Scipedia: Documents published in 2014

Multi–criteria Route Planning in Bus Network

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:11:53 +0100

Part 7: Networking; International audience; In this paper, we consider the problem of finding itineraries in bus networks under multiple independent optimization criteria, namely arrival time at destination and number of transfers. It is also allowed to walk from one stop to another if the two stops are located within a small distance. A timeâdependent model is proposed to solve this problem. While focusing on the network where the size of the Pareto set in the multiâcriteria shortest path problem might grow exponentially, we develop an efficient algorithm with its speedâup techniques. An evaluation on the qualities of found paths and the empirical results of different implementations are given. The results show that the allowance of walking shortcuts between nearby stops gives a better route planning.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

The mutual specialization of port regions connected by multiple commodity flows in a maritime network

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:09:21 +0100

International audience

Multi-Objective Airport Gate Assignment Problem in Planning and Operations

Scipedia content — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 15:44:33 +0100

We consider the assignment of gates to arriving and departing flights at a large hub airport. This problem is highly complex even in planning stage when all flight arrivals and departures are assumed to be known precisely in advance. There are various considerations that are involved while assigning gates to incoming and outgoing flights (such a flight pair for the same aircraft is called a turn) at an airport. Different gates have restrictions, such as adjacency, last-in first-out gates and towing requirements, which are known from the structure and layout of the airport. Some of the cost components in the objective function of the basic assignment model include notional penalty for not being able to assign a gate to an aircraft, penalty for the cost of towing an aircraft with a long layover, and penalty for not assigning preferred gates to certain turns. One of the major contributions of this paper is to provide mathematical model for all these complex constraints that are observed at a real airport. Further, we study the problem in both planning and operations modes simultaneously, and such an attempt is, perhaps, unique and unprecedented. For planning mode, we sequentially introduce new additional objectives to our gate assignment problem that have not been studied in the literature so far(i) maximization of passenger connection revenues, (ii) minimization of zone usage costs, and (iii) maximization of gate plan robustnessand include them to the model along with the relevant constraints. For operations mode, the main objectives studied in this paper are recovery of schedule by minimizing schedule variations and maintaining feasibility by minimal retiming in the event of major disruptions. Additionally, the operations mode models must have very, very short run times of the order of a few seconds. These models are then applied to a functional airline at one of its most congested hubs. Implementation is carried out using Optimization Programming Language, and computational results for actual data sets are reported. For the planning mode, analyst perception of weights for the different objectives in the multi-objective model is used wherever actual dollar value of the objective coefficient is not available. The results are also reported for large, reasonable changes in objective function coefficients. For the operations mode, flight delays are simulated, and the performance of the model is studied. The final results indicate that it is possible to apply this model to even large real-life problems instances to optimality within short run times with clever formulation of conventional continuous time assignment model. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Document type: Report

Strain based design methodology of large diameter grade x80 linepipe

Scipedia content — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 15:41:40 +0100

Continuous growth in energy demand is driving oil and natural gas production to areas that are often located far from major markets where the terrain is prone to earthquakes, landslides, and other types of ground motion. Transmission pipelines that cross this type of terrain can experience large longitudinal strains and plastic circumferential elongation as the pipeline experiences alignment changes resulting from differential ground movement. Such displacements can potentially impact pipeline safety by adversely affecting structural capacity and leak tight integrity of the linepipe steel. Planning for new long-distance transmission pipelines usually involves consideration of higher strength linepipe steels because their use allows pipeline operators to reduce the overall cost of pipeline construction and increase pipeline throughput by increasing the operating pressure. The design trend for new pipelines in areas prone to ground movement has evolved over the last 10 years from a stress-based design approach to a strain-based design (SBD) approach to further realize the cost benefits from using higher strength linepipe steels. This report presents an overview of SBD for pipelines subjected to large longitudinal strain and high internal pressure with emphasis on the tensile strain capacity of high-strength microalloyed linepipe steel. The technical basis for this report involvedmoreÂ Â» engineering analysis and examination of the mechanical behavior of Grade X80 linepipe steel in both the longitudinal and circumferential directions. Testing was conducted to assess effects on material processing including as-rolled, expanded, and heat treatment processing intended to simulate coating application. Elastic-plastic and low-cycle fatigue analyses were also performed with varying internal pressures. Proposed SBD models discussed in this report are based on classical plasticity theory and account for material anisotropy, triaxial strain, and microstructural damage effects developed from test data. The results are intended to enhance SBD and analysis methods for producing safe and cost effective pipelines capable of accommodating large plastic strains in seismically active arctic areas.Â«Â le

Document type: Report

Labor Mobility and Racial Discrimination

Scipedia content — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 13:47:56 +0100

This paper assesses the impact of labor mobility on racial discrimination. We present an equilibrium search model that reveals an inverted U-shaped relationship between labor mobility and race-based wage differentials. We explore this relationship empirically with an exogenous mobility shock on the European soccer labor market. The Bosman ruling by the European Court of Justice in 1995 lifted restrictions on soccer player mobility. Using a panel of all clubs in the English first division from 1981 to 2008, we compare the pre- and post-Bosman ruling market to identify the causal effect of intensified mobility on race-based wage differentials. Consistent with a taste-based explanation, we find evidence that increasing labor market mobility decreases racial discrimination.

Document type: Report

Review of quantitative monitoring methodologies for emissions verification and accounting for carbon dioxide capture and storage for california s greenhouse gas cap and trade and low carbon fuel standard programs

Scipedia content — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 13:35:58 +0100

Author(s): Oldenburg, Curtis M.; Birkholzer, Jens T. | Abstract: The Cap-and-Trade and Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) programs being administered by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) include Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) as a potential means to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, there is currently no universal standard approach that quantifies GHG emissions reductions for CCS and that is suitable for the quantitative needs of the Cap-and-Trade and LCFS programs. CCS involves emissions related to the capture (e.g., arising from increased energy needed to separate carbon dioxide (CO2) from a flue gas and compress it for transport), transport (e.g., by pipeline), and storage of CO2 (e.g., due to leakage to the atmosphere from geologic CO2 storage sites). In this project, we reviewed and compared monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA) protocols for CCS from around the world by focusing on protocols specific to the geologic storage part of CCS. In addition to presenting the review of these protocols, we highlight in this report those storage-related MVA protocols that we believe are particularly appropriate for CCS in California. We find that none of the existing protocols is completely appropriate for California, but various elements of all of them could be adopted and/or augmented to develop a rigorous, defensible, and practical surface leakage MVA protocol for California. The key features of a suitable surface leakage MVA plan for California are that it: (1) informs and validates the leakage risk assessment, (2) specifies use of the most effective monitoring strategies while still being flexible enough to accommodate special or site-specific conditions, (3) allow quantification of stored CO2, and (4) offer defensible estimates of uncertainty in monitored properties. CaliforniaÂs surface leakage MVA protocol needs to be applicable to the main CO2 storage opportunities (in California and in other states with entities participating in CaliforniaÂs Cap-and-Trade or LCFS programs), specifically CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR), CO2 injection into depleted gas reservoirs (with or without CO2-enhanced gas recovery (CO2-EGR)), as well as deep saline storage. Regarding the elements of an effective surface leakage MVA protocol, our recommendations for California are that: (1) both CO2 and methane (CH4) surface leakage should be monitored, especially for enhanced recovery scenarios, (2) emissions from all sources not directly related to injection and geologic storage (e.g., from capture, pipeline transport, etc.) should be monitored and reported under a plan separate from the surface leakage MVA plan that is included as another component of the quantification methodology (QM), (3) the primary objective of the surface leakage MVA plan should be to quantify surface leakage of CO2 and CH4 and its uncertainty, with consideration of best-practices and state-of-the-art approaches to monitoring including attribution assessment, (4) effort should be made to monitor CO2 storage and migration in the subsurface to anticipate future surface leakage monitoring needs, (5) detailed descriptions of specific monitoring technologies and approaches should be provided in the MVA plan, (6) the main purpose of the CO2 injection project (CO2-EOR, CO2-EGR, or pure geologic carbon sequestration (GCS)) needs to be stated up front, (7) approaches to dealing with missing data and quantifying uncertainty need to be described, and (8) post-injection monitoring should go on for a period consistent with or longer than that prescribed by the U.S. EPA.

Document type: Report

Appending high resolution elevation data to gps speed traces for vehicle energy modeling and simulation

Scipedia content — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 10:18:37 +0100

Accurate and reliable global positioning system (GPS)-based vehicle use data are highly valuable for many transportation, analysis, and automotive considerations. Model-based design, real-world fuel economy analysis, and the growing field of autonomous and connected technologies (including predictive powertrain control and self-driving cars) all have a vested interest in high-fidelity estimation of powertrain loads and vehicle usage profiles. Unfortunately, road grade can be a difficult property to extract from GPS data with consistency. In this report, we present a methodology for appending high-resolution elevation data to GPS speed traces via a static digital elevation model. Anomalous data points in the digital elevation model are addressed during a filtration/smoothing routine, resulting in an elevation profile that can be used to calculate road grade. This process is evaluated against a large, commercially available height/slope dataset from the Navteq/Nokia/HERE Advanced Driver Assistance Systems product. Results will show good agreement with the Advanced Driver Assistance Systems data in the ability to estimate road grade between any two consecutive points in the contiguous United States.

Document type: Report

Full electrification of Lund city bus traffic - A simulation study

Scipedia content — Thu, 22 Oct 2020 16:13:43 +0200

Flexible and economic systems for full electric operation of road vehicles are an area of intense research and development. This report applies such systems to the operation of all city buses in Lund."br /" Software for simulation and economic optimization of such systems is developed and a few system designs are presented. An attempt to a realistic cost and performance estimate of the main components is presented. All buses are assumed to operate at the same schedule as today. Under some of the assumptions these systems are shown to be cheaper than diesel and gas buses in addition to"br /" being quieter and without local pollution. Document type: Report

Collaborative Management of Intermodal Mobility

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:34:14 +0200

Part 21: Mobility and Logistics; International audience; Throughout the world societies are changing, so is mobility behavior. People are increasingly using multiple modes of transport; not only different modes for different trips but also combined use of different modes within one trip can be observed. Furthermore decisions for certain modes on specific trip stages depend on situational context (e.g. current traffic) and individual preferences. This trend can be supported by collaboration of mobility and service providers. Therefore information systems need to provide real-time data about traffic, provider status (of several mobility providers) and possible transfer points to enact context sensitive route adjustment. Alongside with customer preferences traffic flow can be optimized on individual and public level. In this article we strive to highlight challenges associated to this scenario. In addition we will present an architecture for intermodal information systems that offers services for individual planning, real-time route adjustment and provider cooperation.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Knowledge Management in Public Transportation: Experiences in Brazilian Bus Companies

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:28:29 +0200

Part 2: Knowledge-Based Services; International audience; The Brazilian public transportation system is composed of small and medium size companies. These companies may not be prepared to thrive in a competitive environment because, generally, these firms are managed like a family business. Thus, Knowledge Management (KM) can be defined as an efficient and simple way to solve day-to-day problems and drive the quality of services. Knowledge Management System (KMS) is a business process developed to encompass a basic investigative process, which consists of a synthetic diagnosis of the general conditions and the establishment of programs aimed at the generation of improvements based on the reduction and or elimination of wastefulness. This paper presents KM methodology (KM and KMS) applied in three case studies in Brazilian bus companies. The results indicate that application of this methodology allows companies to reach a competitive advantage. This paper is a result of consulting services in these companies.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Urban energy planning in Turku:[PLEEC Report D4.2 / Turku]

