Scipedia: Documents published in 2013

Transport investment and research statistics

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:52:19 +0100

The Performance of Road Transport Infrastructure and its Links to Policies

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:47:06 +0100

Despite the economic importance of the road transport sector, there is no systematic cross-country evidence on the sector’s efficiency. This paper develops a conceptual framework for analysing the social efficiency of the road transport sector, including non-market inputs – such as travel time – and negative outputs – such as accidents and emissions. This framework is then used to analyse efficiency in 32 OECD countries. Data issues in terms of availability, quality and comparability are significant, and the empirical results have to be interpreted with caution. Nevertheless, there is fairly robust evidence that social efficiency is low in a number of OECD countries. The low efficiency suggests that substantial room for input savings exists in these countries. A framework for analysing how road transport policies may impact performance is developed, but a scarcity of data on policy settings currently limits the scope for empirically connecting the two. Infrastructures de transport routier: performance et politiques economiques Malgre l’importance economique des transports routiers, les donnees sur l’efficience du secteur ne font l’objet d’aucune comparaison systematique entre les pays. Dans ce document, il est presente un cadre conceptuel pour l’analyse de l’efficacite sociale du secteur des transports routiers, englobant des intrants non marchands (comme les temps de trajet) et des extrants negatifs (comme les accidents et les emissions). Il est ensuite recouru a ce cadre pour comparer la situation dans 32 pays de l’OCDE. D’importants problemes se posent en termes de disponibilite, de qualite et de comparabilite des donnees et les resultats empiriques doivent etre interpretes avec circonspection. Neanmoins, des elements assez convaincants attestent la faiblesse de l’efficacite sociale dans un certain nombre de pays de l’OCDE, ce qui donne a penser qu’il y existe de grandes possibilites d’economies d’intrants. Il a ete entrepris de definir des principes de base a suivre pour analyser les consequences que les politiques des transports routiers peuvent avoir sur la performance, mais, faute de donnees suffisantes sur les cadres d’action, il n’est actuellement guere possible d’etablir un lien empirique entre les deux analyses.

TPEA good practice guide: lessons for cross-border MSP from transboundary planning in the European Atlantic

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:15:36 +0100

This Good Practice Guide is the outcome of a project co-funded by the European Commission (DG Mare) called Transboundary Planning in the European Atlantic (TPEA), which ran from December 2012 to May 2014. The aim of the project was to demonstrate approaches to transboundary maritime spatial planning (MSP) in the European Atlantic region. This is one of a series of projects exploring the opportunities and challenges of carrying out cross-border MSP in Europe’s regional seas, making connections with integrated coastal management (ICM). TPEA focused on two pilot areas: one involving Portugal and Spain and the other Ireland and the United Kingdom. Despite distinct identities in the region relating to different traditions of planning and stages of MSP implementation, TPEA worked towards a commonly-agreed approach to transboundary MSP and developed principles of cross-border working which it is hoped will be of wider benefit. This guide presents these principles, illustrated with examples from the TPEA project.

Zimbabwe Infrastructure Policy Review

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:03:21 +0100

Many empirical studies have demonstrated the close relationship between a country’s economic development and its stock of infrastructure. Decades of deferred maintenance and lack of long-term financing have taken a heavy toll on Zimbabwe’s infrastructure that at one time was ranked at the top in Africa. Only the information and communications technologies (ICT) sector has been performing relatively well but its high tariffs add to the cost of doing business in Zimbabwe. The strategy in the infrastructure sectors is to encourage public private partnerships (PPPs) for the financing and execution of the different sub-projects. This strategy has been emerging in the electric power, road transport, and ICT sectors and is now being extended to water supply and sanitation. This review builds on the findings from an October-November 2013 mission that, upon the request of the Ministry of Finance, assessed the ministerial submissions for the 2014 public sector investment program (PSIP). The review concludes that the perception of the predictable policies is key for attracting responsible private partners for sustainable PPPs. The review recommends less risky options such as: (i) outsourcing operations of existing plants; (ii) lease contracts of existing plants; and (iii) sales of existing thermal plants. The review notes that the analytical multi donor trust fund (AMDTF) is programmed to close on June 30, 2014. It is of the essence to explore the possibilities to locate concessionary funding for a successor to the AMDTF given the high priority of additional studies in the power, water, and ICT sectors to prepare for the reforms suggested.

Mobilising Private Investment in Sustainable Transport

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 19:02:33 +0100

Transport infrastructure is a pillar of economic development and a key contributor to climate change. Globally, transport-related greenhouse gas emissions are expected to double by 2050 in the absence of new policies. There is an urgent need to scale-up and shift transport infrastructure investments towards lowcarbon, climate-resilient transport options and help achieving the environmental, social and economic benefits associated with sustainable transport infrastructure. Given the extent of investment required to meet escalating global transportation infrastructure needs, and the growing strains on public finances, mobilising private investment at pace and at scale will be necessary to facilitate the transition to a greener growth. Investment barriers, however, often limit private investment in sustainable transport infrastructure projects, due to the relatively less attractive risk-return profile of such projects compared to fossil fuelbased alternatives. In part, this can be attributed to market failures and government policies that fall short of accounting for the full costs of carbon-intensive road transport and the benefits of sustainable transport modes.

Métodos alternativos de predicción que reducen el efecto bullwhip en una cadena de suministro

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:47:53 +0100

The research of the Bullwhip effect has given rise to many papers, aimed at both analysing its causes and correcting it by means of various management strategies because it has been considered as one of the critical problems in a supply chain. This study is dealing with one of its principal causes, demand forecasting. Using different simulated demand patterns, alternative forecasting methods are proposed, that can reduce the Bullwhip effect in a supply chain in comparison to the traditional forecasting techniques (moving average, simple exponential smoothing, and ARMA processes). Our main findings show that kernel regression is a good alternative in order to improve important features in the supply chain, such as the Bullwhip, NSAmp, and FillRate. El estudio del efecto Bullwhip ha dado lugar a numerosos artículos de investigación, tanto analizando sus causas como proponiendo estrategias para su corrección, ya que se considera uno de los problemas críticos en la gestión de la cadena de suministro. Este artículo estudia una de sus principales causas: los errores en la predicción de la demanda. Mediante el uso de patrones de demanda simulados, se proponen nuevos métodos predictivos que suponen una mejora en la reducción del efecto Bullwhip en una cadena de suministro en comparación con los métodos predictivos tradicionales (medias móviles, alisado exponencial simple y procesos ARMA). Este estudio muestra que la regresión núcleo es una buena alternativa para mejorar aspectos im- portantes en una cadena de suministro, como son Bullwhip, NSAmp (Distorsión del inventario neto) y niveles de servicio.

Public Private Partnership in National Highways

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:40:18 +0100

India's road network of over 4.1 million km is second largest in the world consisting of expressways, national highways, state highways, major district roads and other roads. These roads carry about 65 per cent of freight and 80 per cent of passenger traffic. National highways constitute only 1.7 per cent of the road network, but carry about 40 per cent of the total road traffic. Road Transport has emerged as the dominant segment in India's transportation sector with a share of 4.7% in India's GDP in 2009-10. The number of vehicles on Indian roads has been growing at an average pace of 10.16% per annum over the last five years. Hence, development of road network assumes paramount importance in the context of a rapidly growing economy.

Internalisation of external effects in European freight corridors

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:28:47 +0100

Rapporten utgör ett underlag till Trafikanalys årliga regeringsuppdrag att beskriva internaliseringsgraden inom olika delar av den svenska och europeiska transportsektorn. Vi har analyserat internaliseringsgraden i två godskorridorer. En som sträcker sig från Oslo till Rotterdam och en från Narvik till Neapel. För varje korridor har vi valt ut rutter för väg, järnväg och sjöfart. De externa kostnaderna har vi i huvudsak beräknat utifrån uppgifter i rapporten Handbook on estimation of external costs in the transport sector (IMPACT). Resultaten visar att internaliseringsgraderna skiljer sig åt både mellan och inom länderna, beroende på rutt. Skillnaderna är även stora mellan trafikslagen. På vägsidan är andelen motorväg en viktig faktor som påverkar internaliseringsgraden, och på både väg- och järnvägsidan är det slitage på infrastruktur som utgör den stora andelen av de externa kostnaderna. För sjöfarten finns det färre och lägre internaliserande avgifter och skatter, vilket ger låga internaliseringsgrader för detta trafikslag. För sjöfarten har befintliga och kommande regleringar för t.ex. utsläpp av luftföroreningar inte tagits med i beräkningarna då de inte tas ut i form av en rörlig avgift eller skatt. Totalt sett är internaliseringsgraden högst för väg- och järnvägstransporterna, där det för korridoren Oslo-Rotterdam även finns en överinternalisering. För vägtransport varierar internaliseringsgraden mellan 87 % och 119 %, för järnväg mellan 84 % och 121 %, och för sjöfart mellan 5 % och 8 %, beroende på rutt.

Strategic IDPs Assessement

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:08:18 +0100

Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) have been introduced in Romania as a prerequisite for accessing EU funds under the Regional Operational Program (ROP). The IDPs designed for growth poles represent a specific category of strategic planning documents as: 1) they need to be considered within the frame of the national policy to whose implementation they contribute; and 2) they represent a first endeavor to think of development across functional areas rather than confined to the administrative borders of the main cities. The objectives of this report are: i) to carry out a strategic evaluation of the seven IDPs and assess how the current plans compare with the diagnostic of the challenges identified in the work on urban development; and ii) to provide clear recommendations for the improvement of existing IDPs which will contribute to the elaboration of the future generation of plans implemented during the next programming period and will help improve the targeting of investments to enhance their economic impact.

