Scipedia: Documents published in 2012

Advisory Algorithm for Scheduling Open Sectors, Operating Positions, and Workstations

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 21:50:41 +0100

traffic controller supervisors configure available sector, operating position, and work-station resources to safely and efficiently control air traffic in a region of airspace. In this paper, an algorithm for assisting supervisors with this task is described and demonstrated on two sample problem instances. The algorithm produces configuration schedule advisories that minimize a cost. The cost is a weighted sum of two competing costs: one penalizing mismatches between configurations and predicted air traffic demand and another penalizing the effort associated with changing configurations. The problem considered by the algorithm is a shortest path problem that is solved with a dynamic programming value iteration algorithm. The cost function contains numerous parameters. Default values for most of these are suggested based on descriptions of air traffic control procedures and subject-matter expert feedback. The parameter determining the relative importance of the two competing costs is tuned by comparing historical configurations with corresponding algorithm advisories. Two sample problem instances for which appropriate configuration advisories are obvious were designed to illustrate characteristics of the algorithm. Results demonstrate how the algorithm suggests advisories that appropriately utilize changes in airspace configurations and changes in the number of operating positions allocated to each open sector. The results also demonstrate how the advisories suggest appropriate times for configuration changes.

Integration of construction and traffic engineering in simulating pipe-jacking operations in urban areas

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 21:35:39 +0100

Construction simulation and traffic simulation are complementary to successful planning of microtunneling and pipe-jacking operations in urban areas. With increasing concerns on sustainable development, it is imperative to integrate construction engineering and traffic engineering in simulation modeling in order to plan for efficient site operations while reducing the impact of construction upon traffic. In this research, we demonstrate a "larger system simulation" approach to effectively plan pipe-jacking operations in urban areas in considerations of (1) truck delivery routes and timing; (2) sizing and location of temporary laydown area on site; (3) traffic lane closure distance; and (4) working hours scheduling, aimed at minimizing the negative impact of construction on traffic. Our research goal is to deliver a temporary traffic arrangement plan along with an efficient site operations plan, thus keeping a balance between construction productivity and traffic mobility. A case study is given based on a pipe-jacking site in the urban area of Hong Kong.

Improved Lateral Trajectory Prediction Through En Route Air-Ground Data Exchange

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 21:18:43 +0100

In generating advisories, current ground Air Traffic Management (ATM) automation tools such as NASA’s Center-TRACON Automation System (CTAS) and MITRE’s User Request Evaluation Tool (URET) rely upon an aging ground ATM infrastructure to provide current state and to predict future intentions of aircraft. Significant improvement in these advisories could be achieved by tapping into the high-precision state and intent data available onboard today’s air transport aircraft. A recent NASA/FAA data exchange experiment was conducted to assist in quantifying the potential of datalink to improve ground-based ATM automation performance. This paper reports the results of a study into the quantitative characteristics of the improved lateral intent information and its potential impact on automation conflict detection performance. The results suggest that the downlink of flight management system (FMS) state and intent data will significantly improve the performance of current technology ground automation.

Hardware Acceleration of SVM-Based Traffic Classification on FPGA

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 21:02:51 +0100

International audience; Understanding the composition of the Internet traffic has many applications nowadays, mainly tracking bandwidth consuming applications, QoS-based traffic engineering and lawful interception of illegal traffic. Although many classification methods such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) have demonstrated their accuracy, not enough attention has been paid to the practical implementation of lightweight classifiers. In this paper, we consider the design of a real-time SVM classifier at many Gbps to allow online detection of categories of applications. Our solution is based on the design of a hardware accelerated SVM classifier on a FPGA board.

Arrival Delay Absorption using Extended Metering with Speed Control

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 20:51:44 +0100

§It is often the case that due to demand-capacity imbalance at an airport, flights are assigned by air traffic controllers an amount of delay that they must absorb before their expected arrival at the airport. This paper investigates the distance needed by aircraft to absorb such delays through a speed reduction of up to 10% with respect to their nominal speed. Thirty five representative days of operations with distinct traffic volume and delay characteristics are considered for the analysis. For each day, a simulation of traffic in the NAS is conducted in the absence of any constraints on sector or airport capacity thereby resulting in delay-free aircraft landing times. Flights are assigned delays due to demandcapacity imbalances at forty major US airports, which are computed through a first-comefirst-served scheduler. Distances from the airport where flights should reduce speed in order to absorb their assigned delay are computed through an aircraft trajectory generator. Analysis focuses on jet aircraft reaching their top-of-climb point at least 250 nautical miles from their destination airport. Out of all aircraft assigned delays, on average 73% were able to absorb that delay entirely through speed control. Of these aircraft, on average 93.5% of flights were able to absorb their assigned delay by reducing speed in either the same or an adjacent Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) from their arrival airport. ARTCCs that issue the highest number of advisories for speed reduction are Washington (ZDC), Atlanta (ZTL), and Chicago (ZAU). Finally, results are also provided for the specific cases of Las Vegas (LAS) and Phoenix (PHX) airports.

A multi-objective evolutionary method for Dynamic Airspace Re-sectorization using sectors clipping and similarities

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 20:41:23 +0100

Dynamic Airspace Sectorization (DAS) is a future concept in Air Traffic Management. Its main goal is to increase airspace capacity by reshaping - thus optimizing - airspace sector boundaries based on the specifics of different air traffic situations, weather conditions and other factors. The primary objective for the optimization is to balance and reduce the workload of Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs). Many researchers have made efforts in this topic in the past years. However, air traffic changes continually, and DAS has to be adaptive to each change; be it in terms of aircraft density, dynamic routes, fleet mix, etc. Therefore, instead of sectorizing the airspace each time a change occurs, we should re-sectorize it by maintaining maximum similarities between each sectorization. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective evolutionary computation methodology to re-sectorize an airspace. We use a similarity measure between the existing sectorization and the re-sectorization as an objective to maximize during the evolution.We test the methodology with different air traffic conditions with four objective functions: minimize ATC task load standard deviation, maximize average flight sector time, maximize the minimum distance between traffic crossing points and sector boundaries, and maximize the similarity of two airspace sectorizations. Experimental results show that our re-sectorization method is able to perform airspace re-sectorization under different changes in the air traffic, while satisfying the predefined objectives.