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:20:23 +0200

Since industrialisation, Turku has been an important industrial town in Finland and still is. Today, after considerable restructuring of the industrial sector, most jobs (79 % in the city of Turku) are within services. Besides its economic base, Turku also is experiencing a change in the former prevailing urban sprawl, characterising urban development since the 1950s. The city is densifying and promoting sustainable urban develop-ment, though at a regional scale with several growth centres. Its future development is envisioned in the Structure model 2035, focusing on more compact urban development along public transport corridors. From the case report three issues arise which might be of considerable interest in a broader context of the PLEEC project:"br/""br/"1. Working with energy efficient regional urban structure (e.g. regarding urban sprawl) in a low density country and on a voluntary cooperative basis"br/"2. Keeping the industrial base in a city facing deindustrialisation and aiming for energy efficiency"br/"3. Decentralisation of energy supply enables new forms of settlements with the example of Skanssi

Document type: Book

Experimental Study on Induction Heating Equipment Applied in Wireless Energy Transfer for Smart Grids

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:19:07 +0200

Part 17: Power Conversion; International audience; This work is focused on the design of the contactless energy transmitters and testing of their electrical parameters, varying the working frequency in the kHz range. The intended application is related to the possibility to make most efficient wireless charging of different batteries from the grid, guaranteeing more acceptable use of the electric vehicles.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Interdomain Traffic Engineering Techniques to Overcome Undesirable Connectivity Incidents

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:16:20 +0200

Part 6: Poster Sessions; International audience; The importance of Internet availability is supported by the overwhelming dependence of government services and financial institutions upon said availability. Unfortunately, the Internet is facing different level of undesirable connectivity incidents. So, it is imperative to take serious measures in order to increase Internet connectivity resilience. We consider a scenario where a concerned region is facing an undesirable connectivity incident by its primary Internet Service Provider (ISP) which still advertises reachability to the concerned region. Assuming that connectivity to a secondary ISP is available, software is designed to implement different traffic engineering techniques in order to enhance internet connectivity resilience and send the traffic through the secondary ISP. The work is characterized by the implementation of these traffic engineering techniques in the laboratory through a detailed set of experiments.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Urban energy planning in Tartu:[PLEEC Report D4.2 / Tartu]

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:11:36 +0200

The Estonian planning system allots the main responsibilities for planning activities to the local level, whereas the regional level (county) is rather weak. That implies a gap of cooperation on the regional level, leading to dispersed urban development in suburban municipalities and ongoing urban sprawl in the vicinity of Tartu. This development appears contrary to the concept of low-density urbanised space as formulated in the National Spatial Plan Estonia 2030+ (NSP) as the central spatial development concept for Estonia and also to a compact and intensive city development as formulated in the Master Plan of Tartu."br/""br/"Since Tartu has no relevant big industries, the main employers are the municipality and the university, energy related challenges occur from transport and residential (district) heating. The modal split shows big differences between journeys within Tartu and journeys between Tartu and its vicinity. While the first shows a high share of public transport and walking, the latter includes a high share of car use, especially in work related travelling. This is closely related to the issue of ongoing urban sprawl and increasing car ownership. Although the Tartu City Transport Development Plan 2012-2020 points very clearly at the weaknesses in the transport system of Tartu, the plan is not addressing cross-border issues, like e.g. regional commuting."br/""br/"The highest share of emissions is allotted to energy production. In terms of energy sources Estonia is very much dependent on imports like oil and gas and the Estonian electricity production is to more than 90 % based on Estonian oil shale. Thus, efforts towards higher energy efficiency at least on the national level are rather driven by ambitions to decrease fuel dependency than merely efficiency objectives. That illustrates the need for a transition of the energy supply and generation system in Estonia from two forces: decreasing fuel dependency and a shift to an increasing use of renewable resources.

Document type: Book

Multi objective multiagent credit assignment through difference rewards in reinforcement learning

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:10:39 +0200

Multiagent systems have had a powerful impact on the real world. Many of the systems it studies air traffic, satellite coordination, rover exploration are inherently multi-objective, but they are often treated as single-objective problems within the research. A very important concept within multiagent systems is that of credit assignment: clearly quantifying an individual agent's impact on the overall system performance. In this work we extend the concept of credit assignment into multi-objective problems, broadening the traditional multiagent learning framework to account for multiple objectives. We show in two domains that by leveraging established credit assignment principles in a multi-objective setting, we can improve performance by i increasing learning speed by up to 10x ii reducing sensitivity to unmodeled disturbances by up to 98.4% and iii producing solutions that dominate all solutions discovered by a traditional team-based credit assignment schema. Our results suggest that in a multiagent multi-objective problem, proper credit assignment is as important to performance as the choice of multi-objective algorithm.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

ViaRODOS: Monitoring and Visualisation of Current Traffic Situation on Highways

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:10:21 +0200

Part 5: Industrial Management and Other Applications; International audience; This paper describes methods of traffic monitoring based on on-line retrieval of big data both from cars equipped with GPS devices and stationary sensor systems. Various visualization methods and styles of presentation are discussed with focus on linear structure of gathered traffic data along observed routes. Visualized data is available via interactive web interface which uses modern vector graphic standard and enables presentation of as much information as possible with common, well-known traffic symbolism.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Survey Harmonisation with New Technologies Improvement SHANTI

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:10:04 +0200

The SHANTI (Survey Harmonization with New Technologies Improvement) COST Action has coordinated research efforts on data harmonization for transport surveys across Europe. 36 laboratories from 21 countries (of Europe, but also Australia) have worked together in 20 meetings and four working groups, towards the harmonization of methods of production and processing of national data on mobility, taking into account the contribution of new technologies (logs from GPS, GSM, RDS, etc.) in order to make international comparisons. Thus, we have produced correction to cope the bias due to different survey methods and produced robust and consistent daily mobility estimators. This Action was a forum not only to emerge (with Eurostat and DG Move) new projects around data as the collection on a continuous basis and standardization enabled by these new technologies, but also to produce articles and scientific papers.

Document type: Book

Mathematical Models for Aircraft Trajectory Design : A Survey

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:08:52 +0200

International audience; Air traffic management ensures the safety of flight by optimizing flows and maintaining separation between aircraft. After giving some definitions, some typical feature of aircraft trajectories are presented. Trajectories are objects belonging to spaces with infinite dimensions. The naive way to address such problem is to sample trajectories at some regular points and to create a big vector of positions (and or speeds). In order to manipulate such objects with algorithms, one must reduce the dimension of the search space by using more efficient representations. Some dimension reduction tricks are then presented for which advantages and drawbacks are presented. Then, front propagation approaches are introduced with a focus on Fast Marching Algorithms and Ordered upwind algorithms. An example of application of such algorithm to a real instance of air traffic control problem is also given. When aircraft dynamics have to be included in the model, optimal control approaches are really efficient. We present also some application to aircraft trajectory design. Finally, we introduce some path planning techniques via natural language processing and mathematical programming.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Operation Modes of Battery Chargers for Electric Vehicles in the Future Smart Grids

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:06:20 +0200

This paper presents an on-board bidirectional battery charger for Electric Vehicles (EVs), which operates in three different modes: Grid-to- Vehicle (G2V), Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H). Through these three operation modes, using bidirectional communications based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), it will be possible to exchange data between the EV driver and the future smart grids. This collaboration with the smart grids will strengthen the collective awareness systems, contributing to solve and organize issues related with energy resources and power grids. This paper presents the preliminary studies that results from a PhD work related with bidirectional battery chargers for EVs. Thus, in this paper is described the topology of the on-board bidirectional battery charger and the control algorithms for the three operation modes. To validate the topology it was developed a laboratory prototype, and were obtained experimental results for the three operation modes. FEDER Funds, through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors COMPETE, and by National Funds through FCT Foundation for Science and Technology of Portugal, under the project FCOMP-01-0124- FEDER-022674, and QREN project AAC n.º36/SI/2009 13844

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Modelling growth scenarios for biofuels in South Africas transport sector

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:56:27 +0200

South Africa has a nascent biofuels industry and emerging regulatory framework, and although water scarcity limits local supply potential, that of the southern African region appears substantial. This paper describes the results and modelling approach of an assessment of potential biofuel demand from South Africa's transport sector to 2050 that may respond to this supply under a number of scenarios. Findings suggest implementing biofuel mandates will require significant additional areas of land for local supply, but that the bulk of potential demand is highly dependent on the evolution of transport technology, particularly the penetration of flex-fuel passenger cars.

Document type: Book

Big, Linked and Open Data: Applications in the German Aerospace Center

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:56:10 +0200

Earth Observation satellites acquire huge volumes of high resolution images continuously increasing the size of the archives and the variety of EO products. However, only a small part of this data is exploited. In this paper, we present how we take advantage of the TerraSAR-X images of the German Aerospace Center in order to build applications on top of EO data.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

A safety analysis via minimal path sets detection for object-oriented models

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:47:49 +0200

A new method is developed that integrates safety analysis with multi-domain object-oriented modelling. This is the contribution aimed by this paper. First, it recaps the basics of object-oriented modelling. Then, a model of a safety relevant aircraft system, a stabiliser trim system, is established using component models from generic libraries that are supplemented with failure behaviour. Next, a generic method is developed that automatically detects the minimal path sets of a technical system based on the corresponding object-oriented model, thus performing a safety analysis. Techniques from graph theory are adopted for computational efficiency and feasibility of the method. The minimal path sets detection method is exemplified by means of the established realistic system model.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Typologie en standplaatsonderzoek van berm- en dijkvegetaties langs enkele W&Z-waterlopen

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:43:49 +0200

Document type: Book

Design for energy-aware IP over WDM networks with hibernation mode and group-node techniques

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:42:25 +0200

The focus of the paper is an investigation and evaluation of energy efficient solutions in IP over WDM core networks using as a foundation, a hierarchy of hibernation modes implementing different degrees of node groupings and fibre links establishment that support a sleep state. It seeks to embed this groups-nodes strategy into an intelligent control plane implementing routing schemes targeting energy consumption, adaptive signalling and traffic engineering. A Group-Nodes mechanism is proposed as a function of topology and node distribution based on a fixed (or geographical) and random (or ownership) principle. The impact of the proposed technique on energy saving and network performance is assessed; results are presented and evaluated for various scenarios. Evaluation of this methodology indicates potential reduction in power consumption from 7 % up to 15 % at the expense of reduced network performance.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Agent based modeling and simulation for the design of the future european air traffic management system the experience of cassiopeia

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:28:10 +0200

The SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) program is an ambitious research and development initiative to design the future European air traffic management (ATM) system. The study of the behavior of ATM systems using agent-based modeling and simulation tools can help the development of new methods to improve their performance. This paper presents an overview of existing agent-based approaches in air transportation (paying special attention to the challenges that exist for the design of future ATM systems) and, subsequently, describes a new agent-based approach that we proposed in the CASSIOPEIA project, which was developed according to the goals of the SESAR program. In our approach, we use agent models for different ATM stakeholders, and, in contrast to previous work, our solution models new collaborative decision processes for flow traffic management, it uses an intermediate level of abstraction (useful for simulations at larger scales), and was designed to be a practical tool (open and reusable) for the development of different ATM studies. It was successfully applied in three studies related to the design of future ATM systems in Europe.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

The Effects of the Intensity, Timing and Persistance of Personal History of Mobility on Support for Redistribution

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:23:34 +0200

This paper examines the association between the intensity, timing, and persistence of personal history of mobility on individual support for redistribution. Using both rounds of the Life in Transition Survey, the paper builds measures of downward mobility for about 57,000 individuals from 27 countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The analysis finds that more intensive, recent, and persistent downward mobility increases support for redistribution more. A number of extensions and checks are done by, among others, taking into account systematic bias in perceived mobility experience, considering an alternative definition of redistributive preferences, and exploring the severity of omitted variable bias problems. Overall, the results are robust.

