Scipedia: Documents published in 2013

Intermodal Freight Network Modelling

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:55:28 +0100

This book explores the great challenge of increasing the scope of intermodal freight transport. In view of the current dominant role of road transport and the increasing difficulties in coping with a growing number of vehicles in an efficient and sustainable way, intermodal freight transport could be considered a viable alternative. However, the book makes recognition of the fact that there is still a need to improve the performance of the intermodal transport system.

Study on Dynamic System Optimum Assignment to Establish Marginal Time Equilibrium

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:55:19 +0100

Several analytical methods for Dynamic System Optimum (DSO) assignment have been proposed but they are basically classified into two kinds. This chapter attempts to establish DSO by equilbrating the path dynamic marginal time (DMT). The authors analyze the path DMT for a single path with tandem bottlenecks and showed that the path DMT is not the simple summation of DMT associated with each bottleneck along the path. Next, the authors examined the DMT of several paths passing through a common bottleneck. It is shown that the externality at the bottleneck is shared by the paths in proportion to their demand from the current time until the queue vanishes. This share of the externality is caused by the departure rate shift under first in first out (FIFO) and the externality propagates to the downstream bottlenecks. However, the externalities propagates to the downstream are calculated out if downstream bottlenecks exist. Therefore, the authors concluded that the path DMT can be evaluated without considering the propagation of the externalities, but just as in the evaluation of the path DMT for a single path passing through a series of bottlenecks between the origin and destination. Based on the DMT analysis, the authors finally proposed a heuristic solution algorithm and verified it by comparing the numerical solution with the analytical one.

Competition and Regulation in Air Transport

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:49:30 +0100

Bringing together insights and perspectives from close to 70 of the worldâs leading experts in the field, this timely Handbook provides an up-to-date guide to the most recent and state-of-the-art advances in transport economics. The comprehensive coverage includes topics such as the relationship between transport and the spatial economy, recent advances in travel demand analysis, the external costs of transport, investment appraisal, pricing, equity issues, competition and regulation, the role of publicâprivate partnerships and the development of policy in local bus services, rail, air and maritime transport.

Exploiting SDN Approach to Tackle Cloud Computing Security Issues in the ATC Scenario

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:48:56 +0100

Cloud Computing has been receiving great attention in the last few years due to the benefits it provides in terms of flexibility, scalability, virtualization and service provision. Nevertheless, many companies remain reluctant to such a cutting-edge technology due to the serious security issues affecting virtualized environments, especially in critical application scenarios where high safety and dependability levels are required. This work is aimed at discussing and presenting the main security threats for cloud computing infrastructures, as well as proposing a novel architecture in charge of reacting to security attacks in Infrastructure as a Service platforms. The basic idea is to migrate the attacked virtual appliance and to reconfigure the network by means of Software Defined Networking approach. The paper presents the architecture we have in mind and that will be deployed and validated against a real world distributed Air Traffic Control system, for which missing dependability and security targets would result in huge business and human losses.

A Review of Transport Public–Private Partnerships in the UK

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:46:05 +0100

This chapter has 2 interrelated objectives: first, to review the experience of transport public-private partnerships (PPPs), including roads, bridges, rail, and air traffic control, in the United Kingdom; and second, to present the financial evidence about the actual costs of different types of transport PPPs. The first section considers the first 8 design-build-finance-operate (DBFO) road contracts paid for via a system of shadow tolls by the U.K. Highways Agency and the first (and only) motorway concession. The second section examines first the national railways, reviewing the experience of the passenger rail franchises, which are largely but not entirely subsidized concessions with user charges via passenger fares, and second, a metro system, reviewing the experience of the 3 London Underground PPPs. The third section considers the sale in 2001 of a 51% stake in National Air Traffic Services to the private sector, which the U.K. government has designated a PPP. The final section draws out the implications for accountability and choice of financing method.

Traffic and transport in the twenty-first century: market chances of new drive concepts for land-based transport

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:38:54 +0100

The impact of transport on the environment is a major issue of worldwide concern. This important new book presents state-of-the-art contributions on spatial and technological aspects of transport in relation to environmental degradation, together with analysis of sustainable transport policy.

Interorganizational Coordination: The Role of Information Technology

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:37:53 +0100

An Intelligent Model for Road Traffic Management in the Motorway Network Around Barcelona

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:34:35 +0100

This paper presents an advanced knowledge-based environment to develop real time traffic management applications called TRYS. The building process supported by the architecture is guided by the progressive definition of knowledge features from the knowledge level to the symbolic level. Firstly, the problem is presented showing the shortcomings perceived in the state of the art of traffic management systems. Secondly, a description of the KSM tool, aimed at supporting the organization of structured models at the knowledge level is commented. Thirdly, the generic model, intended to deal with traffic management, is described using the KSM format. Finally, the domain model of the application developed for Barcelona is described.

Transport Infrastructure Pricing: A European Perspective

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:29:33 +0100

Transport pricing is high on the political agenda throughout the world, but as the authors illustrate, governments seeking to implement this often face challenging questions and significant barriers. The associated policy and research questions cannot always be addressed adequately from a mono-disciplinary perspective. This book shows how a multi-disciplinary approach may lead to new types of analysis and insights, contributing to a better understanding of the intricacies of transport pricing and eventually to a potentially more effective and acceptable design of such policies. The study addresses important policy and research themes such as the possible motives for introducing road transport pricing and potential conflicts between these motives, behavioural responses to transport pricing for households and firms, the modelling of transport pricing, and the acceptability of pricing.

The Global Economy and Freight Transport Flows

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:28:30 +0100

The worldwide movement of freight has emerged as one of the most critical and dynamic aspects of the transport sector. The contributors to this study examine the current state of global freight transport, with an emphasis on Europe and North America and their extra-regional linkages. These original contributions synthesize existing knowledge, highlight new developments, problems and possible solutions, and underscore the need for further research.

Nondestructive Magnetic Measurement of Biaxial Stress Using Magnetic Fields Parallel and Perpendicular to the Stress Plane

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:20:57 +0100

Many mechanical stress situations tend to be biaxial in character in that two stresses act along axes at 90Â°. Examples are the stresses found in gas pipeline, oil pipeline, power plant steam pipes, and railroad wheels.

A Multiresolution Approach for Characterizing MFL Signatures from Gas Pipeline Inspections

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:19:37 +0100

Gas transmission pipelines are routinely inspected using a magnetizer-sensor assemblage, called a pig, which employs magnetic flux leakage (MFL) principles to generate defect signals that can be used for characterizing defects in the pipeline[1]. Previously reported work[2] demonstrated that radial basis function(RBF) networks[3â5] can be employed to characterize MFL signals in terms of defect geometry. Further development of this research work, related to three dimensional defect characterization are reported elsewhere in these proceedings. This paper presents an alternate neural network approach based on wavelet functions to predict three dimensional defect profiles from MFL indications. Wavelet basis function neural networks are comprised of a hierarchical architecture and are capable of multiresolution functional approximation. They offer a powerful alternative to RBF based signal-defect mapping techniques, in that the level of output prediction accuracy can be controlled by the number of resolutions in the network architecture. Consequently, the network itself can be employed to generate measures of confidence for its prediction. Such confidence factors may prove to be extremely useful in pipeline inspection procedures since they can form a basis for subsequent remedial measures. The feasibility of employing a wavelet basis function network for characterizing defects in pipelines is demonstrated by predicting defect profiles from experimental magnetic flux leakage signals.

Quick appraisal of "Sistema de suministro desde el embalse del Cenajo a la Mancomunidad de Canales del Taibilla"

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:18:20 +0100

The project under assessment concerns the construction of an aqueduct in order to divert water from Tajo-Segura Channel onto the Cenajo reservoir and to the water purification plants of Sierra de la Espada and of CampotÃ©jar. The main objective is to improve water quality rather than quantity

Damage and Failure in an X65 Steel Pipeline Caused by Trawl Gear Impact

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:52:10 +0100

Offshore pipelines subjected to accidental impact loads from trawl gear or anchors may experience large global deformations and large local strains, creating a complex stress and strain history. In this study experiments and numerical simulations have been carried out to investigate the impact of a pipeline which is subsequently hooked and released. Material and component tests have been performed to investigate the behaviour during impact, and to observe if/when fracture occurs. The pipes were first impacted in a pendulum accelerator at varying velocities before they were pulled straight in a tension machine. Fracture was found in the impacted area of all the pipes during straightening. Material tests were done to determine the characteristics of the X65 grade steel. Numerical simulations showed excellent compliance with the impact phase, while the load level in the stretching phase was a bit overestimated.Copyright Â© 2013 by ASME

The Effects of the London Congestion Charging Scheme on Ambient Air Quality

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:51:07 +0100

In February 2003, the London Congestion Charging Scheme was introduced and in 2006 a similar policy was introduced in Stockholm. In both cases automobile traffic entering the cordon declined by about 20 percent. This book evaluates these and other similar programs exploring their implications for the United States. This studyâs value lies in the fact that it examines road pricing in the real world and not simply from a theoretical viewpoint. As a comparative study it will appeal to both policymakers and academics in transportation economics and planning, urban economics, planning and economic geography.

Dynamic Traffic Assignment: Recent Advances and New Theories Towards Real Time Applications and Realistic Travel Behaviour (Editorial)

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:44:07 +0100

Traffic assignment is a set of criteria through which the demand for mobility is distributed over the links of a transport network. Over the last 30 years, Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) models have been developed to support time-dependent analyses in nascent fields that need to take into account the temporal distribution of demand and supply. In this book, leading international experts in the field provide a state-of-the-art overview of fundamental DTA research and practice, identifying weaknesses and major challenges for future research.

Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation for the Design of the Future European Air Traffic Management System: The Experience of CASSIOPEIA

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:43:36 +0100

The SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) program is an ambitious re-search and development initiative to design the future European air traffic man-agement (ATM) system. The study of the behavior of ATM systems using agent-based modeling and simulation tools can help the development of new methods to improve their performance. This paper presents an overview of existing agent-based approaches in air transportation (paying special attention to the challenges that exist for the design of future ATM systems) and, subsequently, describes a new agent-based approach that we proposed in the CASSIOPEIA project, which was developed according to the goals of the SESAR program. In our approach, we use agent models for different ATM stakeholders, and, in contrast to previous work, our solution models new collaborative decision processes for flow traffic management, it uses an intermediate level of abstraction (useful for simulations at larger scales), and was designed to be a practical tool (open and reusable) for the development of different ATM studies. It was successfully applied in three stud-ies related to the design of future ATM systems in Europe.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

City Logistics in Italy: Success Factors and Environmental Performance

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:38:51 +0100

City distribution plays a key role in supporting urban lifestyles, helping to serve and retain industrial and trading activities, and contributing to the competitiveness of regional industry. Despite these positive effects, it also generates negative (economic, environmental and social) impacts on cities worldwide. Relatively little attention has been paid to these issues by researchers and policymakers until recently. The analyses found in City Distribution and Urban Freight Transport aim to improve knowledge in this important area by recognizing and evaluating the problems, with a focus on urban freight transport systems.

Development Strategies for Intermodal Transport in Europe

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:34:47 +0100

A Simulation-based Analysis of “Resilience” in Enroute Air Traffic Control Tasks

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:33:57 +0100

Abstract. Air Traffic Control Officers (ATCOs) routinely maintain safety and efficiency of air traffic operations by their resilient responses to unanticipated variations of a situation. Although resilience can be very essence of ATCOâs skills, it is hard to analyze their resilience for improvement of training program of ATCO trainees because their resilience may be derived from their tacit practical knowledge. The present research has proposes an analysis method of ATCOsâ resilience by using a cognitive system simulation. Through simulation-based experiments, a couple of features of resilience involved in their control strategy of air traffic have been successfully identified. The basic effectiveness of the proposed method for analyses of resilience at the sharp-end of the air traffic control domain has been demonstrated through this attempt.

Intermodal Freight Transport in Urban Areas in Japan

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:33:44 +0100

Boundary Integral and Finite Element Simulation of Electromagnetic NDE Phenomena

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:32:56 +0100

Finite element (FE) studies of energy/material interactions associated with the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of materials have not only yielded useful information concerning the physics of new NDE phenomena [1] but also provided âtest-bedsâ for the simulation of NDE situations too difficult to replicate in a laboratory environment [2]. FE code has been developed for the analysis of those NDE processes governed by elliptic [3], parabolic [4] and hyperbolic [5] partial differential equation (PDE) types taking advantage of axisymmetry wherever possible in order to conserve computer capacity. In those situations requiring fine spatial and/or temporal discretization, it has been found that the FE code makes excessive demands on even the best computer resources. Examples of this situation include the finite element modeling of the remote field effect in large diameter pipelines [6] and the simulation of ultrasonic wave propagation through large structures [7].

INLAND NAVIGATION

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:30:08 +0100

Prepared by the Task Committee on Inland Navigation of the Waterways Committee of the Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Institute of ASCE. Inland Navigation: Channel Training Works presents design guidance on structures that reshape a river channel to create reliable depths and widths for safe and dependable vessel transit. This Manual of Practice focuses on training structures used in open-river channels with flow in one direction (non-tidal), and many of the structures are also appropriate for use on low-head (no reservoir storage capacity) lock-and-dam river systems. It describes in detail the proper use of dikes and revetments and explains how to design channel dimensions and alignment so that little or no maintenance dredging is required. Topics include: sediment management in river channels; evolution of training works in the United States; training structure types and layout; dikes; revetments; other types of training works; case studies; costs; environmental design; model studies; performance evaluation and inspection; repair techniques. Includes a glossary and a reprint of a 1991 paper on an analytical method to determine dike length. MOP 124 is a key reference for navigation engineers working on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers projects or in the private sector, as well as state and local government officials charged with managing river systems.

Air Traffic Control Graph Partitioning Application

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:27:22 +0100

International audience

Intermodal Freight Transport in the United States

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:26:15 +0100

Road User Charging in the UK: The Policy Prospects

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:25:12 +0100

Sustainability indicators for sustainable transport infrastructure development.

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:24:52 +0100

To preserve resources for future generation, there is rising agreement that transportation system sustainability should capture attributes of system effectiveness and system impacts on economic development, environmental integrity, and social quality of life. To make the region sustainable, sustainability assessment can be incorporated at the planning level in order to influence decision making, and support policies. This paper present a review on methodologies that can be applied in sustainability assessment in transportation planning which can be used to incorporate sustainability more effectively in the planning process. This review on research study is potentially useful to road and transport infrastructural development agencies who are interested in understanding the range of tools and indicators being used for sustainability assessment, so that they can expand or refine their performance measures to capture sustainability in transportation planning, and using them in evaluating tradeoffs among challenging alternative as well as in identifying major alternative

Sensitivity of Geographical Accessibility Measures Under Road-Pricing Conditions

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:23:51 +0100

Intermodal Freight Transport in Europe

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:22:05 +0100

Conclusion and Future Perspectives

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:15:10 +0100

Using Evolution Strategies to Reduce Emergency Services Arrival Time in Case of Accident

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:10:58 +0100

Â© 2013 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works [EN] A critical issue, especially in urban areas, is the occurrence of traffic accidents, since it could generate traffic jams. Additionally, these traffic jams will negatively affect to the rescue process, increasing the emergency services arrival time, which can determine the difference between life or death for injured people involved in the accident. In this paper, we propose four different approaches addressing the traffic congestion problem, comparing them to obtain the best solution. Using V2I communications, we are able to accurately estimate the traffic density in a certain area, which represents a key parameter to perform efficient traffic redirection, thereby reducing the emergency services arrival time, and avoiding traffic jams when an accident occurs. Specifically, we propose two approaches based on the Dijkstra algorithm, and two approaches based on Evolution Strategies. Results indicate that the Density-Based Evolution Strategy system is the best one among all the proposed solutions, since it offers the lowest emergency services travel times. This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e InnovaciÃ³m , Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01, as well as by the FundaciÃ³n Universitaria Antonio Gargallo, the Obra Social de Ibercaja, the Government of Aragon, and the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group). Barrachina Villalba, J.; Garrido, P.; Fogue, M.; MartÃnez, FJ.; Cano EscribÃ¡, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Manzoni, P. (2013). Using evolution strategies to reduce emergency services arrival time in case of accident. En 2013 IEEE 25th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence. IEEE. 833-840. doi:10.1109/ICTAI.2013.127 S 833 840

The European and Asian Experience of Implementing Congestion Charging: Its Applicability to the United States

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:10:27 +0100

The Puget Sound (Seattle) Congestion Pricing Pilot Experiment

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:06:55 +0100

Deploying ITS Scenarios Providing Security and Mobility Services Based on IEEE 802.11p Technology

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:04:01 +0100

It was several years ago when the importance of vehicular communications rapidly grew. The research community on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) had been working for years on autonomous systems focused on either the infrastructure or the vehicle side. This fact is still evident in current systems for traffic monitoring, safety or entertainment integrated in commercial vehicles. Nonetheless, this market inertia is planned to gradually change in the short term, due to the vast amount of research in vehicular communications and cooperative systems that has appeared in the last years. According to new schemes, infrastructure and vehicle subsystems will not be independent anymore. Communication networks should interconnect infrastructure processes (I2I infrastructure to infrastructure); they should make easier the provision of services to vehicles (V2I/I2V infrastructure to vehicle); and they should be the seed of future cooperative services among vehicles (V2V vehicle to vehicle).

From policy measures to policy packages: a spatially, temporally and institutionally differentiated approach

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 13:01:27 +0100

Practical Data Value Speculation for Future High-end Processors

Scipedia content — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 15:44:57 +0100

A fait l'objet d'une publication Ã "High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) 2014" Lien : http://people.irisa.fr/Arthur.Perais/data/HPCA%2714_Practical_VP.pdf; Dedicating more silicon area to single thread performance will necessarily be considered as worthwhile in future - potentially heterogeneous - multicores. In particular, Value prediction (VP) was proposed in the mid 90's to enhance the performance of high-end uniprocessors by breaking true data dependencies. In this paper, we reconsider the concept of Value Prediction in the contemporary context and show its potential as a direction to improve current single thread performance. First, building on top of research carried out during the previous decade on confidence estimation, we show that every value predictor is amenable to very high prediction accuracy using very simple hardware. This clears the path to an implementation of VP without a complex selective reissue mechanism to absorb mispredictions, where prediction is performed in the in-order pipeline frond-end and validation is performed in the in-order pipeline back-end, while the out-of-order engine is only marginally modified. Second, when predicting back-to-back occurrences of the same instruction, previous context-based value predictors relying on local value history exhibit a complex critical loop that should ideally be implemented in a single cycle. To bypass this requirement, we introduce a new value predictor VTAGE harnessing the global branch history. VTAGE can seamlessly predict back-to-back occurrences, allowing predictions to span over several cycles. It achieves higher performance than previously proposed context-based predictors. Specifically, using SPEC'00 and SPEC'06 benchmarks, our simulations show that combining VTAGE and a Stride-based predictor yields up to 65% speedup on a fairly aggressive pipeline without support for selective reissue.; DÃ©dier plus de surface de silicium Ã la performance sÃ©quentielle sera nÃ©cessairement considÃ©rÃ© comme digne d'interÃªt dans un futur proche. En particulier, la PrÃ©diction de Valeurs (VP) a Ã©tÃ© proposÃ©e dans les annÃ©es 90 afin d'amÃ©liorer la performance sÃ©quentielle des processeurs haute-performance en cassant les dÃ©pendances de donnÃ©es entre instructions. Dans ce papier, nous revisitons le concept de PrÃ©diction de Valeurs dans un contexte contemporain et montrons son potentiel d'amÃ©lioration de la performance sÃ©quentielle. SpÃ©cifiquement, utilisant les suites de benchmarks SPEC'00 et SPEC'06, nos simulations montrent qu'en combinant notre prÃ©dicteur, VTAGE, avec un prÃ©dicteur de type Stride, des gains de performances allant jusqu'Ã 65% peuvent Ãªtre observÃ©s sur un pipeline relativement agressif mais sans rÃ©-exÃ©cution sÃ©lective en cas de mauvaise prÃ©diction.