Bridging the gap between existing transport networks.: A comparative analysis of evolving mobility strategies in four medium-sized city-regions in Europe

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 20:37:48 +0100

This paper contributes to recent academic debates on mobility and transport by exploring the emergence of innovative tram-based transport solutions in medium-sized and somewhat peripheral regions in Europe. More precisely, we argue that the profound transformations undergone by rail transport over the past two decades has contributed to weakening existing governance structures, thus opening numerous opportunities for new entrants, technical innovations and original forms of territorial cooperation. The comparative analysis of four mobility strategies (France, The Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom) demonstrates the ability of medium-sized cities to develop innovative transport solutions by adapting existing networks .

Business Rules Explicitation in Inland Shipping

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 20:35:34 +0100

Planning of transport through inland shipping is complex, highly dynamic and very specific. Existing software support is focusing on road transport planning and/or is merely a visual representation of shipments to be manually assigned to particular vessels. As a result inland shipment planning is time-consuming and highly relies on the personal skills of the planner. In this paper we present a business rules based model that aims to further support inland shipping organizations in their shipment planning by identifying the characteristics and constraints that are of interest and the related explicated business rules. The model is derived from transport-related literature, explorative expert interviews and transport management software vendors. The usability and applicability of the model is subsequently successfully empirically tested using identified performance measures through a case study at a major European inland shipping broker

Modeling transport pricing with multiple stakeholders. Working paper: Methodology and a case study

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 20:20:13 +0100

Pricing measures (e.g., a kilometre charge or cordon toll) are used to improve the external effects of transportation (e.g., congestion or emissions). This working paper presents a planning model for pricing while taking the preferences and interactions of multiple stakeholders (e.g., governments or public transport operators) into account. Because we do not restrict ourselves to a single stakeholder, the model can analyse the interdependencies between measures and, particularly, the positive effects of cooperation between stakeholders. The presented model framework uses game theory for the interaction of stakeholders, who each have an objective function and control some pricing measure. Two concepts are considered, which both result in different pricing strategies. The first is non-cooperation which assumes selfish behaviour; we defined the stakeholder equilibrium to determine the solution strategy. Second, the cooperative solution concept allows coalitions to be formed; we developed a transferable utility game with its corresponding core to determine stable solution strategies. The model is tested on a stylised case study with travellers between three cities in which the government implements a kilometre charge on the road and the railway operator changes the train fares. Analysis of the different concepts showed that cooperation between the government and railway operator results in different and better pricing strategies. So, our model can analyse the benefits of cooperation in a transport system; furthermore, it can identify the coalitions and corresponding pricing strategies needed to achieve these benefits.

Compressing Feature Sets with Digital Search Trees

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 20:15:44 +0100

State-of-the-art image retrieval pipelines are based on “bag-of-words” matching. We note that the original order in which features are extracted from the image is discarded in the “bag-of-words” matching pipeline. As a result, a set of features extracted from a query image can be transmitted in any order. A set of m unique features has m! orderings, and if the order of transmission can be discarded, one can reduce the query size by an additional log 2 (m!) bits. We propose a coding scheme based on Digital Search Trees that reduces size of a set of features by approximately log 2 (m!) bits. We perform analysis of the scheme, and show how it applies to any set of symbols in which order can be discarded. We illustrate how the scheme can be applied to a set of low bitrate Compressed Histogram of Gradients (CHoG) descriptors.

Toward zero carbon with environmentally friendly transport modes

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:57:25 +0100

The rapid growth of cities, the increase and distribution of population and building intensity, the increase in vehicle ownership, and related to these, Earth’s surface turning into built areas, rapidly increases energy consumption (which is not apparent but is vitally important) and also increases the production of carbon. For the cities of the world to have a sustainable future and be resilient, they must move toward Zero Carbon Emissions, developing strategies and starting implementation as soon as possible. The aim of this paper is to change the focus of reduction efforts to cities, specifically focusing upon transportation. Carbon, activated carbon, carbon footprints, and the reduction of carbon production in line with the Kyoto Protocol will be examined in terms of transportation issues. International studies on zero carbon emissions will be examined within the context of transportation. The place of environmentally friendly transport modes and their links will be discussed, especially in Chicago city center and in Masdar City, currently being built in Abu Dhabi (construction will be finished by the end of 2020). Recommendations highlight the importance of these discussions on the future of humanity.

The Multi-Center TMA System Architecture and Its Impact on Inter-Facility Collaboration

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:55:58 +0100

The success of the Traffic Management Adviso r (TMA) system at Fort Worth Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) and other ARTCCs has prompted the further development of TMA to address problems in the congested environment of the Northeast corridor of the US National Airspace System (NAS). This reg ion is characterized by terminal areas whose arrivals approach from more than one ARTCC thereby requiring greater coordination in arrival traffic planning. NASA and the FAA are developing a Multi -Center Traffic Management Advisor (McTMA) tool that introduces a new infrastructure to allow individual TMA systems to communicate with each other, thereby forming a Mc TMA network. The prototype system allow s the four ARTCCs of the northeast (New York, Washington, Boston and Cleveland) and the Philadelphia (PHL) Terminal Radar Approach Control Facility (TRACON) to share a regional view of the arrival demand at the PHL airport. This shared view will enable these faci lities to proactively address PHL congestion issues through better coordination and management of traffic into an adjacent air traffic control unit, be it a sector or a facility. This paper presents a high -level description of the McTMA architecture and potential collaboration possibilities that may arise from using the system.

A Mathematical Analysis of Air Traffic Priority Rules

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:55:43 +0100

This paper analyzes priority rules, such as those in Part 91.113 of the Federal Aviation Regulations. Such rules determine which of two aircraft should maneuver in a given conflict scenario. While the rules in 91.113 are well accepted, other concepts of operation for Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), such as self separation, may allow for different priority rules. A mathematical framework is presented that can be used to analyze a general set of priority rules and enables proofs of important properties. Specific properties considered in this paper include safety, effectiveness, and stability. A set of rules is said to be safe if it ensures that it is never the case that both aircraft have priority. They are effective if exactly one aircraft has priority in every situation. Finally, a set of rules is called stable if it produces compatible results even under small changes to input data.