Document type: Book

Summary report on urban energy planning:Potentials and barriers in six European medium-sized cities. [Deliverable 4.4]

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:22:53 +0200

Based on the case study (Deliverables 4.2) as well as the thematic (Deliverable 4.3) work, a list of 29 spatial planning measures and policies was elaborated. The measures can increase energy efficiency, reduce energy use or increasing the share of renewable energy in a city."br/""br/"In the main part of this report we analyse the application of these measures in"br/"each of the six PLEEC cities and suggest which areas the cities could work further on. In the final section of this report we draw some general conclusions based on WP4 work. We state four general questions (and some remarks to it) which cities should take into consideration when working on their Energy Efficiency Action Plans:"br/"(1) How can spatial planning reduce energy use in our cities?"br/"(2) How do different geographical, regional, cultural or political contexts influence options?"br/"(3) How can we measure and monitor its effects?"br/"(4) What is the scope of municipal action?

Document type: Book

Using geological data to identify some environmental problems associated with existing pipelines and other linear structures

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:13:37 +0200

Pipelines and other linear structures often cover large distances across topographically and geologically varied ground. In the last decade, or so, geological information has started to become available in digital form for countries and regions. This enables a wide-range of users, including pipeline operators, to access interpreted geohazard information not only for the construction of new linear infrastructure, but also to assess a range of geological risks to existing linear infrastructure that might have been constructed before such information was available.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Aircraft Wake Vortex State-of-the-Art & Research Needs

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:12:24 +0200

This report has been compiled by the partners of the WakeNet3-Europe consortium with the support of several external experts. It describes the present international state-of-the-art in wake vortex research and application focusing on recent developments in the various involved disciplines and specifically evaluates research activities needed in order to provide operational benefits in line with ongoing SESAR developments, in response to ACARE goals and following Europes vision for aviation, Flightpath 2050.

Document type: Book

Anavanet an experiment and visualization tool for vehicular networks

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:11:56 +0200

International audience; The experimental evaluation of wireless and mobile networks is a challenge that rarely substitutes simulation in research works. This statement is even more evident in vehicular communications, due to the equipment and effort needed to obtain significant and realistic results. In this paper, key issues in vehicular experimental evaluation are analyzed by an evaluation tool called AnaVANET, especially designed for assessing the performance of vehicular networks. This software processes the output of well-known testing tools such as ping or iperf, together with navigation information, to generate geo-aware performance figures of merit both in numeric and graphical forms. Its main analysis capabilities are used to validate the good performance in terms of delay, packet delivery ratio and throughput of NEMO, when using a road-side segment based on IPv6 GeoNetworking.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Architectures for cyber security incident reporting in safety critical systems

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:10:59 +0200

Cyber-attacks can have a devastating impact on safety-critical systems. The increasing reliance on mass market Commercial Off-The Shelf (COTS) infrastructures, including Linux and the IP stack, have created vulnerabilities in applications ranging from Air Traffic Management through to Railway signalling and Maritime surveillance. Once a system has been attacked, it is impossible to demonstrate that malware has been completely eradicated from a safety-related network. For instance, recent generations of malware use zero day exploits and process injection with command and control server architectures to circumvent existing firewalls and monitoring software. This creates enormous problems for regulators who must determine whether or not it is acceptably safe to resume operations. It is, therefore, important that we learn as much as possible from previous cyber-attacks without disclosing information that might encourage future attacks. This chapter describes different architectures for encouraging the exchange of lessons learned from security incidents in safety-critical applications.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Numerical simulations for cathodic protection of pipelines

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:04:08 +0200

Abstract: Mathematical models may be used for design or evaluation of cathodic protection (CP) systems. This chapter provides a historical perspective and a mathematical framework for the development of such models. The mathematical description accounts for calculation of both on- and off-potentials at arbitrarily located surfaces, thus making this approach attractive for simulation of external corrosion direct assessment (ECDA) methods. The approach also allows simulation of independent CP systems. Application of the model is presented for three cases: (a) enhancing interpretation of ECDA results in terms of the condition of the buried pipe; (b) simulating the detrimental influences of competing rectifier settings for crossing pipes protected by independent CP systems (e.g., rectifier wars); and (c) simulating the influence of coatings and coating holidays on the CP of above-ground tank bottoms.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Automated Bias-Correction for Accurate FCD Processing Systems

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:58:11 +0200

Within the European research project SimpleFleet, a fleet management system for small and medium enterprises has been developed. GPS traces are collected from equipped vehicles and fed into an FCD processing system to generate traffic data. To estimate the quality of derived traffic data and determine the systematic bias of a FCD processing system a previous method called self-evaluation was applied for specific times of day and roads with similar characteristics. With the assumption that the relative bias is the same for corresponding traffic situations, it can be transferred and used to correct results of further computations. Notice that this opens up a convenient road for automated online corrections based on really large amounts of data, rather than on small data sets from costly measurement campaigns.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Integration of Distribution Grid Constraints in an Event-driven Control Strategy for Plug-in Electric Vehicles in a Multi-aggregator Setting

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:56:49 +0200

In literature, several mechanisms are proposed to prevent Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) from overloading the distribution grid. However, it is unclear how such technical mechanisms influence the market level control strategies of a PEV aggregator. Moreover, the presence of multiple aggregators in the same distribution grid further complicates the problem. Often, grid congestion management mechanisms are proposed to solve the potential interference between the technical and market objectives. Such methods come at the expense of additional complexity and costs, which is not beneficial for the large scale application of demand response. In our work, we investigate this problem by combining a simple low level voltage droop controller with an event driven control strategy for the coordination of charging PEVs. The approach is evaluated in different distribution grid settings, using two different market objectives for the aggregator.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

An agent based approach for the design of the future european air traffic management system

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:54:18 +0200

This paper describes an agent-based approach for the simulation of air traffic management (ATM) in Europe that was designed to help analyze proposals for future ATM systems. This approach is able to represent new collaborative decision processes for flow traffic management, it uses an intermediate level of abstraction (useful for simulations at larger scales), and was designed to be a practical tool (open and reusable) for the development of different ATM studies. It was successfully applied in three studies related to the design of future ATM systems in Europe.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Thematic report on urban energy planning:buildings, industry, transport and energy generation

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:46:49 +0200

The report reviews relations between urban structure (spatial structure + institutional structure) and four core themes of urban energy:"br/" Urban planning and energy use in buildings (mainly residential buildings)"br/" Industrial energy use and urban form"br/" Spatial Planning, Urban Form and Transport Energy Consumption"br/" Urban energy generation"br/""br/"The reports ends with a summary of potential measure and policies of spatial planning in each of the four themes. However, we highlight also that it is crucial to consider the wider perspective and include considerations of potential rebound effects on direct and indirect energy use."br

Document type: Book

Seismic response of underground lifeline systems

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:46:08 +0200

This paper presents and discusses the recent developments related to seismic performance and assessment of buried pipelines. The experience from the performance of pipelines during last earthquakes provided invaluable information and lead to new developments in the analysis and technologies. Especially, the pipeline performance during Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand is taken as a case study here. The data collected for the earthquake sequence are unprecedented in size and detail, involving ground motion recordings from scores of seismograph stations, high resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) measurements of vertical and lateral movements after each event, and detailed repair records for thousands of km of underground pipelines with coordinates for the location of each repair. One of the important learnings from the recent earthquakes is that some earthquake resistant design and technologies proved to be working. This provides a motivation to increase international exchange and cooperation on earthquake resistant technologies. Another observation is that preventive maintenance is important to reduce the pipeline damage risk from seismic and other hazards. To increase the applicability and sustainability, seismic improvements should be incorporated into the pipe replacement and asset management programs as part of the preventive maintenance concept. However, it is also important to put in the most proper pipeline from the start as replacing or retrofitting the pipelines later requires substantial investment. In this respect, seismic considerations should be taken into account properly in the design phase. © The Author(s) 2015.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

AIRBUS A350 XWB GVT - State of the art techniques to perform a faster and better GVT Campaign.

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:45:26 +0200

In April and May 2013, the ONERA-DLR specialized team has performed the GVT (Ground Vibration Testing) campaigns of the new composite design AIRBUS A350 XWB. The first GVT was performed on the first aircraft prototype with duration of 9 measurement days. Another GVT was performed within 2 measurement days on the third prototype with focus on the nose landing gear dynamics. The very short time devoted to those test campaigns, imposed by a strict and busy planning from AIRBUS A350 XWB FAL (Final Assembly Line), required to adapt test techniques and methods and an optimized workflow to meet the challenging test requirements. A strong synergy between AIRBUS, ONERA and DLR teams allowed performing the shortest GVT campaign on a long range aircraft never before realized. The test program involved mixing PSM (Phase Separation Methods) and PRM (Phase Resonance Methods), addressing nonlinear behaviours. Due to novel database systems, the most complete modal model database ever delivered was obtained. This paper is devoted to describe the processes followed and the methods used in this particularly hard context and how those contributed to the successful achievement of this demanding test campaign.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Aerodynamic design of a folded kruger device for a hlfc wing

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:38:39 +0200

This work presents the design of a folded Krüger device under realistic geometrical requirements for a wing with hybrid laminar flow control (HLFC). A focus is laid on the investigation of the trade-off between space allocation of the retracted Krüger and the aerodynamic high-lift performance. The results reveal that the Krüger device is able to replace a reference slat device in relation to its aerodynamic high-lift performance. Further on the reduction of the allocation space influences the high-lift performance unfavorably.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Communication System for Persons with Cerebral Palsy In Situ Observation of Social Interaction Following Assisted Information Request

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:36:56 +0200

International audience; People with disabilities may encounter many communication difficulties. Our main goal is to develop a communication system, called COMMOB, designed to assist people with cerebral palsy in different contexts: at home, at work and in public places. After a brief review of the different categories of as-sistive communication systems, our user-centered design approach is presented. It was tested in a public place in the context of a help request by a cerebral palsy person in a wheelchair. The result concerns particularly the response rate. The assistive power of COMMOB was rated from the respondents' and the user's point of view. The main lesson to be learned is that the most difficult was to attract the attention of people and to engage the interaction.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Vehicle detection based on multi feature clues and dempster shafer fusion theory

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:35:05 +0200

On-road vehicle detection and rear-end crash prevention are demanding subjects in both academia and automotive industry. The paper focuses on monocular vision-based vehicle detection under challenging lighting conditions, being still an open topic in the area of driver assistance systems. The paper proposes an effective vehicle detection method based on multiple features analysis and Dempster-Shafer-based fusion theory. We also utilize a new idea of Adaptive Global Haar-like (AGHaar) features as a promising method for feature classification and vehicle detection in both daylight and night conditions. Validation tests and experimental results show superior detection results for day, night, rainy, and challenging conditions compared to state-of-the-art solutions.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Walkability Explorer: an evaluation and design support tool for walkability

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:24:50 +0200

Walkability Explorer is a software tool for the evaluation of urban walkability which, we argue, is an important aspect of the quality of life in cities. Many conventional approaches to the assessment of quality of life measure the distribution, density and distances of different opportunities in space. But distance is not all there is. To reason in terms of urban capabilities of people we should also take into account the quality of pedestrian accessibility and of urban opportunities offered by the city. The software tool we present in this paper is an user-friendly implementation of such an evaluation approach to walkability. It includes several GIS and analysis features, and is interoperable with other standard GIS and data-analysis tools.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Growth, poverty and inequality in Rwanda: A broad perspective

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:19:29 +0200

This study focuses on growth, poverty and inequality in Rwanda. We take a broad perspective, in two respects. First, we consider a long time period so as to compare the current situation with the pre-war situation, allowing us to assess whether the recent successes can be attributed to a recovery from a very low post-war base or whether they mark real progress.Second, we look beyond static measures of material welfare and study economic and social mobility as well as indicators of human development and subjective well-being.