Document type: External research report

DECOMOBIL Roadmap for research on Human Centred Design of ICT for clean and safe mobility. Deliverable 2.2

Scipedia content — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 13:39:41 +0100

The scientific seminar on 'Roadmap of Information & Communication Technology design for clean and efficient multimodal mobility' organized by Ifsttar in the framework of the European project DECOMOBIL, has been held the 28th of May 2013 in Munich, Germany. The aims of the event were to overview perspectives of research in the domain of ICT and green transport, with presentation of the main key issues, the on-going major projects, some outstanding results and the scientific and technical lacks of knowledge to overcome, in order to debate about future steps to follow to reach identified and consensual objectives in this domain. Speakers have been identified as key experts in the ecomobility research areas, with diversified points of view and approaches, in order to give to the audience a holistic vision of this issue. During this seminar, an overview of European projects on ecomobility such as eCoMove, compass4D, Adasis, Amitran, has been provided. Experience gained from the iMobility WG on ICT for clean and efficient mobility, which aims providing a vision on eco-friendly mobility, has been presented. Priorities for road safety research in Europe have been defined through the presentation of the PROS project, and transport cross-modal considerations on safety and human factors have been discussed through the presentation of the EXCROSS project. Perspectives on Powered-Two-Wheels contribution to ecomobility in addition to sustainable driving/riding training for a safe and cost efficient behavior have been drawn. Finally, main issues related to design, integration and safety of mobile service for ecomobility and concept of cooperative services have been presented and discussed.A round table allowed the audience to interact in a fruitful way with all the speakers of the day.After summarizing the context linked to ecomobility at a European level, this report gathers a summary of each presentation in addition to the full set of slides displayed at the seminar.Furthermore, all the presentations (slides and video recordings of the speakers) are available for downloading on the DECOMOBIL website http://decomobil.humanist-vce.eu/Downloads.html

Document type: Report

Materials solutions for hydrogen delivery in pipelines

Scipedia content — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 10:32:42 +0100

The main objective of the study is as follows: Identify steel compositions/microstructures suitable for construction of new pipeline infrastructure and evaluate the potential use of the existing steel pipeline infrastructure in high pressure gaseous hydrogen applications. The microstructures of four pipeline steels were characterized and tensile testing was conducted in gaseous hydrogen and helium at pressures of 5.5 MPa (800 psi), 11 MPa (1600 psi) and 20.7 MPa (3000 psi). Based on reduction of area, two of the four steels that performed the best across the pressure range were selected for evaluation of fracture and fatigue performance in gaseous hydrogen at 5.5 MPa (800 psi) and 20.7 MPa (3000 psi). The basic format for this phase of the study is as follows: Microstructural characterization of volume fraction of phases in each alloy; Tensile testing of all four alloys in He and H{sub 2} at 5.5 MPa (800 psi), 11 MPa (1600 psi), and 20.7 MPa (3000 psi). RA performance was used to choose the two best performers for further mechanical property evaluation; Fracture testing (ASTM E1820) of two best tensile test performers in H{sub 2} at 5.5 MPa (800 psi) and 20.7 MPa (3000 psi); Fatigue testing (ASTM E647) ofmoreÂ Â» two best tensile test performers in H2 at 5.5 MPa (800 psi) and 20.7 MPa (3000 psi) with frequency =1.0 Hz and R-ratio=0.5 and 0.1.Â«Â le

Document type: Report

DECOMOBIL Human Centred Design for Safety Critical Transport Systems. Deliverable 3.6

Scipedia content — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 10:10:55 +0100

The scientific seminar on 'Human Centred Design for Safety Critical Transport Systems' organized in the framework of DECOMOBIL has been held the 8th of September 2014 in Lisbon, Portugal, hosted by ADI/ISG. The aims of the event were to present the scientific problematic related to the safety of the complex transport systems and the increasing importance of human-Âcentred design, with a specific focus on Resilience Engineering concept, a new approach to safety management in highly complex systems, on knowledge and experience from other transport modes, particularly aviation and space, in which automation processes are accompanied by an increase in safety and security and on the safety of vulnerable road users and its potential link to automation. To close the workshop, an analysis of safety vs. ecomobility highlighting research priorities has been presented to the audience. As a special speaker, Myriam Coulon-ÂCantuer, EC Project Officer of the DG Connect, presented the view of the EC on the future research challenges for ICT and transport.

Document type: Report

Data co processing for extreme scale analysis level ii asc milestone 4745

Scipedia content — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 09:57:34 +0100

Exascale supercomputing will embody many revolutionary changes in the hardware and software of high-performance computing. A particularly pressing issue is gaining insight into the science behind the exascale computations. Power and I/O speed con- straints will fundamentally change current visualization and analysis work ows. A traditional post-processing work ow involves storing simulation results to disk and later retrieving them for visualization and data analysis. However, at exascale, scien- tists and analysts will need a range of options for moving data to persistent storage, as the current o ine or post-processing pipelines will not be able to capture the data necessary for data analysis of these extreme scale simulations. This Milestone explores two alternate work ows, characterized as in situ and in transit, and compares them. We nd each to have its own merits and faults, and we provide information to help pick the best option for a particular use.

Document type: Report

User instructions for the ciderf individual dose code and associated utility codes

Scipedia content — Mon, 26 Oct 2020 09:56:04 +0100

Historical activities at facilities producing nuclear materials for weapons released radioactivity into the air and water. Past studies in the United States have evaluated the release, atmospheric transport and environmental accumulation of 131I from the nuclear facilities at Hanford in Washington State and the resulting dose to members of the public (Farris et al. 1994). A multi-year dose reconstruction effort (Mokrov et al. 2004) is also being conducted to produce representative dose estimates for members of the public living near Mayak, Russia, from atmospheric releases of 131I at the facilities of the Mayak Production Association. The approach to calculating individual doses to members of the public from historical releases of airborne 131I has the following general steps: Â Construct estimates of releases 131I to the air from production facilities. Â Model the transport of 131I in the air and subsequent deposition on the ground and vegetation. Â Model the accumulation of 131I in soil, water and food products (environmental media). Â Calculate the dose for an individual by matching the appropriate lifestyle and consumption data for the individual to the concentrations of 131I in environmental media at their residence location. A number of computer codes were developed to facilitate themoreÂ Â» study of airborne 131I emissions at Hanford. The RATCHET code modeled movement of 131I in the atmosphere (Ramsdell Jr. et al. 1994). The DECARTES code modeled accumulation of 131I in environmental media (Miley et al. 1994). The CIDER computer code estimated annual doses to individuals (Eslinger et al. 1994) using the equations and parameters specific to Hanford (Snyder et al. 1994). Several of the computer codes developed to model 131I releases from Hanford are general enough to be used for other facilities. This document provides user instructions for computer codes calculating doses to members of the public from atmospheric 131I that have two major differences from the Hanford modeling sequence. First, the air transport code HYSPLIT (Draxler et al. 2012) is used instead of the RATCHET code. Second, the new individual dose code CiderF replaces the older CIDER code and five auxiliary codes.Â«Â le

Document type: Report

Group maintenance scheduling a case study for a pipeline network

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:30:51 +0200

This paper presents a group maintenance scheduling case study for a water distribution network. This water pipeline network presents the challenge of maintaining aging pipelines with the associated increases in annual maintenance costs. The case study focuses on developing an effective pipeline replacement planning for the water utility. Replacement planning involves large capital commitment and can be difficult as it needs to balance various replacement needs under limited budgets. A Maintenance Grouping Optimization (MGO) model based on a modified genetic algorithm was utilized to develop an optimum group maintenance schedule over a 20 year cycle. An adjacent geographical distribution of pipelines was used as a grouping criterion to control the searching space of the MGO model through a Judgment Matrix. Based on the optimum group maintenance schedule, the total cost was effectively reduced compared with the schedules without grouping maintenance jobs. This optimum result can be used as a guidance to optimize the current maintenance plan for the water utility.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Transport surveys considerations for decision makers and decision making

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:29:09 +0200

Abstract\r This book provides an international perspective on improving information to support transportation decision making. It comprises a selection of papers plus workshop syntheses from the 9th International Conference on Transport Survey Methods in Chile in November 2011. The conference was organized into 14 workshops with both paper presentations and discussions in the workshops forming the majority of the conference activity. The papers reported primarily on research pertaining to continuous improvement in transport survey methods the backbone of the transportation data pipeline in most countries. But some papers also addressed the new ways in which innovation notably technological innovation is being applied to the capture and analysis of data to produce necessary information faster, better, and less expensively. The conference program built on a rich legacy of intellectual pursuits spanning the past two decades, and it is anticipated that the conference will continue into the future. Thus, the contents of this book represent a 510 year view through a moving window on the international state of the practice and concerns in transport survey methods.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Canadian resistance to the northern gateway oil pipeline

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:24:03 +0200

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

An algorithm for the transportation problem with given frequencies

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:20:02 +0200

In this paper we consider the problem of shipping several products from an origin to a destination, when a discrete set of shipping frequencies is available only, in such a way that the sum of the transportation and inventory cost is minimized This problem, which is known to be NP-hard, has applications in transportation planning and in location analysis. We derive some dominance rules for the problem solutions which allow to tighten the bounds on the problem variables. Moreover, we present a branch-and-bound algorithm and we evaluate its performance on randomly generated problem instances.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Electric vehicles on-board battery charger for the future smart grids

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:18:48 +0200

The recent and massive investments in Electric Vehicles (EVs) reveal a change of paradigm in the transports sector and the proliferation of EVs will contribute to an effective reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, for the electrical power grids EVs will be extra loads, which will require the demand energy to charge their batteries. With the advent of the Smart Grids, besides the usual battery charging mode (Grid-to-Vehicle G2V), where the batteries receives energy from the power grid, arises a new concept for the users of EVs and for the power grid market, denominated as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G). In the V2G operation mode, EVs return to the power grid part of the energy stored in their batteries. The V2G concept requires the use of battery chargers for the EVs with bidirectional power flow capability and bidirectional communication with the Smart Grids through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) applications. It is important to highlight that the proliferation of EVs and the impact of their battery chargers on the power grid quality is a matter of concern, since conventional chargers present current harmonics and power factor problems. In this paper it is presented the preliminary studies resulting from a PhD work about a bidirectional battery charger for EVs, which was designed to operate in collaboration with the power grid as G2V and V2G through an ICT application. In this way, it is expectable to contribute to the technological innovation of the electric mobility in Smart Grids. To assess the behavior of the proposed battery charger under different scenarios of operation, a prototype has been developed, and some simulation and experimental results of the battery charger are presented. Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT); FEDER Funds, through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors COMPETE, and by National Funds through FCT Foun- dation for Science and Technology of Portugal, under the projects: FCOMP-01-0124- FEDER-022674 an d PTDC/EEA-EEL/104569/2008