Parking inventory management: a logistics perspective in urban traffic congestion mitigation

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:53:47 +0100

With the introduction of Travel (or Transportation) Demand Management (TDM), literature widely agreed that mobility is a matter of managing the demand side, especially in urban areas where accessibility has hardly modifiable physical constraints. In this context, the improvement of parking management is one of the main drivers for managing the demand side of transportation: design, location, pricing and enforcement of parking directly impact on traffic. Congestion is, in fact, caused by the imbalance between demand and supply and the lack, or mismanagement, of parking accounts for a considerable share of this: Shoup (Cruising for Parking, Transport Policy 2006) concludes that vehicles “cruising” for an available parking generate at least 8% of the total traffic. In a logistics perspective, this share of congestion is caused by the decoupling between stocks (available parking), scattered within a decentralized network of warehouses with fixed capacity (parking lots), and flows (traffic) representing a poorly predictable demand. Tackling traffic congestion in urban areas may thus be seen as a logistics problem of inventory management. The aim of this paper is to introduce a new research stream in the field of TDM by applying logistics principles and tools to the matter of parking management. Further research will involve the collection of empirical data to measure the intensity of this relation, and to explore the possibility of individuating the decoupling point beyond which available parking will stock out.

Proactive Vehicle Re-routing Strategies for Congestion Avoidance

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:49:55 +0100

International audience; Traffic congestion causes driver frustration and costs billions of dollars annually in lost time and fuel consumption. This paper presents three traffic re-routing strategies designed to be incorporated in a cost-effective and easily deployable vehicular traffic guidance system that reduces the effect of traffic congestions. This system collects real-time traffic data from vehicles and road-side sensors and computes proactive, individually-tailored re-routing guidance which is pushed to vehicles when signs of congestion are observed on their route. Extensive simulation results over two urban road networks show that all three strategies, namely multipath load balancing considering future vehicle positions (EBkSP), random multipath load balancing (RkSP), and dynamic shortest path (DSP), significantly decrease the average travel time. EBkSP is the best, with as much as 104% improvement compared to the "no re-routing" baseline. Additionally, it lowers with 34% the re-routing frequency compared to the other strategies. Finally, all strategies offer good improvements even when many drivers ignore the guidance or when the system adoption rate is relatively low.

Reynolds-averaged navier-stokes modelling of the near-field structure of accidental releases of carbon dioxide from pipelines

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:48:23 +0100

International audience; The work presented in this paper forms part of the EC FP7 CO2PipeHaz project which aims to address the fundamentally important and urgent issue regarding the accurate prediction of fluid phase, discharge rate, emergency isolation and subsequent atmospheric dispersion during accidental releases from pressurised CO2 pipelines. Such pipelines are considered to be the most likely method for the transportation of captured CO2 from power plants and other industries to subsequent sequestration sites, and their safe operation is of paramount importance as their inventory is likely to be large. The developments presented describe a state-of-the-art, multi-phase heterogeneous discharge and dispersion model capable of predicting the near-field fluid dynamic and phase behaviour in such CO2 releases. Predicting the correct fluid phase during the discharge process in the near-field is of particular importance given the very different hazard profiles of CO2 in the gas and solid states. Validation of the model is undertaken using recently obtained experimental data from discharge tests. Model predictions are found to describe the experimental observations very well, with a high level of agreement between the two. The study clearly demonstrates that models addressing accidental releases of CO2 must include shock-capturing methods and complete three-phase formulations for prediction of the physical and thermodynamic properties of CO2 in order to accurately predict the discharge and dispersion phenomena of interest in risk assessments.

Using Flight Manual Data to Derive Aero-Propulsive Models for Predicting Aircraft Trajectories

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:46:31 +0100

The Center/TRACON Automaton System (CTAS) is a set of air traffic management tools developed by NASA in conjunction with the FAA. As part of its functionality, CTAS predicts aircraft flight trajectories using aeropropulsive models and the kinetic equations of motion for various flight conditions including climbs. Precise aeropropulsive models for all aircraft types are not yet available to NASA researchers. In an effort to improve climb trajectory prediction of jet aircraft for which CTAS does not have a precise aero-propulsive model, a technique was developed to derive an aero-propulsive model from readily available time-to-climb data found in flight manuals. A case study was performed on a Boeing 737-400, for which time-to-climb data and aero-propulsive model data were known. A new aero-propulsive model, identified by three aerodynamic and one propulsive parameter, was derived from the time-to-climb data. The results showed it was possible to derive an aero-propulsive model for an aircraft type that will allow CTAS to compute time-to-climb for a range of climb speeds that agree closely with known data. This technique was then applied to a Learjet 60, an aircraft type for which a precise aero-propulsive model is not available. A comparison of top-of-climb predictions made with a derived aero-propulsive model and actual top-ofclimb from Learjet 60 radar track data reveal close agreement.

A Comparison of Double Block and Bleed Technologies

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:45:16 +0100

Double Block and Bleed is a term often used in the oil and gas industry to define a level of isolation sufficient to perform maintenance activities. The true definition relates to incumbent valves providing two proven levels of isolation against the outboard pressure to permit breaching of containment in the isolated pipe. This paper assesses how temporary isolation devices can provide equivalent isolation where incumbent valves do not exist at appropriate locations in the system. It reviews the different interpretations of Double Block and Bleed used within the industry and compares how different isolation devices are assessed in relation to the level of isolation they provide."/jats:p" "jats:p"It will reference several examples from around the world of where temporary isolation devices have been used to replace valves and perform repairs in trunk pipelines without depressurising the whole pipeline. It will also cover examples of isolating live process pipe to perform maintenance activities outside plant shutdown.

Space-based nonlinear dynamic inversion control for aircraft continuous descent approach

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:40:07 +0100

International audience; With the growth of civil aviation traffic, enhanced accuracy performances are required from guidance systems to maintain efficiency and safety in flight operations. This communication proposes a new representation of aircraft flight dynamics at approach for landing and a space-based nonlinear dynamic inversion control for a transportation aircraft. The main novelty is that the adopted independent variable is the distance to land. This new representation of flight dynamics should support the development of improved aircraft guidance systems.