Document type: Book

Urban energy planning in Eskilstuna:[PLEEC Report D4.2 / Eskilstuna]

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:17:41 +0200

Eskilstuna has introduced energy and climate policies in most sectors, enterprise and planning. It thus offers an excellent study field. "br/""br/"Energy and climate policy is divided into two policy arenas: The arena of the municipality acting as a concern and the arena of the municipality acting as a stakeholder of energy initiatives towards the general public. The efficiency of the first is very high, due to an omnipresence of sustainability thinking. The total effect of the latter is, however, much larger, due to the size of the arena. "br/""br/"Principles of urban development are generally acknowledged as an important instrument for sustainability. Urban densification and urban connectivity to transport routes facilitated by public transport are the two main principles. "br/""br/"Policies of sustainability are of second-order as compared to the economic driven changes of the urban system. A prime first-order development is regional enlargement synonymous with increased transport. Second-order policies are modal split initiatives aiming at public rather than private transportation facilitated by infrastructure and infrastructure lead urban development. "br/" "br/"The largest amount of energy consumption is in the sectors of transport, households and industry. Potentials reduction of CO2 emissions vary: Transportation depends on fossil fuels, difficult to cope with, whereas energy consumption in households is composed by a number of energy sources, including an increasing amount of renewables operated by large district heating plants as well as by individual house owners initiatives. "br/""br/"Thus, national measures are efficiently introduced in the conversion of district heating into renewables as well as conversion of the heating of single family dwellings using heat pumps and solar cells. Designing incentives to reduce fossil fuels in transport remains the key challenge. "br/""br/"At municipal level the consumption of electricity is of special concern. Only about 25% of electricity it is possible to produce by local combined power and district heating plants. Some small additional power may be provided locally by e.g. solar cells. But for the remaining part consumers are dependent upon national grids, i.e. power produced by energy sources that are beyond the control of the municipality.

Document type: Book

Collaborating multiple 3pl enterprises for ontology based interoperable transportation planning

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:12:55 +0200

Today enterprises have to distribute their final products to far away consumers. It is difficult and not cost effective for these enterprises to manage their own transport vehicles. Thus, they outsource their transportation tasks to third party logistics (3PL) companies. These 3PL companies take transport orders from several clients and try to group them in the vehicles to utilize their resources at maximum. An issue of interoperability arises, when 3PL companies have to process different transport orders arriving from several clients in different formats and terminologies. Secondly, how 3PLS will collaborate with other 3PL companies following different working standards and also for collaboratively delivering transport orders which single 3PL cannot deliver alone due to its limited operational geographic area. Interoperability to achieve collaborative transportation planning is our concern in the context of this paper. Interoperability is a key issue for collaboration, especially in case of heterogeneous environment, when entities trying to collaborate have different ways of functioning and follow certain standards specific to their organizations. So the objective of this paper is to present a distributed and interoperable architecture for planning transportation activities of multiple logistics enterprises aiming at a better use of transport resources and by grouping transport orders of several manufacturers for each effective displacement.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Telematics for the Analysis of Vehicle Fleet Fuel Consumption

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:11:26 +0200

Within the European research project SimpleFleet, a telematics system for fleet management business intelligence was developed, delivering live or near-realtime statistics about individual vehicles or the entire fleet. This supports the fleet manager in ad-hoc decisions and in medium and long term improvements. The fleet vehicles (e.g. taxis, delivery vans) are equipped with an On-Board-Unit (OBU) for GPS tracking and data collection from other sensors, e.g., an engine on/off detector. These raw data are sent to a host system and database, being enhanced to Floating Car Data (FCD) using map-matching and routing. Beside other route-related information, consulted fleet operators expressed their interest especially in fuel consumption calculation. For this purpose the German EWS procedure was chosen, providing 2nd degree polynomial functions of the driven speed. Final results for the test in the Athens region are presented, including the comparison of two calculation approaches with different aggregation levels of driven speeds.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Incorporating the position of sharing action in predicting popular videos in online social networks

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:52:05 +0200

Predicting popular videos in online social networks (OSNs) is important for network traffic engineering and video recommendation. In order to avoid the difficulty of acquiring all OSN users activities, recent studies try to predict popular media contents in OSNs only based on a very small number of users, referred to as experts. However, these studies simply treat all users diffusion actions as the same. Based on large-scale video diffusion traces collected from a popular OSN, we analyze the positions of users video sharing actions in the propagation graph, and classify users video sharing actions into three different types, i.e., initiator actions, spreader actions and follower actions. Surprisingly, while existing studies mainly focus on the initiators, our empirical studies suggest that the spreaders actually play a more important role in the diffusion process of popular videos. Motivated by this finding, we account for the position information of sharing actions to select initiator experts, spreader experts and follower experts, based on corresponding sharing actions. We conduct experiments on the collected dataset to evaluate the performance of these three types of experts in predicting popular videos. The evaluation results demonstrate that the spreader experts can not only make more accurate predictions than initiator experts and follower experts, but also outperform the general experts selected by existing studies.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Analytical hierarchy process ahp based decision support system for urban intersections in transportation planning

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:51:48 +0200

In transportation planning, design of intersections is required some concrete decisions. It is mostly related to capacity, safety and economy. In many applications, capacity is considered as the main factor for design purpose and type of intersection is determined regarding the capacity. But it is known that safety and economy are as important as the capacity. In order to handle this problem, a multi-criteria decision making approach (AHP) is used. Four intersection types are used. Fuel consumption, emission rates, delay, cost of intersection type and safety parameters are taken into account in the decision process. These intersection types are tested by SIDRA Intersection software using the parameters listed above. The data obtained by SIDRA software is used in the AHP model. Weights of the factors used in the AHP model are varied considering the views of capacity and economy. And results and applicability of the model are discussed. © 2016, IGI Global. All rights reserved.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Learning Brightness Transfer Functions for the Joint Recovery of Illumination Changes and Optical Flow

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:03:00 +0200

The increasing importance of outdoor applications such as driver assistance systems or video surveillance tasks has recently triggered the development of optical flow methods that aim at performing robustly under uncontrolled illumination. Most of these methods are based on patch-based features such as the normalized cross correlation, the census transform or the rank transform. They achieve their robustness by locally discarding both absolute brightness and contrast. In this paper, we follow an alternative strategy: Instead of discarding potentially important image information, we propose a novel variational model that jointly estimates both illumination changes and optical flow. The key idea is to parametrize the illumination changes in terms of basis functions that are learned from training data. While such basis functions allow for a meaningful representation of illumination effects, they also help to distinguish real illumination changes from motion-induced brightness variations if supplemented by additional smoothness constraints. Experiments on the KITTI benchmark show the clear benefits of our approach. They do not only demonstrate that it is possible to obtain meaningful basis functions, they also show state-of-the-art results for robust optical flow estimation.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Economic importance of the Belgian ports: Flemish maritime ports, Liège port complex and the port of Brussels: Report 2012

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 12:47:41 +0200

This paper is an annual publication issued by the Microeconomic Analysis service of the National Bank of Belgium. The Flemish maritime ports (Antwerp, Ghent, Ostend, Zeebrugge), the Autonomous Port of Liège and the port of Brussels play a major role in their respective regional economies and in the Belgian economy, not only in terms of industrial activity but also as intermodal centers facilitating the commodity flow. This update paper provides an extensive overview of the economic importance and development of the Flemish maritime ports, the Liège port complex and the port of Brussels for the period 2007 - 2012, with an emphasis on 2012. Focusing on the three major variables of value added, employment and investment, the report also provides some information based on the social balance sheet and an overview of the financial situation in these ports as a whole. These observations are linked to a more general context, along with a few cargo statistics. Annual accounts data from the Central Balance Sheet Office were used for the calculation of direct effects, the study of financial ratios and the analysis of the social balance sheet. The indirect effects of the activities concerned were estimated in terms of value added and employment, on the basis of data from the National Accounts Institute. As a result of the underlying calculation method the changes of indirect employment and indirect value added can differ from one another. (...) Following the 2009 decline and the improvement in 2011, maritime traffic in the Flemish ports began falling again in 2012. That applies to all the Flemish ports. Value added was rising in the maritime cluster of the Flemish ports and falling in the non-maritime cluster where trade and industry were in decline. Direct value added has risen in the ports of Antwerp and Ostend whereas it has fallen in the ports of Zeebrugge and Ghent. Conversely, direct employment was expanding in both clusters in the Flemish ports viewed as a whole and in each port taken individually. The decline in investment in the Flemish ports continued in 2012. That trend is evident in all the Flemish ports except the port of Ostend where investment was maintained in 2012. The volume of cargo handled in the port of Liège decreased in 2012. Direct value added and employment contracted in both clusters. The steel giant ArcelorMittal had idled two blast furnaces at the site in Liege. Investment increased in both clusters in the Liège port complex. The volume of cargo handled at the port of Brussels declined in 2012. Value added and employment in the maritime cluster fell but rose in the non-maritime cluster. The drop in investment recorded since 2009 continued throughout 2012, albeit at a slowing pace. This report provides a comprehensive account of these issues, giving details for each economic sector, although the comments are confined to the main changes that occurred in 2012.