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Sustainable Transport and Quality of Life Analysis of Cycling Impact in Italy

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:18:14 +0200

In the last 20 years cities have undergone considerable changes. The current phase of expansion, which took place in the absence of demographic pressures, has diluted urban space into functional areas, scattered randomly throughout the area. The authors therefore identify new mobility needs, met mainly by private means, with implications in terms of congestion and air pollution. Sustainable mobility is a priority intervention for the EU. This chapter studies, after a discussion of the importance of sustainable mobility, cycling in Italy from an economic and strategic perspective. Promoting cycling is important for individual health, environmental sustainability, and transport demand management. In Italy, very few people use a bicycle on a regular basis. The analysis relies on national aggregate data as well as case studies of large and small cities in an Italian region.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

The role of spacetime activity patterns in the exposure assessment of residents

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:15:52 +0200

International audience Industrial development can generate hazardous situations in particular, when there is a need to deal with dangerous substances, such as those in chemical or petrochemical plants. Too often, these industries are located in the heart of urbanized areas with high-density populations, as urbanization intrudes on the hazardous sites (originally established outside of cities). Protecting civil populations from these risks either through precautionary measures or special crisis management plans, if a catastrophe occurs is a key issue. To better protect citizens, identifying the risks to which they are exposed and also how they perceive the risks in their area can help authorities and stakeholders better understand the risks (Glatron & Beck, 2008). Adequate knowledge of these risks can also dissuade populations from settling in certain zones and thus lower their vulnerability. Finally, authorities need to assess the exposure of populations to hazards through modelling to set up appropriate and efficient risk management plans based on land planning. The present chapter founded on responses to a questionnaire-based investigation (see the Annex) carried out in the MilazzoValle del Mela area of Sicily, in 2008 explores two main aspects of exposure assessment: space-time-pattern methodological challenges and results of individual space-time activity data extracted from the investigation in the MilazzoValle del Mela area.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Migration tolerant human computer interaction for air traffic controllers

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:08:26 +0200

Human machine interfaces (HMI) in the product division of air traffic management (ATM) are in use for long time spans. For an efficient use of HMIs not only user centered but also migration tolerant designs are important. Migration tolerance therefore means considering future requirements for a long lasting controller HMI life cycle. For efficient ATM, the concept of system wide information management (SWIM) will be introduced. This generates a large amount of additional information that will influence controller work. In this paper, we therefore describe a new controller role called Information-and-Conflict-Manager (ICM) who handles the complexity induced by SWIM. The resulting HMI design draft demonstrates how the integration of data could be managed. ICM also supervises training to support controllers successfully passing future flight guidance transitions.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Entwicklung von der Verkehrs- zur Mobilitätserziehung an Schulen in der Bundesrepublik: Deutschland anhand von bildungspolitischen Empfehlungen

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:08:10 +0200

Die Autorin stellt die Entwicklung von der Verkehrs- zur Mobilitätserziehung darf und zeichnet anhand von bildungspolitischen Empfehlungen die historischen Entwicklungsetappen nach, um schließlich auf die Aufgaben und Ziele einer modernen, der gesellschaftlichen Dynamik angepassten Mobilitätserziehung zu fokussieren. (DIPF/Orig.)

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Qualitative methods in transport research the action research approach

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:06:05 +0200

Abstract\r Purpose This paper explores the potential of action research as transport survey method, with particular emphasis on critically assessing its utility in the resolution of major transport policy challenges, such as the mitigation of climate change and environmental impacts, transport-related social exclusion and intergenerational equity issues. Although not particularly novel within the social sciences, it is an approach that has been largely overlooked within the field of transport studies to date.\r \r Methodology/approach The paper presents practical examples of where action research has been used to elicit information about people's travel experiences and behaviours and discusses how it achieves different outcomes from other qualitative transport survey methods. It identifies appropriate contexts for action research and explores the skills and techniques to overcome some of the main criticisms of the method. It then evaluates some of the critical challenges of applying an action research approach and identifies potential ways for overcoming these. Finally, it discusses the key challenges for analysis, presentation and dissemination of their action research data and potential ways of overcoming these.\r \r Findings Action research has a long history within the social sciences, dating back to practical problems in wartime situations in Europe and the United States. It can be applied at either the level of individuals, small groups and/or communities and organisations, with the expressed aim of bringing together research enquiry and future policy or planned actions (ibid). It provides a useful additional survey technique for policy-makers wishing to understand the detailed process of travel behaviours and barrier to travel at the individual level.\r \r Originality/value of the paper The action research method is specifically useful for supporting and actively encouraging behaviour change as an integral part of the research process. It has only recently emerged within the literature as a transport survey method. It can be a particularly useful method for developing more collaborative data collection methods research participants enquires and thus enable us to identify their underlying motivations, intentions, perceptions and negotiations, as well as the micro-level impacts of smaller scale transport initiatives.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Software quality improvement two approaches to the application of formal methods

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:04:35 +0200

This paper illustrates two different approaches for the application of Formal Methods (FM): integrated-parallel and after-the-fact. In the first approach FMs have been applied integrated and in parallel with structured methods starting from the design phase. In the second approach FMs have been applied after the whole application code had already been developed, before the delivery, to derive an abstract specification of the S/W system and verifY that the most critical properties hold. Both approaches have been adopted in the development of a real application in the domain of the Air Traffic Control, whose purpose is to predict and detect potential air conflicts. The results show that FMs can improve the quality of the software process and products. In particular the accuracy of the final documentation improves and the number of early discovered errors increases. The paper provides general guidelines for the integration of formal and structured methods and presents the documentation outline which has been defined to comment the formal specifications, in the framework of the project applicable standards: 2I67-A military standard and ESA PSS-05-0 and PSS-OI-O. Finally the paper makes an analysis of eight software quality factors, showing also the typology of the discovered errors with the two after-the-fact and integrated-parallel approaches with respect to the traditional development approaches. One conclusion is that FMs provide a real support in developing better quality software, identifYing errors, which sometimes, with traditional approaches, remain undiscovered till and after the software delivery.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Characterization of a laser scanner sensor for the use as a reference system in vehicular relative positioning

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 16:04:04 +0200

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) play an important role in increasing the safety on todays roads. Forward collision warning systems, lane change assistants or cooperative adaptive cruise control are examples of safety relevant applications that rely on accurate relative positioning between vehicles. Current solutions found in commercial automobiles estimate the position of surrounding vehicles by measuring the distance with RADAR, cameras or IR-sensors. It is envisioned that the advent of inter-car communication will provide on-board relative positioning systems with further information about other vehicles in the surrounding area. While performing research in this field, the need of a proper reference system for testing new approaches originates. In the ideal case, such a reference system would yield the exact and continuous 3D baseline between two vehicles at any time in any circumstance. In this paper we will characterize the use of a laser scanner as a reference system for relative vehicle positioning.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Transforming execution time boundable code into temporally predictable code

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:53:12 +0200

Traditional Worst-Case Execution-Time (WCET) analysis is very complex. It has to deal with path analysis, to identify and describe the possible execution paths through the code to be analyzed, and it has to model the worst-case timing of the possible paths on the target hardware. The latter is again nontrivial due to interference of modern hardware features like instruction pipelines, caches, and parallel instruction-execution units on the processor.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Allaboard a system for exploring urban mobility and optimizing public transport using cellphone data

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:47:35 +0200

The deep penetration of mobile phones offers cities the ability to opportunistically monitor citizens interactions and use data-driven insights to better plan and manage services. In this context, transit operators can leverage pervasive mobile sensing to better match observed demand for travel with their service offerings. With large scale data on mobility patterns, operators can move away from the costly and resource intensive transportation planning processes prevalent in the West, to a more data-centric view, that places the instrumented user at the center of development. In this framework, using mobile phone data to perform transit analysis and optimization represents a new frontier with significant societal impact, especially in developing countries.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

The Future of Planning

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:44:03 +0200

An entire paper could be written on the question: what do we mean by that ambiguous word planning, in any particular context? That question must be answered at the outset, because it is central to this paper: here planning will centrally mean land-use planning, that is, the codification and control of land use in new development and redevelopment according to plans that then form the basis of development control decisions; but it is impossible to confine discussion to this narrow definition, because land-use planning inevitably reflects wider urban policy concerns in the fields of economic development, social and community policy, housing policy, transportation planning, and environmental policy, to name only a few of the most important. Tracing these interrelationships will indeed prove the central theme of this discussion.

Document type: Book

Economic importance of the Belgian ports: Flemish maritime ports, Liège port complex and the port of Brussels Report 2011

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:32:28 +0200

This paper is an annual publication issued by the Microeconomic Analysis service of the National Bank of Belgium. The Flemish maritime ports (Antwerp, Ghent, Ostend, Zeebrugge), the Autonomous Port of Liège and the port of Brussels play a major role in their respective regional economies and in the Belgian economy, not only in terms of industrial activity but also as intermodal centers facilitating the commodity flow. This update paper provides an extensive overview of the economic importance and development of the Flemish maritime ports, the Liège port complex and the port of Brussels for the period 2006 - 2011, with an emphasis on 2011. Focusing on the three major variables of value added, employment and investment, the report also provides some information based on the social balance sheet and an overview of the financial situation in these ports as a whole. These observations are linked to a more general context, along with a few cargo statistics. Annual accounts data from the Central Balance Sheet Office were used for the calculation of direct effects, the study of financial ratios and the analysis of the social balance sheet. The indirect effects of the activities concerned were estimated in terms of value added and employment, on the basis of data from the National Accounts Institute. As a result of the underlying calculation method the changes of indirect employment and indirect value added can differ from one another. () After the upturn in 2010, maritime cargo traffic in the Flemish ports continued to rise, albeit at a slower pace in 2011. Direct value added declined in the four ports in Flanders as a whole. Both maritime and non-maritime clusters as a whole were down. The only increase in value added occurred in the port of Zeebrugge. The value added of the non-maritime clusters in each port declined, while in the maritime cluster, the port of Antwerp was the only one to register a steep drop. Direct employment in the Flemish ports as a whole declined during the year 2011. This is true of both the maritime and non-maritime cluster. Only the port of Ghent registered a rise in employment in both clusters. Investment contracted in the Flemish ports as a whole for the third year in a row. The decline in investment was between 7 and 13 percent in the ports of Antwerp, Ghent and Ostend, whereas Zeebrugge recorded a negative rate of one-fifth in its investment levels in 2011. The volume of cargo handled in the port of Liège increased slightly in 2011. Direct value added rose in both clusters, while employment registered a decline in the maritime cluster and a rise in the nonmaritime cluster. After falling in 2010, investment picked up again in 2011 in both clusters. The volume of cargo handled at the port of Brussels rose in 2011. Value added in the maritime cluster was up but contracted in the non-maritime cluster. Employment increased in both clusters. The drop in investment recorded since 2009 continued throughout 2011. This report provides a comprehensive account of these issues, giving details for each economic sector, although the comments are confined to the main changes that occurred in 2011.