Influence of Road Cross Section on Access Spacing

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 18:00:11 +0100

Romania Climate Change and Low Carbon Green Growth Program

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:45:58 +0100

This report has been prepared by the World Bank for the Government of Romania as an output of the World Bank advisory services program on climate change and low-carbon green growth in Romania. In response to the request, the World Bank quickly mobilized a team of sectoral and climate change (CC) specialists and conducted rapid assessments in six sectors - energy, transport, urban, water, agriculture, and forestry, which were pre-identified by both the Government of Romania and the World Bank as areas significant to emission mitigation and or adaptation to CC. The objective of rapid assessments was to quickly evaluate climate risks and identify CC-related investment priorities and necessary implementation support for the 2014-2020 operational programs. This document is the stocktaking report of component A1. It provides an introductory cover to the literature on CC, baseline for Romania, institutional review of Romania and key European Union (EU) requirements, as well as available data sets that were identified in the given short-time span. Its purpose is to support the government as a first stock of key climate and green growth issues for Romania and summarize the current situation. The report is structured as follows: section one gives introduction, section two provides the sectoral summary on the country background and characteristics. Section three provides the baseline for the CC and green growth challenges in Romania. Relevant climate dimensions of Europe 2020 and existing EU regulations and policies related to climate change are summarized in section four. Section five provides an overview of national strategies, regulatory framework, and organizational setup for addressing CC in Romania. Background information on the Romania 2014-2020 European structural and investment funds (ESIF) programming and CC related aspects in the forthcoming ESIF programming report are covered in section six. Finally, section seven provides a CC relevant bibliography for Romania that may serve as a tool for referring to key literature in the field.

Framing Transportation Planning Pedagogy for Sustainability Generalists

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:42:35 +0100

This paper describes a pilot graduate sustainable transportation course developed at the University of Oregon to provide hands-on project experience for students studying sustainability. New approaches to sustainability and transportation pedagogies will provide a galvanizing force for tomorrow’s graduates, who must respond to concerns about climate change and the environment, social equity, and an uncertain economy. They will require an aptitude for both technical skills and collaborative leadership and communication skills. The course was guided by a framework founded in five themes from the literature on sustainability education and transportation planning and engineering education: (1) leading with sustainability’s cornerstones of people, prosperity and planet, (2) sponsoring a systems thinking approach to analyze transportation issues and potential solutions, (3) incorporating knowledge from interdisciplinary resources, (4) promoting “softer” skills including communication and leadership, and (5) emphasizing applied learning. The themes aim to overcome institutional barriers and to better prepare students for the rapidly evolving challenges they will encounter in the sustainability and transportation fields. Although the purpose of the project was to develop a framework and institutionalize a sustainable transportation class at the graduate level, the student projects had unforeseen impacts upon the community in furthering innovative technologies and policies. Ultimately, the class was featured in the local progressive weekly newspaper as starting a "sustainable transit revolution.” This paper documents the process, the projects, and puts the experience in the context of literature on the framework themes and sustainability and transportation education.

Modelling market diffusion of electric vehicles with real world driving data. Pt.I: Model structure and validation

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:42:01 +0100

The future market diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) is of great importance for transport related green house gas emissions and energy demand. But most studies on the market diffusion of EVs focus on average driving patters and neglect the great variations in daily driving of individuals present in real-world driving data. Yet these variations are important for EVs since range limitations and the electric driving share of plug-in hybrids strongly impact the economic evaluation and consumer acceptance. Additionally, studies often focus on private cars only and neglect that commercial buyers account for relevant market shares in vehicle sales. Here, we propose a reliable, user specific model for the market diffusion of EVs and evaluation of EV market diffusion policies based on real world driving data. The data and model proposed include both private and commercial users in Germany and allow the calculation of realistic electric driving shares for all usage patterns. The proposed model explicitly includes user heterogeneity in driving behaviour, different user groups, psychological aspects and the effect of charge-at-home options. Our results show that the proposed model reproduces group specific market shares, gives confidence bands of market shares and reliably simulates individual electric driving shares.

Road Connectivity and the Border Effect

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:38:03 +0100

Several studies have reported a large negative effect of national borders on the volume of trade. We provide new estimates of the border effect for continental Europe using road rather than great circle – or “as-crows-fly” – distance. Road distances for 48 180 European city pairs have been extracted from Bing Maps Routing Services. As our dataset also has information on travel time, we are able to consider costs related to time in addition to those depending on distance. We find that for the same great circle distance and the same city size, the road distance between two cities located in the same country is around 10% shorter than that between cities located in different ones. Travel speed is also higher between cities in the same country. We find that by using measures based on the actual road distance rather than the great circle distance, the negative effect of international borders on goods trade in a standard gravity equation is lowered by around 15%. Time-related trade costs account for an additional 10% reduction in the border effect. Overall these results point to the importance of road networks – and road transport policy in general – to enhance market integration.

Cost- and Energy-Efficient (LED, Induction and Plasma) Roadway Lighting

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:37:36 +0100

There is an increasing interest in using new lighting technologies such as light emitting diode (LED), induction, and plasma light sources in roadway lighting. The most commonly claimed benefits of the new lighting systems include increased reliability, improved efficiency, and reduced maintenance costs. While Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is also getting a lot of interest from vendors pushing the new light sources for roadway lighting applications, none of these new lighting technologies has been used in the state highway systems by INDOT. Before adopting the new lighting technologies, INDOT would like to determine if the new lighting technologies meet required light output and if they are cost effective. Moreover, it is necessary for INDOT to establish standardized guidelines for evaluating the new lighting systems prior to the formal adoption. This study first conducted literature reviews on the new lighting technologies. Surveys were also conducted to identify the perceptions of state highway agencies and local cities towards the new lighting technologies including LED, induction, and plasma, and their experiences in use of these new lighting technologies. Various luminaires, including high pressure sodium (HPS), LED, plasma, and induction luminaires from different manufacturers were installed and evaluated for both conventional and high mast lightings at a test site over a period of 12 months. Illuminance measurements were made to determine the light levels and illuminance uniformities produced by those LED, plasma and induction luminaires with the existing lighting infrastructures. Comparisons were also made between the light performances produced by different luminaires. Electric currents were measured to determine the energy consumptions by different luminaires. Life cycle cost analysis was also conducted to determine if the new lighting sources are cost-effective compared to the corresponding HPS lighting sources and assess the possible return or payback periods for the LED, plasma, and induction luminaires evaluated in this study. Illuminance measurements were also made for two urban street lightings to map the light performances of LED and plasma luminaires with different lighting layouts. Main findings and recommendations were made to assist INDOT Traffic Engineering in upgrading the lighting policies and developing technical specifications for adopting the new lighting technologies.

Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks. A Review of Key Issues

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:18:11 +0100

The United States has 11 distinct natural gas pipeline corridors: five originate in the Southwest, four deliver natural gas from Canada, and two extend from the Rocky Mountain region. This study assesses the potential to deliver hydrogen through the existing natural gas pipeline network as a hydrogen and natural gas mixture to defray the cost of building dedicated hydrogen pipelines.

Impact analysis of a flexible air transportation system

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:16:28 +0100

n innovative modular aircraft, called Clip-Air, is being designed at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL). The novelty of Clip-Air from a transportation system viewpoint is its flexibility due to the decoupling of load and carrying units. In this paper, we analyze the impacts of the flexibility of Clip-Air from the airlines perspective. To quantify the potential advantages of this new system, an integrated schedule design and fleet assignment model is developed for both standard airline fleets and Clip-Air. The model considers spill and recapture effects to represent the demand in case of capacity shortage. Recapture ratios between available itineraries in each market segment are appropriately calculated through an itinerary choice model. The comparative analysis is carried out under different scenarios which are selected with the purpose of understanding the effects of the network structure, fleet size, fleet configuration and the estimated cost figures for the Clip-Air system. It is observed that Clip-Air uses the transportation capacity more efficiently by carrying more passengers with less overall capacity. Moreover, Clip-Air is found to deal better with insufficient transportation capacity. Furthermore, the scheduling decisions are robust to the estimated cost figures of Clip-Air. For the analyzed range of costs Clip-Air is always carrying more passengers with less allocated capacity compared to standard fleet.

Responding to Key Well-being Challenges in Austria

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:08:37 +0100

Important challenges for the future of Austrian well-being arise from demographic and environmental trends. The ageing of the population calls for a fair balance between life-time pension contributions and entitlements, drawing on the recent pension reform. Such progress will allow Austrians to make more informed choices between the length of their work and contribution periods and retirement length and income according to their preferences, without threatening fiscal sustainability. With female labour force participation rising, family policies should help reconcile equality of opportunity within families by promoting the availability, affordability and quality of support services. A growing share of immigrant groups with low human capital calls for remedial policies to preserve social cohesion. Environmental pressures arise from urban sprawl and the strong expansion of road transport. Turning around these trends will require more appropriate pricing of the externalities and better regional development policies to foster denser settlements that are well connected to public transport. This entails a need to strengthen coordination between different government layers and better integration of regional development with transport and housing policies. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Austria (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/austria-2013.htm). Bien-etre en Autriche: les grands defis Le bien-etre des Autrichiens va se heurter a l’avenir a des defis importants lies aux tendances demographiques et environnementales. Le vieillissement de la population necessite un juste equilibre entre les cotisations et les droits a pension, sur la base de la reforme recente du regime de retraite. Ces progres vont permettre aux Autrichiens de faire des choix plus eclaires entre la duree de leur vie active et de leurs cotisations et celle de leur retraite ainsi que leurs revenus en fonction de leurs preferences, sans pour autant peser sur la viabilite des finances publiques. Face a l’augmentation du taux d’activite des femmes, les politiques familiales devraient contribuer a l’egalite des chances au sein des familles et favoriser des services de soutien accessibles, abordables et efficaces. La proportion grandissante des groupes immigres ayant un faible niveau de capital humain exige la mise en place de mesures correctives afin de preserver la cohesion sociale. Les pressions pesant sur l’environnement sont causees par l’etalement urbain et l’expansion rapide du transport routier. Pour contrer ces evolutions, il faudra mettre en place une tarification plus appropriee des externalites et de meilleures politiques de developpement regional afin de promouvoir des habitats plus denses et bien desservis par les transports publics. Il faut pour cela renforcer la coordination entre les differents niveaux d’administration et mieux integrer les politiques de developpement regional, de transport et de logement. Ce Document de travail se rapporte a l’Etude economique de l’OCDE de l’Autriche, 2013 (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/austria-2013.htm).