Document type: Book

Data Mining Challenges in the Management of Aviation Safety

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 12:43:09 +0200

Part 2: Digital Society International audience This paper introduces aviation safety data analysis as an important application area for data mining. Safety is a key strategic management concern for safety-critical industries and management needs new, more efficient tools and methods for more effective management routines. The aviation field is confronted with increasing challenges to provide safe and fluent services. Air travel has grown steadily during the last decades with a direct impact on the air traffic control. At the same time, the competition has become tougher because of increasing fuel prices and growing demand for air travel.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Dynamic OD transit matrix estimation: formulation and model-building environment

Scipedia content — Tue, 29 Sep 2020 10:00:59 +0200

The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed description of a framework for the estimation of time-sliced origin-destination (OD) trip matrices in a transit network using counts and travel time data of Bluetooth Smartphone devices carried by passengers at equipped transit-stops. A Kalman filtering formulation defined by the authors has been included in the application. The definition of the input for building the space-state model is linked to network scenarios modeled with the transportation planning platform EMME. The transit assignment framework is optimal strategy-based, which determines the subset of paths related to the optimal strategies between all OD pair

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Measurement and modelling of the near field structure of large scale sonic co2 releases from pipelines

Scipedia content — Tue, 29 Sep 2020 09:59:44 +0200

The work presented in this paper describes a novel multi-phase discharge and dispersion model capable of predicting the near-field fluid dynamics and phase-transition phenomena associated with accidental CO2 releases. Also presented in this paper are previously unpublished data describing the near-field structure of a number of largescale CO2 experimental releases, obtained through the EU-FP7 CO2PipeHaz (2009) project. The calculations employed an adaptive finite-volume grid algorithm to solve the Favre-averaged fluid-flow equations. This equation set was closed with the inclusion of both a two-equation k-e model and a second-moment Reynolds stress model to represent turbulent fluctuations. Results demonstrate the superior performance of the Reynolds stress transport model when compared to its compressibility-corrected counterpart.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Looking at Language, Identity, and Mobility in Suriname

Scipedia content — Tue, 29 Sep 2020 09:30:28 +0200

International audience; This introductory chapter aims at re-visiting the social and linguistic context of contemporary Surinameand shifting attention away from the purely historical and anthropological construction of Surinamesereality to look instead at language practices in Suriname through the lens of identity construction,mobility patterns, linguistic ideology and multilingualism. The three main themes we engage in thisbook, language, identity and mobility overlap in several aspects, though the link between languageand social identity would likely seem the most obvious for most people.; Ce chapitre d'introduction a pour objectif de revisiter le contexte social et linguistique du Surinam en s'éloignant d'une présentation purement historique ou anthropologique de la réalité surinamaise mais en s'appuyant sur ce que révèlent l'analyse des pratiques langagières quotidiennes, au travers en particulier de l'étude des mécanismes de construction d'identité, des patrons de mobilité, et de l'idéologie linguistique. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Comparison of the formation of electric charge in XLPE insulation with solid and liquid antioxidants by TSDC technique

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:07:32 +0200

(Received: 2014/10/29 - Accepted: 2014/12/17)In this paper the presence of electric charge in two insulation of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) in medium voltage cables was compared using the technique of Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Currents (TSDC). Antioxidant in solid form was added to one of the insulation, and in liquid form to the other. By analyzing the TSDC measures we verified that the use of liquid antioxidant is better because the solid antioxidant creates defects that act as centers for trapping the space charge. In these centers the ionized charge, by the combined effect of temperature and electric field, is accumulated in the insulation, in addition to the charge injected from the semiconductor electrodes by the effect of high fields.

Proposal of a referential Enterprise Architecture management framework for companies

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:07:22 +0200

(Received: 2014/11/26 - Accepted: 2014/12/17)Enterprise Architecture (EA) is conceived nowadays as an essential management activity to visualize and evaluate the future direction of a company. The objective of this paper is to make a literature review on EA to evaluate its role as management tool. It is also explained how EA can fulfill two fundamental purposes, first as a tool for assessing the current situation (self-assessment) of an organization; second as a tool to model and simulate future scenarios that allow better decision making for the restructuration and development of improvement plans. Furthermore an analysis is made of the integration possibilities of EA with other business management methodologies, as balanced score card (BSC) and the model of the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM). As the result a management framework is presented, which includes the required elements to achieve excellence and quality standards in organizations.

Development of green tea scented with organic roses "Vitality" from Nevado Ecuador

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:07:12 +0200

(Received: 2014/11/03 - Accepted: 2014/12/15)The aim of this study was to obtain a flavored green tea with organic rose petals "Vitality" from Nevado Ecuador. Green tea, purchased from a private company, it was subjected to analysis to verify compliance with the requirements of standard INEN 2381: 2005. The Characterization of fresh rose petals was to made and for the dehydration was used two temperatures and two geometries. Analysis of total polyphenol content (Folin-Ciocalteu) and antioxidant capacity (TEACmethod) were performed. The dried petals, with a higher content of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity, were used in the preparation to flavored tea. Three formulations with different amounts of dried rose petals (10, 17.5 and 25%) were tested sensorially by 100 judges to determine the aroma rose in the tea. The final product was analyzed to determine compliance of the requirements of the standard INEN of the tea. Finally acceptability and purchase intention of the product is evaluated. The values of content total polyphenol in the extracts of rose petals were superior to fruits such as blackberries, and strawberries.

User Interfaces based on Touchless Hand Gestures for the Classroom: A survey

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:07:00 +0200

(Received: 2014/10/31 - Accepted: 2014/12/15)The proliferation of new devices to detect human movements has produced an increase in the use of interfaces based on touchless hand gestures. These kind of applications may also be used in classrooms. Although a lot of studies have been carried out, most of them are not focused on classrooms. Therefore, this paper presents a bibliographic review about related studies with the aim of organizing and relating them to the interface design for this type of scenario. This review discusses some related applications, how gestures performed by users are recognized, design aspects to consider, and some evaluation methods for this interaction style. Thus, this work may be a reference guide to both researchers and software designers to develop and use such applications in classrooms.

Business risk assessment of the companies on the Mexican Stock Exchange’s sustainable index

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:06:51 +0200

(Received: 2014/10/27 - Accepted: 2014/12/15)This work evaluated the business risk change of 20 companies included on the sustainable index of the Mexican Stock Exchange (BMV). The unlevered beta coefficient was used for this analysis. Two periods were compared: the one before, and the one after including the companies on the index. For each of the 20 companies it was used financial information, stocks closing prices and the stock market index value, over a period of 234 weeks. Then, considering the two periods, the statistical difference between the unlevered beta coefficient averages was calculated. Finally, a hypothesis proof was made to evaluate the business risk change. It was found that for 12 out of the 20 companies, the unlevered beta coefficient suffered a reduction. The findings suggest that it is not enough for the companies to certify as sustainable in order to reduce its business risk.

Study of the spatial and temporal variability of local ecosystems and glaciers of the Antisana Volcano

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:06:41 +0200

(Received: 2014/10/31 - Accepted: 2014/12/15)The scientific interest in climate change allowed to uncover evidence demonstrating a general warming trend caused by human activities. Facts such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events and retreat of glaciers, are indicators of the presence of alterations of normal weather patterns. In Ecuador, the Antisana is a stratovolcano of strategic importance affecting the climate of the region, in the functioning of the surrounding ecosystems. It is also a reserve of water for the population of the Metropolitan District of Quito (DMQ). The glaciers of the tropical volcano are also suffering the effects of global warming. Its decline over time is of concern and should be analyzed. The present research work performed a spatial and temporal study based on historical series of aerial photographs taken between 1956 and 2011, through geo-processing capabilities of geographic information systems (GIS). The results show a significant decrease in the glaciers of the Antisana Volcano and significant changes in the surrounding local ecological formations.

Comparison of machine learning algorithms for detecting coral reef

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:06:30 +0200

(Received: 2014/07/31 - Accepted: 2014/09/23)This work focuses on developing a fast coral reef detector, which is used for an autonomous underwater vehicle, AUV. A fast detection secures the AUV stabilization respect to an area of reef as fast as possible, and prevents devastating collisions. We use the algorithm of Purser et al. (2009) because of its precision. This detector has two parts: feature extraction that uses Gabor Wavelet filters, and feature classification that uses machine learning based on Neural Networks. Due to the extensive time of the Neural Networks, we exchange for a classification algorithm based on Decision Trees. We use a database of 621 images of coral reef in Belize (110 images for training and 511 images for testing). We implement the bank of Gabor Wavelets filters using C++ and the OpenCV library. We compare the accuracy and running time of 9 machine learning algorithms, whose result was the selection of the Decision Trees algorithm. Our coral detector performs 70ms of running time in comparison to 22s executed by the algorithm of Purser et al. (2009).

Influence of wind gusts in power quality on wind farms

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:06:20 +0200

(Received: 2014/04/30 - Accepted: 2014/09/22)World energy matrix is changing due to the increase of energy consumption in the last years. Installation of unconventional renewable energy plants in many countries has become a solution to this event. Integration of this type of energy to the electric network causes interest in the study of phenomena that affects energy production. This document is a review of concepts and events occurring on energy quality and how they interact in a wind farm. The efficiency of wind turbines is affected by many factors, the most outstanding are: substations activities and weather issues such as wind gusts, which causes variations in the power curve. Constant monitoring on electric systems and data processing offers a high potential in improving the process of production and distribution of energy.

Vacuum Frying: A nutritional approach

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:06:07 +0200

(Received: 2014/08/07 - Accepted: 2014/09/22)One of the largest areas of the food industry is the production of snacks, but these have generally an inadequate nutritional profile in healthy eating. The vacuum frying technology is presented as a clear option processing for the development of new products and existing ones. This review article presents the advantages of using technology in Vacuum frying different types of food, especially in relation to the contents of some micronutrients and fat. They also mention the work done in Ecuador, especially in local products.

Microbial diversity associated to “rice chicha”: a traditional beverage in Bolivar – Ecuador

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:05:57 +0200

(Received: 2014/08/01 - Accepted: 2014/09/22)The province of Bolivar is located in the central-west region of Ecuador. The main beverages produced are spirits and chichas; among them “rice chicha”. In a first stage, samples of rice chicha (at points of sale) from different producers of this province were evaluated; microbial counts and physicochemical analyzes were performed. In the second stage, the most representative enterobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds were isolated form “rice chicha” during three phases of the elaboration process: initial, fermentative and final. For all microorganisms, macroscopic and microscopic descriptions were performed. The identification of enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria was carried out with biochemical tests, for mold a microscopic identification was applied by staining with lactophenol blue solution and for yeast the APIC AUX 20 kit was used. Count values in average were 2.7 and 2.5 log CFU / ml of total coliforms and enterobacteria, 1.8 log CFU / ml of lactic acid bacteria and 2.5 log CFU / ml for yeasts and molds. During the three fermentation phases the most representative species were partially identified: 13 strains of Enterobacteriaceae, 9 strains of lactic acid bacteria, 15 strains of mold and 6 strains of yeast.

Artificial Neural Networks in the prediction of insolvency. A paradigm shift to traditional business practices recipes

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:05:46 +0200

(Received: 2014/05/14 - Accepted: 2014/06/27)In this paper a review and analysis of the major theories and models that address the prediction of corporate bankruptcy and insolvency is made. Neural networks are a tool of most recent appearance, although in recent years have received considerable attention from the academic and professional world, and have started to be implemented in different models testing organizations insolvency based on neural computation. The purpose of this paper is to yield evidence of the usefulness of Artificial Neural Networks in the problem of bankruptcy prediction insolence or so compare its predictive ability with the methods commonly used in that context. The findings suggest that high predictive capabilities can be achieved using artificial neural networks, with qualitative and quantitative variables.