Document type: Book

Towards a communication system for people with athetoid cerebral palsy

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:27:56 +0200

International audience; Communication is an important act in the development and empowerment of human beings. Through language, humans communicate their needs, desires, moods... Unfortunately, many physical and mental disabilities deprive some people of such communication means. Nowadays various Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) systems exist in order to help people with disabilities. Virtual keyboards are the most common AAC systems for physical disabilities. Concerning mental disability, there are tools based on pictograms. This paper is divided into two parts. First, we put forward a critical review of various AAC systems with a focus on users with athetoid cerebral palsy. Second, the paper presents work in progress concerning a communication system for such users.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Demography aging and mobility in the eca region a critical overview of trends and future challenges

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:27:01 +0200

The countries of the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region are confronting a number of demographic challenges over the coming decades. These include shrinking populations and labor forces because of below replacement-level fertility and older age structures, high mortality in a large portion of the region, aging populations and high dependency ratios, shrinking youth populations and less new entrants to the labor force, and relatively immobile populations. The report is structured as follows. After this introduction, the second section reviews population trends in the ECA region over the past two decades. Following that is a review of the literature on the issue of aging globally and specifically in the ECA region. This includes the implications of population aging on economic growth and, employment, and public expenditures. The next section looks at projections of demographic trends in the ECA region for the period 2010 to 2040, including aging trends. Following this is an examination of the role that migration and mobility play in the aging process among the ECA countries in the future. The final section concludes by discussing policy options and areas for further research and analysi

Document type: Book

Traffic Engineering Using OSPF Weights and Splitting Ratios

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:26:34 +0200

A method is proposed to perform traffic engineering for Autonomous Systems by setting OSPF weights and distributing new metrics called node splitting ratios. The quality of the traffic engineering is comparable to that achievable using MPLS. The weights and splitting ratios can be calculated using linear programming techniques. This potentially allows the solution of very large problems of a scale often found in an ISP backbone. Furthermore changes to network topology or addition of new flows can be easily done without performing the whole optimisation procedure. The method we have presented here offers the ability to perform Traffic flow optimisation without maintaining any per flow state in routers and without introducing additional protocols or packet overhead, unlike MPLS which is commonly used for Traffic Engineering.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

A change in the transportation needs today a better future for tomorrow climate change review

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:26:20 +0200

No sooner than later, the world will be living hell as a result of the transportation effects on our climate now escalating. The pressure is now growing towards their resultant effects to be totally eradicated in order to save our planet otherwise, the stabilisation of these effects; global warming, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and degradation will need to be sought after. The world all over is at it now in an effort to restore our climate, to save it from the effects of these catastrophes/disasters. On the proposition of the Kyoto Protocol in1997, the main focus was to decrease greenhouse emissions of mainly six gases Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride, Hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) and Per fluorinated Compounds (PFCs). And transport alone, accounts for over 26% of global CO2 and has been regarded as one of the few industrial sectors wherein emissions are still on the increase, on this basis, researchers and policy makers are all at it to tackle the menace of climate changes through provision of sustainable transport. This paper focuses on the new and developed technologies like the renewable energy source [RES], which will be an alternative to transport fuels to avoid the dependence on petroleum which after effects are damaging to the world climate, and may probably not be there forever to continue serving the world ever increasing population. While the long term solutions are being sought, these alternatives will make do for now.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Transparent Incremental Updates for Genomics Data Analysis Pipelines

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:22:21 +0200

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54420-0_31 A large up-to-date compendium of integrated genomic data is often required for biological data analysis. The compendium can be tens of terabytes in size, and must often be frequently updated with new experimental or meta-data. Manual compendium update is cumbersome, requires a lot of unnecessary computation, and it may result in errors or inconsistencies in the compendium. We propose a transparent file based approach for adding incremental update ca-pabilities to unmodified genomics data analysis tools and pipeline workflow managers. This approach is implemented in the GeStore system. We evaluate GeStore using a real world genomics compendium. Our results show that it is easy to add incremental updates to genomics data processing pipelines, and that incremental updates can reduce the computation time such that it becomes prac-tical to maintain large-scale up-to-date genomics compendia on small clusters.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Quality of Services for ISP Networks

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:18:38 +0200

Quality of Service (QoS) is a basic functionality that the Internet needs to be able to cope with when the applications increased in number and varied in use. Internet QoS issues concerning the Internet involves many different areas: end user QoS, ISP network QoS, backbone QoS. Backbone QoS is the problem concerning traffic engineering and bandwidth. ISP network QoS is one of the major problems in the Internet, In this paper, we would like to present an architecture model for QoS enabled ISP networks. This model is based on differentiated services and is connected to QoS or non-QoS enabled backbones for IP upstream and downstream QoS traffic. At the end of paper, an example of VoIP application is introduced.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Air traffic analysis

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:12:38 +0200

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Setting the scene : background and overview of regulatory reform in the transport sector

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:07:55 +0200

This book concerns the regulation of transport within a European context, covering air, rail, road passenger and freight, urban public transport, inland waterways, short sea shipping and intermodal transport. All these sectors have experienced substantial changes over the last three decades and this book aims to present the main such changes and their impacts. Over this period, and since the publication of the first European Commission (EC) Transport White Paper in 1992 (European Commission, 1992), important reforms of the transport sectors have been introduced in individual member states and supported by various EC initiatives, including implementation of several Directives and a number of Green and White Papers, most recently in 2011 (European Commission, 2011). Even though this has not been an objective of the Commission, there have been changes in ownership structures moving away from significant state intervention towards more autonomous entities and even private sector involvement for both transport infrastructure and operations. Some progress has also been achieved in terms of competition for transport operations, facilitated amongst others through third-party access rights to the markets.

Document type: Book

Assessing spatial planning policy with accessibility indicators the case of lille s metropolis scenario

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:07:09 +0200

This chapter presents an analysis of transport services in the context of regional transport planning. It proposes to use specially designed accessibility indicators, which allow to really apprehend the quality of the services supplied to different segments of the population and help to assess alternatives solutions. The methodology is applied to the case of Lille as a region capital, and in particular to its main stated objective of enabling people to reach the region capital in less than one hour from the major surrounding urban centres. The improvement of accessibility may be classically measured in many ways, especially using GIS techniques. Nevertheless, the classical accessibility indicators do not provide a correct measurement of the travel times through a scheduled transport system. The railway service architecture the way omnibuses and expresses are associated in the transport supply and the intramodal transfers cause strong bias in the usual measurements of the travel times. Moreover, the travel demand is strongly constrained by the daily urban rhythms and the location of the major traffic attracting activities. These are the source of difficult peak hours traffics to which transport supply should be better adapted. To deal with these problems, new accessibility measurements are proposed, which use scheduled graph modelling. They integrate the full information of transport time-tables of the regional rail transport system in order to model the transport supply of a usual week day. The accessibility measurements produced by this model provide an assessment of the way the transport system can address the spatial planning policy objective of setting the major regional urban centres within one hour of Lille.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Anomaly Detection in Liquid Pipelines Using Modeling, Co-Simulation and Dynamical Estimation

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:06:32 +0200

Part 3: Infrastructure Security International audience Historically, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems have relied on obscurity to safeguard against attacks. Indeed, external attackers lacked knowledge about proprietary system designs and software to access systems and execute attacks. The trend to interconnect to the Internet and incorporate standardized protocols, however, has resulted in an increase in the attack surface attackers can now target SCADA systems and proceed to impact the physical systems they control. Dynamical estimation can be used to identify anomalies and attempts to maliciously affect controlled physical systems. This paper describes an intrusion detection method based on the dynamical estimation of systems. A generic water pipeline system is modeled using state space equations, and a discrete-time Kalman filter is used to estimate operational characteristics for anomaly-based intrusion detection. The effectiveness of the method is evaluated against deception attacks that target the water pipeline system. A co-simulation that integrates computational fluid dynamics software and MATLAB/Simulink is employed to simulate attacks and develop detection schemes.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Mapping Routes To Our Roots: Student Civic Engagement In Transportation Planning

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:05:38 +0200

The best assets of any community college are their students. Students learn, grow, thrive, and, often, remain in their community to help others do the same. They are vital to the development of their communities. Their voices, unfortunately too often silent to policy makers, can contribute to sustainable futures for the cities and towns in which they dwell. Their experiences and stories can enlighten others about how people live in a place and how those places can be made better for those who live there. How can these voices be heard? Can students at a community college help to generate public participation in government planning? Can they use their roots in the community to help their community find a voice? In this chapter, I discuss the theoretical and conceptual grounding for the Partnership for Inclusive, Cost-Effective Public Participation (PICEP2), a model of curriculum for Communication courses at Manchester Community College (MCC) in Manchester, Connecticut, that was designed to amplify citizen voices in government public engagement efforts. This project, which I created through funds from the Federal Transit Administration, is an example of using service-learning with community college students (and their networks) to bring previously silenced voices into efforts to solve/satisfy community/public (transportation) needs. It also indicates: (1) the direct connection between service-learning and participatory action research; (2) the direct role theory can play in project design; and (3) the real and unique contributions community college students, as community members, can make to mandated community-participation processes (as network bridges to additional participants).