The time-dependent pollution routing problem

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 17:05:11 +0100

The Time-Dependent Pollution-Routing Problem (TDPRP) consists of routing a fleet of vehicles in order to serve a set of customers and determining the speeds on each leg of the routes. The cost function includes emissions and driver costs, taking into account traffic congestion which, at peak periods, significantly restricts vehicle speeds and increases emissions. We describe an integer linear programming formulation of the TDPRP and provide illustrative examples to motivate the problem and give insights about the tradeoffs it involves. We also provide an analytical characterization of the optimal solutions for a single-arc version of the problem, identifying conditions under which it is optimal to wait idly at certain locations in order to avoid congestion and to reduce the cost of emissions. Building on these analytical results we describe a novel departure time and speed optimization algorithm for the cases when the route is fixed. Finally, using benchmark instances, we present results on the computational performance of the proposed formulation and on the speed optimization procedure.

Experimental investigation on rapid filling of a large-scale pipeline

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:57:16 +0100

This study presents the results from detailed experiments of the two-phase pressurized flow behavior during the rapid filling of a large-scale pipeline. The physical scale of this experiment is close to the practical situation in many industrial plants. Pressure transducers, water-level meters, thermometers, void fraction meters, and flow meters were used to measure the two-phase unsteady flow dynamics. The main focus is on the water–air interface evolution during filling and the overall behavior of the lengthening water column. It is observed that the leading liquid front does not entirely fill the pipe cross section; flow stratification and mixing occurs. Although flow regime transition is a rather complex phenomenon, certain features of the observed transition pattern are explained qualitatively and quantitatively. The water flow during the entire filling behaves as a rigid column as the open empty pipe in front of the water column provides sufficient room for the water column to occupy without invoking air compressibility effects. As a preliminary evaluation of how these large-scale experiments can feed into improving mathematical modeling of rapid pipe filling, a comparison with a typical one-dimensional rigid-column model is made. Keywords: Experimentation, Large-scale pipeline, Unsteady flow, Two-phase flow, Air–water interface, Flow-regime transition

Second-best urban tolling with distributive concerns: Cahiers de l'Economie, Série Recherche, n° 96

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 16:40:34 +0100

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. This paper analyzes the optimal urban congestion toll in a second-best setting where only one road in a network can be tolled. Both heterogeneity in labor productivity and income distribution concerns are considered. The optimal toll balances two types of considerations. The first consideration is the correction of the congestion externality on the tolled road given the distortion on the non-tolled roads, while the second is the equity consideration that takes into account which income group uses the tolled road and how toll revenues are spent. Both separating and pooling equilibria are analyzed for two alternative uses of toll revenues: poll transfers and labor-tax cuts. Using numerical simulations, we show that equity concerns can lead a government to prefer inefficient toll levels and recycling via poll transfers rather than via labor tax reductions. ispartof: Economics of Transportation vol:3 issue:4 pages:257-269 status: published

Multimodal Data at Signalized Intersections: Strategies for Archiving Existing and New Data Streams to Support Operations and Planning Fusion and Integration of Arterial Performance Data

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:54:28 +0100

Boise Air Traffic Control Tower: High Performance and sustainable Building Guiding Principles Technical Assistance

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:51:12 +0100

New Type of Roundabout: Dual One-Lane Roundabouts on Two Levels with Right-Hand Turning Bypasses – ’’Target Roundabout’’

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:45:56 +0100

The problems of low level traffic safety on multi-lane roundabouts have been resolved in various ways in different countries, usually by using alternative types of roundabouts that reduce the number of conflict points. Alternative types of roundabouts typically differ from "normal" or "standard" roundabouts in one or more design elements, as their implementation purposes could also be specific. Today, several different types of roundabouts are already in use ("mini", "double mini", "dumb-bell", those "with joint splitter islands" ("dog-bone"), those "with a spiralling circular carriageway" ("turbo"), those "with depressed lanes for right-hand turners" ("flower") etc.). This paper introduces a new type of roundabout, dual one-lane roundabouts on two levels with right-hand turning bypasses, namely the "target roundabout". This paper describes and analyses their design, traffic safety, and capacity characteristics, compared with the standard two-lane roundabouts. Problem nizke ravni prometne varnosti v obstojeÄih veÄpasovnih kroÅ¾nih kriÅ¾iÅ¡Äih se v razliÄnih drÅ¾avah reÅ¡uje na razliÄne naÄine, obiÄajno z uvedbo alternativnih tipov kroÅ¾nih kriÅ¾iÅ¡Ä, v katerih je Å¡tevilo konfliktnih toÄk praviloma manjÅ¡e. Za alternativne tipe kroÅ¾nih kriÅ¾iÅ¡Ä je tipiÄno, da se od ânormalnihâ oz. âstandardnihâ kroÅ¾nih kriÅ¾iÅ¡Ä razlikujejo v enem ali veÄ projektnoâtehniÄnih elementov, specifiÄni pa so lahko tudi pogoji njihove izvedbe. Danes je Å¾e znanih veliko razliÄnih tipov kroÅ¾nih kriÅ¾iÅ¡Ä (âminiâ, âdvojni miniâ, âdumbâbellâ, âs povezanima loÄilnima otokomaâ (âdog-boneâ), âs spiralnim potekom kroÅ¾nega voziÅ¡Äaâ (âturboâ), âs pritisnjenimi pasovi za desne zavijalceâ (âflowerâ), â¦) in njihov razvoj bo zagotovo potekal tudi v prihodnosti. Prispevek prikazuje novi tip kroÅ¾nega kriÅ¾iÅ¡Äa, dvonivojski enopasovni kroÅ¾ni kriÅ¾iÅ¡Äi s pasovi za desne zavijalce, krajÅ¡e âtarget roundaboutâ. V prispevku so predstavljene njegove projektnoâtehniÄne, prometnoâvarnostne in kapacitetne lastnosti, primerjaje z obiÄajnim dvopasovnim kroÅ¾nim kriÅ¾iÅ¡Äem.

Recovery Act - Sustainable Transportation: Advanced Electric Drive Vehicle Education Program

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 14:39:24 +0100

The collective goals of this effort include: 1) reach all facets of this society with education regarding electric vehicles (EV) and plugâin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), 2) prepare a workforce to service these advanced vehicles, 3) create webâbased learning at an unparalleled level, 4) educate secondary school students to prepare for their future and 5) train the next generation of professional engineers regarding electric vehicles. The Team provided an integrated approach combining secondary schools, community colleges, fourâyear colleges and community outreach to provide a consistent message (Figure 1). Colorado State University Ventures (CSUV), as the prime contractor, plays a key program management and coâordination role. CSUV is an affiliate of Colorado State University (CSU) and is a separate 501(c)(3) company. The Team consists of CSUV acting as the prime contractor subcontracted to Arapahoe Community College (ACC), CSU, Motion Reality Inc. (MRI), Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) and Ricardo. Collaborators are Douglas County Educational Foundation/School District and Gooru (www.goorulearning.org), a nonprofit webâbased learning resource and Google spinâoff.

Experimental Studies on the Role of Backfill and Pipeline Characteristics in the Application of Acoustic Leak Location to Underground Pipelines

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:46:58 +0100

In response to numerous releases of hazardous substances from leaks in underground storage tanks and pipelines, the EPA requires monitoring so that leaks are detected, located and repaired as quickly as possible. Acoustic leak location offers the possibility of locating leaks which have been identified by other methods but which are not appropriate for performing location. The successful application of acoustic leak location requires that existing data analysis approaches be improved so that the smallest leaks of interest be locatable with the widest possible sensor spacing. Part of developing such approaches requires that the physical conditions which affect the amplitude, frequency, and dispersion of the leak signal as it propagates between source and sensor be better understood.

Detecting Cracks in Pipelines Using Ultrascan CD

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:46:44 +0100

Stress Corrosion Cracks (SCC) are among the defects in pipelines that are least understood and most difficult to detect, but which have accounted for some of the severest ruptures in pipelines throughout the world. Pipetronix has developed a new generation of internal inspection device for detecting SCC and other cracks and crack-like defects in pipelines, the UltraScan CD. It is a completely autonomous device that travels through the pipeline, carried by the fluid, uniformly scanning the pipe wall for defects with full circumferential coverage and for lengths of several hundreds of km. The information is processed on-line to allow for storage of huge amounts of data to be processed when the tool is retrieved from the pipeline. The UltraScan CD has, up to now, successfully inspected more than 1,000 km of oil and gas pipelines. Comparison of the findings with corresponding verifications from excavations illustrate the sensitivity and reliability of the inspection method and its ability to discriminate between different types of defects found in the pipelines.

Ductile Fracture Resistance of Pipeline Steels

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:46:33 +0100

ABSTRACT The objective of this research is the development of a methodology for the characterization of the ductile tearing resistance of pipeline steels. Tests carried out under quasistatic loading conditions have shown the effects of in-plane dimensions and the efficiency of different approaches (Sc, R-curves, local criteria). In particular, tests involving large crack propagation range are essential to the understanding of the real behaviour of the cracks in pipelines. For each crack propagation range, the parameters dJ/da, Sc, CTOA give an equivalent classification of the steels with respect to their ductile tearing resistance. Dynamic tearing tests were conducted under different loading rates. Although these tests did not give the crack speeds representative of pipe burst tests, perceptible changes have been observed in the ductile tearing of the steels. Mechanical results have been related to fractographic observations at each step of the research.