Air Transportation and Regional Growth: Which Way Does the Causality Run?

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:39:52 +0100

The role of airports has become increasingly important with globalization. To have a regional airport is an especially important asset for retaining companies in the region as well as attracting new economic activity to the region. A well-developed transport infrastructure can be seen as a facilitator that allows the economic potential of a region to be realized. The provision of transportation does not, however, automatically lead to economic growth. It may also be the other way round: economic development leads to the better transport infrastructure and accessibility, stressing demand side elements. This paper aims to shed further light on the relationship between regional airports and economic performance. We ask whether accessibility is a key factor to economic success, or rather a consequence of it. In order to test the relative importance of various effects, the Granger non-causality method in a panel framework is applied. The Granger method exploits the fact that in time series there is temporal ordering, and the belief that effects cannot occur before causes. The empirical analysis is based on European level annual data from 86 regions and 13 countries on air traffic and regional economic performance in the period 1991-2010. The results revealed that for at least some regions (and possible all), there is statistical evidence of Granger causality from air traffic to regional growth but these processes are not uniform in all regions. The categorization of the regions into three groups of equal size according to their peripherality showed significant causality in peripheral regions and indicative causality in intermediate regions, while in core regions no significant causality was found. Hence, peripherality indeed matters: the more remote the region is the more important for it is to have efficient air connections. The evidence of the opposite direction of causality - from regional development to air traffic - was only partial and homogenous.

Alternatives to Redistribution Communities in Inter-domain traffic Engineering

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:38:42 +0100

Today’s internet routing mainly concentrates on controlling the ingress and egress traffic which occurs through border routers. There are different ways by which we can control the traffic between autonomous systems. In most cases redistribution communities are used for the control over traffic engineering. In this paper we focus on alternative approaches like Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Ambient Networks, through which there can be an effective control over traffic engineering.

Workload evaluation of sectorized air traffic control and stream management

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:38:27 +0100

Stream management is a novel air traffic control operational concept in which controllers control streams of aircraft that are functionally equivalent, rather than being responsible for “aircraft in airspace.” One of the potential benefits of stream management is workload reduction for the same amount of aircraft handled. An adaptation of the dynamic density workload measure was used to evaluate stream management operations against current sector based control. This evaluation is completed using FACET software and ASDI data. Stream visualizations and data analysis demonstrate the advantages of stream operations.

A constrained MPC heuristic to achieve a desired transport modal split at intermodal hubs

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:32:42 +0100

Trabalho apresentado em 16th IEEE Conference of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC'13), 2013,Haia, Holanda Intermodal hubs are a component of freight transportation networks that have as main goal to deliver cargo at the agreed time and at the agreed location. Currently, authorities are forcing transport operators to act in more sustainable ways. For intermodal hubs this is translated into making a preferable choice for sustainable transport modalities. In some cases, this is no longer a choice and is imposed on the intermodal hub in terms of a desired transport modal split. In this paper, a heuristic based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) to achieve a desired transport modal split at intermodal hubs is proposed. A terminal state constraint is used for the quantity of cargo assigned per modality over the prediction horizon to guide the cargo assignment. Feasibility of the optimization problem and cargo delivery at the agreed time are assured by relaxing the terminal state constraint. The proposed heuristic can anticipate the transport of cargo due to the inclusion of predictions, leading to a push of cargo towards the final destination. As cargo is moving in anticipation to the due time the transport is more robust to unforseen events, such as jams and weather conditions. The proposed heuristic is a step towards sustainable and synchromodal transportation networks. Simulation experiments illustrate the validity of these statements. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Model predictive control for a sustainable transport modal split at intermodal container hubs

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:32:03 +0100

Trabalho apresentado em 10th IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC'13), 2013, Paris, France The increase of international commerce and the expected container vessels capacity with 18, 000 TEU (twentyfoot equivalent unit) will put a considerable pressure on container hubs. High flow peaks will appear at gateway hubs in the transport network compromising the cargo transportation towards the hinterland and decreasing the network transport capacity. Moreover, authorities are forcing transport operators to operate in more sustainable ways. For container hubs this is translated into making a preferable choice for barge and train modalities before opting for truck modality. In this work we present a framework based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) to address the so-called transport modal split problem for the outgoing cargo at container hubs. We use two features (destination and due time) to categorize the cargo present at a container hub and develop a dynamic model to make predictions of cargo volume over time. The controller decision takes into account transporting cargo towards the final destination while opting for sustainable transport modalities. The approach is able to assign cargo in advance to the existing connections at the hub in order to overcome predicted cargo peaks in the future. The framework can also be used to choose between different connection schedules. Giving decision freedom to container hubs is a step towards a synchromodal and more flexible transport network. These statements are illustrated with two simulation examples. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Getting the message about road safety

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 19:31:26 +0100

This paper reviews a range of problems in the road transport field and the potential role of vehicular ad-hoc network systems (VANETs) in helping to solve them. In reality, the communications requirements vary widely from one application to the next, in terms of range, latency, and connectivity together with vehicle and roadside hardware. Based on the nature of the wireless channel, this presents some challenges for communication to security. The paper concludes with a summary of the current state of VANET technology and presents a summary of the challenges to be found in each approach.