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Policy Barriers to International Trade in Services : Evidence from a New Database

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:03:24 +0200

Surprisingly little is known about policies that affect international trade in services. Previous analyses have focused on policy commitments made by countries in international agreements but these commitments do not in many cases reflect actual policy. This paper describes a new initiative to collect comparable information on services trade policies for 103 countries, across a range of service sectors and the relevant modes of service delivery. The resultant database reveals interesting patterns in policy. Across regions, some of the fastest growing countries in Asia and the oil-rich Gulf states have the most restrictive policies in services, whereas some of the poorest countries are remarkably open. Across sectors, professional and transportation services are among the most protected in both industrial and developing countries, while retail, telecommunications and even finance tend to be more open. An illustrative set of results suggests that trade policies matter for investment flows and access to services. In particular, restrictions on foreign acquisitions, discrimination in licensing, restrictions on the repatriation of earnings and lack of legal recourse all have a significant and sizable negative effect, reducing the expected value of sectoral foreign investment by $2.2 billion over a 7-year period, compared with"open"policy regimes. In terms of access to services, credit as a share of gross domestic product is on average 3.3 percentage points lower in countries with major restrictions on the establishment of foreign banks as compared with those that only impose operational restrictions.

Document type: Book

An experimental validation of residual stresses in weld clad pipelines

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:00:35 +0200

The nature and distribution of residual stresses are invariably critical for fatigue life with dissimilar material joints often inducing high tensile residual stresses. A fatigue-resistant concept of weld cladding process pipelines, producing compressive residual stresses, is under investigation to examine how these stresses may be influenced. Simplified weld cladding simulations have successfully illustrated the development and distribution of residual stresses through the joint. The study has highlighted the importance of accurate material data for clad and substrate materials with current analysis assumptions in a simple thick-walled pipe discussed. Experimental validation, using ICHD, measured residual stresses with depth on weld clad specimens, resulting in good correlation between simulation and experiment for a nickel-chromium-based superalloy clad on low alloy carbon steel as discussed. Future work, including a full 3D representation of the cladding process and a comparison of residual stress measurement methods, are also discussed.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Estimating and controlling the traffic impact of a collaborative p2p system

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 15:00:22 +0200

Nowadays, P2P applications are commonly used in the Internet being an important paradigm for the development of distinct services. However, the dissemination of P2P applications also entails some important challenges that should be carefully addressed. In particular, some of the important coexistence problems existing between P2P applications and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are mainly motivated by the inherent P2P dynamics which cause traffic to scatter across the network links in an unforeseeable way.\r \r In this context, this work proposes a collaborative framework of a BitTorrent like system. Using the proposed framework and based on the exchange of valuable information between the application and network levels, some novel techniques are proposed allowing to estimate and control the traffic impact that the P2P system will have on the links of the underlying network infrastructure. Both the framework and the presented techniques were tested resorting to simulation. The results clearly corroborate the viability and effectiveness of the formulated methods.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

: Preface

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:56:37 +0200

This chapter introduces the book of homonymous title. It motivaites the development of the book and present the different visions of city/urban logistics. Moreover, all chapters are introduced and commented.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Computing Quantiles in Markov Reward Models

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:54:55 +0200

Probabilistic model checking mainly concentrates on techniques for reasoning about the probabilities of certain path properties or expected values of certain random variables. For the quantitative system analysis, however, there is also another type of interesting performance measure, namely quantiles. A typical quantile query takes as input a lower probability bound p and a reachability property. The task is then to compute the minimal reward bound r such that with probability at least p the target set will be reached before the accumulated reward exceeds r. Quantiles are well-known from mathematical statistics, but to the best of our knowledge they have not been addressed by the model checking community so far. In this paper, we study the complexity of quantile queries for until properties in discrete-time finite-state Markov decision processes with non-negative rewards on states. We show that qualitative quantile queries can be evaluated in polynomial time and present an exponential algorithm for the evaluation of quantitative quantile queries. For the special case of Markov chains, we show that quantitative quantile queries can be evaluated in time polynomial in the size of the chain and the maximum reward.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Capturing, Restoring, and Presenting, the Independent Radar Investigation System (IRIS)

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:44:07 +0200

Part 9: Reconstruction Stories; International audience; This paper describes a recent project at The National Museum of Computing (TNMoC) to capture, restore to working order, and present to the public, an early air traffic control system. It discusses the importance of capturing an extensive range of information, relating to the system, at the point of donation, the value of this information within the restoration process, the techniques used within the restoration itself, and the value of expressing the social impact of the system in order to convey its relevance to the public.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Eye status based on eyelid detection a driver assistance system

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:42:45 +0200

Fatigue and driver drowsiness monitoring is an important subject for designing driver assistance systems. The measurement of eye closure is a fundamental step for driver awareness detection. We propose a method which is based on eyelid detection and the measurement of the distance between the eyelids. First, the face and the eyes of the driver are localized. After extracting the eye region, the proposed algorithm detects eyelids and computes the percentage of eye closure. Experimental results are performed on the BioID database. Our comparisons show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Genedbase genetic database of selected species of mammals in the czech republic

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:42:04 +0200

Part 8: Information Systems and Applications; International audience; GeneDBase is a part of a research project titled Creating a genetic database of selected species of mammals in the Czech Republic to be used for sustainable transport development. The aim of the research project is to assess the impact of roads on the fragmentation of animal populations and their genetic variability. Further, the objective is to create a genetic database of mammals comprising the data from collected samples of selected wild animals which could be used widely, not only for road planning, but also in other fields (agriculture, environmental protection, land-use planning).

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Improving energy efficiency in brasov romania

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:37:45 +0200

The Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) is used for conducting rapid assessments of energy use in cities. It helps prioritize sectors with significant energy savings potential, and identifies appropriate energy efficiency interventions across six sectors-transport, municipal buildings, water and waste water, public lighting, solid waste, and power and heat. It is a simple, low-cost, user-friendly, and practical tool that can be applied in any socioeconomic setting. While this work focuses on the growth poles in Romania, the analysis was limited to the boundary of the center city of Brasov, due to the difficulty of collecting individual indicators for all the constituent localities of a metropolitan area. The report details the analysis carried out and the recommendations derived as a result, for district heating maintenance and upgrade, non-motorized transport, public transport development, parking restraint measures, municipal buildings audit and retrofit, street lighting timing program, and active leakage of water and pressure management.

Document type: Book

Improving energy efficiency in ploiesti romania

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:36:26 +0200

The Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) is used for conducting rapid assessments of energy use in cities. It helps prioritize sectors with significant energy savings potential, and identifies appropriate energy efficiency interventions across six sectors-transport, municipal buildings, water and waste water, public lighting, solid waste, and power and heat. It is a simple, low-cost, user-friendly, and practical tool that can be applied in any socioeconomic setting. This report is based on the implementation of the TRACE tool in Ploiesti in February 2013, and it outlines ideas on what the city could further do to improve its energy efficiency performance. It details the analysis carried out and the recommendations derived as a result, for energy efficiency action plan, district heating maintenance and upgrade, non-motorized transport, public transport development, parking restraint measures, traffic restraint measures, municipal buildings audit and retrofit, and street lighting timing program.

Document type: Book

Anfragen an die Praxis der Sozialen Arbeit in einer von Mobilität und Vielfalt geprägten Postmoderne Soziale Arbeit in der Migrationsgesellschaft

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:35:40 +0200

Der Autor plädiert in seinem Beitrag für eine radikale Neuausrichtung überkommener sozialpädagogischer und sozialarbeiterischer Theorien und Methoden angesichts einer von Mobilität und Vielfalt geprägten Postmoderne. Die gesellschaftliche Wirklichkeit einer globalisierten Stadtgesellschaft der Vielen als Viele macht eine an starren Konzepten der Nation und Kultur orientierte Soziale Arbeit obsolet. (DIPF/Orig.)

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

A Framework for Robust Traffic Engineering Using Evolutionary Computation

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:32:41 +0200

Part 1: Traffic Engineering and Quality-of-Service; International audience; In current network infrastructures, several management tasks often require significant human intervention and can be of high complexity, having to consider several inputs to attain efficient configurations. In this perspective, this work presents an optimization framework able to automatically provide network administrators with efficient and robust routing configurations. The proposed optimization tool resorts to techniques from the field of Evolutionary Computation, where Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) are used as optimization engines to solve the envisaged NP-hard problems. The devised methods focus on versatile and resilient aware Traffic Engineering (TE) approaches, which are integrated into an autonomous optimization framework able to assist network administrators. Some examples of the supported TE optimization methods are presented, including preventive, reactive and multi-topology solutions, taking advantage of the EAs optimization capabilities.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Survey on Lending Practices to SMEs in Austria

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:30:19 +0200

The importance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to economic development and job creation is increasingly recognized across the world. With an expected 58 percent of gross value added in 2012, SMEs are perceived to be the backbone of the economy especially within the European Union (EU). Although they faced particularly challenging economic conditions in 2011-12, SMEs within the EU still account for more than 98 percent of all enterprises and 67 percent of total employment. For such businesses, access to finance is a key factor for business start-up, development, survival, and growth. In September-October 2012, the World Bank Centre for financial reporting reform (CFRR) surveyed Austrian banks with a view to understanding the role played by financial information and audits in lending decisions. Respondents to the survey represent approximately one third of the sector based on total assets. The survey also assessed how banks measure the quality of the financial information they receive as part of a loan application. The purpose of this report is to inform the accounting and auditing profession, policy makers, and SMEs and their representative institutions about banks requirements and expectations regarding the scope of financial information provided by SMEs when applying for a credit.

