. Као есенцијална компонента за анализу угрожености, разматрана је комбинована отпорност ослоначког тла и мостовске конструкције на локалну ерозију речног дна, што није било тема предходних научних истраживања. Представљена методологија за квантитативну оцену угрожености представља основу за развој мапа угрожености путних мрежа у екстремним поплавама. Ове мапе ће посебно бити корисне код управљања ресурсима за ублажавање ризика од поплава као и за издавања раних упозорења на опасност у подручијима где се очекују поплаве великог интензитета.

Integration av policyprocesser mellan sektorer och nivåer för hållbar transportutveckling : två fallstudier av svenska regioner

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:26:37 +0100

It has been argued that for the management of complex issues such as sustainability, which transcend traditional policy sectors and require coordination between several different interests and actors, policymaking depends upon collaboration and integration processes between different sectors and tiers of government. The overall aim of this thesis is therefore to study how and why (or why not) policy integration processes are being developed in regional policymaking and what this means for the achievement of sustainable transport. The thesis consists of two separate qualitative case studies of policymaking in two Swedish regions, one representing a least likely case and the other a most likely case of policy integration. The focus has been on the organizational actors involved in policymaking processes for the regional transport system. For the general discussion the theoretical framework of policy integration, complemented by the analytical concepts of policy logics, organizational identities and boundary object are used. The findings are presented in four articles. An overall conclusion is that policy integration processes do not necessarily result in policy for sustainable transport. If policy integration becomes a goal in itself and the same as joint policy, it risks neglecting sustainable values and becoming the smallest common denominator that a number of actors can agree on. For developing sustainable transport solutions, collaboration for the coordination of policy may be beneficial, but the aim of such processes should not be joint policy. För att beslut och riktlinjer ska kunna utformas så att de leder till lösningar av komplexa frågor, såsom hållbar utveckling, anses de behöva hanteras i samverkan mellan flertalet berörda sektorer och beslutsfattande nivåer. Det är dessa samverkansprocesser, beskrivna som integration under policy processer, som den här avhandlingen analyserar. Syftet är att studera om och hur integrerade regionala policyprocesser förekommer, hur de utvecklas samt deras betydelse för att åstadkomma ett hållbarare transportsystem. Detta undersöks genom kvalitativa fallstudier av två olika svenska regioner som representerar ett minst och ett mest troligt fall av integration av policy. Fallstudierna görs i regionerna Stockholms län och Västra Götalands län. Dessa två fall representerar dessutom två helt olika typer av regionala organisationer, vilket gör att de utgör underlag till, inte bara en diskussion om hållbara transporter, utan också om utvecklingen av den svenska regionala förvaltningsnivån. För analys används teori kring integration av policy och tre huvudsakliga analytiska begreppsansatser: policylogiker, organisationsidentiteter och gränsobjekt. Resultaten presenteras i fyra separata artiklar och dessa diskuteras tillsammans i den inledande kappan. I studien konstateras att integration av policysektorer och förvaltningsnivåer inte nödvändigtvis leder till transportlösningar som är mer hållbara. Beslut om en gemensam policy över sektorer och nivåer riskerar bli urvattnad eftersom det är många aktörer som ska komma överens. Samverkan för att samordna olika mål och intressen visar sig i huvudsak vara viktigt för att styra mot ett hållbart transportsystem, men det innebär inte att gemensam policy bör vara målet. Därutöver belyser studien hur olika organisationsformer på regional nivå påverkar regionala beslutsprocesser och hanteringen av hållbar transportutveckling.

Programação semafórica : uma proposta de otimização apoiada em modelo geo-temporal

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:24:25 +0100

Orientador: Diogenes Cortijo Costa Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-01T02:48:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carmo_AdilsonRomualdodo_M.pdf: 6575045 bytes, checksum: 3d682e03e3dbeac81c2aa88e1bf1e698 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 Resumo: Este trabalho procura avaliar o potencial da utilização de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG - no auxílio à programação semafórica urbana e propor uma arquitetura que contemple a questão espaço-temporal na análise dos principais eixos de congestionamento de uma cidade. Esta arquitetura trata do armazenamento de pesquisas de volume de tráfego, do cálculo das medidas de desempenho e da integração com um Sistema de Informações Geográficas para avaliar possíveis alternativas na reconfiguração do sistema de circulação viária e da própria programação semafórica para a região estudada, a partir da análise das métricas mais significativas do monitoramento do sistema de trânsito. O trabalho foi validado através da implementação da arquitetura usando a base cartográfica digital do município de Campinas Abstract: This dissertation aims to evaluate the possibility of utilization of a GIS tool to help the urban traffic signal programming and to propose an architecture that addresses the issue of space-time analysis in the most affected streets in a city. This architecture considers the storage of volume traffic, the performance measures calculation and the integration with a Geographic Information System to evaluate possible alternatives in the reconfiguration of the circulation system and traffic signal programming itself for the region studied, from the analysis of the most relevant traffic monitoring measures. The work was validated through the implementation of the architecture using the digital cartographic base of the city of Campinas Mestrado Transportes Mestre em Engenharia Civil

The need for a new Boulevard. The case study of Cantemir Boulevard, Chișinău

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:15:14 +0100

The literature on urban transportation indicates that the main challenge in the field today is the negative impact of automobile-oriented development, exposing it as an unsustainable model. As a result, there is debate regarding methods to reduce automobile dependency. This thesis uses empirical analysis and survey data to explore the potential impact of the proposed Cantemir Boulevard planned for construction in Chisinau, the capital city of the Republic of Moldova. Proponents claim it will alleviate traffic congestion and respond to the needs of pedestrians. The data collected assesses resident awareness of the intended project, the potential impact to residents, patterns of pedestrian mobility and opinion on the legitimate necessity for the boulevard. The results indicate there is a lack of resident-based knowledge about the long-term impact a project of this scale will have on the area. It is ultimately the recommendation of the researcher to abandon the project for more sustainable methods of traffic reduction, which will simultaneously improve the quality of life for residents.; La littérature traitant de la mobilité urbaine indique que le plus grand enjeu dans ce domaine aujourd’hui est l’impact négatif du développement axée sur l’automobile, démontrant ainsi qu’il s’agit d’un modèle non durable. Comme résultat, apparait le débat au sujet des méthodes visant à réduire la dépendance face à la voiture. Cette thèse utilise l’analyse empirique et les bases de données afin d’explorer l’impact potentiel du Boulevard Cantemir planifié à Chisinau, ville-capitale de la République de Moldavie. Ses partisans affirment qu'il soulagera la congestion du trafic et répondra aux besoins des piétons. Les données collectées évaluent la connaissance du projet envisagé par les habitants, l'impact potentiel pour ces résidents, les schémas de mobilité des piétons et l'opinion sur la nécessité légitimé de ce boulevard. Les résultats indiquent qu’il y a une lacune dans la conscientisation de la part des habitants quant aux retombées qu’un projet de cette échelle aura sur le long terme sur la zone. Au final, la recommandation de l’auteur de la présente thèse est d’abandonner ce projet pour des méthodes plus durables de réduction de la circulation lesquelles vont en même temps améliorer la qualité de vie des habitants.

Motorway network depiction from openstreet map data in accordance with cartographic demands

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:05:54 +0100

Sigita Grinfelde Technische Universität Wien, Diplomarbeit, 2016

Modelling the Penetration Effect of Photovoltaics and Electric Vehicles on Electricity Demand and Its Implications on Tariff Structures

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 16:01:12 +0100

The shift towards more renewable energy sources is imminent, this shift is accelerated by the technological advancement and the rise of environmental awareness. However, this shift causes major operational problems to the current grid that is optimised for unidirectional power flow. Besides the operational problems, there are problems related to the optimal tariff scheme. In this thesis a study on the effect of the adoption of photovoltaic solar panels and the electric vehicles on the households' electricity demand profile is presented. The change on the demand profile is going to affect the current tariffs, this effect is also explored in this thesis. In this thesis real life data on household electricity use and photovoltaic power production was used. For electric vehicle charging simulated data was used. Besides that, a demand response scheme for electric vehicle is proposed in order to estimate the savings potential of this demand response on the electricity bill. The results show that the change in the demand profile is not merely a change in the total energy consumption, but it is a change in the power peaks as well. The peaks change significantly in condominiums and rental apartments, in this households' type it increases by around 80%, while in detached and row houses little change is noticed on the peaks, yet they still increase by around 10%. The demand response shows around 1- 12% savings in the distribution bill depending on the household, however it showed more incentives for condominiums and rental apartments. The current distribution tariffs perform asymmetrically with the various households. However, one tariff ensures 11.7 MSEK financial revenue for the distribution system operator, this is higher than the other tariffs' revenue by more than 28.5%. The new prospective situation requires totally different tariffs that ensure a balance between firstly a reasonable revenue for the distribution system operator and secondly incentives for consumers to self produce electricity as well as to reduce their peaks.

New Strategies to Improve Multilateration Systems in the Air Traffic Control

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 15:53:33 +0100

Develop new strategies to design and operate the multilateration systems, used for air traffic control operations, in a more efficient way. The design strategies are based on the utilization of metaheuristic optimization techniques and they are intended to found the optimal spatial distribution of the system ground stations, taking into account the most relevant system operation parameters. The strategies to operate the systems are based on the development of new positioning methods which allow solving the problems of uncertainty position and poor accuracy that the current systems can present. The new strategies can be applied to design, deploy and operate the multilateration systems for airport surface surveillance as well as takeoff-landing, approach and enroute control. An important advance in the current knowledge of air traffic control is expected from the development of these strategies, because they solve several deficiencies that have been made clear, by the international scientific community, in the last years.

İstanbulda Otobüs Yolcularının İniş Ve Biniş Hizmet Sürelerinin İncelenmesi

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 15:51:27 +0100

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2016

Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Instıtute of Science and Technology, 2016

Günümüzde artan nüfus ve özel otomobil sahipliği, kent içi ulaşımda birçok soruna neden olmaktadır. Bu sorunların çözümlerinden biri, ulaştırma sistemlerinin etkin olarak düzenlenmesidir. Tüm ulaşım türleri için yolculuk süresi, yolculuğun en önemli etkenlerinden biridir. Ulaştırmada, en büyük kazanımın zaman kazancı olduğu bilinmektedir. Toplu taşımada ise, yolculuk süresi, yapılan yolculuğun kalitesini gösteren önemli bir ölçüt olup, zaman kazancı toplu taşımaya olan talebi artırabilmektedir. Kent içi toplu taşıma türlerinde, otobüs en yaygın kullanılan ulaşım türlerden biridir. Otobüslerin yolculuk süresi iki kısımdan oluşur; birincisi duraklar arası harcanan süre, ikincisi ise duraklarda beklenen süredir (dwell time). Ayrıca, duraklarda beklenen süre, iki farklı kısımdan oluşmaktadır. Bunlar, kapıların açılıp ve kapanması için geçen süre ve yolcu iniş ve binişi için geçen süredir. Yolcu iniş ve binişleri için geçen süre yolcu hizmet süresi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı İstanbul’da, yolcu hizmet süresini etkileyen ölçütleri incelemektir. Bu ölçütler otobüs, yolcu ve işletme özellikleri ile ilişkilidir. Bu çalışmada İstanbul’un dört farklı otobüs durağında (Emniyet Evler, 4.Levent, Cevizlibağ ve Beşiktaş) yolcu iniş ve binişi video çekimiyle kaydedilerek, görüntüler bilgisayar ortamında incelenmiştir. Yolcular iniş ve binişte farklı davranış gösterdiklerinden, bu iki durum ayrı ayrı incelenerek, her bir durum için farklı modeller oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen görüntüler, bilgisayar ortamında ayrıntılı incelenip, yolcuların yaş grupları, cinsiyetleri, kişi başına düşen iniş ve biniş hizmet süresi, otobüslerin basamaklı ya da basamaksız olma durumları ve otobüslerin kalabalık düzeyleri belirlenerek kaydedilmiştir. İlk olarak ki-kare testiyle yolcu iniş/biniş hizmet süresinin istatistiksel dağılımları incelenmiş ve verilerin normal dağılıma uymadıkları saptanmıştır. Yolcu iniş/biniş süresi üzerine, incelenen değişkenlerin istatistiksel olarak etkili olup olmadığı Mann-Whitney ve Kruskal-Wallis testleri ile sınanmıştır. Son olarak çok değişkenli regresyon analizi kullanılarak değişkenler ve yolcu iniş/biniş hizmet süresi arasındaki ilişki modellenmiştir. Çalışmanın bölümleri ve bu bölümlerde incelenen konular aşağıda kısaca açıklanmaktadır. Birinci bölüm, çalışmanın kısa bir özetini içermektedir. Bu bölüm tezin amacı, kapsamı ve organizasyonunu kapsamaktadır. İkinci bölümde literatür çalışması yer almakta olup bu bölümde otobüs yolculuk süresi ve bu süreyi etkileyen ölçütler kısaca açıklanmaktadır. Bu ölçütlerin en önemlilerinden biri, otobüslerin durakta bekleme süresidir. Bu sürenin farklı tanımları yapılarak, bu süreyi etkileyen değişkenlere ve hesaplama yöntemlerine değinilmiştir. Otobüslerin durakta bekleme süresinin en büyük kısmını yolcu iniş/biniş hizmet süresi oluşturmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, literatürde yolcu iniş/biniş hizmet süresi ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar ayrıntılı bir şekilde sunulmaktadır. Bu çalışmalarda yolcu iniş/biniş hizmet süresi üzerine yolcuların farklı yaş gruplarının, bilet ücretini ödeme şekillerinin, otobüslerin farklı fiziksel özelliklerinin, otobüsler ve durakların kalabalıklığının etkileri incelenmiştir. Tezin üçüncü bölümü İstanbul’un ulaşımı hakkında kısa bilgiler içermektedir. Bu bölümde İstanbul’da toplu taşımanın çeşitli türleri, bunların ortalama günlük kullanım oranları ve bu türlerin her biri ile ilgili kısa bilgiler sunulmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde tezin saha çalışması açıklanmıştır. Yolcu iniş/biniş hizmet süresini etkileyen değişkenleri araştırmak amacıyla, yolcular; kadın ve erkek olarak iki gruba, yaş aralığı olarak da 25’den küçük, 25 ve 40 arası, 40 ve 65 arası ve 65 yaş üzeri dört farklı gruba ayrılmıştır. Öte yandan otobüs içi kalabalık üç farklı düzeyde tanımlanmış ve otobüsler basamaklı ve basamaksız olarak iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Bu tez kapsamında, verilerin dağılımını incelemek amacıyla ki-kare testi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca, Kruskal-Wallis ve Mann-Whitney testleri ile her bir değişkenin etkisi değerlendirip, istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ya da anlamsız olanlar belirlenmiştir. Kruskal-Wallis ve Mann-Whitney testlerinin sonuçları, yolcu biniş hizmet süresi için, otobüs içi kalabalığın üç farklı düzeyinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğunu ama yolcuların yaş grupları açısından 25-40 ve 40-65 yaş grupları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olmadığını görülmektedir. Yolcu iniş hizmet sürelerinde ise bu testlerin sonuçları cinsiyet ve farklı yaş grupları için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farkların olduğunu göstermekte, ancak otobüs içi kalabalıkta birinci ve ikinci düzeylerde anlamlı bir fark olmadığını görülmektedir. Çok değişkenli regresyon analizleri ile seçilen değişkenler ve yolcu iniş/biniş hizmet süresi arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır. Analizler, yolcu iniş ve biniş hizmet süreleri için ayrı ayrı yapılmıştır. Son bölümde ise bu tezin sonuçları yer almaktadır. Bu bölümde elde edilen sonuçlar verilmiş ve ileride yapılabilecek çalışmalar konusunda düşünceler belirtilmiştir. Yolcu biniş hizmet sürelerinde, kadınların ortalama biniş hizmet süresi (3,72 sn/yolcu), erkeklerin ortalama biniş hizmet süresinden (3,39 sn/yolcu) büyüktür. Yaş gruplar bazında 65 yaş üzeri yolcular en büyük iniş hizmet süresine sahip olup (5,86 sn/yolcu) ardından 25’den küçük (3,44 sn/yolcu), 25-40 arası (3,29 sn/yolcu) ve 40-65 arası yaş gruplarındaki yolcular (3,18 sn/yolcu) gelmektedir. Otobüs içi kalabalıklık seviyesi, birinci seviyeden ikiye yükselirken yolcu biniş süresi %5 artmaktadır. Bu oran birinci seviyeden üçüncü seviyeye yükselirken %50’ye varmaktadır. Basamaklı otobüslerde yolcuların biniş hizmet süresinin basamaksız otobüslerden %20 fazla olduğu görülmektedir. Yolcu iniş hizmet süresinde ise kadınların iniş hizmet süresi (1,30 sn/yolcu) erkeklerin iniş hizmet süresinden (1,22 sn/yolcu) yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Yaş grupları bazında ise en büyük iniş hizmet süresi 65 üzeri yolculara ait olup (2,29 sn/yolcu) ardından 40-65 yaş grubu (1,31 sn/yolcu), 25-40 (1,15 sn/yolcu) ve 25’den küçük yaş grubu (1,01 sn/yolcu) yer almaktadır. Basamaklı otobüslerde, yolcuların iniş hizmet süresi (1,48 sn/yolcu) basamaksız otobüslerden (1,11 sn/yolcu) %33 fazla olduğu görülmektedir. Elde edilen biniş ve iniş hizmet süreleri küçük değerler olmasına karşın (genel ortalama biniş hizmet süresi 3,54 sn/yolcu ve genel ortalama iniş hizmet süresi 1,26 sn/yolcu), bir otobüs geçkisinin başlangıcından sonuna kadar bütün duraklarda hizmet süresinin toplamı, toplam yolculuk süresinin büyük bir yüzdesini kapsamaktadır.