A Optimum Model on Urban Public Traffic Line Network for Medium City

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 16:22:01 +0100

t-Discuss the urban traffic line network optimization principle, objective and constraints. Presents mathematical expression for distinct optimum objects function form and corresponding constraints. Finally, varied objectives and programming model of public traffic line network optimization is produced, but evaluated and discussed the objective mathematical expression. The public transit optimizing model for medium city is established by analysing the optimizing aim and the restrictive condition. Keyw ords-Public traffic, Line network, Optimization Medium -sized city's rapid economic development and urb anization, one of the representatives of the urban public tr ansport has failed to catch up with the pace of deve lopment level of urban development, so the current urb an traffic congestion, the public "ride hard" phenomenon, is still a very prominent issue .Especially as China's urb anization level, improving people's lives, our cities will face more severe traffic challenges, and this situation is diff icult in quite a long time to change. There is currently existin g transport resources to maximize use efficiency is to ease traffic between supply and demand fundamental way. Sinc e public transport efficient use of transport resources to make by developing public transport, the implementation of tr ansit network optimization as tensions ease urban traffic th e necessary road. and the public transportation ne twork Optimization is also a small investment, quick, eas y to implement effective measures. Thus the use of mode rn transportation planning theory and modern co mputing technology, the existing urban road system and publi c transport capacity, based on a reasonable public tr ansportation network through the city layout of the existin g public transport capacity to optimize the co mbination, to maximize the effectiveness of the system's best, has become an important domestic and foreign research scholars. Therefore, this paper draw on research results on the basis of the above, the use of the system of scientific thinking on a number of public transportation network optimization problem.

Optical flow based head movement and gesture analysis in automotive environment

Scipedia content — Mon, 01 Feb 2021 16:20:34 +0100

Head gesture detection and analysis is a vital part of looking inside a vehicle when designing intelligent driver assistance systems. In this paper, we present a simpler and constrained version of Optical flow based Head Movement and Gesture Analyzer (OHMeGA) and evaluate on a dataset relevant to the automotive environment. OHMeGA is user-independent, robust to occlusions from eyewear or large spatial head turns and lighting conditions, simple to implement and setup, real-time and accurate. The intuitiveness behind OHMeGA is that it segments head gestures into head motion states and no-head motion states. This segmentation allows higher level semantic information such as fixation time and rate of head motion to be readily obtained. Performance evaluation of this approach is conducted under two settings: controlled in laboratory experiment and uncontrolled on-road experiment. Results show an average of 97.4% accuracy in motion states for in laboratory experiment and an average of 86% accuracy overall in on-road experiment.

Maximizing Vehicular Network Connectivity through an Effective Placement of Road Side Units Using Voronoi Diagrams

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Jan 2021 00:52:12 +0100

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are increasingly used to support critical services that improve traffic safety and alleviate traffic congestion. Developing VANET-based services and applications, however, is hindered due primarily to limited and often fluctuating communication capacity of VANETs that stem from the wireless and mobile nature of vehicle-tovehicle (V2V) communications. To address this limitation, Road- Side Units (RSU) have been proposed to complement V2V communication by providing event and data brokering capability in the form of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications. This paper proposes a novel Voronoi network-based algorithm for the effective placement of RSU's which when deployed forms Voronoi networks in terms of the amount of delay incurred by data packets sent over the RSUs.

A Flatness Based Speed Control Approach For Merge Behind Operations

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Jan 2021 00:49:24 +0100

International audience; Over the last few years, several concepts dealing the delegation to the flight crew of some tasks currently performed by the air traffic controllers have emerged. Among these new ideas, relative guidance has appeared to be capable to contribute to the enhancement of air traffic capacity though it raises difficult technical challenges. Indeed, this kind of maneuver appears difficult to perform manually, and may induce an excessive increase in flight crew workload, thus requiring new on-board automated functions. Some linear and nonlinear techniques have already been studied to design a feedback loop which performs automatically merging maneuvers and maintains station keeping behind a designated aircraft. The main contribution of this paper consists in the design of a feedback control loop using flatness control: this technique takes advantage of feedback linearization through a reference error between the ghost position of the leading aircraft and the current position of the trailing aircraft to provide a commanded speed to the autothrottle speed control system of the trailing aircraft. The robustness of the proposed design with respect to uncertainties in the dynamics of the leading aircraft and in the dynamics of the autothrottle speed control system of the trailing aircraft is achieved by the periodic update of the reference error. The reference error generation is detailed and simulation results are presented.

City-scale traffic estimation from a roving sensor network

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Jan 2021 00:38:54 +0100

Traffic congestion, volumes, origins, destinations, routes, and other road-network performance metrics are typically collected through survey data or via static sensors such as traffic cameras and loop detectors. This information is often out-of-date, difficult to collect and aggregate, difficult to analyze and quantify, or all of the above. In this paper we conduct a case study that demonstrates that it is possible to accurately infer traffic volume through data collected from a roving sensor network of taxi probes that log their locations and speeds at regular intervals. Our model and inference procedures can be used to analyze traffic patterns and conditions from historical data, as well as to infer current patterns and conditions from data collected in real-time. As such, our techniques provide a powerful new sensor network approach for traffic visualization, analysis, and urban planning.

National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant CPS-0931550)

National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant 0735953)

United States. Office of Naval Research (Grant N00014-09-1-105)

United States. Office of Naval Research (Grant N00014-09-1-1031)

Document type: Conference object

Dynamic traffic congestion pricing mechanism with User-Centric considerations

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Jan 2021 00:37:11 +0100

We consider the problem of designing real-time traffic routing systems in urban areas. Optimal dynamic routing for multiple passengers is known to be computationally hard due to its combinatorial nature. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a novel mechanism called User-Centric Dynamic Pricing (UCDP) based on recent advances in algorithmic mechanism design. The mechanism allows for congestion-free traffic in general road networks with heterogeneous users, while satisfying each user's travel preference. The mechanism first informs whether a passenger should use public transportation or the road network. In the latter case, a passenger reports his maximum accepted travel time with a lower bound announced publicly by the road authority. The mechanism then assigns the passenger a path that matches with his preference given the current traffic condition in the network. The proposed mechanism introduces a fairness constrained shortest path (FCSP) problem with a special structure, thus enabling polynomial time computation of path allocation that maximizes the sequential social surplus and guarantees fairness among passengers. The tolls of paths are then computed according to marginal cost payments. We show that reporting true preference is a weakly dominant strategy. The superior performance of the proposed mechanism is demonstrated on several simulated routing experiments in comparison to user equilibrium and system optimum.