Expansion of Toll Lanes or More Free Lanes? A Case Study of SR91 in Southern California

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:41:51 +0100

This chapter applies the Southern California Planning Model (SCPM) to an important prototype application, a 10-mile segment of California SR91. SCPM is an integrated model that estimates trip production densities (and employment and population) for over 3,000 spatial zones in the Greater Los Angeles area at the level of 47 economic sectors. The possible widening of this route via extra tolled or extra general-purpose lanes has been the subject of considerable controversy. A non-compete provision in the franchise awarded to the California Private Transportation Company (CPTC) had stood in the way of public agenciesâ effort to provide additional capacity in the corridor. The approach sheds light on this controversy. The main finding is that, whereas congestion tolls are widely presumed to be efficient, the efficiency outcomes are complex when only a small part of the network is tolled. In sensitivity tests, the most plausible results, and the larges user benefits form adding a new tolled lane, are for the mid-range values of various assumptions. The result is consistent with recent theoretical investigations of second-best pricing. Flows on congested, untolled, parallel routes benefit from the addition of untolled facilities and this discussion is extended to an examination of the impacts throughout the Los Angeles network, including changes in destination choice by drivers and freight operators.

Technolgical innovations in transport: an implementation strategy for underground freight transport

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:40:47 +0100

The impact of transport on the environment is a major issue of worldwide concern. This important new book presents state-of-the-art contributions on spatial and technological aspects of transport in relation to environmental degradation, together with analysis of sustainable transport policy.

Transport, logistics and agro-food development in Algeria

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:39:29 +0100

Chapitre 19; International audience; With a surface area of 2.38 million km2 and a coastline of 1,200 km, Algeria is the vastest country of the Mediterranean even if it does not have the longest maritime border. These two parameters reveal the potentialities but also the challenges which characterize the logistics sector and the agribusiness infrastructures of this country. Its economy is essentially based on hydrocarbons representing more than 50% of the GDP and 98% of income from exports. The strategic sectors including agriculture and the agro-food industry were ignored in development policies in the past. It is only during these last ten years that the decrease in food dependence is considered as a priority of the government.

Magnetometer-Based Measurements of Stray Current Distribution on Cathodically Protected Gas Transmission Pipeline

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:38:47 +0100

Currents on gas pipelines are known to arise from intentional sources such as impressed current systems used for cathodic protection and from unintended and often unknown sources including local transit systems, power stations and a range of telluric sources. Under some conditions these stray currents can be large enough to present a potential threat to the integrity of the pipeline through accelerated local corrosion. This is even true for nominally cathodically protected systems if the magnitudes of the stray currents are sufficiently large.

Effects of the Dutch compact city policy on travel behaviour

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:37:07 +0100

Matching Words and Deeds? How Transit-Oriented are the Bloomberg-Era Rezonings in New York City?

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:27:20 +0100

Recent years have seen considerable changes in the technology of transportation with the development of high-speed rail networks, more fuel-efficient automobiles and aircraft, and the widespread adoption of informatics in disciplines such as traffic management and supply chain logistics. The contributions to this volume assess transportation interactions with employment and income, examine some of the policies that have been deployed to maximize the economic and social impacts of transportation provision at the local and regional levels and analyze how advances in transportation technologies have, and will, impact future development.

A Technical Approach to the Agile Port System

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:23:03 +0100

This book explores the great challenge of increasing the scope of intermodal freight transport. In view of the current dominant role of road transport and the increasing difficulties in coping with a growing number of vehicles in an efficient and sustainable way, intermodal freight transport could be considered a viable alternative. However, the book makes recognition of the fact that there is still a need to improve the performance of the intermodal transport system.

Factors Affecting Stress Concentrations Near Pit Defects, as Monitored by Magnetic Flux Leakage, Magnetic Barkhausen Noise, and Neutron Diffraction

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:21:28 +0100

Pipelines are pressure vessels. Their enviable safety record compares well with other transportation modes. Typical pipeline fatality rates are about 1% those of rail or air which are, in turn, about 1% of highway fatalities. Pipeline safety is first assured by rigorous inspection during pipe manufacture and line construction. All welds are inspected using radiography to detect voids and ultrasonics to sense cracks. Oil and gas transmission lines are normally buried, so in service inspection must be performed from the inside by pumping an inspection âpigâ through the line. Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) pigs are the most cost effective tools for corrosion monitoring. They are propelled by differential product pressure from one compressor or pumping station to the next, which may be more than 100km away. They are self supporting, demand maximum data storage density and highest energy storage battery power supplies as well as advanced signal processing to obtain signal discrimination and data compression.

MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching)

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:19:04 +0100

Development of a Systems-Based Human Factors Design Approach for Road Safety Applications

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:15:11 +0100

Cognitive work analysis (CWA), a systems-based analysis framework, is intended to inform system design. However, there is little guidance available about how to use the framework in design. This paper identifies desirable methodological attributes for a new design approach for CWA and describes a process of refining these to a core set based on the opinions of CWA practitioners. The new design approach, the CWA Design Tool (CWA-DT), is outlined in terms of how it aligns with these core attributes. Finally, implications of application of the CWA-DT for road safety design will be identified and discussed.

The Feasibility of Using the MFL Technique to Detect and Characterize Mechanical Damage in Pipelines

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:14:58 +0100

Mechanical damage is the single largest cause of pipeline failures for gas transmission pipelines and a leading cause of failures for liquid pipelines today. Outside forces (usually construction equipment) can deform the natural cylindrical shape of a pipeline, scrape away metal and coating, and/or stress and cold work the steel changing its microstructure and altering its mechanical properties. Both the geometric deformation and the amount of residual stress, plastic deformation and cold working contribute to the severity of the defect. Having an NDE in-line inspection (ILI) technique for both detection and characterization of mechanical damage defects is important.

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:14:44 +0100

Emulsification of Hydrocarbons Using Biosurfactant Producing Strains Isolated from Contaminated Soil in Puebla, Mexico

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:12:28 +0100

Among Mexico's main riches are its oil and the great expanses of land used to grow food. A large number of pipelines pass through Mexico's agricultural region carrying diesel, gasoline or crude oil, however, lack of maintenance of the pipeline installations, fuel theft, vehicle transport and even the topographical, terrain and hydrological conditions of the site cause a high incidence of contamination.

Mesh and Boundary Considerations in the Numerical Modeling of Large 3-D Electromagnetic NDT Geometries

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 12:09:56 +0100

Numerical modeling is particularly useful for simulating the energy/defect interactions associated with electromagnetic methods of nondestructive testing, because of the relative ease with which the awkward boundary conditions and shapes can be handled. With the increasing availablity of commercial code it is worthwhile reminding the potential NDT user of the old computer adage âgarbage in, garbage outâ, as many modeling situations, particularly those associated with large pipeline structures, can present formidable discretization problems in 3D to even the most sophisticated of todayâs computers, and one must take care in the choice of mesh used for any given problem. This paper describes some situations where mesh choice plays a significant role in the accuracy of numerical code predictions. Two examples considered here, for illustrating these difficulties are (i) the remote field eddy current method and (ii) the flux leakage method, for inspecting ferromagnetic pipelines.

High resolution accessibility computations

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:58:23 +0100

Accessibility is a concept which either looks at how easy it is to reach a certain location from many other locations, or how easy it is to reach other locations or opportunities from a given starting point. This chapter looks at the latter, discussing that this is a quantity that can be defined separately for every point (x,y) in space, rather than treating accessibility as uniform within, say, zones. As a result, accessibility can also be seen as a continuous field A(x,y) in the two-dimensional environment. The chapter then continues to discuss how A(x,y) can be efficiently computed for regional scenarios. The approach combines interpolation of values computed on a grid with fast shortest-path tree computations and information caching for repeated sub-computations of the same quantities, using the econometric logsum term as an example of a possible indicator of accessibility. A Zurich scenario needs about two minutes of computing time on a regular desktop computer in order to compute A(x,y) at a resolution of 100 m x 100 m. As a sensitivity study, workplace accessibility maps are given for free speed car, congested car, bicycle and walking. One can for example observe that accessibility by bicycle is similar to congested car accessibility within the urban area, while it is worse outside and considerably worse when compared to free speed car transport. Similarly, walking accessibility is similar to bicycle and congested car transport in the innermost urban core, but considerably worse everywhere else.

Parasite Users? The Volunteer Mapping of Cycling Infrastructures

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:57:48 +0100

International audience; This chapter aims at understanding the place of users in the online discussions between Openstreetmap contributors who map cycling infrastructures. Drawing on an analysis of the mailing list of the French forum of Openstreetmap, we show that contributors deal with different kinds of users' instantiations. We describe how these contributors try to avoid any attachement to one or another category of users, which would threaten their ideal of "universality".

Different Policy Objectives of the Road-Pricing Problem: A Game-theoretic Approach

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:54:59 +0100

Transport pricing is high on the political agenda throughout the world, but as the authors illustrate, governments seeking to implement this often face challenging questions and significant barriers. The associated policy and research questions cannot always be addressed adequately from a mono-disciplinary perspective. This book shows how a multi-disciplinary approach may lead to new types of analysis and insights, contributing to a better understanding of the intricacies of transport pricing and eventually to a potentially more effective and acceptable design of such policies. The study addresses important policy and research themes such as the possible motives for introducing road transport pricing and potential conflicts between these motives, behavioural responses to transport pricing for households and firms, the modelling of transport pricing, and the acceptability of pricing.

The structure of freight flows in Europe and its implications for EU railway freight policy

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:46:58 +0100

This paper appears also as Serie: Working paper series in economics ; No. 61, September 2014. ISSN 2190-9806; International audience; We analyse the potential for shifting freight transports to the railways in Western and Central Europe. This potential arises for large and concentrated freight flows over long distances of about 300 km or more. However, we show that there are only few such freight flows in Europe, and that they are concentrated or connected to the central European population centers, sometimes called the "Blue Banana". As a consequence, the European railway freight corridors according to EU Regulation 913/2010 should be divided into two distinct groups: first tier and second tier corridors. Substantial innovations should be introduced on the first tier corridors first, in order to increase efficiency and reduce noise. This refers to core innovations for rolling stock like the introduction of automatic couplings, electronic or electro-pneumatic brakes, and modern bogies.