In today’s world, with increasing population and car ownership, the health of cities, and their ability to generate income and wealth for their inhabitants, will be improved if the transportation system is efficient. In all transportation modes, travel time is one of the largest categories of transport challenges, and time savings are often claimed to be the greatest benefit of transportation systems such as roadway and public transportation improvements. Travel time plays an important role in the urban transportation systems. Travel time savings are the principal parameter of public transportation quality. Hence improving the travel time in the public transportation system will improve its usage dramatically. The bus travel time consists of two components; running time and dwell time at bus stop. While bus dwell time consists of the time needed to open and close the doors, and passengers’ service time. The aim of this thesis is to investigate and evaluate the factors that affect bus passengers’ service time in Istanbul. These factors are related to the properties of buses, passengers and operating conditions. Chapter one comprises the motivation, objectives and organization of the thesis. Chapter two contains the literature review. The brief introduction of bus travel time and factors influencing bus travel time are explained and then, the definition and application of dwell time are discussed in this chapter. Chapter three of this thesis contains brief information about transportation in Istanbul and chapter four encompasses the case study of thesis. In order to investigate the factors that affect passenger service time, buses are divided as low and high floor types and passengers are distinguished by their gender and age, such as under 25, 25 to 40, 40 to 65 and over 65. Three levels of bus crowdedness are considered to evaluate the effects of bus crowdedness on passenger service time. In the context of this thesis, chi-square tests were implemented to investigate the distribution of data. Moreover, Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to determine the difference of statistical effects of each variable groups. The results of Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests showed that on boarding process, the effect of passenger gender and bus crowdedness are statistically significant. However, in terms of passenger age, there is no statistical difference between age groups’ of 25-40 and 40-65. On the other hand, on the alighting process, the effects of gender and age of passengers are statistically significant, however in terms of bus crowdedness, there is no significant difference between level 1 and 2. Furthermore, regression analyses were carried out in order to investigate the relationship between different considered variables and passenger service time. These investigations were performed for boarding and alighting service times separately. In the final chapter, chapter five, the conclusions of this thesis are given.

Yüksek Lisans

M.Sc.

Seguimento ativo de agentes dinâmicos multivariados usando informação vectorial

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 15:50:03 +0100

Doutoramento em Engenharia Mecânica O objeto principal da presente tese é o estudo de sistemas avançados de segurança, no âmbito da segurança automóvel, baseando-se na previsão de movimentos e ações dos agentes externos. Esta tese propõe tratar os agentes como entidades dinâmicas, com motivações e constrangimentos próprios. Apresenta-se, para tal, novas técnicas de seguimento dos referidos agentes levando em linha de conta as suas especificidades. Em decorrência, estuda-se dedicadamente dois tipos de agentes: os veículos automóveis e os peões. Quanto aos veículos automóveis, propõe-se melhorar a capacidade de previsão de movimentos recorrendo a modelos avançados que representam corretamente os constrangimentos presentes nos veículos. Assim, foram desenvolvidos algoritmos avançados de seguimento de agentes com recurso a modelos de movimento não holonómicos. Estes algoritmos fazem uso de dados vectoriais de distância fornecidos por sensores de distância laser. Para os peões, devido à sua complexidade (designadamente a ausência de constrangimentos de movimentos) propõe-se que a análise da sua linguagem corporal permita detetar atempadamente possíveis intenções de movimentos. Assim, foram desenvolvidos algoritmos de perceção de pose de peões adaptados ao campo da segurança automóvel com recurso a uso de dados de distâncias 3D obtidos com uma câmara stereo. De notar que os diversos algoritmos foram testados em experiências realizadas em ambiente real. The main topic of this thesis is the study of advanced safety systems, in the field of automotive safety, based on the prediction of the movement and actions of external agents. This thesis proposes to treat the agents as dynamic entities with their own motivations as constraints. As so, new target tracking techniques are proposed taking into account the targets’ specificities. Therefore, two different types of agents are dedicatedly studied: automobile vehicles and pedestrians. For the automobile vehicles, a technique to improve motion prediction by the use of advanced motion models is proposed, these models will correctly represent the constrains that exist in this kind of vehicle. With this goal, advanced target tracking algorithms coupled with nonholonomic motion models were developed. These algorithms make use of vectorial range data supplied by laser range sensors. Concerning the pedestrians, due to the problem complexity (mainly due to the lack of any specific motion constraint), it is proposed that the analysis of the pedestrians body language will allow to detected early the pedestrian intentions and movements. As so, pedestrian pose estimation algorithms specially adapted to the field of automotive safety were developed; these algorithms use 3D point cloud data obtained with a stereo camera. The various algorithms were tested in experiments conducted in real conditions.

Exploring the transport system under technological change:Market, business ecosystem and business model viewpoints: Dissertation

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 15:49:05 +0100

Transport systems are continuously evolving. A modern transport system needs to be sustainable socially, economically and environmentally. In recent decades, technological development, especially in information and communication technology, has affected today's transport systems. Three different cases are explored in this dissertation: intelligent transport systems in general, electromobility systems, and road weather and maintenance systems. Intelligent transport systems encompass a broad range of information and communication technologies that improve the safety, efficiency and performance of the transportation system. In addition to intelligent transport systems, electric vehicle systems have emerged because of increasing environmental concerns as well as oil depletion issues. Furthermore, the road weather and maintenance system is an interesting case especially in latitudes with severe weather. Despite vast amounts of recent research on the aforementioned topics, most previous studies have focused on the technical side, such as developing, prototyping and testing the technologies, whereas only a few studies have focused on the business aspects. Therefore, this dissertation aims to enrich the analysis of the emerging transportation sector under technological change from the business perspective and to provide new insights for future research. The purpose of this study is to explore the emerging transportation sector from several viewpoints by conducting empirical case studies. The cases covered are analysed through the perspectives of markets, business ecosystems and business models. The geographical scope of the research is mainly limited to Finland, especially its intelligent transport systems and road weather maintenance infrastructure. The global perspective is adopted in the case of electric vehicles. The nature of this research is qualitative, and inductive reasoning is applied. The research examines the characteristics of the market, business ecosystem, and business models that emerge transport systems under technological change. Furthermore, based on the findings of the case studies, a holistic framework model is developed to understand the technological system by integrating the viewpoints of markets, business ecosystems and business models.

An evaluation of the environmental impact reduction in the urban delivery logistics using tricycles: a case study in Portland, OR, USA

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 15:48:37 +0100

In this study, we focus on minimize lifecycle emissions. In order to minimize greenhouse gas emissions along the vehicles lifecycle, Tipagornwong and Figliozzi model is applied to minimize the number of vehicles and distance traveled; because both distance and number of vehicles can be converted to greenhouse gas emissions. Unlike previous research efforts, the model presented in this research include all stages in vehicle production and recycling and also incorporates logistics restrictions (delivery time, cargo, customer distribution) and parking characteristics of tricycles and vans. In addition, due to the small size and payload of electric tricycles, more than one tricycle can be replaced by a diesel delivery van. Hence, it is necessary to estimate what is the number of vans that minimizes lifecycle emissions for this vehicle type. The model presented in this section was utilized to estimate the number of vans that minimizes lifecycle emissions while satisfying all the logistics constrains that Bline vehicles must meet. The lifecycle emissions model is presented below in the methodology section. Next section provides a brief introduction to transportation GHG emissions, and why it is an interesting and timely topic in the transportation research. Ingeniería Industrial Industria Ingeniaritz

Soil-structure interaction of end-frames for high-speed railway bridges

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 15:47:27 +0100

In this thesis, the influence of soil-structure interaction (SSI) of end-frame bridges for high-speed railways was studied. Impedance functions, representing the SSI, was calculated and analyzed. The impedance functions were applied to end-frame bridge models which were analyzed for use in HSR. A new high-speed railway link is currently being planned in Sweden by the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket). \\textit{Ostl\\"{a}nken} is planned to run between the cities of Stockholm and Link\\"{o}ping with a maximum speed limit of 320km/h. As high-speed traffic induces high dynamic impact on bridges, dynamic analysis to ensure safety and passenger comfort is needed according to Eurocode. Thus, there is a demand of dynamically safe bridges that are also cost-effective. One cost-effective bridge is the soil integrated end-frame bridge, however, there are no design advice in Eurocode today on how to take SSI into consideration. The aim of the thesis has therefore been to investigate if the influence of SSI on end-frame bridges for HSR. This thesis was executed using the frequency domain approach to solve dynamic problems in finite element software. Furthermore, impedance functions have been obtained representing the SSI. Impedance functions take dynamic stiffness and dynamic damping into consideration where the damping consists of two parts: material damping and radiation damping due to energy dissipation in the form of elastic waves. To limit the model size, an absorbing region (AR) was used to mitigate waves originating from the source. The accuracy of impedance functions is dependent on several parameters and demands a great computational capacity to reach, mostly governed by the radiation condition. A parameter study of impedance functions was conducted, including parameters such as geometry, modulus of soil and detail levels. The impedance functions were then attached to bridge models on which trains modelled as moving point loads were applied. Envelopes of the acceleration and displacements have been presented and analyzed. Shear strain checks were made in order to verify the assumption of linear-elastic material behavior of the embankment. By using SSI in form of impedance functions attached to bridge models, numerical results show a great reduction of vibrations in models. The study suggests that a large end-frame, either long or high or both, may reduce acceleration as well as displacements. A stiffer embankment material may further reduce vibrations. Shear strain checks confirm that the assumption of linear-elastic soil behavior was true. I det här exjobbet har påverkan av jord-struktur interaktion (soil-structure interaction - SSI) av ändskärmsbroar för höghastighetsbana blivit studerat. Impedansfunktioner som representerar SSI har beräknats och analyserats. Impdansfunktionerna har sedan applicerats på bromodeller och analyserats för höghastighetstrafik. Sveriges första höghastighetsbana håller just nu på att planeras av Trafikverket. Ostlänken kommer att bli den första delen och är planerad att gå från Stockholm till Linköping med en högsta hastighet av 320 km/h. Då höghastighetstrafik introducerar stor dynamisk på verkan på broar behövs dynamisk analys genomföras enligt Eurocode för att kunna säkerställa broarnas säkerhet och komfortkrav. Därför finns idag ett behov av dynamiskt säkra broar som också är kostnadseffektiva. En typ av kostnadseffektiv bro är den med jord integrerade ändskärmsbron. I dagens Eurocode finns dock inga konstruktionsråd vad gäller jord-struktur interaktion av ändskärmarna. Målet med detta examensarbete har därför varit att undersöka påverkan av SSI och besluta huruvida användandet av ändskärmsbron på höghastighetsbanor är legitimerat, eller om den ska undvikas. Det här examensarbetet har utgått från att lösa dynamiska problem i frekvensdomänen med hjälp av FEM. Impedansfunktioner som representerar jord-struktur interaktionen har tagits fram. Impedansfunktioner tar dels hänsyn till dynamisk styvhet och dels dynamisk dämpning. Den dynamiska dämpningen består av två delar; den första är materialdämpning och den andra är vågdämpning där energi dissiperar i vågform. För att begränsa FE modellens storlek har en absorbing region tillämpats för att absorbera vågorna vid randen. Impedansfunktionernas konvergens beror på flertalet parametrar och kräver en hög datakapacitet för att fås, mestadels beroende av radiatorvillkoret. En parameterstudie utfördes för att kunna analysera sensitiviteten hos impedansfunktionerna. Vidare applicerades dessa impedansfunktioner på skal- och balk-bromodeller på vilka HSLM laster påfördes. Skjuvtöjningskontroller gjordes för att verifiera att antagandet om linjärelastiskt materialbeteende var korrekt. Genom att ta hänsyn till SSI i form av impedansfunktioner tyder numeriska resultat på att vibrationer kan reduceras i hög grad. Envelopper visar att en stor ändskärm, antingen lång, hög eller bådadera, kan reducera accelerationer liksom förskjutningar. En styvare bank kan ytterligare reducera vibrationer.