Aircraft Trajectory Planning Under Uncertainty by Light Propagation

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Jan 2021 00:22:58 +0100

International audience; In the SESAR framework (Single European Sky ATM Research), the need to increase the air traffric capacity motivated the 4D (space + time) aircraft trajectory planning. This paper deals with an important Air Traffic Management (ATM) problem that consists in generating sets of 4D conflict-free trajectories (the tactical planning problem). The Light Propagation Algorithm (LPA) was introduced in [1] to deal with this problem. LPA has recently been shown to manage successfully a full day of traffic over the French airspace, removing all conflicts while satisfying ATM constraints. In this paper, we adapt the LPA to take into account uncertainties in trajectory prediction. We introduce and test a new algorithm called u/LPA (LPA under uncertainty) on the same day of traffic. For some situations, uncertainties reduce so much the search space that the standard algorithm cannot guarantee conflict free situation. As a consequence, one must include some time constraints for few trajectories (so-called RTA points: Real Time of Arrival constraints) in order to remove the remaining conflicts. The goal of RTA points is to impose an aircraft to be at a specified position at some given time. This results into a new optimization formulation of the tactical trajectory planning problem involving the decision as to where/when RTA points should be imposed. In order to solve this new problem, here we are content with a simple heuristic that yields encouraging results.

The Non-geek's Guide to the DAE Platform

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Jan 2021 00:21:21 +0100

International audience; The Document Analysis and Exploitation platform is a sophisticated technical environment that consists of a repository containing document images, implementations of document analysis algorithms, and the results of these algo- rithms when applied to data in the repository. The use of a web- services model makes it possible to set up document analysis pipelines that form the basis for reproducible protocols. Since the platform keeps track of all intermediate results, it becomes an information resource for the analysis of experimental data. This paper provides a tutorial on how to get started using the platform. It covers the technical details needed to overcome the initial hurdles and have a productive experience with DAE.

From constant traffic matrices to hose workload model for VPN tree design

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Jan 2021 00:17:42 +0100

International audience; Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are overlay networks established on top of a public network backbone with the goal of providing a low cost but secure network solution. The allocation of bandwidth for VPN tunnels to meet the requirements specified by customers is an important traffic engineering research issue. This paper addresses the general problem of computing a constrained VPN with a tree topology, and having optimum bandwidth allocation. This is a hard combinatorial optimization problem [1]. This issue was studied first by different resource allocation methods [2] and next was studied by general optimization methods [3]. In this paper, we present integer programming formulations (IPFs) assuming a hose as well as a pipe workload models. Earlier work [2] showed that the hose model results in VPN trees over provisioned by a factor of 2-to-3. Extensive simulations using test networks and their corresponding hose workloads, generated with Brite [4] show that our exact methods produce VPN tree solutions with a bandwidth over-provisioning factor as low as 1.6, and never exceeds a factor of 2, compared to solutions obtained using a pipe workload.

A Unified WCET Analysis Framework for Multi-core Platforms

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Jan 2021 00:12:02 +0100

With the advent of multi-core architectures, worst case execution time (WCET) analysis has become an increasingly difficult problem. In this paper, we propose a unified WCET analysis framework for multi-core processors featuring both shared cache and shared bus. Compared to other previous works, our work differs by modeling the interaction of shared cache and shared bus with other basic micro-architectural components (e.g. pipeline and branch predictor). In addition, our framework does not assume a timing anomaly free multi-core architecture for computing the WCET. A detailed experiment methodology suggests that we can obtain reasonably tight WCET estimates in a wide range of benchmark programs.

Sustainability Rating System for Construction Corporations: A Best Practice Review

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 23:59:30 +0100

The incorporation of sustainability principles into project design and operation processes has been profoundly changing the construction industry. This change has caused an increasing number of projects to pursue a green certification, such as the Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED) and Green Globes certifications for building projects or the Green Leadership In Transportation Environmental Sustainability (GreenLITES) and Illinois-Livable and Sustainable Transportation (I-LAST) certifications for transportation and highways projects. While a great body of knowledge has been established at the construction project level, little is known regarding social and environmental responsibility at the construction corporation level. As many modern construction projects have started to favor green contractors and encourage green processes, such ignorance is cause for concern. Therefore, based on the extensive review of sustainable rating practices in other industries, such as financial services, retail industries, universities, and standardization organizations, this paper proposes a framework for a Sustainability Rating System for Construction Corporations (SRSCC) and 77 key sustainability indicators covering three dimensions of sustainability (social, environmental, and economic) and four elements of construction corporation (service/product, operation process, administration, stakeholder). With comparing this framework to existing sustainable rating systems in the construction industry, this paper delivers four insightful results, which could be used to improve the sustainable performance measurement both for the entitle construction industry and the individual

Dynamic control of airport departures: Algorithm development and field evaluation

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 23:55:47 +0100

Surface congestion leads to significant increases in taxi times and fuel burn at major airports. In this paper, we formulate the airport surface congestion management problem as a dynamic control problem. We address two main challenges: the random delay between actuation (at the gate) and the server being controlled (the runway), and the need to develop control strategies that can be implemented in practice by human air traffic controllers. The second requirement necessitates a strategy that periodically updates the rate that departures pushback from their gates. We model the runway system as a semi-Markov process using surface surveillance data. We use this modeling framework to derive optimal pushback policies to control congestion. Finally, we present the results of the real-world implementation and field testing of this control protocol at Boston Logan International Airport.

United States. Federal Aviation Administration (United States. Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002)

Document type: Conference object

Analysis of deficit round robin scheduling for future aeronautical data link

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 23:54:15 +0100

The aviation community is currently working on the standardization of data communication systems for the future air traffic management. In this context, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has initiated a work on standardization of an IPv6-based aeronautical telecommunications network and on future radio access technologies, respectively. In this paper, we integrate L-Band Digital Aeronautical Communications System Option 1 (L-DACS 1), which is one candidate for future radio access technologies, with realistic IPv6-based network layer functionality and analyze Deficit Round Robin (DRR) with fragmentation algorithm for the forward and return link in L-DACS 1. Our analysis mainly covers two application domains: file transfer and real-time services. We show that DRR with fragmentation scheduler provides good performance results in terms of throughput, delay, and bandwidth fairness.