Improving Energy Efficiency in Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:45:18 +0100

The main impetus for this report (and for the reports prepared for the other six growth poles) is a request received from the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration. The request came within the context of on-going preparations for the 2014-2020 programming period, with energy efficiency being one the major themes of the Europe 2020 strategy, and a critical priority for all EU member countries. Within Romania, local authorities that will want to access energy efficiency funds under the 2014-2020 Regional Operational Program will need to first prepare energy efficiency strategies. The TRACE tool is specifically targeted at local authorities, and is a good instrument for drafting such strategies after the 1989 Revolution; Romania began its transition from a centralized system to a market-run economy. Today the country is a member of the European Union (EU) and NATO. After more than a decade of economic restructuring and political change, the country has taken significant steps to catch up with the economic performance of more developed EU countries. Although radical reforms brought about significant changes, the standard of living of Romanians is still behind the EU average. Cluj-Napoca (Cluj) is one of cities where such disparities are less pronounced, as the region is more developed and prosperous than most regions in the country. Cluj has developed quite well in the past few years, and it has become one of the most flourishing cities in the country, having a good growing potential. At present, the city is an important economic center, home to several local brands that have become famous nationwide as well as in Europe. Moreover, Cluj is known today as the 'capital' of the IT sector in the country, due to an aggressive expansion of this field in recent years.

Document type: Book

Shifts and Modification of the Hydrological Regime Under Climate Change in Hungary

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:33:31 +0100

Hydrological regime of water bodies is highly dependent on climatic factors. The runoff is mainly defined by seasonal distribution of precipitation and intensive rainfall events on one side and potential evapo-transpiration on the other. Near surface air temperatures (and other factors of heat budget) regulate the phase of precipitation and consequently snow accumulation, ablation and snowmelt induced runoff. Change of climate evidently would lead to changes in the hydrological regime. Nevertheless, hydrological regime can also be modified by different human activities towards water bodies directly (river training, flood control, flow regulation, water abstractions and inlets) or indirectly to catchments (urbanization, land use changes, deforestation). The tasks of water management and water related policies may change with climate fluctuations, as it is attested by the historical past. The long lasting wet period in the second half of 19th century resulted the framing the law on water regulation in 1871, and frequent droughts in 1930s led to the law on irrigation in 1937.

Modal accessibility disparity to terminals and its effect on the competitiveness of HST versus air transport

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:31:38 +0100

Transport is debated by many, and liberalization processes, transport policy, transport and climate change and increased competition between transport modes are the subject of heated discussion. Smart Transport Networks illustrates that whether concerning road, water, rail or air, knowledge on the structure of transport markets is crucial in order to tackle transport issues. The book therefore explores key factors concerning the structure of transport markets, their environmental impact, and questions why decision makers often fail to tackle transport-related problems.

Airline Alliances and Tourism

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:28:06 +0100

This highly accessible and comprehensive Handbook presents a cutting edge discussion of the state of tourism economics and its likely directions in future research. Leading researchers in the field explore a wide range of topics including: demand and forecasting, supply, transport, taxation and infrastructure, evaluation and application for policy-making. Each chapter includes a discussion of its relevance and importance to the tourism economics literature, an overview of its main contributions and themes, a critical evaluation of existing literature and an outline of issues for further conceptual and applied research.

Efficient Hinterland Transport Infrastructure and Services for Large Container Ports

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:25:44 +0100

The growth in container volumes and the concentration of container flows on a limited number of hubs, which derives, among other things, from the increasing vessel size, requires the development of new terminal infrastructure at ports able to handle the latest generation of vessels. In addition to the pressure that such vessels impose on the terminal cargo handling capabilities, it is often forgotten, that those larger vessels will also require higher capacity in hinterland transportation or a rationalization and better use of existing transport alternatives. Those ports that are already plagued by inland congestion or that are located in the proximity of densely populated areas, will have to come up with viable alternatives to reduce the impact of congestion and relieve local communities from the negative externalities generated by increasing cargo flows. The development of new terminal infrastructure should then take into account the effects that increasing traffic volumes will have on the existing infrastructure and plan for expansion if necessary. As volumes increase, alternative modes of transport, such as rail or short-sea shipping are being promoted both to reduce both congestion and environmental impacts. In the specific case of Chile and the new development associated with the Puerto de Gran Escala project, it is imperative to carefully plan the development of the hinterland infrastructure. This is not only necessary to ensure that the investment yields adequate economic benefit; it must also maximise the social and environmental sustainability of the project. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art in hinterland transport management, focusing on the challenges that the development of new container terminal infrastructure is likely to bring to the local communities. Recommendation and a set of good practice case studies of good practice are also provided.

Intermodal Road–Rail Transport in the European Union

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:24:35 +0100

Transferring London Congestion Charging to US Cities: How Might the Likelihood of Successful Transfer be Increased?

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:18:22 +0100

This chapter considers transference of the London Congestion Charging Scheme (LCCS) to U.S. cities. Its primary objectives are to: (1) identify and apply a framework analysis for policy transfer; (3) argue that a successful transfer should involve transference of key aspects of the overall planning process (and not just the scheme) to help overcome the implementation barriers in the UK-US context; and (3) examine the key travel characteristics likely to affect the outcome of congestion charging in the U.S. Section 2 discusses the general frameworks deemed useful for the purpose of this chapter, while Section 3 overviews the implementation process of the London scheme. Section 4 compares the key travel characteristics in the UK and the U.S. which are likely to influence the effectiveness of congestion charging and Section 5 concludes.

Freight Demand Modeling and Data Improvement Strategic Plan

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:12:26 +0100

Freight traffic has been growing faster than passenger traffic on the nationâs highway network. As a result, freight bottlenecks have begun to develop at various points throughout the network. These bottlenecks have historically been near ports and other intermodal facilities. However, travel forecasts are beginning to show the effects of growing freight traffic on congestion on urban freeways, urban arterials, and some cross-country routes in rural areas. Being able to understand freight flows and forecast freight demand is taking on greater and greater importance. The second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) initiated two projects (Capacity Projects C15 and C20) designed to improve the nationâs ability to plan for increased freight-related traffic and to begin to address the growing issue of freight bottlenecks. Capacity Project C20, which was the first one and is the subject of this report, assessed the state of the practice of freight demand modeling and freight data as they relate to highway capacity planning and programming. This assessment concludes that the state of freight demand modeling has been relatively stable during the past several decades, unlike demand modeling for passenger travel, which is advancing toward activity-based modeling. The state of the practice in freight data has also been relatively stable; however, promising developments based on new information technologies may greatly improve transportation plannersâ access to freight data. Examples include global positioning system data from trucks and (potentially) private supply chain data that could be aggregated for public sector planning purposes. Accelerated innovation is needed so that freight demand modeling and freight data can better serve the needs of public sector decision making regarding highway capacity investments. The C20 Strategic Plan suggests strategic research initiatives that could begin to improve the practice of freight demand modeling and freight data. These are grouped into themes such as knowledge gaps, modeling, data, and data visualization. Knowledge gaps are a key issue because the perspectives and business planning time frames of the private and public sectors are so divergent with respect to freight. The private sector focuses on optimizing short-term supply chains and operations, but the public sector focuses on making investments that may take a decade or more to put in place. Bridging this knowledge gap is essential to making progress in freight capacity planning. Visualization technologies are promising for helping freight decision makers and stakeholders understand each otherâs perspectives. Since the responsibility for gathering freight data and conducting freight demand modeling is spread among a large number of agencies and organizations, the C20 Strategic Plan puts forward a potential model for organizing cooperation to encourage innovation and moving forward. One model for advancing the state of the practice in freight demand modeling and freight data is to hold innovation symposia. A pilot effort was initiated in September 2010 as part of the SHRP 2 C20 research project.

Rising car user costs: comparing aggregated and geo-spatial impacts on travel demand and air pollutant emissions

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:10:11 +0100

Intelligent Traffic System: Implementing Road Networks with Time-Weighted Graphs

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:07:35 +0100

Are current air transport policies consistent with a sustainable environment?

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:05:53 +0100

Sustainable freight transport for the Netherlands: an evaluation of a policy analysis study

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:03:59 +0100

National Road Pricing in Great Britain: Is it Fair and Practical?

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:03:28 +0100

In February 2003, the London Congestion Charging Scheme was introduced and in 2006 a similar policy was introduced in Stockholm. In both cases automobile traffic entering the cordon declined by about 20 percent. This book evaluates these and other similar programs exploring their implications for the United States. This studyâs value lies in the fact that it examines road pricing in the real world and not simply from a theoretical viewpoint. As a comparative study it will appeal to both policymakers and academics in transportation economics and planning, urban economics, planning and economic geography.

Probability of Detection Model for Pipeline Inspection

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:02:27 +0100

The inspection of thousands of miles of gas transmission pipelines is a formidable problem. Inspection tools based on magnetic flux leakage (MFL) and ultrasonic phenomena have been developed, and continually evaluated with respect to defect detection and characterization accuracy. The concept of probability of detection (POD) offers a measure for quantifying the capabilities of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) systems in the presence of various sources of uncertainties.

In-Vehicle Sensors

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 11:00:53 +0100

This chapter provides an overview of common in-vehicle sensor technologies (inertial sensors, radar, sonar, and video) and their application in driver assistance systems. Keywords: radar; beam forming; frequency-shift keying; antenna gain; sonar; Doppler effect; stereo video; image processing; imager

Europe in global maritime flows: gateways, forelands and subnetworks

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:59:28 +0100

The position of Europe in maritime flows is demonstrated by the connections of its port gateways with the rest of the world. Such connections vary from one port to another in terms of traffic concentration and geographic coverage, dependent on multiple factors including origin-destination time and cost factors, shipper and ocean carrier decisions, and the size, quality, and specialization of local port infrastructures. A key research challenge is therefore to unravel the relationships between internal and external dynamics; in other words, how do the emergence and position of European maritime flows interplay with the distribution of its port system and how have such patterns been influenced by the evolution of other regions, such as Asia, where port dynamics are profound and rapid.

Laplacian Derivative Based Regularization for Optical Flow Estimation in Driving Scenario

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:58:39 +0100

Existing state of the art optical flow approaches, which are evaluated on standard datasets such as Middlebury, not necessarily have a similar performance when evaluated on driving scenarios. This drop on performance is due to several challenges arising on real scenarios during driving. Towards this direction, in this paper, we propose a modification to the regularization term in a variational optical flow formulation, that notably improves the results, specially in driving scenarios. The proposed modification consists on using the Laplacian derivatives of flow components in the regularization term instead of gradients of flow components. We show the improvements in results on a standard real image sequences dataset (KITTI).