Grid-supportive Charging Infrastructure for Plug-in Electric Vehicles : Net-ondersteunende laadinfrastructuur voor plug-in elektrische voertuigen

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 15:43:29 +0100

The number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) on the road is growing significantly, which allows to reduce the consumption of greenhouse gas emitting fossil fuels, such as gasoline and diesel. This is due to the increased primary energy efficiency of electrically powered vehicles compared to conventional vehicles on the one hand, and the primary fuel flexibility for electricity generation on the other hand. The absence of tailpipe emissions reduces the local concentrations of harmful pollutants, which is benefits human health. PEVs are able to charge at every location that offers a suitable grid connection opportunity, e.g., at home and the workplace. The typical long standstill times at these locations and the low average daily driven distances allow low-power charging to fulfill the majority of the mobility needs, thereby keeping the charging infrastructure investments low. As the number of PEVs on the road increases, the grid impact of PEV charging is observed more widely, e.g., altered grid load profiles, increased peak power, and increased voltage magnitude deviations. Therefore, an extensive amount of research is conducted on coordinated charging strategies that have the objective to mitigate the grid impact of PEV charging. Typically, large-scale coordination mechanisms are being investigated, which require a sufficiently high large-scale PEV penetration rate to be effective. However, due to the clustering of PEV users, high local concentrations may occur prior to a high widespread PEV penetration. Therefore, certain distribution grids will already be impacted in the near-term future. More specifically, the residential low voltage (LV) grid impact may be challenging, due to the simultaneity between PEV charging and residential electricity consumption. This dissertation investigates several local PEV charging strategies that have the objective to mitigate the distribution grid impact with a minimal amount of external input. Two active power control strategies for PEV charging are assessed separately and in combination: voltage-dependent charging and standstill time-based charging. The former strategy does not need require any input, as the voltage magnitude is measured anyway within the onboard charger. The latter strategy only requires the next departure time, so that the charging power rating can be reduced as much as possible, while still being fully charged for the next trip. Besides the abovementioned active power control strategies, reactive power control is also investigated, i.e., reactive power current injections during PEV charging. Certain PEV charger topologies allow for the injection of reactive power flows into the grid, so this capability could be enabled. The advantage compared to the active power control strategies is that, given an appropriate sizing of the PEV charger, this grid-supportive measure does not impact the user comfort, because the active power flow is not altered. Reactive current injection does not require any external inputs, because it is merely a power factor set point of the onboard PEV charger. Finally, the distribution grid impact and sizing requirements of fast charging infrastructure is assessed. Opposed to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), all of the required propulsion energy for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) must be delivered by the onboard battery. Therefore, fast charging is indispensable for long-distance driving, so that recharging does not take excessively long. Because slow and fast charging are complementary charging options, different slow charging strategies are taken into account when the fast charge requirements are assessed. Furthermore, different representative LV grid topologies are taken into account, as well as the medium voltage (MV) grid topology to which the different LV grids and the fast charging infrastructure are connected. The proposed local active and reactive power control strategies allow to substantially mitigate the distribution grid impact of PEV charging, with limited adaptations compared to their current implementation. The active power control strategies could be implemented on all of the currently used onboard PEV chargers. The reactive power control strategies can be implemented on onboard PEV chargers with a full-bridge IGBT rectifier topologies, as used for several PEVs. The distribution grid impact of the slow charging control strategies is more significant than the presence of fast charging infrastructure. Therefore, it the limited additional distribution grid impact of fast charging infrastructure can even be compensated for by implementing the proposed control strategies for slow charging. Abstract i Samenvatting iii List of abbreviations v List of symbols vii Contents xi List of figures xv List of tables xix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Context and motivation 1 1.2 Scope and objectives 2 1.3 Outline 3 1.4 Contributions 6 2. Plug-in electric vehicle charging 7 2.1 Electric vehicle types 7 2.1.1 Battery electric vehicles 7 2.1.2 (Plug-in) hybrid electric vehicles 8 2.2 Plug-in electric vehicle batteries 11 2.2.1 Cell types 12 2.2.2 Battery pack 13 2.2.3 Battery charger 15 2.3 Charging infrastructure 17 2.3.1 Charging cases 17 2.3.2 Charging modes 18 2.3.3 Connection types 20 2.3.4 Grid connection 22 2.4 Distribution grid 23 2.4.1 LV grid layout 23 2.4.2 MV grid layout 25 2.4.3 Distribution grid constraints 26 2.5 Conclusions on PEV charging 30 3. Vehicle and fleet modeling 31 3.1 Mobility behavior 31 3.1.1 Mobility modeling 31 3.1.2 Fleet mobility behavior 32 3.2 Fleet segmentation 35 3.3 Energy efficiency modeling 38 3.3.1 Calculations 38 3.3.2 General parameters 41 3.3.3 Driving cycle 42 3.3.4 Results 44 3.3.5 Sensitivity analysis 45 3.4 Fleet power consumption 48 3.4.1 Daily power consumption 48 3.4.2 Grid impact parameters 49 3.4.3 Results 51 3.5 Conclusions 62 4. Coordinated charging 65 4.1 Background 65 4.1.1 Impact and scenario analysis 66 4.1.2 Grid planning and benchmarking 66 4.1.3 Coordination systems 67 4.2 Layers 67 4.2.1 Planning layers 69 4.2.2 Implementation layer 71 4.2.3 Operational layers 72 4.3 Objectives 73 4.3.1 Technical objectives 73 4.3.2 Economic objectives 73 4.3.3 Coupled techno economic objectives 74 4.4 Methods 75 4.4.1 Centralized methods 75 4.4.2 Distributed methods 75 4.4.3 Hierarchical methods 76 4.5 Scale of coordination 76 4.6 Correlation mapping 77 4.6.1 Research category vs. coordination objective 77 4.6.2 Research category vs. scale of coordination 78 4.6.3 Scale of coordination vs. coordination objective 79 4.6.4 Research category vs. coordination method 79 4.6.5 Scale of coordination vs. coordination method 80 4.6.6 Coordination method vs. coordination objective 81 4.7 Conclusion 81 5. Active power control 83 5.1 Background 83 5.2 Materials and methods 86 5.2.1 Distribution grid data 86 5.2.2 Residential load and generation 87 5.2.3 PEV charging load 88 5.2.4 Charging cases 88 5.2.5 Simulation approach 91 5.3 Results and discussion 91 5.3.1 Charging behavior 91 5.3.2 Voltage droop charging behavior 93 5.3.3 Power profile 94 5.3.4 Voltage magnitude profile 96 5.3.5 Voltage unbalance factor 97 5.4 Conclusions 97 6. Reactive power control 99 6.1 Background 99 6.2 Materials and methods 101 6.2.1 Distribution grid data 101 6.2.2 Residential load and generation 102 6.2.3 PEV charging behavior 104 6.2.4 Simulation approach 106 6.3 Results and discussion 107 6.3.1 User impact 107 6.3.2 Charging behavior 108 6.3.3 Grid voltages 111 6.3.4 Transformer peak load 114 6.3.5 Grid losses 115 6.4 Grid topology sensitivity 116 6.5 Conclusions 120 7. Fast charging 123 7.1 Background 123 7.1.1 Complementarity of slow and fast charging 123 7.1.2 Research on fast charging infrastructure 124 7.1.3 Scope 125 7.2 Materials and methods 125 7.2.1 Distribution grid data 125 7.2.2 Residential load and generation 128 7.2.3 PEV charging behavior 128 7.2.4 Simulation approach 130 7.3 Results and discussion 131 7.3.1 User impact 131 7.3.2 Charging behavior 132 7.3.3 PEV hosting capacity 135 7.3.4 Fast charging requirements 137 7.3.5 Peak load 138 7.4 Conclusions 139 8. Summary, conclusions, and future work 141 8.1 Summary & conclusions 141 8.2 Future work 143 Appendix A North-American grid layout 147 Appendix B Availability analysis 149 B.1 Flemish travel behavior data 149 B.2 Commute trips 152 B.3 Other trips 154 Appendix C Fast charging scenario 159 Bibliography 161 Curriculum Vitae 179 List of publications 181 nrpages: 183 status: published

Aviation, Tourism and Poverty Relief in Kenya: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model Analysis

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 15:38:33 +0100

Using a dynamic micro-simulation Computable General Equilibrium model, this research shows that further liberalisation of air services in Kenya is likely to lead to substantial growth in tourist arrivals. Results indicate that tourism growth principally trickles down to the poor through increases in labour demand and in income. Tourism expansion also leads to a slight redistribution of income between rural and urban regions.

Controle de congestionamentos de veículos utilizando sistemas de transporte inteligentes

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 15:35:22 +0100

Orientador: Leandro Aparecido Villas Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T12:25:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_AllanMarianode_M.pdf: 3090134 bytes, checksum: c9f97502249f7e0f959e5619ca372dcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 Resumo: O congestionamento é um problema grave nas grandes cidades, o qual acaba gerando perdas econômicas, aumento do tempo de viagem e maior emissão de gases poluentes. Umas das principais causas do congestionamento é o aumento súbito do tráfego de veículos durante os horários de pico, acidentes de trânsito e gargalos nas infraestruturas de transporte. Nos últimos anos, com os avanços nas tecnologias de comunicação sem fio e o desenvolvimento de padrões para rede veiculares, tornou-se possível a implementação de Sistemas de Transporte Inteligentes. Os sistemas de transporte inteligentes são soluções abrangentes para gerenciamento de tráfego em tempo real que se baseia, sobretudo, em dados coletados de veículos, infraestruturas de rede disponíveis às margens de ruas, rodovias e de outros sensores que monitoram o trânsito. Uma área de pesquisa promissora para sistemas de transporte inteligentes são as redes veiculares, as quais são um tipo específico de redes móveis, nas quais os nós são formados por veículos com capacidade de processamento, armazenamento e comunicação sem fio. Com esta questão em mente, nessa dissertação são propostos dois sistemas de transporte inteligentes baseados em redes veiculares para detecção e controle de congestionamentos. Em particular, para controlar congestionamentos causados por acidentes de trânsito é proposto o SPARTAN, um sistema capaz de evitar a iminência de congestionamentos em locais de acidente de trânsito, o qual detecta o acidente e alerta os veículos próximos, para que eles alterem suas rotas e evitem passar pelo local do acidente, assim, evitando o surgimento de congestionamentos no local do acidente. Além disso, para controlar congestionamentos causados pelo grande número de veículos nas vias é proposto o COLOSSUS, um sistema capaz de classificar a condição de tráfego das vias, afim de detectar congestionamentos e, por fim, gerenciar o tráfego dos veículos, roteando-os para reduzir e controlar os congestionamentos detectados. Sendo assim, os resultados mostram a eficiência do SPARTAN para controlar congestionamentos causados por acidentes, uma vez que o mesmo reduz o tempo médio de viagem, tempo médio de congestionamento, consumo médio de combustível e emissões de CO em até 62%, 88%, 36% e 35% respectivamente. Por outro lado, a eficiência do COLOSSUS pode ser observada em seus resultados, onde o mesmo reduz o tempo médio de viagem, tempo médio de congestionamento, consumo médio de combustível e emissões de CO em até 34%, 70%, 12% e 11% respectivamente para congestionamentos causados pelo grande número de veículos Abstract: Congestion is a major problem in large cities, which ends up causing economic losses, increases the travel time and increases greenhouse gas emissions. One of the main causes of congestion is sudden increase in vehicle traffic during peak hours, traffic accidents and bottlenecks in transport infrastructure. In recent years, with advances in wireless communication technologies and the development of standards of vehicular ad hoc networks, has became possible the implementation of Intelligent Transportation Systems. Intelligent Transportation Systems are comprehensive solutions for real-time traffic management that is based primarily on data collected from vehicles, network infrastructure and other sensors that monitor the traffic. A promising research area in intelligent transportation systems are vehicular ad hoc networks, which are a specific type of mobile networks in which the nodes are formed by vehicles with processing power, storage, and wireless communication. With this question in mind, this work proposes two intelligent transport systems based on vehicle ad hoc networks for sensing and control congestions. In particular, to control congestion caused by traffic accidents is proposed the SPARTAN, which can avoid the rise of a congestion in accident areas, SPARTAN detects the accident and warns oncoming vehicles, so they change their routes and avoid to pass in the congestion area, thus avoiding the rise of a congestion in an accident area. Furthermore, to control congestion caused by the large number of vehicles on the roads is proposed COLOSSUS, a system that are able to classify the traffic condition in all roads in order to detect congestion and, finally, manage traffic of vehicles, routing them to reduce and control the detected congestion. Thus, the results of SPARTAN showed their effectiveness for controlling congestions caused by accident, since it reduces the average travel time, average congestion time, average fuel consumption and CO emissions by 62% 88% 36% and 35% respectively. On the other hand, the COLOSSUS efficiency can be seen in its results, where it reduces the average travel time, average time of congestion, average fuel consumption and CO emissions by up to 34% 70% 12% and 11% respectively for congestion caused by large number of vehicles on the roads Mestrado Ciência da Computação Mestre em Ciência da Computação 132901/2015-3 CNPQ

Home or on the Road. A study of motorhome tourism as a Norwegian phenomenon

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 15:32:57 +0100

Motorhome tourism is a phenomenon seen on many Norwegian roads during the summer months. In the last two decades, motorhomes has increased in popularity in Norway, due to technological improvement and better comfort. The motorhome enables people to camp in various places, independent of tourism infrastructure and public transportation. This thesis aims to give meaning to the phenomenon of motorhome tourism, by interviewing eight Norwegian couples who had traveled with their motorhomes in Northern Norway. Edensor’s theoretical concept of performance and spaces have been used as a tool of reflection, in order to analyze the phenomenon studied. The findings in this thesis indicates that motorhome users travels to several destination during one vacation, where the performance of travelling becomes the actual holiday. Keywords: couples, Northern Norway, home, campsites, motorhomes, identity, freedom to roam, performance.