Integration of Linear Dynamic Emission and Climate Models with Air Traffic Simulations

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 23:45:03 +0100

Future air traffic management systems are required to balance the conflicting objectives of maximizing safety and efficiency of traffic flows while minimizing the climate impact of aviation emissions and contrails. Integrating emission and climate models together with air traffic simulations improve the understanding of the complex interaction between the physical climate system, carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions and aviation activity. This paper integrates a national-level air traffic simulation and optimization capability with simple climate models and carbon cycle models, and climate metrics to assess the impact of aviation on climate. The capability can be used to make trade-offs between extra fuel cost and reduction in global surface temperature change. The parameters in the simulation can be used to evaluate the effect of various uncertainties in emission models and contrails and the impact of different decision horizons. Alternatively, the optimization results from the simulation can be used as inputs to other tools that monetize global climate impacts like the FAA’s Aviation Environmental Portfolio Management Tool for Impacts.

Coordinated tactical air traffic and airspace management

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 23:35:53 +0100

traffic management and airspace management reduce air traffic congestion to maintain safety. Managing traffic induces costs on airspace users and managing airspace causes additional work for air traffic controllers. This paper proposes and simulates algorithms for tactically reducing airspace congestion with coordinated air traffic and airspace management. A modified version of the Projective Cone Scheduling algorithm performs tactical air traffic management. An algorithm based on approximate dynamic programming accomplishes tactical airspace management. Three types of coordination between these air traffic and airspace management algorithms are investigated. Monte Carlo simulations of a simple problem instance involving severe congestion indicate that increased coordination between air traffic and airspace management can lead to lower costs with no increase in algorithm computation time.

Towards optimized profile descents at Malta International Airport through revised approach procedures

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 23:27:57 +0100

The work presented in this paper was conducted as part of the CLEAN-FLIGHT project which is financed by the Malta Council for Science and Technology through the National Research and Innovation Programme 2011 (Grant Agreement R&I-2011-021).

Traditionally, aircraft descend from cruise level towards the aerodrome in a stepped manner as directed by Air Traffic Control to ensure safe separation between aircraft, particularly in the terminal area. A descent methodology that is now being preferred is that of optimised profile descents (OPD). In OPDs, the aircraft descends from the top-of-descent (TOD) point towards the aerodrome following a smooth, continuous descent profile that is optimal from an operational perspective of choice, until it intersects the final approach glide path such as that of the Instrument Landing System (ILS). OPDs are advantageous because they consume less fuel and generate fewer emissions than their stepped counterparts. This paper presents a proposal of new approach procedures for use in the approaches to Malta International Airport (MIA) that will facilitate the introduction of OPDs. With around 28,000 aircraft movements per annum at MIA, this can be achieved by giving Air Traffic Control Officers (ATCOs) a selection of approach procedures on which to direct in-trail inbound and outbound aircraft without imposing altitude constraints. The discussion includes a study of current procedures, a statistical analysis of historical radar plots, the presentation of the proposed approaches, and a forecast of the potential gains in terms of fuel burn and emissions expected through fast-time simulation.

peer-reviewed

Increasing Air Traffic: What is the Problem?

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 23:25:42 +0100

Nowadays, huge efforts are made to modernize the air traffic management systems to cope with uncertainty, complexity and sub-optimality. An answer is to enhance the information sharing between the stakeholders. This paper introduces a framework that bridges the gap between air traffic management and air traffic control on the one hand, and bridges the gap between the ground, the approach and the en-route centers on the other hand. An original system is presented, that has three essential components: the trajectory models, the optimization process, and the monitoring process. The uncertainty of the trajectory is modeled with a Bayesian Network, where the nodes are associated to two types of random variables: the time of overflight on metering points of the airspace, and the traveling time of the routes linking these points. The resulting Bayesian Network covers the complete airspace, and Monte- Carlo simulations are done to estimate the probabilities of sector congestion and delays. On top of this trajectory model, an optimization process minimizes these probabilities by tuning the parameters of the Bayesian trajectory model related to overflight times on metering points. The last component is the monitoring process, that continuously updates the situation of the airspace, modifying the trajectories uncertainties according to actual positions of aircraft. After each update, a new optimal set of overflight times is computed, and can be communicated to the controllers as clearances for the aircraft pilots. The paper presents a formal specification of this global optimization problem, whose underlying rationale was derived with the help of air traffic controllers at Thales Air Systems.

Comment: SESAR 2nd Innovation Days (2012)

Data visualization techniques for airspace flow modeling

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 23:22:40 +0100

International audience; With the predicted growth of air traffic, traffic flow managers need new tools to access information to support their decision making processes. Recent progress with information visualization tools enables users to explore large data sets and extract decisive knowledge. Their advantages for air traffic applications are presented in this paper. They can provide high level information to aggregate trajectories. With constant feedback due to human perception, a flow model of the airspace, reflecting its intrinsic structure, is elaborated and can be used for further research.

An Embedded Multi-Modal System for Object Localization and Tracking

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 23:21:56 +0100

International audience; Reliable obstacle detection and localization is a key issue for driver assistance systems, particularly in urban environments. In this study a multi-modal perception approach is investigated, the objective being to enhance vehicle localization and dynamic object tracking in a world-centric map. A 3D ego-localization is achieved by merging information from a stereo vision system and data obtained from vehicle sensors. Mobile objects are detected using a multi-layer lidar that is also used to identify a constrained search space within the multiple target tracking process. Object localization and tracking is then performed in the fixed frame, which facilitates analysis and understanding of the scene. Experimental results using real world data are performed to evaluate the performance of the multi-modal system, and these are presented to show the effectiveness of the approach.

Port-region linkages in a global perspective

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 22:57:07 +0100

International Workshop, ISEL; The recent literature on ports and regional development mostly documents the weakening spatial fix of flows and the negative externalities of ports on their surrounding territories. Except for port impact studies that remain difficultly comparable across locations, such observations are mostly based on simplified measures of port activity, such as total port throughputs, and on developed countries. Arguing that port-region linkages have maintained in more subtle interdependencies, this paper provides a comparative approach including both mature and emerging economies comprising about 1,500 ports situated in more than 300 regions and 40 countries. The statistical analysis of combined commodity traffic data and regional socio-economic data confirms the affinity of certain port traffics with specific local characteristics. A global typology of port regions is proposed while pointing at noticeable influences between traffic volumes, types, and local economic structures. This research thus brings new insights about the territorial embedding of value chains and production networks.