Analysis of Parameters and Processes of Latvian Seafarers' Pool

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:58:10 +0100

Maritime industry plays a key role for economy of the European Union. During recent years in-creasing attention is paid to the education and training of seafarers as the seafarers and their knowledge are essential to sustainable development of the maritime cluster, as indicated in the maritime strategy of European Union. However, for successful implementation of the strategy understanding of current trends in the pool of seafarers is prerequisite. Therefore the aim of this article is to analyze parameters and processes of Latvian seafarerâs pool, based on information from database of Maritime Administration of Latvia Seamen Registry. The structure of database and data collected there gives possibility to analyze the processes taking into ac-count the global changes in shipping and their impact to the structure of the pool. Such analysis in combination with the calculations of economical value of seafarerâs pool creates the framework on which the decisions about the implementation of maritime strategy in Latvia can be taken.

Conclusion: the culture and politics of zero waste: looking ahead

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:52:25 +0100

Foreword. Designing for Zero Waste, Vaughan Levitzke Preface. Zero Waste - Towards a vision of a new model for humankind, Peter Brandon Introduction. People, Policies and Persuasion: the future of waste reduction and resource recovery in households and urban settings, Steffen Lehmann and Robert Crocker Part I. Zero Waste, Sustainability and Behaviour Change: Principles 1. Consumer culture, waste and behaviour change: the case of walking, Robert Crocker 2. 21st century life: how our work, home and community lives affect our capacity to live sustainably, Natalie Skinner, Barbara Pocock, Pip Williams and Jane Edwards 3. Young children and sustainable consumption: An early childhood education agenda, Sue Nichols 4. Reducing Wasteful Household Behaviours: Contributions from Psychology and Implications for Intervention Design, Sandra Davison, Kirrilly Thompson, Drew Dawson and Anne Sharp 5. Collaborative consumption and the remaking of local resilience: reflecting upon enabling solutions, Angelique Edmonds Part II. Zero Waste, Enabling Technologies and Consumption: Policies 6. Getting closer to Zero Waste in the new mobile communications paradigm: a social and cultural perspective, Robert Crocker 7. Waste from Electronics (e-Waste) Governance and Systems Organisation, Ab Stevels, Jaco Huisman and Feng Wang 8. Life-cycle thinking, analysis and design, Alexander Walker 9. Green Houses: Problem-solving, Ontology and the House, Jane Dickson with Victor Buchli 10. Living in harmony with wildlife: considering the animal's 'point of view' in planning and design, Carla Litchfield, Kurt Lushington, Sue Bigwood and Wendy Foster Part III. Zero Waste in Sustainable Architecture and Design at the Household and Building Scale 11. Sustainable building design and systems integration: Combining material efficiency with energy efficiency, Steffen Lehmann 12. Breathing life into the corpse: up-cycling waste buildings through adaptive reuse, Stephen Ward 13. Density, Design and Sustainable Residential Development, Alpana Sivam and Sadasivam Karuppannan 14. Construction Management and a state of Zero Waste, Nicholas Chileshe, Jian Zou, Stephen Pullen and George Zillante Part IV. Zero Waste in Cities, Urban Governance and Material Flows 15. The Metabolism of the City: Optimising urban material flow through principles of zero waste and sustainable consumption, Steffen Lehmann 16. Sustainable transport systems and behaviour change, Michael A. P. Taylor and Michelle Philip 17. Planning for the sustainable consumption of urban resources, Lou Wilson 18. Development of Multifunctional Urban Land Uses using Water Sensitive Urban Design, Simon Beecham Conclusion. The Culture and Politics of Zero Waste: Looking ahead, Robert Crocker and Steffen Lehmann

Electric vehicles: a socio-technical scenario study

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:50:09 +0100

Cambridge Futures: Forecating the Effect of Congestion Charging on Land Use and Transport

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:45:33 +0100

This chapter tests a congestion charging scheme for Cambridge using a MEPLAN land-use transport model combined with a SATURN traffic model. The scheme would include a daily toll for drivers crossing a cordon around the edge of the city and a lower charge for residents driving entirely within the cordon. The congestion charge would dramatically reduce the number of cars entering the city and improve traffic conditions. However, the charge would result in higher property prices as higher-income groups would displace lower socioeconomic groups by outbidding them to move into the city in order to avoid paying the cordon charge. This would increase the cost of living and employersâ production costs, and some employers would move out of the city, especially those in the retail and service sectors. The revenue raised and environmental benefits might be insufficient to compensate for the negative impacts on the local economy and the social equity. Cambridge Futures then tested the congestion charging scheme in combination with transportation investments. These would include expanding the public transit system and creating an orbital road outside the cordon linking the park-and-ride sites together and making it easier for through-traffic to bypass the city. This combination of road user charging with transportation improvements has a synergistic effect, making areas outside the city more accessible, and reducing average rents by facilitating more residential dispersal.

: Preface

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:42:27 +0100

This chapter introduces the book of homonymous title. It motivaites the development of the book and present the different visions of city/urban logistics. Moreover, all chapters are introduced and commented.

The Future of Intermodal Freight Transport

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:39:58 +0100

Transport and Environment

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:39:42 +0100

This article compares the impact of road and railway transport on the environment. A great amount of resources of the European Unionâs funds are assigned for transport and environment. It is necessary to overcome some obstacles for attaining the money, i.e. administrative demands, to have own sufficient funds, to overcome the activities of NGOs and there is also not a satisfactory process of transition to the postindustrial, knowledge-based society of services with a completely changing structure of economics. The influence of the NGO was proved within two studies; the main findings are that NGOs are closely bound with administration and cause problems with information service and secondly that the delay in completion causes economical and environmental losses. The railways have to find the limits of efficiency in passenger transport and freight transport and transform its technical equipment and service to be efficient by all means. We also pointed out that the potential capacity of roads is in general higher than that of the railways with the typical weight of goods trains and liners.

Document type: Article

Land-use impacts on passenger transport: a comparison of Dutch scenario studies

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:36:12 +0100

The Role of Government in Fostering Intermodal Transport Innovations Perceived Lessons Obstacles in the United States

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:35:57 +0100

Sustainable underground urban goods distribution networks

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:34:08 +0100

The Effects of Dynamic Network Loading Models on DTA-based OD Estimation

Scipedia content — Mon, 25 Jan 2021 10:30:52 +0100

Congestion causes substantial economic losses, both for individual and commercial transport. This chapter will examine the effect of using different queue mechanisms in the dynamic network loading (DNL) models on the dynamic origin destination (OD) estimation problem on different test networks. The chapter begins with a short review of OD estimation methods based on traffic counts, followed by a discussion of the different dynamic network loading models and the solution algorithm used in this chapter. Next, the effect of choosing one of the above mentioned queuing approaches is examined by solving the OD estimation problem on different test networks. In the last section of the chapter the authors formulate conclusions along with possible future research.

Public transport-orientated urban design: plans and possibilities

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:43:49 +0100

Sustainable Solutions for Freight Transport

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:40:57 +0100

The worldwide movement of freight has emerged as one of the most critical and dynamic aspects of the transport sector. The contributors to this study examine the current state of global freight transport, with an emphasis on Europe and North America and their extra-regional linkages. These original contributions synthesize existing knowledge, highlight new developments, problems and possible solutions, and underscore the need for further research.

The Future of Intermodal Freight Transport: An Overview

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:37:22 +0100

Traffic-Congestion Forecasting Algorithm Based on Pheromone Communication Model

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:36:52 +0100

The growth of intelligent transport systems (ITS) has recently been quite fast and impressive, and various kinds of studies on ITS from the viewpoint of artificial intelligence have also been done [1][2][3][4][5]. However, there are still many problems that need to be solved and alleviating traffic congestion is one of the main issues. Reducing traffic congestion is quite urgent because the amount of money lost due to congestion within only 1 km in Tokyo has reached as much as 400 million yen per year. To alleviate this situation, two traffic-control systems called the âVehicle Information and Communication System (VICS)â and âthe probe car system (PCS)â are currently in operation in Japan.

Towards greener supply chains: Inclusion of environmental activities in relationships between logistics service providers and shippers