Estudo de casos múltiplos de transporte colaborativo em distribuição urbana

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 15:30:23 +0100

Orientador: Orlando Fontes Lima Júnior Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-31T19:48:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braga_MarciusdeLucca_M.pdf: 3131511 bytes, checksum: 9b913a7b79b4bf35d47911ea8a1995f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 Resumo: Atualmente, a distribuição de cargas nos centros urbanos é crucial para um mercado competitivo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é apresentar proposições de melhorias nas operações de transporte colaborativo na distribuição urbana de mercadorias. Estas proposições são baseadas no resultado de um estudo de casos múltiplos, deste tipo de operação, na região metropolitana de Campinas. A rede padrão utilizada nesta operação é o LTL (less than truckload), e foram avaliadas para este estudo redes alternativas de milk run e também variação do modelo LTL tradicional. Foram observados diferentes impactos na cadeia de suprimentos em diversas perspectivas além do aspecto financeiro, e percebeu-se modelo de rede mais aderente aos nichos de mercado e geografia analisados Abstract: The urban freight distribution in urban centers is vital for a competitive market nowadays. This research has the aim to present proposed of model that can optimize the supply chain for the urban distribution of goods. This proposed is based on multiple case study methodology in metropolitan region of Campinas. The network standard in this operation is LTL (less than truckload) and it were analyzed for this study networks of milk run and also a variation of LTL model. Different impacts of the supply chain were observed besides financial aspect, and was realized the most suitable network model for those niches of market and geography analyzed Mestrado Transportes Mestre em Engenharia Civil

High-speed rail and air intermodality at Barcelona-El Prat Airport. A theoretical study about the socioeconomic impact of its implementation

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 15:28:12 +0100

A Computer Model to Predict Potential Wake Turbulence Encounters in the National Airspace

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 14:29:49 +0100

With an increasing population of super heavy aircraft operating in the National Airspace System and with the introduction of NextGen technologies, the wake vortex problem has become more important for airport capacity and the en-route air traffic operations. The vortices generated by heavy and super heavy aircraft can generate potential hazards to other aircraft on nearby flight paths. Moreover, the design of new airport procedures needs to consider the interactions between aircraft in closer paths. New methods and models are required to examine these effects before new operations are conducted in the National Airspace System (NAS). Reducing wake vortex separations to safe levels between successive aircraft is essential for NextGen operations. One approach taken recently by ICAO and the FAA is to introduce a re-categorization (ReCat) of wake vortex separations to six groups from the existing five groups employed by the FAA in the United States. Reduced aircraft separations can increase capacity in the NAS with corresponding savings in delay times at busy airports. Future NextGen operations are likely to introduce smaller aircraft separations in the en-route and in the terminal area. Such operations would require better methods to identify potential wake hazards from reduced separation operations. This dissertation describes a model to identify potential wake encounters in the future NAS. The goal of the dissertation is to describe the Enhanced Wake Encounter Model (EWEM), a model that employs a detailed NASA-developed wake model to generate wake zones for different aircraft categories under different flight conditions that can be used with aircraft flight path data to identify potential wake encounters. The main contribution of this model is to gain an understanding of potential wake encounters under future NAS operations. Ph. D.

Análise de impactos técnicos provocados pela penetração massiva de veículos elétricos em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 14:26:06 +0100

Orientador: Walmir de Freitas Filho Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-31T01:30:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arioli_VitorTorquato_M.pdf: 3994701 bytes, checksum: 912c6714e1a7aa497ee3c9f5c0fbeced (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 Resumo: O setor de transporte tem um papel fundamental na busca mundial por reduzir a emissão de gases poluentes na atmosfera, prioritariamente nos grandes centros urbanos. Por este fato, aliado aos crescentes incentivos governamentais e à recente evolução tecnológica no sistema de armazenamento de energia (bateria), o Veículo Elétrico (VE) tornou-se a grande aposta neste setor. Grande parte dos VEs comercialmente disponíveis utilizam a energia fornecida pela rede elétrica da concessionária para recarregar suas baterias. Estes são chamados veículos elétricos do tipo plug-in, e necessitam de quantidade de potência e energia significativas para cada recarga. O aumento da penetração de VEs do tipo plug-in leva, consequentemente, ao aumento da carga atendida pela concessionária, podendo causar impactos indesejáveis na operação da rede elétrica. Alguns dos possíveis impactos são: queda da magnitude de tensão, aumento no nível de desequilíbrio (os carregadores dos VEs podem ser monofásicos ou bifásicos), sobrecarga dos componentes da rede (cabos ou transformadores), aumento nas perdas elétricas, aumento do nível de distorção harmônica da rede, agravamento de transitórios de tensão e corrente durante curtos-circuitos, entre outros. Logo, é importante avaliar os impactos desta nova carga na qualidade de energia da rede elétrica, a fim de que as concessionárias adequem suas práticas de manutenção e operação de rede a este novo contexto. Neste mestrado, são identificados e caracterizados os potenciais impactos dos VEs na rede elétrica de baixa tensão, a partir de simulações em regime permanente e em regime transitório da recarga de um ou diversos VEs conectados em residências. Os estudos e análises foram realizados utilizando uma rede elétrica secundária, residencial típica do sistema elétrico brasileiro, e a modelagem do VE foi determinada a partir de medições reais de recarga. Também é apresentada uma extensa pesquisa da situação tecnológica atual dos VEs, em que são apresentados os níveis de hibridização de VEs, características da re-carga (tipos e interfaces de conexão), tecnologias de baterias e suas aplicações em VEs, tecnologias de motores elétricos em uso nos VEs, projeções do crescimento de mercado de VE no Brasil e mundo, e as características dos principais VEs comerciais Abstract: The transportation sector plays an important role in the global target of reducing greenhouse emissions in the atmosphere, mainly in large urban centers. Due to this fact, in addition to the increasing government incentives and the recent technological developments in energy storage system (battery), the Electric Vehicle (EV) has received great attention in the transportation sector. Most of the commercially available EVs have their batteries recharged by being plugged into the power system. These vehicles are called plug-in electric vehicles and require a significant amount of power and energy to recharge their battery. The penetration level growth of plug-in EVs leads to an increase in the amount of energy supplied by the utility. This may cause undesirable impacts on the operation of the power system. Potential impacts include the decrease in voltage magnitude, in-crease in voltage unbalance (EVs chargers can be single-phase or two-phase in a three-phase system), asset overload (cables or transformers), increase in electrical losses, increase in the harmonic distortion level, increase in the severity of voltage and current transients during short-circuits, among others. Therefore, it is important to assess the impact of this new load at the network power quality, so that the utilities may shape their network maintenance and operation practices to this new context. In this work, the potential impacts of EVs in low-voltage distribution networks are identified and characterized, by employing steady state and transient simulations of multiple EV charging events at residences. Studies and analyses were performed using a typical secondary distribution network from the Brazilian power system, and the EV modeling was determined from actual measurements. There is also an extensive research of the current technological status of EVs, which presents EVs hybridization levels, recharge characteristics (types and connection interfaces), battery and electric motor technologies used in EVs, projections of EV market growth in Brazil and worldwide and the characteristics of the main commercial EVs Mestrado Energia Eletrica Mestre em Engenharia Elétric

Composite overwrap repair system for pipelines - onshore and offshore application

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 14:20:51 +0100

Exploring Visualisation and Learning - Prototyping for Future Air Traffic Management Solutions

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 14:18:40 +0100

Policy development framework for aviation strategic planning in developing countries

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 14:11:09 +0100

There exists no predefined framework for aviation policy making and development. While aviation policy planning in most developed countries comes as a result of institutional and industry coordination and is embedded within other national policies addressing the welfare and growth of the country, it is found that in many cases in less developed countries (LDCs), aviation policy planning is often influenced by political pressures and the interests of fund donors. The complexity of this situation in the developing countries results in aviation plans that represent stand alone studies and attempt to find solutions to specific problems rather than comprehensive aviation plans which fit well the country‘s competitiveness profile and are properly coordinated with other national policies for achieving medium and long-term objectives. This study provides a three-stage policy development framework for aviation strategic planning based on situational analysis and performance benchmarking practices in order to assemble policy elements and produce a best-fit aviation strategy. The framework builds on study results that indicate an association between air transport sector performance and aviation policy strategies, arguing that it is not sufficient to simply describe performance but also to be able to assess it and understand how policymakers can use strategic planning tools to affect the air transport industry efficiency levels. This can be achieved by recognizing the level of the country‘s stage of development and working on enhancing the policy elements that produce better output and induce more contributions by aviation to the national economic development and connectivity levels. The proposed aviation policy development framework is systematic and continuous. It helps policymakers in LDC to manage uncertainty in complex situations by allowing them to defend, correct and re-examine the policy actions based on a forward thinking approach which incorporates the contingency elements of the policy and tracks the developments that can affect the odds of its success. The framework‘s elements and its flow of process are explained by providing an illustrative example applied to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

Shifting Lanes : A quantitative study on how attitudes towards public transportation and car use differ between people and planners in Tampa

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 14:08:34 +0100

This quantitative study investigates on how the attitudes amongst people in Tampa are towards the use of public transportation and also analyse which factors they consider vital for its development. The data is collected with the help of an online questionnaire and later compared with the current comprehensive plan and transportation plan in Tampa, after a qualitative literature review, in order to analyse and compare if there are any differences between the respondents and the planners. In other word’s compare theory to what is happening in reality. The results show that both the planners and the respondents acknowledge the dominance and negative effects of car use and that an expansion of public transportation is necessary in order to enhance the overall quality of life but also sustainability. The biggest difference was the attitude toward and belief in Mobility Management and soft measures. As the plan documents do not put any emphasis on the importance of changing attitudes with the help of soft measures, the respondents showed that Mobility Management and services linked to it could be a vital factor to change overall attitude towards public transportation if it were implemented.