Document type: Book

Framework for generation of synthetic ground truth data for driver assistance applications

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:30:03 +0200

High precision ground truth data is a very important factor for the development and evaluation of computer vision algorithms and especially for advanced driver assistance systems. Unfortunately, some types of data, like accurate optical flow and depth as well as pixel-wise semantic annotations are very difficult to obtain.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Energy efficient traffic engineering

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:28:23 +0200

The energy consumption in telecommunication networks is expected to grow considerably, especially in core networks. In this chapter, optimization of energy consumption is approached from two directions. In a first study, multilayer traffic engineering (MLTE) is used to assign energy-efficient paths and logical topology to IP traffic. The relation with traditional capacity optimization is explained, and the MLTE strategy is applied for daily traffic variations. A second study considers the core network below the IP layer, giving a detailed power consumption model. Optical bypass is evaluated as a technique to achieve considerable power savings over per-hop opticalelectronicoptical regeneration.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Keynote total design data needs for the new generation large scale activity microsimulation models

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:23:43 +0200

Abstract\r Purpose In this paper we describe a total design data collection method (expanding the definition of the usual total design terminology used in typical household travel surveys) to emphasize the need to describe individual and group behaviors embedded within their spatial, temporal, and social contexts.\r \r Methodology/approach We first offer an overview of recently developed modeling and simulation applications predominantly in North America followed by a summary of the data needs in typical modeling and simulation modules for statewide and regional travel demand forecasting. We then proceed to describe an ideal data collection scheme with core and satellite survey components that can inform current and future model building. Mention is also made to the currently implemented California Household Travel Survey that brings together multiple agencies, modeling goals, and data collection component surveys.\r \r Findings The preparation of this paper involved reviewing emerging transportation modeling approaches and paradigms, policy questions, and behavioral issues and considerations that are important in the multimodal transportation planning context. It was found that many of the questions being asked of policy makers in the transportation domain require a deep understanding of the interactions and constraints under which individuals make activity-travel choices, the learning processes at play, and the attitudes and perceptions that shape ways in which people adjust their travel behavior in response to policy interventions. Based on the work, it was found that many of the traditional travel survey designs are not able to provide the comprehensive data needed to estimate activity-based model systems that truly capture the full range of behavioral considerations and phenomena of importance.\r \r Originality/value of paper This paper offers a review of the emerging transportation modeling approaches and behavioral paradigms of importance in activity-based travel demand forecasting. The paper discusses how traditional travel survey designs are inadequate to meet the data needs of emerging modeling approaches. Based on a review of all of the data needs and new data collection methods that are making it possible to observe a full range of human behaviors, the paper offers a total survey data collection design that brings together many different surveys and data collection protocols. The core household travel survey is augmented by a full slate of special purpose surveys that together yield a rich behavioral database for activity-based microsimulation modeling. The paper is a valuable reference for transportation planners and modelers interested in developing data collection enterprises that will feed the next generation of transportation models.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Infrastructure and the International Export Performance of Turkish Regions

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:16:57 +0200

We estimate the Anderson and van Wincoop model of trade by using the data on the bilateral export flows from 26 Turkish regions to 180 countries for the years 2002 through to 2010. Regional transportation and communication infrastructure capacity, the positioning of point infrastructure in a region, and geography are explicitly accounted for. Our results highlight that land infrastructure, air transport capacity, and private maritime infrastructure presence, together with the distance of regional economies to exit nodes such as ports and airports, are important determinants of export performance. Based on our preferred regression where multilateral resistance terms are accounted for, we estimate that increases in the current land infrastructure, air transport capacity, and number of private ports of 1 per cent increases exports approximately by 0.38 per cent, 0.14 per cent, and 0.045 per cent respectively. Keywords: Infrastructure; trade; regions; transportation co

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Improving energy efficiency in timisoara romania

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:15:33 +0200

The Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) is used for conducting rapid assessments of energy use in cities. It helps prioritize sectors with significant energy savings potential, and identifies appropriate energy efficiency interventions across six sectors-transport, municipal buildings, water and waste water, public lighting, solid waste, and power and heat. It is a simple, low-cost, user-friendly, and practical tool that can be applied in any socioeconomic setting. This report is based on the implementation of the TRACE tool in Timisoara in April 2013 and outlines ideas on what the city could further do to improve its energy efficiency performance. It details the analysis carried out and the recommendations derived as a result, for district heating maintenance and upgrade, non-motorized transport, public transport development, parking restraint measures, municipal buildings audit and retrofit, street lighting timing program, and active leakage of water and pressure management.

Document type: Book

Environmental Technology and the Future of Flight

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:15:17 +0200

Abstract\r Purpose\r To examine the role of new aeronautical technologies in improving commercial aviations environmental performance.\r \r \r Methodology/approach\r Reviews the environmental improvements that may be conferred through the adoption of alternative aviation fuels and new airframe, engine and navigation technologies.\r \r \r Findings\r Although aeronautical technologies have evolved considerably since the earliest days of powered flight, the aviation industry is now reaching a point of diminishing returns as growing global consumer demand for air transport outstrips incremental improvements in environmental efficiency. The chapter describes some of the technological interventions that are being pursued to improve aviations environmental performance and discusses the extent to which these innovations will help to deliver a more sustainable aviation industry.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Mobility matters identifying cognitive demands that are sensitive to orientation

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:14:03 +0200

Part 1: Long and Short Papers; International audience; Prior studies have shown benefits of interactions on mobile devices. Device mobility itself changes the nature of the user experience; interactions on mobile devices may present better support for cognition. To better understand cognitive demands related to mobility, the current study investigated presentations on a mobile device for a three-dimensional construction task. The task imposed considerable cognitive load, particularly in demands for mental rotation; individual differences in spatial ability are known to interact with these demands. This study specifically investigated mobile device orientations and participants spatial ability. Subjects with low spatial ability were able to complete the task more effectively when shown the presentation in a favorable orientation. Individuals who saw the presentation in an unfavorable orientation and those of low spatial ability, were differentially disadvantaged. We conclude that mobility can reduce cognitive load by limiting demands for spatial processing relating to reorientation.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Building intelligent traffic engineering solutions

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:13:34 +0200

In todays ever more complex IT networked computing environment, it is becoming increasingly necessary to control and automate traditional tasks of provisioning, monitoring and management of network bandwidth and resources. In this paper, we propose an intelligent traffic engineering system to deliver next-generation provisioning and management network services. The proposed solution is capable of providing autonomic control of networks to provision bandwidth, routing and QoS to meet user SLA expectations, and dynamically engineer and manage traffic for optimal stability and performance.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

The impact of encumbrance on mobile interactions

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:11:41 +0200

Part 1: Long and Short Papers (Continued); International audience; This paper investigates the effects of encumbrance (holding different types of objects while using mobile devices) to understand the interaction difficulties that it causes. An experiment was conducted where participants performed a target acquisition task on a touchscreen mobile phone while carrying different types of bags and boxes. Mobility was also evaluated since people carry items from one place to another. Motion capture hardware was used to track hand and arm postures to examine how holding the different types of objects caused excessive movement and instability therefore resulting in performance to decline. The results showed encumbrance and mobility caused target accuracy to decrease although input while holding the box under the non-dominant arm was more accurate and exerted quicker targeting times than holding no objects. Encumbrance affected the dominant hand more than the non-dominant hand as targeting error significantly increased and caused greater hand instability. The issues caused by encumbrance suggest the topic requires more attention from researchers and users would benefit greatly if better interaction techniques and applications are developed to counteract the problems.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Improving Energy Efficiency in Iasi, Romania

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:09:57 +0200

The Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) is used for conducting rapid assessments of energy use in cities. It helps prioritize sectors with significant energy savings potential, and identifies appropriate energy efficiency interventions across six sectors-transport, municipal buildings, water and waste water, public lighting, solid waste, and power and heat. It is a simple, low-cost, user-friendly, and practical tool that can be applied in any socioeconomic setting. This report is based on the implementation of the TRACE tool in Iasi in July 2013 and it outlines ideas on what the city could further do to improve its energy efficiency performance. It details the analysis carried out and the recommendations derived as a result, for energy efficiency action plan and strategy, district heating maintenance and upgrade, non-motorized transport, public transport development, traffic flow optimization, parking restraint measures, municipal building benchmarking program, traffic restraint measures, municipal buildings audit and retrofit, and street lighting timing program.

Document type: Book

Improvement of performance in mpls domains by using caching and aggregation of cr lsp

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:08:18 +0200

Constraint-based routing (CR-LDP) extends the features of MPLS Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) working in conjunction with a wide variety of QoS scenarios and services including IP differentiated services, integrated services, traffic engineering, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) service classes and frame relay. When a large number of CR-LSPs are required a lot of CR-LDP signalling is needed: this paper proposes two techniques caching and aggregation to reduce the number of CR-LDP messages by dynamically increasing the number of flows served by each single CR-LSP. The results of a simulation are also used to discuss the performance of such mechanisms.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Enterprise Collaboration Network for Transport and Logistics Services

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:01:08 +0200

Part 10: Collaboration Platforms; International audience; The development of the Single Window concept (unique access/contact point for composite services) for the multimodal door-to-door freight transport management is a complex endeavour that is being addressed by the European MIELE project. Led by port authorities, the project identified the need for a novel strategy to foster collaboration among stakeholders with a diversity of processes and technology. The multimodal perspective requires a convergence and thus collaboration of maritime, railway, road, and air transport facilities as it is the case for the need of traffic information for a real-time (re)planning if some accident is hindering the current route. This requires that traffic information from different operators is integrated into the freight transport routing planner. Furthermore, a unified coordination and operations management of the existing business processes is lacking. To integrate such contexts, an open enterprise collaboration network (ECoNet) infrastructure is presented and discussed.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Improving energy efficiency in constanta romania

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 14:00:26 +0200

The Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) is used for conducting rapid assessments of energy use in cities. It helps prioritize sectors with significant energy savings potential, and identifies appropriate energy efficiency interventions across six sectors-transport, municipal buildings, water and waste water, public lighting, solid waste, and power and heat. It is a simple, low-cost, user-friendly, and practical tool that can be applied in any socioeconomic setting. This report is based on the implementation of the TRACE tool in Constanta in July 2013 and it outlines ideas on what the city could further do to improve its energy efficiency performance. It details the analysis carried out and the recommendations derived as a result, for district heating maintenance and upgrade, non-motorized transport, public transport development, parking restraint measures, municipal building benchmarking program, municipal buildings audit and retrofit, street lighting timing program, energy efficiency action plan and strategy, and awareness raising campaigns.