A mathematical model for reducing the composting time

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:05:34 +0200

(Received: 2014/05/12 - Accepted: 2014/06/27)The environment is still affected by the inappropriate use of organic matter waste, but a culture of recycling and reuse has been promoted in Ecuador to reduce carbon footprint. The composting, a technique to digest organic matter, which traditionally takes 16-24 weeks, is still inefficient to use. Therefore, this paper concerns the optimization of the composting process in both quality and production time. The variables studied were: type of waste (fruits and vegetables) and type of bioaccelerator (yeast and indigenous microorganisms). By using a full factorial random design 22, a quality compost was obtained in 7 weeks of processing. Quality factors as temperature, density, moisture content, pH and carbon-nitrogen ratio allowed the best conditions for composting in the San Gabriel del Baba community (Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador). As a result of this study, a mathematical surface model which explains the relationship between the temperature and the digestion time of organic matter was obtained.

Development relationship of color with anthocyanins and chlorophyll content in diferent degrees of maturity of mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum)

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:05:22 +0200

(Received: 2014/04/30 - Accepted: 2014/06/27)The relationship between color development with anthocyanins and chlorophyll content at different stages of maturity of mortiño (Vaccinum floribundum) was studied. The fruits were harvested by surface color from 100% green to 100% black. The color scale was measured according to CIE L* a* b* and color difference (∆E) was determined. The anthocyanin and chlorophyll content was performed by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The following scale was used to establish the stage of maturity: (1) green, (2) green/pink, (3) pink, (4) pink/black and (5) black; It was observed that increasing the maturation stage, the brightness and color saturation decrease. Results showed positive values of a* and negative of b* for maturity stages 3, 4 and 5 (red and blue); and negative values of a * and positive of b * for states 1 and 2 (green and yellow). Smallest differences in color (∆E) were found between states 4 and 5. Among the states 1 and 5 was evident a decreased of 0,052 mg/g in chlorophyll content and an increase of 13700mg/kg in anthocyanins. The degree of maturity of the fruit has a direct relationship between the color tone and content of components with antioxidant activity constituting a precedent for future researches and its use of this fruit in different stages of maturity.

Possible health risks due to the consumption of aspartame

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:05:11 +0200

(Received: 2014/03/09 - Accepted: 2014/06/27)Sweeteners are compounds that give the sweet taste to foods, drinks and drugs. Aspartame is one of the most used today; its metabolism produces phenylalanine, aspartic acid and methanol. The purpose of this research was to review the scientific literature about the levels of consumption considered safe, toxicology and epidemiological data of aspartame. The European Parliament approved it as a food additive in 1994 and the FDA did it in 1996. Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and FDA set the Acceptable Daily Intake at 40 and 50 mg / kg bw / day, respectively. The sweetener and its degradation products have been evaluated for over 30 years with the involvement of numerous international organizations. However, there is still controversy over its use because there are researches whose results attribute to it neuropsychiatric side effects, brain tumors, carcinogenic properties for different organs, damage to the fetus during pregnancy, development of lymphomas and leukemia, while other researchers say their use is harmless to humans if consumption is less than the Acceptable Daily Intake. It is not recommended for people with phenylketonuria and pregnant women.

System of performance indicators for SMEs, metalworking sector

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:05:00 +0200

(Received: 2013/03/05 - Accepted: 2013/03/25)This paper focused on the design and proposal of management indicators for small and medium metalworking enterprises (SMEs) in Quito. Metalworking number was established for the study. It was met and determined which areas deserve to be constantly monitored, by analyzing the performance of the companies, for this purpose, it was used a SWOT analysis, interviews and meetings with company managers , the results demanded the approach of a generic strategy, which included the formulation of the mission , vision and corporate values. Objectives and goals were established, they were classified according to the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard. Then it was possible to identify indicators to measure the proper functioning of the strategy proposed. 10 indicators of management were developed, according to the analysis of the reality of metalworking enterprises. So it was determined 3 financial indicators, 2 indicators focused on customers, 3 indicators for monitor internal business processes and 2 addressed the prospect of learning and growth. The use of these indicators is the key of performance and process control in each metalworking company.

Heritage Assets Exposed to Natural Hazards. A Risk Map Proposal

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:04:48 +0200

(Received: 2014/02/03 - Accepted: 2014/03/25)This article is referred to the brief analysis about actually inventoried Ecuadorian Built Heritage, it is registered in ABACO system, its analyzing considers their condition conservation status, for a possible involvement in areas with natural hazards environment. The diagnosis is focused on develop the “Built Heritage Risk Map” using the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to generate a database, alphanumeric and cartographic to develop the analysis & approval (to the disparity information). Calculating the position and environment information to obtain Build Heritage damages potential risk factors.

Information Systems for Enterprise Architecture

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:04:35 +0200

(Received: 2014/02/14 - Accepted: 2014/03/25)Enterprise Architecture (EA) has emerged as one of the most important topics to consider in Information System studies and has grown to become an essential business management activity to visualize and evaluate the future direction of a company. Nowadays in the market there are several software tools that support Enterprise Architects to work with EA. In order to decrease the risk of purchasing software tools that do not fulfill stakeholder´s needs is important to assess the software before making an investment. In this paper a literature review of the state of the art of EA will be done. Furthermore evaluation initiatives and existing information systems are analyzed which can support decision makers in the appropriate software tools for their companies.

Corporate governance structure which is based in the S&OP process: Case study in la Brazilian cosmetic company

Scipedia content — Mon, 27 Apr 2020 10:04:23 +0200

(Received: 2014/01/31 - Accepted: 2014/03/25)This article is about the generation of a corporate governance structure which is based in the process S&OP for a Brazilian cosmetic industry. The increasing emphasis on business development guided by attention to the requirements and demands of customers, cause nowadays, that the organizations of the commercial sectors work in the creation of a competitive differential. The collaborative business management strategy S&OP is looking for the attention of people who are interested in the improvement of their skills; in order to achieve this differential. With the case study methodology, the objectives are to get knowledge, identify, and analyze the characteristics of the company using analysis tools like SWOT, process analysis, value chain. All with the purpose to get a robust management tool that fits with the requirements and demands of the organization. The analyzed results showed that the principles of collaboration and internal communication were the pillars necessary against any attempt of business development. This supports the proposal of a management structure based on the five step S&OP process. As a complement to this study a methodology CPFR was identified as the platform for an integrated work with the rest of the companies of the supply chain.

A Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) for coupled thermal analysis of quasi and fully incompressible flows and fluid-structure interaction

María Jesús Samper — Tue, 26 Nov 2019 14:51:21 +0100

We present a Lagrangian formulation for coupled thermal analysis of quasi and fully incompressible flows and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems that has excellent mass preservation features. The success of the formulation lays on a residual-based stabilized expression of the mass balance equation obtained using the Finite Calculus (FIC) method. The governing equations are discretized with the FEM using simplicial elements with equal linear interpolation for the velocities, the pressure and the temperature. The merits of the formulation in terms of reduced mass loss and overall accuracy are verified in the solution of 2D and 3D adiabatic and thermally-coupled quasi-incompressible free-surface flow problems using the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM). Examples include the sloshing of water in a tank and the falling of a water sphere and a cylinder into a tank containing water.

A shallow water model by finite point method

María Jesús Samper — Tue, 19 Nov 2019 14:39:55 +0100

In this paper, "finite point method" (FPM) is presented for modeling 2D shallow water flow problem. The method is based on the use of a weighted least-square approximation procedure, incorporating QR factorization and an iterative adjustment of local approximation parameters. The stabilization of the convective term in this present work is derived from the approximate Riemann solver proposed by Roe. The present method is shown to produce competitive accuracy in the comparisons with the analytical solutions and the well-known Galerkin characteristic-based split (CBS) algorithm.

Goal-oriented space-time adaptivity for transient dynamics using a modal description of the adjoint solution

María Jesús Samper — Wed, 30 Oct 2019 17:18:37 +0100

This article presents a space-time adaptive strategy for transient elastodynamics. The method aims at computing an optimal space-time discretization such that the computed solution has an error in the quantity of interest below a user-defined tolerance. The methodology is based on a goal-oriented error estimate that requires accounting for an auxiliary adjoint problem. The major novelty of this paper is using modal analysis to obtain a proper approximation of the adjoint solution. The idea of using a modal-based description was introduced in a previous work for error estimation purposes. Here this approach is used for the first time in the context of adaptivity. With respect to the standard direct time-integration methods, the modal solution of the adjoint problem is highly competitive in terms of computational effort and memory requirements. The performance of the proposed strategy is tested in two numerical examples. The two examples are selected to be representative of different wave propagation phenomena, one being a 2D bulky continuum and the second a 2D domain representing a structural frame.

Error assessment in structural transient dynamics

María Jesús Samper — Wed, 30 Oct 2019 17:11:00 +0100

This paper presents in a unified framework the most representative state-of-the-art techniques on a posteriori error assessment for second order hyperbolic problems, i.e., structural transient dynamics. For the sake of presentation, the error estimates are grouped in four types: recovery-based estimates, the dual weighted residual method, the constitutive relation error method and error estimates for timeline-dependent quantities of interest. All these methodologies give a comprehensive overview on the available error assessment techniques in structural dynamics, both for energy-like and goal-oriented estimates.

Variational multi-scale stabilized formulations for the stationary three-field incompressible viscoelastic flow problem

María Jesús Samper — Thu, 05 Sep 2019 15:52:05 +0200

In this paper, three-field finite element stabilized formulations are proposed for the numerical solution of incompressible viscoelastic flows. These methods allow one to use equal interpolation for the problem unknowns σ–u–p (elastic deviatoric stress–velocity–pressure) and to stabilize dominant convective terms. Starting from residual-based stabilized formulations, the proposed method introduces a term-by-term stabilization which is shown to have a superior behavior when there are stress singularities. A general discontinuity-capturing technique for the elastic stress component is also proposed, which allows one to eliminate the local oscillations that can appear when the Weissenberg number We is high and the fluid flow finds an abrupt change in the geometry. The formulations are tested in the classical 4:1 planar contraction benchmark up to We=5 in the inertial case, with Reynolds number Re=1, and up to We=6.5 in the quasi non-inertial case, with Re=0.01. The standard Oldroyd-B constitutive model is used for the rheological behavior and linear and quadratic elements for the spatial approximation.

Stabilized stress–velocity–pressure finite element formulations of the Navier–Stokes problem for fluids with non-linear viscosity

María Jesús Samper — Thu, 05 Sep 2019 15:43:58 +0200

The three-field (stress–velocity–pressure) mixed formulation of the incompressible Navier–Stokes problem can lead to two different types of numerical instabilities. The first is associated with the incompressibility and loss of stability in the calculation of the stress field, and the second with the dominant convection. The first type of instabilities can be overcome by choosing an interpolation for the unknowns that satisfies the appropriate inf–sup conditions, whereas the dominant convection requires a stabilized formulation in any case. This paper proposes two stabilized schemes of Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) type, differing in the definition of the space of the sub-grid scales, and both allowing to use the same interpolation for the variables σ–u–p (deviatoric stress, velocity and pressure), even in problems where the convection component is dominant and the velocity–stress gradients are high. Another aspect considered in this work is the non-linearity of the viscosity, modeled with constitutive models of quasi-Newtonian type. This paper includes a description of the proposed methods, some of their implementation issues and a discussion about benefits and drawbacks of a three-field formulation. Several numerical examples serve to justify our claims.