Benefits of Coordinating Plug-In Electric Vehicles in Electric Power Systems: Through Market Prices and Use-of-System Network Charges

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 14:03:24 +0100

Both electric power systems and the transportation sector are essential constituents to modern life, enhancing social welfare, enabling economic prosperity and ultimately providing well-being to the people. However, to mitigate adverse climatological effects of emitting greenhouse gases, a rigorous de-carbonization of both industries has been set on the political agenda in many parts of the world. To this end, electrifying personal vehicles is believed to contribute to an affordable and reliable energy model that provides tolerable environmental impact. Representing an inherently flexible electricity demand, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) promise to facilitate the integration of variable renewable energy sources. Yet, how should the PEVs' system usage be ideally coordinated for providing benefits to electric power systems in the presence of resource scarcity? The thesis develops a model of an aggregation agent as the interface to the wholesale electricity generators, which is envisaged to be in charge of procuring energy in electricity markets, exposed to uncertainty in prices, fleet availability and demand requirements. This aggregator could coordinate the PEV charging either with direct load control (DLC), i.e., sending power set points to the individual vehicles, or with indirect load control (ILC), i.e., by sending retail price signals. Contributing to the technical literature this thesis has on the one hand proposed a two-stage stochastic linear program for the PEV aggregator's day-ahead and balancing decisions with DLC over a large fleet of PEVs, while accounting for conditional value at risk in the objective function. On the other hand, it has put forward a formulation of ILC coordination as a bi-level optimization problem given by mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints, in which 1) the upper level decisions on retail tariffs and optimal bidding in electricity markets are subject to 2) the lower level client-side optimization of PEV charging schedules. These decisions may respect a potential discomfort that could arise when PEV users have to deviate from their preferred charging schedule. Set in an existing, real medium voltage distribution network with urban characteristics and spatial PEV mobility, network UoS tariffs for capacity have been applied to both DLC and ILC scheduling by a PEV aggregator. Både elkraftsystem och transportsektorn är nödvändiga komponenter av vårt moderna liv – de förstärker den sociala välfärden, möjliggör ekonomisk framgång och bidrar slutligen med välmående för folket. För att undvika skadliga klimateffekter av utsläppta växthusgaser har en rigorös utfasning av fossila bränslen inom båda dessa sektorer prioriterats på politiska agendor runtom i världen. På så vis förväntas elektrifieringen av personbilar bidra till en prisvärd och pålitlig energimodell som ger en acceptabel miljöpåverkan. Med en betydande flexibilitet i efterfrågan på el har elbilarna möjlighet att underlätta integrationen av förnybara energikällor. Frågan är då, hur ska elbilarnas elanvändning koordineras för att bäst bistå elkraftsystemet med hänsyn till resursbrist? Det huvudsakliga syftet med den här forskningen är att föreslå beslutsstödsverktyg som kan förbättra systemeffektiviteten genom elbilsladdning. Forskningen utvecklar en modell för en aggregatoragent som länk till grossistelproducenterna, som antas vara ansvariga för att köpa energi på elmarknaden, under osäkerhet inom priser, tillgång på bilar och efterfrågan. Aggregatorn kan koordinera elbilsladdningen antingen genom direkt efterfrågekontroll, med kraftbegräsningar för enskilda elbilar, eller genom indirekt efterfrågekontroll, men prissignaler. Den här avhandlingen har å ena sidan föreslagit ett tvåstegs stokastiskt linjärt program för elbilsaggregatorns spotmarknads- och balansbeslut med direkt efterfrågekontroll för en stor elbilsflotta, genom att ta hänsyn till conditional value at risk i målfunktionen. Å andra sidan har den tagit fram en formulering för koordinering av indirekt efterfrågekontroll som ett bileveloptimeringsproblem med jämviktsrestriktioner, där 1) de övre besluten om slutkundspriser och optimal budgivning i elmarknaderna med förbehåll för 2) den lägre optimeringen av kundoptimeringen av laddningsscheman. Dessa beslut kan åsamka möjligt obehag för elbilsanvändarna då de behöver avvika från sina föredragna laddningsscheman. Kapacitetsnätverkstariffer har tillämpats både för direkt och indirekt laddningskontroll för en elbilsaggregator, i ett existerande distributionsnätverk med urbana egenskaper och spatiala laddningsscheman för elbilar. ¿Cómo sería nuestra sociedad moderna, si no existiese el acceso generalizado a la electricidad y cómo viviríamos sin transporte motorizado? Parece muy difícil imaginar nuestras sociedades contemporáneas en países desarrollados sin los sistemas eléctricos como la columna vertebral para incrementar el beneficio social, el desarrollo económico y ultimadamente el bienestar humano. No hay duda que el sector transporte es un constituyente esencial para la vida moderna. Sin embargo, para mitigar los efectos adversos de los gases de efecto invernadero, una rigorosa descarbonización del sector eléctrico y transporte ha sido establecida en la agenda política de muchas partes del mundo. En este sentido, se espera que los vehículos contribuyan a lograr un modelo energético accesible y fiable con un impacto ambiental tolerable. Pero todavía existe una duda: ¿Exactamente cuánto deberían coordinarse los vehículos eléctricos, de tal manera que puedan proveer beneficios al sistema eléctrico en la presencia de escasez de recursos? El principal objetivo de esta investigación es proponer herramientas de soporte que puedan mejorar la eficiencia de todo el sistema a través de la carga de vehículos eléctricos. Un agente agregador podría ser el interfaz con el mercado mayorista de electricidad en la cual el agregador está encargado de comprar energía en los mercados eléctricos exponiéndolo a la incertidumbre de precios, la disponibilidad de la flota de vehículos y los requerimientos de demanda. Este agregador podría coordinar la carga de vehículos eléctricos con control directo de carga (CDC), esto es enviando consignas a los vehículos individuales, o con control indirecto de cargas (CIC), enviando señales de precios minoristas. Esta tesis contribuye con la literatura técnica en dos maneras, por un lado propone una programación lineal en dos etapas con CDC para el agregador de vehículos eléctricos que toma decisiones de oferta en el mercado diario y desvíos de energía para una flota grande de vehículos eléctricos, mientras se tiene en cuenta el valor en riesgo condicional. Por otro lado, se propone una formulación de coordinación con CIC como un problema de optimización binivel dado por una programación matemática con restricciones de equilibrio, donde 1) las decisiones del nivel superior son el diseño de las tarifas minoristas y las ofertas óptimas en los mercados, que dependen de 2) las decisiones de optimización de tiempo de carga de los vehículos eléctricos por parte de los clientes, que se da en un nivel inferior. Las tarifas de red han sido aplicadas a ambos CDC y CIC, estas tarifas están basadas en una red de distribución de media tensión con características urbanas y con movilidad de vehículos eléctricos. Zowel het elektrische energiesysteem als het transportsysteem leveren een essentiële bij-drage aan de hedendaagse samenleving: het verhogen de maatschappelijke welvaart, het toelaten van economische vooruitgang, en het verbeteren van het menselijke welzijn. Echter, om de nadelige effecten van broeikasgassen te beperken, is een verregaande decarbonisatie van beide sectoren een belangrijk politiek agendapunt geworden in verschillende delen van de wereld. De elektrificatie van personenwagens wordt geacht bij te dragen aan een betaalbaar en betrouwbaar energiemodel dat een aanvaardbare milieu impact heeft. De inherente flex-ibiliteit in de energievraag van plug-in elektrische voertuigen (PEV’s) is beloftevol voor de facilitering van de integratie van hernieuwbare energiebronnen. De vraag is: hoe kan het opladen van PEV’s het best gecoördineerd worden om voordelig te zijn voor het elektrische energiesysteem op momenten van productieschaarste? Het belangrijkste doel van dit onderzoek is om beleidsondersteunende hulpmiddelen aan te bieden, om het totale systeemrendement te verbeteren door middel van het gecoördineerd opladen van PEV’s. Het proefschrift ontwikkelt een model van een aggregatie-agent die als interface fungeert naar de groothandelsmarkt van elektriciteitsproducenten. De aggregator is verantwoordelijk voor de aankoop van de energie op deze elektriciteitsmarkten, en is bij-gevolg blootgesteld aan prijsvolatiliteiten, de beschikbaarheid van de voertuigvloot, en de vereiste energievraag. Deze aggregator kan het opladen van de PEV‘s coördineren via directe lastregeling (Direct Load Control, DLC), het verzenden van de vermogenssetpoints naar de individuele voertuigen, of via indirecte lastregeling (Indirect Load Control, ILC), het sturen van prijssignalen. De bijdrage van dit proefschrift aan de technische vakliteratuur is tweeledig. Ener-zijds wordt er een tweetraps stochastische lineaire programmatiemethode voorgesteld voor de beslissingen van de PEV aggregator op de day-ahead markt en de balanceringsmarkt, waarbij rekening gehouden wordt met het voorwaardelijke risicogehalte van de doelfunctie. Ander-zijds wordt er een formulering van de ILC-coördinatie voorgesteld, als een bi-level optimalisatie probleem dat gebaseerd is op de wiskundige programmeringsmethode met evenwichtsbeperkin-gen. Hierbij zijn er 1) de high-level beslissingen omtrent de retailtarieven en de optimale biedstrategie in de elektriciteitsmarkten, en 2) de low-level optimalisatie van de individuele PEV oplaadschema’s. Deze beslissingen kunnen een mogelijk ongemak creëren door de af-wijking van het optimale laadschema voor de PEV-gebruiker. Voor een realistisch en bestaand stedelijk middenspanning distributienetwerk en ruimtelijk PEV mobiliteitsgedrag, zijn UoS capaciteitstarieven toegepast door een PEV-aggregator, zowel voor DLC- als ILC-gebaseerde laadcoördinatie. "p"SETS Joint Doctorate"/p""p"The Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate in Sustainable Energy Technologies and Strategies, the SETS Joint Doctorate, is an international programme run by six institutions in cooperation:"/p""p"• Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain"/p""p"• Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands"/p""p"• Florence School of Regulation, Florence, Italy"/p""p"• Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA"/p""p"• KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"/p""p"• University Paris-Sud 11, Paris, France"/p""p"The Doctoral Degrees provided upon completion of the programme are issued by Comillas Pontifical University, Delft University of Technology, and KTH Royal Institute of Technology."/p""p"The Degree Certificates are giving reference to the joint programme. The doctoral candidates are jointly supervised, and must pass a joint examination procedure set up by the three institutions issuing the degrees."/p""p"This Thesis is a part of the examination for the doctoral degree."/p""p"The invested degrees are official in Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden respectively."/p""p"SETS Joint Doctorate was awarded the Erasmus Mundus excellence label by the European Commission in year 2010, and the European Commission’s Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency, EACEA, has supported the funding of this programme"/p""p"The EACEA is not to be held responsible for contents of the Thesis."/p""p"QC 20150923

LNG in the rail freight industry : The case of the Nordland Line

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:58:40 +0100

Delivering application-layer traffic optimization services based on public routing data at Internet eXchange points = Serviços para otimização do tráfego de aplicações a partir de informações públicas de roteamento nos Pontos de troca de tráfego na internet

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:57:09 +0100

Orientador: Christian Rodolfo Esteve Rothenberg Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-31T03:14:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LachosPerez_DannyAlex_M.pdf: 1610761 bytes, checksum: e41a28a5274e46a43f54de8f4dee4cb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 Resumo: Otimização de Tráfego na Camada de Aplicação (ALTO - Application-Layer Traffic Optimization) é um protocolo recentemente padronizado que fornece uma topologia da rede e mapa de custos abstratos, além de serviços de informação de endpoints que podem ser consumidos pelos aplicativos, a fim de tornar-se conscientes da rede e tomar decisões otimizadas sobre os fluxos de tráfego. Neste trabalho, propomos um serviço público baseado nas especificações ALTO usando informação de roteamento pública disponível nos Pontos de Troca de Tráfego (PTTs) brasileiros. Nosso protótipo de servidor ALTO, representado pela sigla AaaS (ALTO-as-a-Service), é baseado em mais de 2,5 GB de dados BGP reais dos 25 PTTs públicos brasileiros (IX.br). Nossa proposta é avaliada em termos de comportamento funcional e desempenho através de experimentos de prova de conceito que apontam como potencial benefício das aplicações, a capacidade de tomar decisões inteligentes na seleção de endpoint ao consumir as APIs ALTO Abstract: Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) is a recently standardized protocol that provides abstract network topology and cost maps in addition to endpoint information services that can be consumed by applications in order to become network-aware and to take optimized decisions regarding traffic flows. In this work, we propose a public service based on the ALTO specification using public routing information available at the Brazilian Internet eXchange Points (IXPs). Our ALTO server prototype takes the acronym AaaS (ALTO-as-a-Service) and is based on over 2.5GB of real BGP data from the 25 Brazilian IX.br public IXPs. We evaluate our proposal in terms of functional behaviour and performance via proof-of-concept experiments, which point to the potential benefits of applications being able to take smart endpoint selection decisions when consuming the developer-friendly ALTO APIs Mestrado Engenharia de Computação Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica Funcam

Análise da competitividade ambiental de veículos elétricos no Brasil no cenário atual e futuro