Document type: Book

Comparison of Three Approaches for Scenario Classification for the Automotive Field

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:59:06 +0200

To extend the functionalities of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and have a more accurate control on the parameters of sensors mounted on an intelligent vehicle, a tool that can classify the scenarios which the vehicle moves in, is needed. This article presents a comparison of three classification techniques (PCA, ANN and SVM) to obtain a fast and robust scene classifier based only on images. The systems presented in this paper have been trained on three different categories of traffic scenarios: urban, highway, and rural, on a total of more than 23 hours of driving in different countries.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Internet traffic engineering

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:56:36 +0200

Traffic engineering encompasses a set of techniques that can be used to control the flow of traffic in data networks. We discuss several of those techniques that have been developed during the last few years. Some techniques are focused on pure IP networks while others have been designed with emerging technologies for scalable Quality of Service (QoS) such as Differentiated Services and MPLS in mind. We first discuss traffic engineering techniques inside a single domain. We show that by using a non-linear programming formulation of the traffic engineering problem it is possible to meet the requirements of demanding customer traffic, while optimising the use of network resources, through the means of an automated provisioning system. We also extend the functionality of the traffic engineering system through policies. In the following, we discuss the techniques that can be used to control the flow of packets between domains. First, we briefly describe interdomain routing and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Second, we summarise the characteristics of interdomain traffic based on measurements with two different Internet Service Providers. We show by simulations the limitations of several BGP-based traffic engineering techniques that are currently used on the Internet. Then, we discuss the utilisation of BGP to exchange QoS information between domains by using the QOS_NLRI attribute to allow BGP to select more optimum paths. Finally, we consider the multi-homing problem and analyse the current proposed IPv6 multi-homing solutions are analysed along with their impact on communication quality.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Use Case Design for AdaptIVe

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:55:16 +0200

AdaptIVe is a large scale European project on vehicle automation and the pertaining human-machine interaction. The use case design process is a crucial part of the system design process and a part of the human-vehicle integration subproject. This paper explains the methodology for describing use cases in AdaptIVe. They are primarily based on sequence diagrams with main and alternative flows.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Soziale Arbeit in mobiler Gesellschaft Institutionelle Bedingungen, professionelle Expertise und das eigene Verschränkt-Sein in Alltagsrassismus und kulturalisierenden Deutungsprozessen

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:07:04 +0200

Im Folgenden wird es um das Wechselspiel von Kompetenzen und Orientierungen der Akteure mit dem handlungsleitenden Diskurs und den Auftragslagen in der Sozialen Arbeit gehen. Dabei wird auf den Kompetenzerwerb von Pädagog/innen und Sozialarbeiter/innen fokussiert, die Soziale Arbeit für eine mobile Gesellschaft konzipieren und anbieten. Das Phänomen des Widerspruchs zwischen dem selbstverständlichen Umgang mit kultureller alltäglicher Diversität und dem professionellen Handeln in den Institutionen wird ein weiteres Thema sein. (DIPF/Orig.)

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Seismic risk assessment for oil and gas pipelines

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:06:07 +0200

Abstract: Buried pipeline systems form a key part of global lifeline infrastructure, and any significant disruption to the performance of these systems often translates into undesirable impacts on regional businesses, economies, or the living conditions of citizens. This chapter addresses the considerations associated with the seismic risk assessment of pipelines providing transmission of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons, and pipelines that are part of a gas distribution system serving a region. Particular reference is made with respect to philosophy, approaches, and technologies adopted in designing and operating pipelines to minimize pipeline damage during earthquakes.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Characterizing Incidents Reporting Systems across Applications Domains

Scipedia content — Wed, 14 Oct 2020 13:05:52 +0200

International audience; Incident reporting is a very well-known technique in application domains such as air traffic management and health, where specialized users are trained to provide detailed information about problems. Incident reporting systems are indeed complex systems that include many actors including the users reporting incidents, users colleagues and neighbors, stakeholders, policymakers, systems integrations. Incident report systems might change (positively or negatively) the users environment in many ways. In recent years, this kind of technique has been also been used in crisis management such as the hurricane Katrina. However, despite the fact that incident reporting systems using mobile technology are becoming more common, little is known about its actual use by the general population and which factors affect the user experience when using such system. In this paper we discuss the use of incident reporting system in critical context of use. In this paper we discuss the use of incident reporting system in several application domains. In particular we report findings in terms of dimensions that are aimed to identify social and technical aspects that can affect the design, development and use of incident reporting systems.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Scipedia: Documents published in 2013

Intermodal Freight Network Modelling

Study on Dynamic System Optimum Assignment to Establish Marginal Time Equilibrium

Competition and Regulation in Air Transport

Exploiting SDN Approach to Tackle Cloud Computing Security Issues in the ATC Scenario

A Review of Transport Public–Private Partnerships in the UK

Traffic and transport in the twenty-first century: market chances of new drive concepts for land-based transport

Interorganizational Coordination: The Role of Information Technology

An Intelligent Model for Road Traffic Management in the Motorway Network Around Barcelona

Transport Infrastructure Pricing: A European Perspective

The Global Economy and Freight Transport Flows

Nondestructive Magnetic Measurement of Biaxial Stress Using Magnetic Fields Parallel and Perpendicular to the Stress Plane

A Multiresolution Approach for Characterizing MFL Signatures from Gas Pipeline Inspections

Quick appraisal of "Sistema de suministro desde el embalse del Cenajo a la Mancomunidad de Canales del Taibilla"

Damage and Failure in an X65 Steel Pipeline Caused by Trawl Gear Impact

The Effects of the London Congestion Charging Scheme on Ambient Air Quality

Dynamic Traffic Assignment: Recent Advances and New Theories Towards Real Time Applications and Realistic Travel Behaviour (Editorial)

Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation for the Design of the Future European Air Traffic Management System: The Experience of CASSIOPEIA

City Logistics in Italy: Success Factors and Environmental Performance

Development Strategies for Intermodal Transport in Europe

A Simulation-based Analysis of “Resilience” in Enroute Air Traffic Control Tasks

Intermodal Freight Transport in Urban Areas in Japan

Boundary Integral and Finite Element Simulation of Electromagnetic NDE Phenomena

INLAND NAVIGATION

Air Traffic Control Graph Partitioning Application

Intermodal Freight Transport in the United States

Road User Charging in the UK: The Policy Prospects

Sustainability indicators for sustainable transport infrastructure development.

Sensitivity of Geographical Accessibility Measures Under Road-Pricing Conditions

Intermodal Freight Transport in Europe

Conclusion and Future Perspectives

Using Evolution Strategies to Reduce Emergency Services Arrival Time in Case of Accident

The European and Asian Experience of Implementing Congestion Charging: Its Applicability to the United States

The Puget Sound (Seattle) Congestion Pricing Pilot Experiment

Deploying ITS Scenarios Providing Security and Mobility Services Based on IEEE 802.11p Technology

From policy measures to policy packages: a spatially, temporally and institutionally differentiated approach

Practical Data Value Speculation for Future High-end Processors

DECOMOBIL Roadmap for research on Human Centred Design of ICT for clean and safe mobility. Deliverable 2.2

Materials solutions for hydrogen delivery in pipelines

DECOMOBIL Human Centred Design for Safety Critical Transport Systems. Deliverable 3.6

Data co processing for extreme scale analysis level ii asc milestone 4745

User instructions for the ciderf individual dose code and associated utility codes

Group maintenance scheduling a case study for a pipeline network

Transport surveys considerations for decision makers and decision making

Canadian resistance to the northern gateway oil pipeline

An algorithm for the transportation problem with given frequencies

Electric vehicles on-board battery charger for the future smart grids

Sustainable Transport and Quality of Life Analysis of Cycling Impact in Italy

The role of spacetime activity patterns in the exposure assessment of residents

Migration tolerant human computer interaction for air traffic controllers

Entwicklung von der Verkehrs- zur Mobilitätserziehung an Schulen in der Bundesrepublik: Deutschland anhand von bildungspolitischen Empfehlungen

Qualitative methods in transport research the action research approach

Software quality improvement two approaches to the application of formal methods

Characterization of a laser scanner sensor for the use as a reference system in vehicular relative positioning

Transforming execution time boundable code into temporally predictable code

Allaboard a system for exploring urban mobility and optimizing public transport using cellphone data

The Future of Planning

Economic importance of the Belgian ports: Flemish maritime ports, Liège port complex and the port of Brussels  Report 2011

Towards a communication system for people with athetoid cerebral palsy

Demography aging and mobility in the eca region a critical overview of trends and future challenges

Traffic Engineering Using OSPF Weights and Splitting Ratios

A change in the transportation needs today a better future for tomorrow climate change review

Transparent Incremental Updates for Genomics Data Analysis Pipelines

Quality of Services for ISP Networks

Air traffic analysis

Setting the scene : background and overview of regulatory reform in the transport sector

Assessing spatial planning policy with accessibility indicators the case of lille s metropolis scenario

Anomaly Detection in Liquid Pipelines Using Modeling, Co-Simulation and Dynamical Estimation

Mapping Routes To Our Roots: Student Civic Engagement In Transportation Planning

Policy Barriers to International Trade in Services : Evidence from a New Database

An experimental validation of residual stresses in weld clad pipelines

Estimating and controlling the traffic impact of a collaborative p2p system

: Preface

Computing Quantiles in Markov Reward Models

Capturing, Restoring, and Presenting, the Independent Radar Investigation System (IRIS)

Eye status based on eyelid detection a driver assistance system

Genedbase genetic database of selected species of mammals in the czech republic

Improving energy efficiency in brasov romania

Improving energy efficiency in ploiesti romania

Anfragen an die Praxis der Sozialen Arbeit in einer von Mobilität und Vielfalt geprägten Postmoderne  Soziale Arbeit in der Migrationsgesellschaft

Economic importance of the Belgian ports: Flemish maritime ports, Liège port complex and the port of Brussels Report 2011

Anfragen an die Praxis der Sozialen Arbeit in einer von Mobilität und Vielfalt geprägten Postmoderne Soziale Arbeit in der Migrationsgesellschaft

Soziale Arbeit in mobiler Gesellschaft Institutionelle Bedingungen, professionelle Expertise und das eigene Verschränkt-Sein in Alltagsrassismus und kulturalisierenden Deutungsprozessen