Stability, convergence and accuracy of stabilized finite element methods for the wave equation in mixed form

María Jesús Samper — Thu, 05 Sep 2019 14:59:36 +0200

In this paper we propose two stabilized finite element methods for different functional frameworks of the wave equation in mixed form. These stabilized finite element methods are stable for any pair of interpolation spaces of the unknowns. The variational forms corresponding to different functional settings are treated in a unified manner through the introduction of length scales related to the unknowns. Stability and convergence analysis is performed together with numerical experiments. It is shown that modifying the length scales allows one to mimic at the discrete level the different functional settings of the continuous problem and influence the stability and accuracy of the resulting methods.

Large eddy simulation of low Mach number flows using a dynamical and nonlinear finite element subgrid scale model

María Jesús Samper — Thu, 05 Sep 2019 14:52:22 +0200

Objective: In this article we study the approximation to thermal turbulence from a strictly numerical point of view, without the use of any physical model. The main goal is to analyze the behavior of our numerical method in the large eddy simulation (LES) of thermally coupled turbulent flows at low Mach number.

Methods: Our numerical method is a stabilized finite element approximation based on the variational multiscale method, in which a decomposition of the approximating space into a coarse scale resolvable part and a fine scale subgrid part is performed. Modeling the subscale and taking its effect on the coarse scale problem into account results in a stable formulation. The quality of the final approximation (accuracy, efficiency as LES model) depends on the particular subscale model. The distinctive features of our approach are to consider the subscales as transient and to keep the scale splitting in all the nonlinear terms. Another important contribution of this work is the extension of the orthogonal subgrid scale method widely tested for incompressible flows to variable density flows, using a density-weighted L 2 product to define the orthogonality of the subscales and the finite element spaces.

Results: Referring to numerical testing, we present numerical results for a laminar testcase validation that shows the dissipative behavior of the different stabilized methods. Then, we present results of the numerical simulation of two turbulent flow problems, the turbulent channel flow with large temperature differences in the wall normal direction at Res ¼ 180, and the turbulent thermally driven cavity with aspect ratio 4. The behavior of the method is evaluated by comparison against results available in the literature obtained using LES and direct numerical simulation (DNS). They are explained based on a careful analysis of the dissipative structure of the method, showing the physical interpretation of the subgrid scale method presented.

Conclusion: The material presented here is a clear indication of the potential of the method to model all kinds of turbulent thermally coupled flows. The formulation is the same in laminar and turbulent regimes

A Sommerfeld non-reflecting boundary condition for the wave equation in mixed form

María Jesús Samper — Thu, 05 Sep 2019 14:30:18 +0200

In this paper we develop numerical approximations of the wave equation in mixed form supplemented with non-reflecting boundary conditions (NRBCs) of Sommerfeld-type on artificial boundaries for truncated domains. We consider three different variational forms for this problem, depending on the functional space for the solution, in particular, in what refers to the regularity required on artificial boundaries. Then, stabilized finite element methods that can mimic these three functional settings are described. Stability and convergence analyses of these stabilized formulations including the NRBC are presented. Additionally, numerical convergence test are evaluated for various polynomial interpolations, stabilization methods and variational forms. Finally, several benchmark problems are solved to determine the accuracy of these methods in 2D and 3D.

Error analysis of discontinuous Galerkin methods for the Stokes problem under minimum regularity

María Jesús Samper — Thu, 05 Sep 2019 14:18:32 +0200

In this article, we analyse several discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for the Stokes problem under minimal regularity on the solution. We assume that the velocity u belongs to[H10(Ω)]d
and the pressurep∈L20(Ω). First, we analyse standard DG methods assuming that the right-hand side f belongs to[H−1(Ω)∩L1(Ω)]d.A DG method that is well defined for f belonging to [H−1(Ω)]d
is then investigated. The methods under study include stabilized DG methods using equal-order spaces and inf–sup stable ones where the pressure space is one polynomial degree less than the velocity space.

Numerical simulation and visualization of material flow in friction stir welding via particle tracing

María Jesús Samper — Fri, 26 Jul 2019 12:59:21 +0200

This work deals with the numerical simulation and material flow visualization of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) processes. The 4-th order Runge-Kutta (RK4) integration method is used for the computation of particle trajectories. The particle tracing method is used to study the effect of input process parameters and pin shapes on the weld quality. The results show that the proposed method is suitable for the optimization of the FSW process.

Shaped metal deposition processes

María Jesús Samper — Fri, 26 Jul 2019 12:45:09 +0200

The shaped metal deposition (SMD) process is a novel manufacturing technology which is similar to the multi-pass welding used for building features such as lugs and flanges on components [1–7]. This innovative technique is of great interest due to the possibility of employing standard welding equipment without the need for extensive new investment [8, 9]. The numerical simulation of SMD processes has been one of the research topics of great interest over the last years and requires a fully coupled thermo-mechanical formulation, including phase-change phenomena defined in terms of both latent heat release and shrinkage effects [1–6]. It is shown how computational welding mechanics models can be used to model SMD for prediction of temperature evolution, transient, as well as residual stresses and distortions due to the successive welding layers deposited. Material behavior is characterized by a thermo-elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model coupled with a metallurgical model [6]. Two different materials, nickel superalloy 718 [6] and titanium Ti-6Al-4 V 28/5/2014 Shaped Metal Deposition Processes - Springer http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-007-2739-7_808/fulltext.html 2/15 [7], are considered in this work. Both heat convection and heat radiation models are introduced to dissipate heat through the boundaries of the component. The in-house-developed coupled thermomechanical finite element (FE) software COMET [10] is used to deal with the numerical simulation, and an ad hoc activation methodology is formulated to simulate the deposition of the different layers of filler material.

Updated Lagrangian mixed finite element formulation for quasi and fully incompressible fluids

María Jesús Samper — Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:13:52 +0200

We present a mixed velocity-pressure finite element formulation for solving the updated Lagrangian equations for quasi and fully incompressible fluids. Details of the governing equations for the conservation of momentum and mass are given in both differential and variational form. The finite element interpolation uses an equal order approximation for the velocity and pressure unknowns. The procedure for obtaining stabilized FEM solutions is outlined. The solution in time of the discretized governing conservation equations using an incremental iterative segregated scheme is described. The linearization of these equations and the derivation of the corresponding tangent stiffness matrices is detailed. Other iterative schemes for the direct computation of the nodal velocities and pressures at the updated configuration are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of choosing the current or the updated configuration as the reference configuration in the Lagrangian formulation are discussed.

Characterization of mechanical properties of biological tissue – Application to the FEM analysis of the urinary bladder

María Jesús Samper — Thu, 30 May 2019 11:21:32 +0200

An approach is presented for studying the mechanical behavior of soft biological tissue using the finite‐element method and a general constitutive model. The overall computational approach is used for the analysis of the mechanical behavior of the urinary bladder. Bladder tissue is modeled as a composite material formed by a soft matrix reinforced with preferentially oriented fibers. A procedure for identifying the mechanical properties of the main constituents of the bladder tissue by an inverse method is detailed. The mechanical parameters are used for the numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of the bladder during filling within the finite‐element method.

Analysis of segmentally constructed prestressed concrete bridges using hexahedral elements with realistic tendon profiles

María Jesús Samper — Fri, 26 Apr 2019 10:34:02 +0200

The paper presents a systematically numerical procedure based on the finite-element method for three-dimensional analysis of segmentally constructed prestressed concrete bridges using hexahedral elements including realistic tendon profiles. The enhanced assumed strain (EAS) is used in the formulation of the hexahedral element in order to improve the element performances. Both the geometric nonlinearity and time-dependent effects due to creep, shrinkage, and aging of the concrete and relaxation of the prestress are taken into account, while variations of the structural configuration due to changes of the structural geometry and boundary conditions during the construction process are also incorporated. To include realistic tendon profiles, the idealized prestressing tendon is represented by a system of piecewise linear prestressing segments. Several numerical examples in a wide range of prestressed concrete structures are presented to demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed procedure. Finally, application to the erection of a segmentally erected prestressed concrete bridge is discussed at the end of the paper.

Delamination in laminated plates using the 4-noded quadrilateral QLRZ plate element based on the refined zigzag theory

María Jesús Samper — Wed, 24 Apr 2019 13:03:56 +0200

A numerical method based on the Refined Zigzag Theory (RZT) to model delamination in composite laminated plate/shell structures is presented. The originality of this method is the use of 4-noded quadrilateral plate finite elements whit only seven variables per node to discretize the plate/shell geometry. The ability to capture the relative displacement between consecutive layers in fracture mode II and III is the more important advantage of this element, denoted QLRZ.

A continuum isotropic damage model is used to model the mechanical behavior of the plies. The material non-lineal problem is solved with the modified Newton–Raphson method.

The RZT plate theory, the QLRZ finite element and the isotropic damage model are described in this work. Also, the implicit integration algorithm is presented. The performance of the numerical model is analyzed by studying the delamination in a rectangular plate for two different laminates, using the 3D analysis as the reference solution

Geometry optimization of the diffuser for the supersonic wind tunnel using genetic algorithm and adaptive mesh refinement technique

María Jesús Samper — Wed, 24 Apr 2019 11:01:34 +0200

Design of two-dimensional supersonic diffusers as a part of the wind tunnel is investigated in this paper. A methodology based on the mixture of try-and-error method and optimization algorithm is developed to handle the design problem. In the first design step, using try-and-error approach, the main parameters related to the geometry of diffuser such as length, angle and area ratio between the throat and the outlet are determined assuming a diffuser with linear walls. The design criterion in this step is the fact that the shock wave should be created near the diffuser throat in order to benefit from the maximum efficiency of diffuser. In the second design step, considering the optimization methodology, it is tried to improve the optimum design obtained in the first step by modifying the wall point locations and keeping the rest of the geometry fixed. Hence, an optimization problem is defined to find the best curve for the diffuser wall instead of the a linear one used the in the first step. The objective function of this problem is to minimize the output Mach number using Genetic Algorithm (GA). The fluid flow is evaluated using the Euler equations in the conservative form where the Streamline-Upwind/Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) finite element scheme is used to discretize the flow equations. In order to capture the flow solution around the shock waves accurately, the adaptive mesh refinement technique is coupled to the flow solution. The demonstrated results show the efficiency of the proposed method for designing supersonic diffusers

A two-step monolithic method for the efficient simulation of incompressible flows

María Jesús Samper — Fri, 12 Apr 2019 12:24:41 +0200

We propose a simple technique for improving computationally the efficiency of monolithic velocity–pressure solvers for incompressible flow problems. The idea consists in solving the discrete nonlinear system of governing equations in two steps: introducing ‘artificial’ compressibility first and afterwards correcting the solution by solving the original incompressible system. The speed‐up is obtained because of a better conditioning of the modified discrete system solved at the prediction step. The formulation can be easily implemented into existing monolithic codes requiring minor modification only. The paper concludes with two examples validating the formulation and facilitating the estimation of the obtained speed‐up. For the tests chosen, an average speed‐up is approximately double, suggesting that the method is a feasible approach for incompressible flows' simulation.

Meloda, a metric to assess open date reuse

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 12:52:45 +0200

Current policies demanding an increase in transparency, open government, and the implementation of smart cities necessitate publishing open data. However, there are limited mechanisms for assessing the use and value of this information. The goal of this paper is to present a new metric, Meloda , that qualifies the information and helps to assess its reusability. Meloda ’s four dimensions are described: technical standards, access, legal considerations, and data model. Finally, Meloda ’s assessment process is explained.