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:55:02 +0100

Orientador: Joaquim Eugênio Abel Seabra Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-31T14:38:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vargas_JorgeEnriqueVelandia_M.pdf: 3745713 bytes, checksum: 23fddad2e5ff9793fdec59f2691a1de8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 Resumo: O interesse na redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) têm promovido a adoção de veículos elétricos (VE). Porém, os potenciais benefícios ambientais da adoção desses veículos dependem do perfil de geração de eletricidade (o que inclui a matriz de geração do local) e como as baterias serão recarregadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral a comparação dos potenciais impactos ambientais do transporte de passageiros através de VE e veículos de combustão interna (VCI) (flex, usando etanol e gasolina) no contexto brasileiro, considerando tanto o ciclo de vida dos veículos (mas desconsiderando sua desmontagem), quanto das fontes de energia. A análise avaliou as condições atuais (2014) e condições futuras (2030), adotando 1 km como unidade funcional. Foi considerada uma abordagem atribucional, com alocação em base energética, e o CML-2000 Baseline como método de AICV. Nove categorias de impacto ambiental foram avaliadas: aquecimento global, depleção da camada de ozônio, toxicidade humana, ecotoxicidade terrestre, oxidação fotoquímica, acidificação e eutrofização. O software Simapro 8 foi utilizado como ferramenta de suporte para as análises. Para o cenário 2014, analisaram-se dois casos de recarga do VE: na média e no horário de maior demanda (HMD) de energia elétrica. Os resultados no caso atual mostram que, no caso do elétrico, a maior parte dos impactos potenciais ao meio ambiente estão associados à produção do veículo. O VE em 2014 apresenta os piores resultados em cinco de nove categorías de impacto. Para oxidação fotoquímica, a manutenção do veículo contribui com mais de 80% para o impacto (devido às emissões de etileno), e somente para aquecimento global a contribuição relacionada à geração de energia elétrica responde por mais da metade dos impactos. Apesar do predomínio da fonte hídrica na matriz elétrica brasileira, relevantes emissões de metano e CO2 decorrentes da mudança do uso da terra são atribuídas aos reservatórios, afetando assim o perfil ambiental do VE. Quando da consideração do perfil de geração de eletricidade no horário de maior demanda, e.g., que corresponderia à recarga do veículo durante o horário de ponta, as mesmas conclusões são aplicáveis, uma vez que o perfil de geração no HMD e na média apresentam variação relativamente pequena Já para o cenário 2030, analisam-se dos cenários, baixas e maiores emissões, para cada um estuda-se a recarga na média e no HMD. No geral ocorre uma redução de todos os impactos potenciais por km rodado em 2030. Como também é esperada uma evolução da eficiência dos VCI (mas proporcionalmente menor do que a do VE), seus perfis ambientais também foram consideravelmente reduzidos. No caso do etanol, um efeito adicional advém da evolução da eficiência agroindustrial da cadeia da cana de açúcar. Para aquecimento global, por exemplo, espera-se que o impacto potencial do transporte elétrico em 2030 seja reduzido em mais de 40% quando comparado a 2014. Por fim, espera-se que o VE apresente uma melhoria mais acentuada do que as demais opções, com exceção da oxidação fotoquímica e da eutrofização. Dessa forma, o transporte com etanol se mostra como a melhor alternativa com relação a aquecimento global e toxicidades, enquanto que o elétrico se torna a melhor opção nas categorias de acidificação e depleções fósseis e da camada de ozônio (mas com vantagem marginal) Abstract: The interest in reducing the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions has promoted the adoption of electric vehicles. However, the potential environmental benefits of adopting electric cars will strongly depend on electricity generation mix (which includes the local electricity generation matrix) and how the batteries will be recharged. This study aimed to compare the potential environmental impacts of passenger transport in both electric vehicles (EVs) and internal combustion vehicles (ICVs) (flex-fuel, using ethanol and gasoline) in the Brazilian context, considering both the life cycle of vehicles and the energy sources. The analysis assessed the current conditions (2014) and future conditions (2030), adopting 1 km as a functional unit. An attributional approach was considered, as well as an energy-base allocation criterium, and CML-2000 Baseline as LCIA method. Nine categories of environmental impact were evaluated: global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, human toxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation, acidification and eutrophication. Simapro 8 was selected as software tool for the analysis. Two cases of EV recharging for 2014 scenario were analyzed: mean conditions (non-peak) and higher demand hours (HDH). The results show that, with regards to EV for 2014, most of the potential environmental impacts are associated with the production of the vehicle. The EV 2014 shows the worst results in five of nine categories. For photochemical oxidation, vehicle maintenance contributes for over 80% to the impact (due to ethylene emissions), electricity generation related contribution accounts for more than half of impacts for global warming. Despite hydroelectricity predominance in the Brazilian energy matrix, significant emissions of methane and CO2 resulting from land use change are attributed to reservoirs, thus affecting the environmental profile of the electricity. When considering the electricity generation mix in higher demand hours, e.g., which would correspond to vehicle recharge during peak consumption hours, the same conclusions are applicable, since the generation profile in HDH and non-peak hours present relatively little variations. As for the 2030 scenario, we analyzed low and higher emission scenarios, considering battery recharge for average (non-peak) hours and HDH. Overall there is a reduction of all potential impacts per km in 2030 as compared to 2014, as it was expected, as a consequence of ICV use-phase efficiency evolution (although proportionately less than the EV). In the case of ethanol, an additional effect arises from the evolution of agroindustrial efficiency of sugarcane chain. For global warming, for example, it is expected that the potential impact of electric transport 2030 is reduced by over 40% compared to 2014. Finally, it is expected that the VE will achieve greater improvements than ethanol and gasoline options, except for photochemical oxidation and eutrophication. That way, ethanol transportation is shown as the best alternative with respect to global warming and toxicities, while the electric car becomes the best option in acidification and fossil depletion and ozone layer depletion categories ( although only marginal advantage) Mestrado Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos 97550-15 Funcamp CAPES

The segmentation issue: general stopping criteria and specific design considerations for practical application of evolutionary algorithms

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:49:44 +0100

Segmentation is a tool presented for representation and approximation of data, according to a set of appropriate models. These procedures have applications to many different domains, such as time series analysis, polygonal approximation, Air Traffic Control,... Different heuristic and metaheuristic proposals have been introduced to deal with this issue. This thesis provides a novel multiobjective evolutionary method, analyzing the required general tools for the application evolutionary algorithms to real problems and the specific modifications required over the different steps of general proposals to adapt them to the segmentation domain. An introduction to the domain is presented by means of the design of a specific heuristic for segmentation of Air Traffic Control (ATC) data. This domain has a series of characteristics which make it difficult to be faced with traditional techniques: noisy data and a large number of measurements. The proposal works on two phases, using a pre-segmentation which introduces available domain information and applying a standard technique over this initial technique's results. Its results according to the presented domain, tested with a set of eight different representative trajectories, show competitive advantages compared to general approaches, which oversegmentate noisy data and, in some cases, exhibit poor scalability. This heuristic proposal shows the costly process of adapting available approaches and designing specific ones, along with the multi-objective nature of the problem, which requires the use of quality indicators for a proper comparison process. Applying evolutionary algorithms to segmentation provides several advantages, highlighting the fact that the problem dependance of heuristics make it costly to adapt these heuristics to new domains, as introduced by the designed heuristic to ATC. However, the practical application of these algorithms requires the study of a topic which has received little research effort from the community: stopping criteria. An evolutionary approach should contain a dynamic procedure which can determine when stagnation has taken place and stop the algorithm accordingly (as opposed to a-priori cost budgets, either in function evaluations or generations, which are usually applied for test datasets). Stopping criteria have been faced for single and multi-objective cases in this thesis. Single-objective stopping criteria have been approached proposing an active role of the stopping criteria, actively increasing the diversity in the variable space while tracking the updates in the fitness function. Thus, the algorithm reuses the information obtained for the stopping decision and feeds it to a stopping prevention mechanism in order to prevent problematic situations such as early convergence. The presented algorithm has been tested according to a set of 27 different functions, with different characteristics regarding their dimensionality, search space, local minima... The results show that the introduced mechanisms enhance the robustness of the results, due to the improved exploration and the early convergence prevention. Multi-objective stopping criteria are faced with the use of progress indicators (comparison measures of the quality of the evolution results at different generations) and an associated data gathering tool. The final proposal uses three different progress indicators, (hypervolume, epsilon and Mutual Dominance Rate) and considers them jointly according to a decision fusion architecture. The stagnation analysis is based on the least squares regression parameters of the indicators values, including a normality analysis as well. The online nature of these algorithms is highlighted, preventing the recomputation of the indicators values which were present in other available alternatives, and also focusing on the simplicity of the final proposal, in order to reduce the cost of introducing it into available algorithms. The proposal has been tested with instances of the DTLZ algorithm family, obtaining satisfactory stops with a standard set of configuration values for the technique. However, there is a lack of quantitative measures to determine the objective quality of a stop and to properly compare its value to other alternatives. The multi-objective nature of the segmentation problem is analyzed to propose a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) to deal with it. This nature is analyzed according to a selection of available approaches, highlighting the difficulties which had to be faced in the parameter configuration in order to guide the processes to the desired solution values. A multi-objective a-posteriori approach such as the one presented allows the decision maker to choose from the front of possible final solutions the one which suits him best, simplifying this process. The presented approach chooses SPEA2 as its underlying MOEA, analyzing different representation and initialization proposals. The results have been validated against a representative set of heuristic and metaheuristic techniques, using three widely extended curves from the polygonal approximation domain (chromosome, leaf and semicircle), obtaining statistically better results for almost all the different test cases. This initial MOEA approach had unresolved issues, such as the archiving technique complexity order, and also lacked the proper specific design considerations to adapt it to the application domain. These issues have been faced according to different improvements. First of all, an alternative representation is proposed, including partial fitness information and associated fitness-aware transformation operators (transformation operators which compute children fitness values according to their changes and the parents partial values). A novel archiving procedure is introduced according to the bi-objective nature of the domain, being one of them discrete. This leads to a relaxed Pareto dominance check, named epsilon glitches. Multi-objective local search versions of the traditional algorithms are proposed and tested for the initialization of the algorithm, along with the stopping criterion proposal which has also been adapted to the problem characteristics. The archive size in this case is big enough to contain all the different individuals in the optimal front, such that quality assessment is simplified and a simpler mechanism can be introduced to detect stagnation, according to the improvements in each of the possible individuals. The final evolutionary proposal is scalable, requires few configuration parameters and introduces an efficient dynamic stopping criterion. Its results have been tested against the original technique and the set of heuristic and metaheuristic techniques previously used, including the three original curves and also more complex versions of them (obtained with an introduced generation mechanism according to these original shapes). Even though the stopping results are very satisfactory, the obtained results are slightly worse than the original MOEA for the three simpler problem instances with the established configuration parameters (as was expected, due to the computational effort of the a-priori established number of generations and population size, based on the analysis of the algorithm's results). However, the comparison versus the alternative techniques stills shows the same statistically better results, and its reduced computational cost allows its application to a wider set of problems.

Desenvolvimento de uma abordagem de diferencial eletrônico para um veículo elétrico robótico multitração

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:46:34 +0100

Orientadores: André Ricardo Fioravanti, Ely Carneiro de Paiva Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T15:24:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_AlexandreMonteiro_M.pdf: 4869710 bytes, checksum: 4c796f6cdd5d3e49215ad65105b6b0c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 Resumo: Este trabalho documenta a concepção e desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle de distribuição de torques para veículos elétricos multitração. O estudo se concentra em um veículo elétrico convencional com rodas motrizes traseiras e tem como finalidade incrementar a estabilidade do veículo em situações adversas. A distribuição independente de torque pode ser obtida através do uso de diferencial eletrônico, também conhecido na literatura por vetorização de torque. Esta técnica é capaz de gerar forças adicionais nos pneus e criar um momento de guinada sobre o veículo através da aplicação de torques individuais nas rodas de um eixo, sem deteriorar seu desempenho longitudinal. Nesta dissertação são apresentadas três estratégias de controle para o diferencial eletrônico. A primeira abordagem é realizada através de um controlador clássico PI. A segunda consiste em um controlador LQR embasada em um modelo simplificado do veículo, denominado modelo planar. Finalmente, a terceira abordagem é desenvolvida através de controle ótimo em tempo finito, em que, em cada instante de tempo, calcula-se a melhor atuação de torques para o veículo. Desta forma, agrega-se informações da dinâmica dos pneus e os efeitos de rolagem e distribuição de carga nos pneus do veículo ao realizar curvas. O trabalho inclui a modelagem utilizada na construção de um simulador em Matlab/Simulink. Escolheu-se um modelo capaz de avaliar os movimentos nos três eixos do veículo e com respostas precisas ao longo da execução de manobras. Para este propósito são apresentados os modelos dos motores elétricos, do sistema de propulsão, a dinâmica de corpo rígido, o sistema de amortecedores e a interação pneu-solo Abstract: This dissertation documents the conception and development of control strategies to allocate independent traction forces in an electric vehicle equipped with two rear driving wheels, for the purpose of enhancing the vehicle stability control system. The independent torque distribution can be achieved through the use of electronic differential, also know in the literature by torque vectoring. This approach is capable to generate optimal additional tire forces and yaw moment over the vehicle through the application of individual wheel torques without deteriorating the longitudinal performance of the vehicle. In this work three different torque vectoring control algorithms will be presented. The first control algorithm is a classical PI controller. The second controller is an LQR controller based upon a two-track model. Finally, the third controller is an optimal control based in quadratic programming, considering a two-track model. Therefore, the tyre dynamics, the load distribution and the roll over motion are considered during the curves. The work includes the concept of the mathematical model used in the construction of a simulator that has the ability to evaluate the vehicle dynamics and responses of maneuvers. For this purpose, a complete simulation model including motors, propulsion system, body dynamics, damper system and tire-ground interaction is developed Mestrado Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica 33003017 CAPES FAPESP

Modelo de masificación vehículos eléctricos en Bogotá D.C.

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:44:56 +0100

El aumento en la contaminación ambiental, el precio del petróleo y la escasez de reservas para suplir la demanda futura, han hecho que el hombre busque nuevas alternativas de combustible para movilizarse. Dentro de las múltiples posibilidades, se encuentran los vehículos eléctricos como una de las opciones más promisorias. Países como Noruega, Francia, Alemania, Estados Unidos y España han incrementado el número de vehículos eléctricos (EVs) en los últimos años. Actualmente, en Bogotá D.C. se adelantan varias pruebas piloto de EVs y se trabaja en la creación de incentivos y leyes que permitan dar viabilidad a la masificación de tecnología en la ciudad. El presente documento describe el proyecto de investigación para desarrollar un modelo de masificación de vehículos eléctricos en Bogotá, considerando características de los vehículos y necesidades de los usuarios en la ciudad. También se evalúan los impactos sobre la red de distribución, el medio ambiente y la infraestructura (estaciones) requerida ante una posible masificación. Abstract. The increase in environmental pollution, oil prices and limited reserves to meet future demand, have made the man look for alternative fuel mobilize. Among the many possibilities, electric vehicles are one of the most promising options. Countries such as Norway, France, Germany, USA and Spain They have increased the number of electric vehicles (EVs) in recent years. Currently, in Bogotá D.C. several pilot tests of EVs come forward and work on creating incentives and laws allow make viable technology overcrowding in the city.