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:36:15 +0100

It is well-recognised that companies are under pressure to take responsibility for the environmental impact of their operations. Logistics service providers (LSPs), who through their transport and logistics operations have a large negative impact on the environment, are one type of supply chain actor that is under such pressure. However, in order for LSPs to be able to lower their environmental impact sufficiently, their customers, the shippers, also need to take responsibility. This thesis takes its starting point in the relationships between LSPs and shippers and argues that in order for LSPsâ environmental activities to reach their full potential, the shippers must be included in the activities. The purpose of this thesis is to describe and explain how supply chain actors, with a specific focus on logistics service providers and shippers, can include environmental activities in their relationships with each other. This comprises identifying those environmental activities that are relevant for relationships between LSPs and shippers, as well as describing the extent to which environmental activities are included in such relationships. By means of the theoretical perspective of power between supply chain actors, the thesis also sets out to further understand how power balances between LSPs and shippers can influence the extent to which they include environmental activities in their relationships with each other. Finally, the use of the theoretical perspective of coordination aims, through the analysis of coordination mechanisms, to shed light on how environmental activities are included in LSP-shipper relationships. The research in this thesis has mainly descriptive and explanatory aims, although due to the novelty of research into LSPshipper relationships in an environmental context, the research process as such is mainly exploratory. Following an abductive approach, the insights from literature are combined with empirical data from two cases studies, a homepage scan, a survey and a study of city logistics projects. Most of the applied research methods take a dual perspective of relationships between supply chain actors and thus include both LSPs and shippers. One conclusion from the research conducted for this thesis comprises the identification of environmental activities as well as a suggestion for a classification based on the activitiesâ role in the business between LSPs and shippers. With a starting point in the identified activities, a comparison of a market perspective and a relationship perspective of environmental activities in LSP-shipper relationships indicates that LSPs are able to fulfil the requirements set by shippers and that shippersâ requirement thus are met. The research does, however, point to a passiveness among LSPs in their relationships with shippers, who in turn would like the LSPs to be more proactive. Further, based on an analysis of power balances in LSP-shipper relationships, it is suggested that in an LSP-shipper relationship in which the shipper has a power advantage, the shipperâs environmental ambitions for logistics sets the agenda for the environmental activities in that relationship. An analysis of coordination of environmental activities in LSP-shipper relationships indicates that the mechanisms of direct supervision, which is when one actor tells the other actor in the relationship what to do, and mutual adjustment can be chosen to be used in order to include environmental activities in LSP-shipper relationships. While direct supervision is suggested to be a coordination mechanism that is easy for shippers to apply, mutual adjustment appears to hold greater potential for the development of environmental activities. Finally, these findings in combination are suggested to have implications for the coordination of environmental activities in LSP-shipper relationships. More specifically, this thesis offers a categorisation of different types of LSP-shipper relationships and the involved actorsâ environmental ambition. Depending on whether the environmental ambition of the LSP and shipper in a specific relationship is high or low appears to have implications for the possibility to work towards greener supply chains for each type of relationship. MÃ¥nga fÃ¶retag kÃ¤nner av pressen av agera fÃ¶r att minska sin miljÃ¶pÃ¥verkan. Flera fÃ¶retag har ocksÃ¥ insett att ett sÃ¥dant agerande Ã¤ven har affÃ¤rsmÃ¤ssiga fÃ¶rdelar. NÃ¤r det gÃ¤ller miljÃ¶pÃ¥verkan sÃ¥ tillhÃ¶r logistikfÃ¶retagen, till stor del pÃ¥ grund av sina transporter, de fÃ¶retag som insett att nÃ¥got mÃ¥ste gÃ¶ras. MÃ¶jligheten fÃ¶r dessa fÃ¶retag att gÃ¶ra olika miljÃ¶Ã¥tgÃ¤rder pÃ¥verkas av varuÃ¤garna som kÃ¶per logistikfÃ¶retagens tjÃ¤nster. Som en fÃ¶ljd av detta blir lÃ¤nken mellan dessa fÃ¶retag â relationen â viktig fÃ¶r att mÃ¶jliggÃ¶ra fÃ¶rbÃ¤ttringar nÃ¤r det gÃ¤ller pÃ¥verkan frÃ¥n logistiken. Denna avhandling har som syfte att beskriva och fÃ¶rklara hur aktÃ¶rer i fÃ¶rsÃ¶rjningskedjan, med ett speciellt fokus pÃ¥ relationer mellan logistikfÃ¶retag och varuÃ¤gare, kan inkludera miljÃ¶Ã¥tgÃ¤rder i sina relationer med varandra. FÃ¶r att Ã¶ver huvud taget kunna diskutera miljÃ¶Ã¥tgÃ¤rder i relationer mellan logistikfÃ¶retag och varuÃ¤gare sÃ¥ Ã¤r det viktigt att veta vad fÃ¶r typer av miljÃ¶Ã¥tgÃ¤rder detta kan rÃ¶ra sig om. FÃ¶rsta forskningsfrÃ¥gan i avhandlingen behandlar detta och i avhandlingen identifieras ett antal sÃ¥dana Ã¥tgÃ¤rder. Det kan rÃ¶ra sig om relativt tekniska Ã¥tgÃ¤rder sÃ¥ som alternativa brÃ¤nslen, olika typer av fordon och energieffektiv kÃ¶rning, till Ã¥tgÃ¤rder som handlar om styrning av logistiken, sÃ¥ som design av logistiksystemen, till Ã¥tgÃ¤rder som Ã¤r vÃ¤ldigt relationsspecifika som exempelvis specifika projekt eller miljÃ¶grupper. Med avstamp i de identifierade Ã¥tgÃ¤rderna analyseras sedan relationerna mellan logistikfÃ¶retag och varuÃ¤gare i nÃ¥gra olika steg. En jÃ¤mfÃ¶relse mellan logistikfÃ¶retagens och varuÃ¤garnas perspektiv pÃ¥ de miljÃ¶Ã¥tgÃ¤rder som erbjuds, efterfrÃ¥gas samt ingÃ¥r i relationerna dem emellan visar att logistikfÃ¶retagen ofta kan tillgodose sina kunders Ã¶nskemÃ¥l. Samtidigt som detta visar att varuÃ¤garnas Ã¶nskemÃ¥l verkar vara uppfyllda, sÃ¥ finns det en frustration frÃ¥n varuÃ¤garnas sida Ã¶ver att logistikfÃ¶retagen inte Ã¤r mer proaktiva. En av anledningarna till detta kan vara maktbalansen mellan logistikfÃ¶retag och varuÃ¤gare. Resultaten i avhandlingen pekar nÃ¤mligen pÃ¥ att varuÃ¤garna oftast har makten Ã¶ver logistikfÃ¶retagen, vilket verkar leda till att varuÃ¤garens ambitioner gÃ¤llande miljÃ¶ ofta Ã¤r det som sÃ¤tter agendan fÃ¶r vilka miljÃ¶Ã¥tgÃ¤rder som inkluderas i relationen mellan dessa fÃ¶retag. Vidare sÃ¥ kan de miljÃ¶Ã¥tgÃ¤rder som ingÃ¥r i en relation mellan logistikfÃ¶retag och varuÃ¤gare koordineras pÃ¥ olika sÃ¤tt och flera sÃ¥dana tas upp i avhandlingen. Resultaten pekar Ã¤ven pÃ¥ att maktbalansen i relationerna pÃ¥verkar i vilken grad miljÃ¶Ã¥tgÃ¤rder inkluderas i relationer mellan logistikfÃ¶retag och varuÃ¤gare samt hur dessa koordineras. En matris, som bygger pÃ¥ logistikfÃ¶retagets och varuÃ¤garens ambitioner gÃ¤llande miljÃ¶ fÃ¶r en specifik relation, sammanfattar resultaten i avhandlingen. Beroende pÃ¥ om denna ambition Ã¤r hÃ¶g eller lÃ¥g fÃ¶r de bÃ¥da aktÃ¶rerna pÃ¥verkar i sin tur mÃ¶jligheten fÃ¶r varje typ av relation att arbeta mot grÃ¶na fÃ¶rsÃ¶rjningskedjor.

Linking Macro-level Dynamic Network Loading Models with Scheduling of Individual’s Daily Activity–Travel Pattern

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:34:18 +0100

Traffic assignment is a set of criteria through which the demand for mobility is distributed over the links of a transport network. Over the last 30 years, Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) models have been developed to support time-dependent analyses in nascent fields that need to take into account the temporal distribution of demand and supply. In this book, leading international experts in the field provide a state-of-the-art overview of fundamental DTA research and practice, identifying weaknesses and major challenges for future research.

High-Throughput SAXS for the Characterization of Biomolecules in Solution: A Practical Approach

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:27:49 +0100

The recent innovation of collecting X-ray scattering from solutions containing purified macromolecules in high-throughput has yet to be truly exploited by the biological community. Yet, this capability is becoming critical given that the growth of sequence and genomics data is significantly outpacing structural biology results. Given the huge mismatch in information growth rates between sequence and structural methods, their combined high-throughput and high success rate make high-throughput small angle X-ray scattering (HT-SAXS) analyses increasingly valuable. HT-SAXS connects sequence as well as NMR and crystallographic results to biological outcomes by defining the flexible and dynamic complexes controlling cell biology. Commonly falling under the umbrella of bio-SAXS, HT-SAXS data collection pipelines have or are being developed at most synchrotrons. How investigators practically get their biomolecules of interest into these pipelines, balance sample requirements and manage HT-SAXS data output format varies from facility to facility. While these features are unlikely to be standardized across synchrotron beamlines, a detailed description of HT-SAXS issues for one pipeline provides investigators with a practical guide to the general procedures they will encounter. One of the longest running and generally accessible HT-SAXS endstations is the SIBYLS beamline at the Advanced Light Source in Berkeley CA. Here we describe the current state of the SIBYLS HT-SAXS pipeline, what is necessary for investigators to integrate into it, the output format and a summary of results from 2 years of operation. Assessment of accumulated data informs issues of concentration, background, buffers, sample handling, sample shipping, homogeneity requirements, error sources, aggregation, radiation sensitivity, interpretation, and flags for concern. By quantitatively examining success and failures as a function of sample and data characteristics, we define practical concerns, considerations, and concepts for optimally applying HT-SAXS techniques to biological samples.

Enterprise Collaboration Network for Transport and Logistics Services

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:25:31 +0100

Part 10: Collaboration Platforms; International audience; The development of the Single Window concept (unique access/contact point for composite services) for the multimodal door-to-door freight transport management is a complex endeavour that is being addressed by the European MIELE project. Led by port authorities, the project identified the need for a novel strategy to foster collaboration among stakeholders with a diversity of processes and technology. The multimodal perspective requires a convergence and thus collaboration of maritime, railway, road, and air transport facilities as it is the case for the need of traffic information for a real-time (re)planning if some accident is hindering the current route. This requires that traffic information from different operators is integrated into the freight transport routing planner. Furthermore, a unified coordination and operations management of the existing business processes is lacking. To integrate such contexts, an open enterprise collaboration network (ECoNet) infrastructure is presented and discussed.

Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Surface Barkhausen Noise Investigations of Stress and Leakage Flux Signals in Line Pipe

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:25:01 +0100

Pipelines are subjected to a number of different sources of stress. The principal in-service stress component is due to line pressure, with operating stresses commonly about 60% of the yield strength. Pipelines may also be subjected to considerable bending stresses, particularly when constructed on unstable terrain such as permafrost. Residual stresses may also be present, generally resulting from processing or welding, but more seriously as a consequence of mechanical damage. Anomalously high stress levels, whether residual or applied, may lead to pipeline failure; as a result serious efforts are being made to develop on-line stress detection methods. It is well established that stress is a major factor affecting magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials, however the effects are complex and have only recently begun to be understood [1,2]. Because of the strong influence of stress on magnetic properties, magnetic NDE techniques are being considered as potential methods for the detection of stress.