Agenda

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 12:52:37 +0200

Jornadas,

H Index Scholar: the h-index for Spanish public universities’ professors of humanities and social sciences

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 12:52:30 +0200

The H-Index Scholar is a bibliometric index that measures the productivity and scientific impact of the academic production in humanities and social sciences by professors and researchers at public Spanish universities. The methodology consisted of counting their publications and citations received in Google Scholar. The main features and characteristics of the index are explained. Despite technical and methodological problems that Google Scholar might have as a source of information, the authors estimate that they do not affect substantially the calculated h and g indexes, probably being the error lower than 10%. The total population analyzed was 40,993 researchers, but data are displayed only for 13,518 researchers, the ones located in the first tertile of their respective areas.

Library science analysis of Mexican television news on the web

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 12:52:20 +0200

Television is unquestionably a vehicle that socializes the journalistic tale of the human experience. The evolution of journalistic documentation and the need to respond to the organization of content generated in video collections and television archives, in particular news broadcasts, have created new areas and niches of opportunity for library and information science professionals. The research that is being carried out in Mexico on the analysis of news broadcasts and content representation on the web is presented. The documentary news treatment is crucial to strengthen the quality of content representation and ensure the relevance of discourse analysis for its organization, accessibility and preservation. The visibility of television news on the Web could be lessened due to deficiencies in metadata description.

Five years of digital experience in TVE news services: a new approach to content management

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 12:52:12 +0200

TVE (Spanish public TV) news services have undergone a great changeover to a digital production system. The current situation after five years of experience is described, along with the evolution of tools, procedures and professional profiles during this time. The new design of content management is described, understood as the control of media from the point of entry to the production system to recovery from the digital file for reuse. In the center of this cooperative and integrated approach to content management is the content manager, that structures the system and the articulation between the different components. At the beginning of 2009, 100% of the Archive material came from videotape recordings. In 2012, only 18%: the other 82% were restorations from digital Archive.

Reuse of television archives footage: property and use rights

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 12:52:04 +0200

The reuse of archive footage is usual in television productions to complete or contextualize a story, to develop a biography or to cover anniversaries. Other times it is used when there are no current images related to the story or just to fill the schedule grid. However, not all archive materials can be reused; contractual rights, intellectual property and individuals’ fundamental rights must be preserved. The lack of awareness of these standards and restrictions can create problems. Pictures from the Internet have become another common audiovisual source, but due to their special characteristics, they must be used very carefully.

Film archives at the crossroads. Function and expansion of film archive activity in the new digital landscape

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 12:51:55 +0200

The intense digital change that is taking place in the world of cinema presents significant future challenges for film archives. This article reviews the extent to which the basis for the activities of film libraries founded in the 1930s remains valid in the information age, along with key debates questioning their identity and role in the 21st century. We explore the lines of film archives expansion that are being drawn in the current digital context, and finally offer a response to the crossroads that film libraries face today if they do not want to become isolated.

Discussion moderation in online media. The case of Marca newspaper

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 12:51:45 +0200

User-generated content management poses a challenge to the media. It requires professional handling in order to facilitate user engagement and avoid verbal aggression. To illustrate this point, the article examines the comments posted to the online edition of Marca, the major Spanish sports newspaper. Empirical assessments of the data alongside interviews with the people in charge of the service were utilized. The analysis of the automatic filters, the Moderation Technology Platform (MTP), as well as the human filters comprehensively shows the itinerary through the system of every posted message. The study reflects on the best strategies to improve the quality of the online discussion. Results: The user history and the vocabulary blacklist seem to be the fundamental tools for moderating user comments. Marca removes 40% of the comments received. In practice, it has been observed that the percentage of inappropriate posts increases with the total number of posts sent by each reader: for 2 posts the rejection rate may be 14%, but for 9 it can reach 33%. One key issue to improve the quality of comments is the involvement of journalists in the conversations.

Use of film sequences to illustrate news by the information services of a regional television station

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 12:51:36 +0200

A quantitative and thematic study of the use of film sequences in television news editing has been performed. Only cases where films illustrate news pieces about non-cinema related topics were taken into consideration. The basic legal aspects about the use of these sequences are mentioned. The study results can help in the decision-making process about tasks related to the analysis of trailers and electronic press kits. In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the use of film clips in the news, especially on issues of “Society” (40% of total). The results show that 20% of the use is as a metonymic function (when one element is replaced for another with which it has a close relationship, causal, spatial or temporal, and the pictures do not show the narrative element but something that is part of it, such as replacing an author for his work) and 80% environmental or illustrative (supporting the information offered). When extracts do not exceed 20 seconds, may be used without legal permission, what is known as a fair use chrestomathy.

Advertising documents in film archives: importance, present situation and difficulties of analysis

Scipedia content — Mon, 08 Apr 2019 12:51:26 +0200

Many important filmmakers have perfected their cinematographic technique by filming advertisements. For this reason, it is not surprising that advertising materials are often included when filmmakers donate their work to a film archive. However, these materials are not always properly catalogued and their dissemination and use is quite limited. This paper describes the quantity and variety of advertising documents preserved in the Spanish film archives, emphasizes their importance as primary information sources for understanding the history of advertising in particular and of cinematography in general, and explains some of the difficulties and challenges of analysing them as documents. The challenge of documentary control of these materials lies not only in the amount of work, but 1) the lack of a methodology that encompasses all documentary procedures and 2) the lack of qualified personnel.

Scipedia: Documents published in 2014

Multi–criteria Route Planning in Bus Network

The mutual specialization of port regions connected by multiple commodity flows in a maritime network

Multi-Objective Airport Gate Assignment Problem in Planning and Operations

Strain based design methodology of large diameter grade x80 linepipe

Labor Mobility and Racial Discrimination

Review of quantitative monitoring methodologies for emissions verification and accounting for carbon dioxide capture and storage for california s greenhouse gas cap and trade and low carbon fuel standard programs

Appending high resolution elevation data to gps speed traces for vehicle energy modeling and simulation

Full electrification of Lund city bus traffic - A simulation study

Collaborative Management of Intermodal Mobility

Knowledge Management in Public Transportation: Experiences in Brazilian Bus Companies

Urban energy planning in Turku:[PLEEC Report D4.2 / Turku]

Experimental Study on Induction Heating Equipment Applied in Wireless Energy Transfer for Smart Grids

Interdomain Traffic Engineering Techniques to Overcome Undesirable Connectivity Incidents

Urban energy planning in Tartu:[PLEEC Report D4.2 / Tartu]

Multi objective multiagent credit assignment through difference rewards in reinforcement learning

ViaRODOS: Monitoring and Visualisation of Current Traffic Situation on Highways

Survey Harmonisation with New Technologies Improvement SHANTI

Mathematical Models for Aircraft Trajectory Design : A Survey

Operation Modes of Battery Chargers for Electric Vehicles in the Future Smart Grids

Modelling growth scenarios for biofuels in South Africas transport sector

Big, Linked and Open Data: Applications in the German Aerospace Center

A safety analysis via minimal path sets detection for object-oriented models

Typologie en standplaatsonderzoek van berm- en dijkvegetaties langs enkele W&Z-waterlopen

Design for energy-aware IP over WDM networks with hibernation mode and group-node techniques

Agent based modeling and simulation for the design of the future european air traffic management system the experience of cassiopeia

The Effects of the Intensity, Timing and Persistance of Personal History of Mobility on Support for Redistribution

Summary report on urban energy planning:Potentials and barriers in six European medium-sized cities. [Deliverable 4.4]

Using geological data to identify some environmental problems associated with existing pipelines and other linear structures

Aircraft Wake Vortex State-of-the-Art & Research Needs

Anavanet an experiment and visualization tool for vehicular networks

Architectures for cyber security incident reporting in safety critical systems

Numerical simulations for cathodic protection of pipelines

Automated Bias-Correction for Accurate FCD Processing Systems

Integration of Distribution Grid Constraints in an Event-driven Control Strategy for Plug-in Electric Vehicles in a Multi-aggregator Setting

An agent based approach for the design of the future european air traffic management system

Thematic report on urban energy planning:buildings, industry, transport and energy generation

Seismic response of underground lifeline systems

AIRBUS A350 XWB GVT - State of the art techniques to perform a faster and better GVT Campaign.

Aerodynamic design of a folded kruger device for a hlfc wing

Communication System for Persons with Cerebral Palsy In Situ Observation of Social Interaction Following Assisted Information Request

Vehicle detection based on multi feature clues and dempster shafer fusion theory

Walkability Explorer: an evaluation and design support tool for walkability

Growth, poverty and inequality in Rwanda: A broad perspective

Urban energy planning in Eskilstuna:[PLEEC Report D4.2 / Eskilstuna]

Collaborating multiple 3pl enterprises for ontology based interoperable transportation planning

Telematics for the Analysis of Vehicle Fleet Fuel Consumption

Incorporating the position of sharing action in predicting popular videos in online social networks

Analytical hierarchy process ahp based decision support system for urban intersections in transportation planning

Learning Brightness Transfer Functions for the Joint Recovery of Illumination Changes and Optical Flow

Economic importance of the Belgian ports: Flemish maritime ports, Liège port complex and the port of Brussels: Report 2012

Data Mining Challenges in the Management of Aviation Safety

Dynamic OD transit matrix estimation: formulation and model-building environment

Measurement and modelling of the near field structure of large scale sonic co2 releases from pipelines

Looking at Language, Identity, and Mobility in Suriname

Comparison of the formation of electric charge in XLPE insulation with solid and liquid antioxidants by TSDC technique

Proposal of a referential Enterprise Architecture management framework for companies

Development of green tea scented with organic roses "Vitality" from Nevado Ecuador

User Interfaces based on Touchless Hand Gestures for the Classroom: A survey

Business risk assessment of the companies on the Mexican Stock Exchange’s sustainable index

Study of the spatial and temporal variability of local ecosystems and glaciers of the Antisana Volcano

Comparison of machine learning algorithms for detecting coral reef

Influence of wind gusts in power quality on wind farms

Vacuum Frying: A nutritional approach

Microbial diversity associated to “rice chicha”: a traditional beverage in Bolivar – Ecuador

Artificial Neural Networks in the prediction of insolvency. A paradigm shift to traditional business practices recipes

A mathematical model for reducing the composting time

Development relationship of color with anthocyanins and chlorophyll content in diferent degrees of maturity of mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum)

Possible health risks due to the consumption of aspartame

System of performance indicators for SMEs, metalworking sector

Heritage Assets Exposed to Natural Hazards. A Risk Map Proposal

Information Systems for Enterprise Architecture

Corporate governance structure which is based in the S&OP process: Case study in la Brazilian cosmetic company

A Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) for coupled thermal analysis of quasi and fully incompressible flows and fluid-structure interaction

A shallow water model by finite point method

Goal-oriented space-time adaptivity for transient dynamics using a modal description of the adjoint solution

Error assessment in structural transient dynamics

Variational multi-scale stabilized formulations for the stationary three-field incompressible viscoelastic flow problem

Stabilized stress–velocity–pressure finite element formulations of the Navier–Stokes problem for fluids with non-linear viscosity

Stability, convergence and accuracy of stabilized finite element methods for the wave equation in mixed form

Survey Harmonisation with New Technologies Improvement SHANTI

Modelling growth scenarios for biofuels in South Africas transport sector