Indo para o jogo : políticas de mobilidade urbana nas cidades sede da Copa do Mundo: Brasília e São Paulo

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:41:48 +0100

Orientador: Arlete Rodrigues Moysés Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-01T08:12:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Florentino_Renata_D.pdf: 5770164 bytes, checksum: e8a0d072440a73d3d90c4d97512dc9fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 Resumo: Passada a Copa do Mundo de 2014, a promessa de oportunidade de investimento em políticas de mobilidade para a população pode ser analisada sem o efeito discursivo do "legado" prometido pelos governos federal e estaduais no período anterior ao campeonato. Dentro da dinâmica da economia urbana, o estímulo a setores específicos, de forma fragmentada, tomou o espaço do debate sobre o futuro das cidades. Simultaneamente à execução das obras de mobilidade da Copa do Mundo, a política econômica de incentivo à indústria automobilística evidenciou a inconsistente orientação da política de mobilidade urbana. O processo de urbanização contemporâneo, dado de maneira fragmentada e em escala muito maior, contribui para entender porque a Política Nacional da Mobilidade Urbana, aprovada pelo Congresso Nacional nesse período (2012) após longa tramitação, não conseguiu ainda ter efeitos relevantes na orientação dos investimentos. Embora tenha ocorrido um considerável avanço no discurso sobre "mobilidade sustentável", este não foi acompanhado de medidas econômicas que o sustentasse. Numa aliança entre indústria automotiva, empreiteiras e imobiliárias, o contexto da financeirização imobiliária se constituiu em um cenário de supressão de direitos de camadas populares, intensificado pelos megaeventos sediados em 12 capitais brasileiras. A transformação do espaço das cidades num dos grandes ativos da economia brasileira passou pelos setores automobilísticos, grandes empreiteiras e setor imobiliário, através do estímulo ao crescimento da frota de carros com IPI Zero, do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, grandes obras e a financeirização associada à especulação imobiliária em volta dos empreendimentos relacionados aos megaeventos e da construção dos grandes projetos de infraestrutura no país. Setores da economia se organizaram em coalizões urbanas, fundamentados no controle sobre o espaço urbano, na desapropriação, na ênfase ao transporte individual e na realocação de populações e atividades. Como pano de fundo tem-se a questão sobre como o poder público enfrenta o dilema entre a cultura do automóvel fomentada pelos próprios governos e a consciência crescente de que esse modelo torna a vida urbana inviável. Esta pesquisa se desenvolveu com a análise de duas cidades-sede da Copa do Mundo socioeconomicamente consideradas integrantes do Centro-Sul do país: Brasília (DF) e São Paulo (SP). Foram observados os fatores definidores dos modelos de mobilidade urbana em cada uma das cidades em questão: os meios de locomoção priorizados, rubricas definidas para gasto dos recursos, modelo de financiamento, concentração espacial dos investimentos, possibilidades de integração modal, concessões feitas e acessibilidade de tarifas, dentre outros. Foi analisado em que medida a recepção de um megaevento esportivo impactou as políticas urbanas de uma região. O estudo foi apoiado ainda na análise dos documentos oficiais produzidos no período: projetos de empreendimentos, relatórios de prestação de contas e estudos técnicos, além de entrevistas com atores-chave e relatórios produzidos pela sociedade civil enquanto mecanismos de controle social Abstract: After the World Cup of 2014 has passed, the promise of investment opportunities in mobility policies for the population can be analyzed without the discursive effect of the "legacy" promised in the period before the championship. Within the dynamic of urban economy, the incentive to a specific sector, in a fragmented way, took over the debate about the future of the cities. Simultaneously to the execution of the mobility works for the World Cup, the economical policy of incentive to the auto industry revealed the inconsistent orientation of urban mobility policy. The recent process of urbanization, developed in a shattered way and in a larger scale, contributes to the understanding of why the National Urban Mobility Policy, approved in this period (2012) after a long process of discussion, has not had relevant effects in the investment orientation process. Although there has been a considerable progress in the speech about "sustainable mobility", this was not accompanied by economical measures that would sustain it. In an alliance between the auto industry, construction companies and real state companies, the context of real state financialization was made up in a scenario of suppression of rights, which was intensified by the mega events hosted in 12 Brazilian capitals. The transformation of the space of the cities in one of the great assets of the Brazilian economy involved the automobile sectors, large construction companies and real estate, through stimulating the growth of the fleet of cars with IPI Zero, the Minha Casa,Minha Vida ("My house, my life") project, through big construction works and the financialization associated to real estate speculation around the enterprises related to the mega-events and the construction of major infrastructure projects in the country. Sectors of the economy were organized in urban coalitions, structured over the control of the urban space, the dispossession, the emphasis on individual transport and the relocation of populations and activities. This research was developed through the analysis of two World Cup host cities, socioeconomically considered South-Central of the country: Brasília (DF) and São Paulo (SP). The defining factors of urban mobility models were observed in each of the two cities: the prioritized means of locomotion, the rubrics defined for expenditure of resources, the funding model, the spatial concentration of investment, modal integration possibilities, concessions made and fees¿ accessibility, among others. The conditions that interfere in this decision-making process, and its effects, were researched. It was analyzed to what extent the reception of a mega sports event affected the urban policies of a region. The study was also supported by the analysis of official documents produced in the period: project developments, accountability reports and technical studies, and interviews with key actors and reports produced by civil society as mechanisms of social control Doutorado Ciencias Sociais Doutora em Ciências Sociais 140995/2010-2 CNPQ

Energy-Efficient Driver Assistance System for Electric Vehicles Using Model-Predictive Control

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:41:32 +0100

This thesis investigates a method to save energy and thus also extend the range of a series-production battery electric vehicle by influencing the driving style automatically with the help of a of a cruise controller. An exploration of existing methods shows that the contextual consideration of the current and upcoming driving situation is necessary to realise safe and energy-efficient driving. This limits the appropriate approaches to online methods using updated predictions of the vehicle behaviour. It turns out that the most suitable method for the intended purpose is model-predictive control (MPC). The MPC generates controls for the accelerator pedal of the vehicle based on optimised predictions of the vehicle motion and energy consumption subject to the current and future road slope, curvature, speed limits and distance to an eventually preceding vehicle. The non-linear nature of the vehicle dynamics generally necessitates the use of a non-linear prediction model and solving a non-linear optimisation which goes along with difficulties in the online real-time implementation. However in this work - by exploiting and extending the tool sets of classical MPC - a controller based on a quadratic optimal control problem with linear constraints can be formulated that approximates the nonlinearities of the plant dynamics with equivalent accuracy as a non-linear formulation. A linear prediction model of the vehicle motion is derived by a change of the model domain from time to position and a change of variables to predict the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle instead of the driving speed. Further, a convex piece-wise linear energy consumption model is included in the inequality constraints of the problem according to the methodology of separable programming to capture the consumption characteristics of the vehicle in different operating points. In this form, real-time capability and the energy-saving potential of the presented control approach can be demonstrated by simulations of the closed loop and by implementing the controller for driving experiments. A Smart ED series-production battery electric vehicle is chosen for the practical tests and all models and parameters are identified and adapted to the characteristics of the car. In this application case, a significant energy-saving potential could be demonstrated compared to human drivers. To further reduce the computational burden and speed up the computation, the so-called move blocking method for input parameterisation of the MPC control trajectory is investigated and extended within this work to a flexible move blocking approach which enables a fast computation and at the same time high tracking performance.

Design of a High Specific Torque Induction Motor

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:41:18 +0100

Electric vehicles are a key technology in the reduction of our carbon footprint and this has motivated significant research interest. The electrical traction motor is one of the main areas of research in attempts to further improve electric vehicle performance. The permanent magnet motor is the predominant device in this application because of its high specific torque. However, it has suffered from market speculation in the raw magnet materials which has generated efforts to develop electrical machines which have a high specific torque and do not contain rare earth materials.In the past the induction motor used to be the preferred motor for electric vehicles due to its low costs, low maintenance requirements, mature technology and robustness. The induction motor requires a higher specific torque to make it an alternative to permanent magnet machines. For this reason, this research had the primary aim of improving the specific torque of induction machines by undertaking a detailed review of the motor design because this process has conventionally focussed on the requirements for industrial applications. The first stage of the work presented in this thesis consisted of identifying the designs already in use for this purpose and the potential technologies applicable to the induction motor that could be transferred from other electric traction machines. A full review of the design process was also conducted in order to identify the key areas of the process with special reference to the electromagnetic design which used finite element techniques as the main modelling tool. New induction motor designs were developed which showed potential for improving the specific torque; two of these were selected for further refinement, prototyping and testing. Although these designs were modified to facilitate construction, some major difficulties were still encountered during the prototype rotor manufacture. The test results were used to validate the design process and to identify further improvements in the designs. The issues encountered with the rotor manufacture prototype however lead to some overheating during the experimental testing. Comments about the design experience gained during this research are summarized including suggestions for further research.

Smart management of the charging of electric vehicles

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:40:07 +0100

The objective of this thesis was to investigate the management of electric vehicles (EVs) battery charging in distribution networks.\\ud Real EVs charging event data were used to investigate their charging demand profiles in a geographical area. A model was developed to analyse their charging demand characteristics and calculate their potential medium term operating risk level for the distribution network of the corresponding geographical area. A case study with real charging and weather data from three counties in UK was presented to demonstrate the modelling framework.\\ud The effectiveness of a charging control algorithm is dependent on the early knowledge of future EVs charging demand and local generation. To this end, two models were developed to provide this knowledge. The first model utilised data mining principles to forecast the day ahead EVs charging demand based on historical charging event data. The performance of four data mining methods in forecasting the charging demand of an EVs fleet was evaluated using real charging data from USA and France. The second model utilised a data fitting approach to produce stochastic generation forecast scenarios based only on the historical data. A case study was presented to evaluate the performance of the model based on real data from wind generators in UK.\\ud An agent-based control algorithm was developed to manage the EVs battery charging, according to the vehicles’ owner preferences, distribution network technical constraints and local distributed generation. Three agent classes were considered, a EVs/DG aggregator and “Responsive” or “Unresponsive” EVs. The real-time operation of the control system was experimentally demonstrated at the Electric Energy Systems Laboratory hosted at the National Technical University of Athens. A series of experiments demonstrated the adaptive behaviour of “Responsive” EVs agents and proved their ability to charge preferentially from renewable energy sources.

Low Carbon Technologies in Low Voltage Distribution Networks: Probabilistic Assessment of Impacts and Solutions

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:37:35 +0100

The main outcome of this research is the development of a Probabilistic Impact Assessment methodology to comprehensively understand the effects of low carbon technologies (LCTs) in low voltage (LV) distribution networks and the potential solutions available to increase their adoption.The adoption of LCTs by domestic customers is an alternative to decreasing carbon emissions. Given that these customers are connected to LV distribution networks, these assets are likely to face the first impacts of LCTs. Thus, to quantify these problems a Monte Carlo-based Probabilistic Impact Assessment methodology is proposed in this Thesis. This methodology embeds the uncertainties related to four LCTs (PV, EHPs, µCHP and EVs). Penetration levels as a percentage of houses with a particular LCT, ranging from 0 to 100% in steps of 10%, are investigated. Five minute time-series profiles and three-phase four-wire LV networks are adopted. Performance metrics related to voltage and congestion are computed for each of the 100 simulations per penetration level. Given the probabilistic nature of the approach, results can be used by decision makers to determine the occurrence of problems according to an acceptable probability of technical issues.To implement the proposed methodology, electrical models of real LV networks and high resolution profiles for loads and LCTs are also developed. Due to the historic passive nature of LV circuits, many Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) have no model for them. In most cases, the information is limited to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) typically produced for asset management purposes and sometimes with connectivity issues. Hence, this Thesis develops a methodology to transform GIS data into suitable computer-based models. In addition, thousands of residential load, PV, µCHP, EHP and EV profiles are created. These daily profiles have a resolution of five minutes. To understand the average behaviour of LCTs and their relationship with load profiles, the average peak demand is calculated for different numbers of loads with and without each LCT.The Probabilistic Impact Assessment methodology is applied over 25 UK LV networks (i.e., 128 feeders) for the four LCTs under analysis. Findings show that about half of the studied feeders are capable of having 100% of the houses with a given LCT. A regression analysis is carried out per LCT, to identify the relationships between the first occurrence of problems and key feeder parameters (length, number of customers, etc.). These results can be translated into lookup tables that can help DNOs produce preliminary and quick estimates of the LCT impacts on a particular feeder without performing detailed studies. To increase the adoption of LCTs in the feeders with problems, four solutions are investigated: feeder reinforcement, three-phase connection of LCTs, loop connection of LV feeders and implementation of OLTCs (on-load tap changers) in LV networks. All these solutions are embedded in the Probabilistic Impact Assessment. The technical and economic benefits of each of the solutions are quantified for the 25 networks implemented.

Assessing design strategies for improved life cycle environmental performance of vehicles

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:34:20 +0100

Vehicle manufactures have adopted different strategies for improving the environmental performance of their fleet including lightweight design and alternative drivetrains such as EVs. Both strategies reduce energy during use but may result in a relative increase of the impact during other stages. To address this, a lifecycle approach is needed when vehicle design strategies are developed. The thesis explores the extent that such a lifecycle approach is adopted today and assesses the potential of these strategies to reduce the lifecycle impact of vehicles. Moreover it aims to contribute to method development for lifecycle considerations during product development and material selection. Current practices were explored in an empirical study with four vehicle manufacturers. The availability of tools for identifying, monitoring and assessing design strategies was explored in a literature review. The results of the empirical study showed that environmental considerations during product development often lack a lifecycle perspective. Regarding the use of tools a limited number of such tools were utilized systematically by the studied companies despite the numerous tools available in literature. The influence of new design strategies on the lifecycle environmental performance of vehicles was assessed in three case studies; two looking into lightweight design and one at EVs. Both strategies resulted in energy and GHG emissions savings though the impact during manufacturing increases due to the advanced materials used. Assumptions relating to the operating conditions of the vehicle e.g. lifetime distance or for EVs the carbon intensity of the energy mix, influence the level of this tradeoff. Despite its low share in terms of environmental impact EOL is important in the overall performance of vehicles. The thesis contributed to method development by suggesting a systematic approach for material selection. The approach combines material and environmental analysis tools thus increases the possibilities for lifecycle improvements while minimizing risk for sub-optimizations. "p"QC 20160920

Unlocking Ampacity and Maximising Photovoltaic Penetration through the Phase Balancing of Low Voltage Distribution Network Feeders

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:29:10 +0100

In recent years there has been a large increase in the connection of photovoltaic generators to the low voltage distribution network in urban residential areas. In the future, it is predicted that this trend will continue and be accompanied with a rise in the uptake and connection of electric vehicles and heat pumps. Recently, monitoring trials have found widespread current unbalance in the feeders that transmit electrical energy to and from these urban residential areas. This unbalance is likely to be accentuated by the gradual and piecemeal uptake of the aforementioned devices. The combined impact of the changes and present day unbalance is likely to be more frequent thermal and voltage constraint violations unless new strategies are adopted to manage the flow of electrical energy. Here, a novel device named the 'phase switcher' that has no customer compliance requirements is proposed as a new tool for distribution network operators to manage the thermal and voltage constraints of cables. The phase switcher is shown to unlock cable ampacity and maximise voltage headroom and it achieves this through phase balancing in real time. A centralised local feeder controller is simulated to employ dynamic and scheduled phase switcher control algorithms on a real network model, and it's ability to unlock cable ampacity and reduce cable losses is quantified. Also, a small model based controller algorithm is presented and shown to perform almost as well as others despite having a very limited sensing and communication system requirement. Phase switchers are also quantified for their ability to increase feeder voltage headroom when employed to improve the balance of photovoltaic distributed generators across phases. To this end, an exhaustive offline photovoltaic capacity prediction technique is documented which shows that when phase switchers are placed explicitly to a known photovoltaic installation scenario, an almost linear relationship exists between the penetration level and maximum node voltage when PSs or phase conductor rejointing is considered as an option for implementation. Finally, a fast feeder assessment algorithm is detailed that is found to be better and more robust at estimating extreme maximum and minimum photovoltaic penetration level scenarios that cause over-voltage. All the work is presented within a new general mathematical framework that facilitates formulation of the problem and calculation of device phase connections for networks containing phase switchers.