Smart sustainable mobility:A user-friendly transport system is a combination of intelligence, low carbon energy, and adaptable services

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:23:52 +0100

Imagine a world in which people and goods can move with minimum impact on the local environment and climate. Imagine an intelligent transport system with smart infrastructure and smart, connected vehicles powered predominantly by renewable energy, and with enlightened end-users: private individuals and enterprises. Imagine a system that is actually based on user demand. That is what we would like to see. To put mobility and transport on the track to sustainability, we have to improve energy efficiency, switch to renewable energy and more efficient modes of mobility, and, most importantly, increase smartness at all levels of the system. In practice, the last point means smart and efficient mobility services, cooperative systems, and intelligent vehicles and infrastructure. VTT has a toolbox and the expertise to tackle all the key challenges of smart low-carbon mobility. And, to really make an impact, we are cooperating with all the key stakeholders in the field. Let us re-invent mobility and co-create a better future together!

Le transport maritime. De l'international au global

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:22:10 +0100

En matiÃ¨re de transport maritime, deux mondes se cÃ´toient depuis l'apparition du conteneur Ã la fin des annÃ©es 1950 : d'un cÃ´tÃ© celui liÃ© Ã la circulation des boÃ®tes, de l'autre celui des marchandises qui ne peuvent Ãªtre empotÃ©es dans ces caisses de mÃ©tal. Le premier correspond Ã un marchÃ© construit par l'offre de lignes rÃ©guliÃ¨res et la notion de service maritime, le second s'organise d'abord en fonction de la demande de marchandises selon une navigation de vagabondage. Si les logiques qui les animent sont bien diffÃ©rentes, les deux sont confrontÃ©s aux enjeux de la globalisation, en particulier ceux liÃ©s Ã la durabilitÃ© d'un modÃ¨le Ã©conomique d'inspiration libÃ©rale.

Models of Consensus for Multiple Agent Systems

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:21:57 +0100

Models of consensus are used to manage multiple agent systems in order to choose between different recommendations provided by the system. It is assumed that there is a central agent that solicits recommendations or plans from other agents. That agent the n determines the consensus of the other agents, and chooses the resultant consensus recommendation or plan. Voting schemes such as this have been used in a variety of domains, including air traffic control. This paper uses an analytic model to study the use of consensus in multiple agent systems. The binomial model is used to study the probability that the consensus judgment is correct or incorrect. That basic model is extended to account for both different levels of agent competence and unequal prior odds. The analysis of that model is critical in the investigation of multiple agent systems, since the model leads us to conclude that in some cases consensus judgment is not appropriate. In addition, the results allow us to determine how many agents should be used to develop consensus decisions, which agents should be used to develop consensus decisions and under which conditions the consensus model should be used.

Ultrasonic Measurement System for the Assessment of Corrosion in Pipelines

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:19:32 +0100

The demand for information on the status of pipelines still rises. Stringent environmental protection laws, rising insurance costs and rising lifetime of existing pipelines ask for more detailed and reliable inspection results [1,2]. An ultrasonic inspection system is developed for the assessment of corrosion in fluid filled pipelines. In this paper an overview of the measurement system is given. Special attention is paid to the measurement head and the data-acquisition unit. Application of the system for the assessment of internal corrosion damage is illustrated.

Critical Success Factors: Interconnectivity and Interoperability

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:18:58 +0100

An Agent-Based Approach for the Design of the Future European Air Traffic Management System

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:17:46 +0100

This paper describes an agent-based approach for the simulation of air traffic management (ATM) in Europe that was designed to help analyze proposals for future ATM systems. This approach is able to represent new collaborative deci-sion processes for flow traffic management, it uses an intermediate level of ab-straction (useful for simulations at larger scales), and was designed to be a practi-cal tool (open and reusable) for the development of different ATM studies. It was successfully applied in three studies related to the design of future ATM systems in Europe.

The Impacts of Innovative Technical Concepts for Load Unit Exchange on the Design of Intermodal Freight Bundling Networks

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:13:25 +0100

Lexicon for Conveying Travel Time Reliability Information

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:11:33 +0100

The primary goal of Strategic Highway Research Program 2 (SHRP 2) Reliability research is to improve the reliability of highway travel times by mitigating the effects of events that cause travel times to fluctuate unpredictably. A key component to addressing the reliability issue related to urban mobility is conveying reliability-related information to system users so that they can make informed decisions about their travel. The goal of the SHRP 2 L14 project, Effectiveness of Different Approaches to Disseminating Traveler Information on Travel Time Reliability, is to examine what combination of words, numbers, and other features of user information messages, along with communications methods and technology platforms, best communicate information about travel time and reliability to travelers so that they can make optimal travel choices from their point of view, such as whether to take a trip, departure time, mode choice, and route choice. This lexicon is one of the main L14 project work products. It offers recommendations to system operators on appropriate ways to provide travel time reliability information to travelers so that the information is most likely to be understood and used by travelers to influence their travel choices. On the basis of the results of human factors studies and current traffic engineering practices regarding communicating to drivers, recommendations were made in the lexicon for using the following terms related to travel time reliability: 95th percentile, arrival time, average travel time, buffer time, delay time, departure time, free-flow travel time, peak travel time, planning time, planning time index, recommended departure time, recommended route, and reliability. There is also input from a literature review, expert interviews, and a technology and innovation scan done as part of the research project. For each of the travel time reliability terms listed, the lexicon includes a technical travel time reliability term, the definition of the term or concept within the reliability framework, a description of when or for what purpose an agency might use the term, and recommendations for terminology, phrases, or graphics to be used, in order of preference. Finally, the lexicon identifies appropriate media and technology interfaces for each listed term, phrase, or graphic.

Cost and impact analysis of sea level rise on coastal Vietnam

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:11:03 +0100

The Development under Climate Change research effort provides a basis for determining quantitative impacts on infrastructure from climate change. This paper provides results of an analysis of sea level rise impacts on road infrastructure in Vietnam. The study utilizes a quantitative approach for determining these impacts through engineering-based models that estimate the impact of sea level rises on road infrastructure. Through this approach, the cost impact of sea level rises on the coastal regions of Vietnam are presented.

Designing Intermodal Transport Systems: A Conceptual and Methodological Framework

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:09:04 +0100

Continuous Correction Functions for Dynamic Route Choice Algorithms

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:06:26 +0100

Sustainable Automobile Transport

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:01:52 +0100

Transport, and in particular road transport, represents a significant global threat to long-term sustainable development, and is one of the fastest-growing consumers of final energy and sources of greenhouse gas emissions. In this book, long-term energyâeconomyâenvironment scenarios are used to identify the key technological developments required to address the challenges passenger car transport poses to climate change mitigation and energy security. It also considers possible targets for policy support and examines some of the elements that contribute to the significant levels of uncertainty â particularly social and political conditions. The book then builds on this long-term scenario analysis with a broad review of recent empirical examples of relevant policy implementation to identify near-term options for the passenger transportation sector which may promote a shift towards a more sustainable transport system over the longer term.

Comparing Multilevel Clustering Methods on Weighted Graphs: The Case of Worldwide Air Passenger Traffic 2000–2004

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:00:38 +0100

International audience; Specific properties emerge from the structure of large networks, such as that of worldwide air traffic, including a highly hierarchical node structure and multi-level small world sub-groups that strongly influence future dynamics. We have developed clustering methods to understand the form of these structures, to identify structural properties, and to evaluate the effects of these properties. Graph clustering methods are often constructed from different components: a metric, a clustering index, and a modularity measure to assess the quality of a clustering method. To understand the impact of each of these components on the clustering method, we explore and compare different combinations. These different combinations are used to compare multilevel clustering methods to delineate the effects of geographical distance, hubs, network densities, and bridges on worldwide air passenger traffic. The ultimate goal of this methodological research is to demonstrate evidence of combined effects in the development of an air traffic network. In fact, the network can be divided into different levels of "cohesion", which can be qualified and measured by comparative studies (Newman, 2002; Guimera et al., 2005; Sales-Pardo et al., 2007).

Firms: Changes in Trip Patterns, Production Prices, Locations and in the Human Resource Policy due to Road Pricing

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 15:00:26 +0100

The US Context for Highway Congestion Pricing

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:58:30 +0100

This chapter analyzes the spatial impacts of various freeway pricing scenarios including the conversion of High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) to High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes. Spatial allocations occur via a congestible highway network of almost 90,000 links, including almost 5,000 freeway links. Converting HOV to HOT lanes and redirecting current planning away from more HOV lane development (as well as from conventional transit planning) towards their plan is the way to go in light of what is known of U.S. settlement and travel trends. Dispersed origins and destination are unlikely to be well served by conventional transit or by carpooling. And the increasing tendency to combine work trips with non-work trips reflects this and also favors the HOT-lanes policy.

Container Handling in Mainports: A Dilemma About Future Scales

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:58:03 +0100

An experimental validation of residual stresses in weld clad pipelines

Scipedia content — Thu, 21 Jan 2021 14:57:42 +0100

The nature and distribution of residual stresses are invariably critical for fatigue life with dissimilar material joints often inducing high tensile residual stresses. A fatigue-resistant concept of weld cladding process pipelines, producing compressive residual stresses, is under investigation to examine how these stresses may be influenced. Simplified weld cladding simulations have successfully illustrated the development and distribution of residual stresses through the joint. The study has highlighted the importance of accurate material data for clad and substrate materials with current analysis assumptions in a simple thick-walled pipe discussed. Experimental validation, using ICHD, measured residual stresses with depth on weld clad specimens, resulting in good correlation between simulation and experiment for a nickel-chromium-based superalloy clad on low alloy carbon steel as discussed. Future work, including a full 3D representation of the cladding process and a comparison of residual stress measurement methods, are also discussed.