Dynamic Air Holding Program for Delay Assignment applied to Barcelona Airport Case

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:27:17 +0100

Nowadays, the aircraft is the most used transport to travel between two very distanced places since it is the fastest way. For these last years, the demand of flights has been increasing immensely, so the airports have been also suffering the same increase in workload. Congestion is the word for the imbalance between demand and capacity. After applying a Ground Holding Program (GHP) optimization process before departure to solve this problem in a previous work [1], in this project the Air Holding Program (AHP) is presented in order to minimize the economic costs once in the landing phase. The main goal of this final degree project is to implement a basic model of AHP to minimize the delay costs near the single destination airport, Barcelona-El Prat in this case. The model of AHP is based on a dynamic stochastic GHP. The problem is solved using Gurobi libraries. Firstly, a pre-tactical phase in [1] of GHP is applied to make flights wait on ground according to capacity constraints in the Barcelona Airport. Then, once the flights are already flying towards the destination and entering the analysed area (500 km from destination airport), these flights will perform a Free Route Airspace (FRA) route in order to make them fly a straight route trajectory to possibly shorten the flight duration, which will cause that the arrival queue be again disordered making the capacity constraint again violated. In order to minimize the air delay costs, a second optimization to assign air delay is applied called AHP. Once the flights are leaving this airspace, they will be communicated their final assigned holding. Finally when they are entering the landing phase, they should first pass through the holding procedure to hold the time needed according to the delay assigned. Some of the conclusions after this research is that if capacity is reduced in destination airport, firstly a GHP can be applied before departure [1]. Then, an AHP can be applied for a second optimization purpose. If traffic is directly taken to be applied an AHP, the capacity flexibility is very reduced, while using pre-tactical regulation the capacity could be as small as desired. This outlines the advantage of using GHP and AHP together. Furthermore, although the main objective is to minimize the delay costs, if the flights are arriving earlier than scheduled in the most optimal case, the delays could be negative values, which means that costs are saved.

Consumer’s acceptance of new technology: A netnographic study on self-driving automobiles

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 13:15:26 +0100

problem of non-acceptance of new information technologies becomes a predominant obstacle that results in companies’ losses and represents an arena of avid debate for researchers. Hereof this netnographic study explores changes in the individual beliefs that contribute to new information system acceptance such as autopilot in the light of the Technology Acceptance model (TAM). The research takes place within three automobile communities related to Tesla Motors and uses content analysis for its collected data. Based on the findings new influencers on individual beliefs emerge hence the research proposes to incorporate these determinants into the adopted TAM model. This study has theoretical, practical and methodological contributions.

ComplexityCosts D2.2 - Model Implementation

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 20:15:46 +0100

The primary objective of ComplexityCosts is to better understand ATM network performance trade-offs for different stakeholder investment mechanisms under certain disruptions. In this report, software implementation of the ComplexityCosts model is reported. Classes, methods and interface functions are presented with practical examples. Previous deliverables on the ComplexityCosts sub-models on passengers and traffic, mechanisms and disturbances, are updated. The primary objective of ComplexityCosts is to better understand ATM network performance trade-offs for different stakeholder investment mechanisms under certain disruptions. In this report, software implementation of the ComplexityCosts model is reported. Classes, methods and interface functions are presented with practical examples. Previous deliverables on the ComplexityCosts sub-models on passengers and traffic, mechanisms and disturbances, are updated.

Fieldwork inhabitants, Toronto (Canada): Report 2h

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 20:12:11 +0100

Integrating Traffic Signal Performance Measures into Agency Business Processes

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:57:07 +0100

This report discusses uses of and requirements for performance measures in traffic signal systems facilitated by high-resolution controller event data. Uses of external travel time measurements are also discussed. The discussion is led by a high-level synthesis of the systems engineering concepts for traffic signal control, considering technical and non-technical aspects of the problem. This is followed by a presentation of the requirements for implementing data collection and processing of the data into signal performance measures. The remaining portion of the report uses an example-oriented approach to showing a variety of uses of performance measures for communication and detector system health, quality of local control (including capacity allocation, safety, pedestrian performance, preemption, and advanced control analysis), and quality of progression (including evaluation and optimization).

Very long term development of the Dutch Inland Waterway Transport System: Policy analysis, transport projections, shipping scenarios, and a new perspective on economic growth and future discounting: Extended summary report

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:53:02 +0100

This report, that provides an extended summary of a similar named thesis, addresses how a new method for the evaluation of policies with a very long term impact on the Dutch Inland Waterway Transport (IWT) system can be developed. It proposes an outline for a very long term transport model, prepares a number of very long term scenarios, and indicates that a different perspective on economic growth and future discounting is required to obtain realistic projections and develop sensible policies for issues with a very long term impact.

The Republic of Benin Diagnostic Trade Integration Study Update : From Rents to Competitiveness

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:43:51 +0100

The Government of Benin has requested an update of the 2005 Diagnostic Trade Integration Study and has asked the World Bank to take the leading role in this exercise. The update’s objectives are to (a) take stock of progress in the mainstreaming of trade in the government’s national development strategy and of implementation of the Action Matrix recommendations; (b) complement and deepen the analysis in selected areas; and (c) revise and update the Action Matrix to take account of the evolving context since 2006. The aim of the analysis is to assist the Government of Benin in defining an overall competitiveness strategy for inclusive, job-creating export-led growth in accordance with the key priorities identified in the 2013 Plan Stratégique de Développement du Commerce (PSDC), and to further mainstream trade into the general policy orientation defined by Benin’s key policy documents, including the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (GPRSP) update. The DTIS Update (DTISU) offers a diagnosis, analytical framework and action plan, giving trade expansion a key role in the reduction of poverty and vulnerability. As mandated by the Paris Principles, the DTISU’s approach is strongly aligned with the MICPME’s PSDC (Trade Development Strategy Plan, henceforth TDSP) and draws also from the diagnosis in the Government of Benin’s recent poverty assessment (INSAE 2014) as well as the 2011 update of the GPRSP. It emphasizes the linkages between poverty, jobs, and trade with two key objectives: (i) reducing poverty through trade-led growth, and (ii) reducing vulnerability.

Shifting into Higher Gear : Recommendations for Improved Grain Logistics in Ukraine

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:40:37 +0100

This study was conceived on the basis of a request by Ukraine’s Ministry of Agricultural Policies and Food (MoAPF). In 2013, the MoAPF explored the World Bank’s interest for investing in grain hoppers, following a deficit of hoppers and concerns about related difficulties for grain transport. In response, the World Bank secured resources from the Multi Donor Trust Fund for Trade and Development (TF016693) to carry out a review of grain logistics in Ukraine in order to better understand the challenges facing the sector. The objectives of this report are to assess the functioning of the grain logistics system, identify bottlenecks and put forward practical recommendations for investments and reform. Research points to five key drivers of current high logistics costs: (i) lack of regulatory clarity and sub-optimal management of public assets that create barriers to private investments; (ii) underutilization of river transport, (iii) underinvestment in rail transport; (iv) inefficiencies in storage management, and (v) excessive use of road transport. However, there are two important limitations of the report that should be taken into account. First, the ongoing crisis remains a source of uncertainty. It has so far had limited impact on grain production and logistics, yet access to finance has become more difficult and other impacts might arise in the future. Second, there are two areas that the report does not address: customs and ports. Both are important elements of logistics costs and deserve a comprehensive analysis in the future.

Republic of Congo Trade Facilitation Intervention : Trade Facilitation between Congo and Its Neighbors - Addressing the Bottlenecks

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:39:26 +0100

Trade facilitation is one of the key engines of growth in an economy. Improving the quality and reliability of the trade facilitation infrastructure and services is a major building block for reducing transaction costs, attracting domestic and foreign investment, and expanding access to economic opportunities. The Government of Congo, Rep. recognizesthat more needs to be done to address existing constraints to intra-regional trade. Indeed, efficient trade facilitation is central to achieving the objectives of Congo’s Vision 2025, whose overarching goal is to transform the country from a lower middle income economy to an upper middle income export-oriented economy. Attaining the country’s vision will require the addressing of at least three key constraints. Firstly, low investment in the development and maintenance ofthe country’s physical infrastructure; secondly, an insufficient and ineffective capacity to deliver therequired transport and port services; and thirdly, a lack of international competitiveness and export diversification. Addressing these constraints will catalyze the development of modern transport infrastructureand services, contributing to a reduction in the cost of doing business and thus increasing the country’scompetitiveness.Several policies and other interventions have been implemented by the Government to address the country’s trade facilitation challenges. Some of these interventions prioritize improving the quality and reliability of transport and port infrastructure and service, whichis critical for reducing transaction costs and attracting investments, contributing to the broader goals of inclusive growth by connecting rural communities toeconomic activities. This report aims to complement these efforts by making two key contributions. Firstly, it identifies thecore trade facilitation bottlenecks facing the country,and explores options for mitigating these challenges. Secondly, it presents an action plan covering both theexpansion of physical infrastructure and the developmentof transport sector structure, regulation, and institutional capacity; distinguishing between the short-and longer-term measures. The action plan is expected to strengthen the strategy for sustainable economic development and for informing dialogue on required reform measures. The report’s recommendations are also expected to support more inclusive growth, and also ensure that said inclusive growth is sustainable. It is hoped that the report’s findings will be used to inform the designand implementation of the measures required to promote trade facilitation.

Fieldwork inhabitants in Antwerp, Belgium

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:37:19 +0100

nalysis of how urban diversity and policies and arrangements affect different population groups living in Antwerp in terms of social cohesion and social mobility.

Performance, power, and energy of in-situ and post-processing visualization

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:36:56 +0100

The goal of this project was to "study the performance, power, and energy trade-offs among traditional post-processing, modern post-processing, and in-situ visualization pipelines."

Smart city solutions in regard to urbanization processes – Polish cases

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:34:04 +0100

"jats:p" The aim of this paper is to show the spectrum of problems associated with the growing importance of cities in the context of rapidly occurring processes of urbanization. Therefore the following issues are included: the concept of smart cities, which are a combination of the intelligent use of information systems allowing for active management of the various areas of urban activity with the potential of institutions, companies and the active involvement and creative people; transport problems and the use of new technologies. Particular attention will be given to both, the issue of transport congestion as the strongest factor affecting the quality of life of residents and to the role of social capital in the creation of sustainable development. To exemplify the result of the cooperation between southern Polish communities there will be presented a case of the introducing process of the Silesian Card of Public Services with a wide range of its functionality.

Document type: Article

India : Energy-Efficient Street Lighting--Implementation and Financing Solutions

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:33:32 +0100

There has been a clear need for energy-efficient (EE) technologies that can be applicable in the municipal street lighting sector. The objective of this manual is to support the preparation and implementation of street lighting projects in India, using performance contracting and other public private partnership-based delivery approaches. This manual draws upon global best practices, including practices that have been tried and presented within India and South Asia; and draws from their failures and successes to document the major lessons learned. The manual provides a brief overall background of EE in India, the kind of barriers faced in the implementation of EE projects, and the kind of prevalent policy environment for EE in the country. The manual is divided into eight sections. Section one provides an overview of EE street lighting, its components, Indian standards for outdoor lighting, the key lamp technologies, and the potential for intelligent street lighting systems. Section two highlights the financial models for implementation of street lighting projects. Section three describes the essentials of undertaking a detailed energy audit to develop robust baselines. Section four focuses on procurement and contracting. Section five describes methodologies for developing monitoring and verification (M and V) protocols for EE Street lighting projects. Section six brings together the useful tools and matrices in implementation of street lighting projects. Section seven lists the key stakeholders involved in India in such projects and their potential role. Section eight provides details on international and Indian case studies on implementing EE in street lighting and key lessons from these case examples.

Prioritization Strategy for State-budget and EU-funded Investments, According to Harmonized Selection Criteria Pursuant to EU-funded Project

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:31:44 +0100

Romania faces today the critical need to enhance the coordination of public investment programs and projects in order to ‘do more with less,’ maximizing development impact given limited financial resources available. In this context, ‘value for money’ is the key guiding principle of public investments, making this final report is both critically important and timely. Romania’s preparations for the 2014-2020 EU programming period are in full swing, with multiple operational programs recently approved. In parallel, the Government is working on revamping instruments financed entirely from the state budget. The core focus is on the National Local Development Program (PNDL), the main state-budget-funded investment program for local infrastructure development, though findings and recommendations may be extrapolated to other state-budget-funded instruments (e.g., the Environment Fund) and, indeed, as decentralization and regionalization may evolve in the future, subnational governments may also apply the lessons of this work. The main goal of this work is to recommend and facilitate the adoption of prioritization and selection criteria that enhance coordination at the level of infrastructure programs and the projects they finance.