Can less sometimes be more? Integrating land use and transport planning on Merseyside (1965–2008)

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 22:56:30 +0100

The integration of land use planning with other spatially significant policy sectors has been a longstanding aspiration and subject of debate in the planning profession and academia. The strategic planning of the 1960s and 1970s, for example, frequently aimed to promote a more ‘spatialised’ management of public policies and programmes. More recently, in the 1990s and 2000s the notion of ‘spatial planning’, popularised by international debates and new forms of governance and public management, has similarly placed an emphasis on the coherent management and coordination of policies and activities with a spatial impact. Achieving greater coordination between land use and transport policy has been a recurring theme in discussions on the integration of land use planning and other sectors. Informed by the context outlined above, this paper considers integration between land use and transport policies, plans, programmes and projects from both a conceptual and empirical perspective. It postulates the existence of a continuum model of integration between policy sectors ranging from ‘light’ to ‘deep’ integration and identifies barriers to and enablers of the achievement of effective integration. These elements are then used to frame and interpret evidence on the integration of land use and transport policies in Merseyside (UK) between 1965 and 2008. The findings indicate that effective integration is more likely to happen at the centre of a continuum between light and deep integration, with the implication being that deeper integration between policy sectors does not necessarily result in more effective integration overall.

Building a minimal traffic model from mobile phone data

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 22:42:53 +0100

We investigate setting up a traffic simulation scenario only from a high spatial resolution set of mobile phone trajectories and an OpenStreetMap road network model. Mixed road traffic is modelled as the result of a choice for each user between a simulated congested car mode and a non-congested alternative mode parameterized by its speed.

Travel plans

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 22:40:06 +0100

Site-based mobility management or 'travel plans' address the transport problem by engaging with those organisations such as employers that are directly responsible for generating the demand for travel, and hence have the potential to have a major impact on transport policy. To do this effectively however, travel plans need to be reoriented to be made more relevant to the needs of these organisations, whilst the policy framework in which they operate needs modifying to better support their diffusion and enhance their effectiveness. One key barrier, is a lack of available tools for these reoriented travel plans to apply. This paper therefore seeks to help identify potential market niches where ICT developers could help address this issue. Specifically, a framework is presented and suggestions offered as to which particular areas may benefit most from ICT interventions.

Trade-off between Contrail Reduction and Emissions under Future US Air Traffic Scenarios

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 22:36:36 +0100

This paper examines how future contrail reduction strategies in the United States, limited by airspace capacity constraints, may impact future CO 2 emissions and average global temperature. Future 2025 air traffic in the National Airspace System is simulated for a series of assumed air traffic growth rates ranging from 1.15 times to 2.0 times 2010 traffic levels. Contrail reduction strategies using altitude changes are then simulated, trading off contrail reduction with increased CO 2 emissions. Altitude changes are limited, however, by airspace sector capacities, according to assumed sector capacity growth scenarios. Future fleet turnover is simulated in order to capture potential changes in CO 2 emissions resulting from the introduction of new technology, based on assumptions about future technology and fleet entry. Sample future sector counts are shown for four sectors with high traffic in Kansas City Air Route Traffic Control Center. The trade-off between system-wide contrail reduction and extra CO 2 emissions, and the resulting impact on absolute global temperature potential is also shown. The results suggest that contrail reduction through altitude changes is likely to have climate benefits under future traffic levels, particularly when aircraft can change altitude by up to 4,000 ft. The results also suggest that, while airspace capacity constraints may reduce the degree to which contrails can be avoided, they are unlikely to significantly reduce the climate benefits of contrail avoidance. These results assume, however, that airspace capacity would increase if the higher forecasts of traffic growth (e.g., 1.5 times or 2 times 2010 traffic levels) materialize. The results also suggest that while different weather days and different assumptions about the climate impact of contrails lead to significant changes in the results, the general trends remain unchanged, and the ratio of contrail reduction to extra CO 2 emissions at which climate impact is minimized remains approximately constant.

Self-Learning Classifier for Internet traffic

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 22:34:59 +0100

Network visibility is a critical part of traffic engineering, network management, and security. Recently, unsupervised algorithms have been envisioned as a viable alternative to automatically identify classes of traffic. However, the accuracy achieved so far does not allow to use them for traffic classification in practical scenario. In this paper, we propose SeLeCT, a Self-Learning Classifier for Internet traffic. It uses unsupervised algorithms along with an adaptive learning approach to automatically let classes of traffic emerge, being identified and (easily) labeled. SeLeCT automatically groups flows into pure (or homogeneous) clusters using alternating simple clustering and filtering phases to remove outliers. SeLeCT uses an adaptive learning approach to boost its ability to spot new protocols and applications. Finally, SeLeCT also simplifies label assignment (which is still based on some manual intervention) so that proper class labels can be easily discovered. We evaluate the performance of SeLeCT using traffic traces collected in different years from various ISPs located in 3 different continents. Our experiments show that SeLeCT achieves overall accuracy close to 98%. Unlike state-of-art classifiers, the biggest advantage of SeLeCT is its ability to help discovering new protocols and applications in an almost automated fashion.

Integrated online auto-tuning and digital implementation of PID controllers in industrial processes

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 22:30:46 +0100

The continued progress and growth of industry has increased the need for communication and control integration. In this regard, it would be interesting to apply simple algorithms that combine model parameter identification and tuning of PID controllers. In this work we consider the digital implementation of a PID self-tuning system formed with an industrial PLC and a PC. The PLC is used acquire field data whereas the PC is used to run a Matlab program to perform parameter identification, PID parameter tuning and control. Communication between the PLC and the PC is carried out by means of an OPC (Ole for Process Control) server. The proposed scheme has been applied to the design of a PID controller for a pressure control station of a natural gas pipeline.

Urban freight transport initiatives—knowing when it is worth the cost

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 22:21:03 +0100

The continuing requirements for better urban transport systems in general and the need for a healthier environment haves led to an increased level of research around the world. This is reflected in the proceedings of this well-established meeting which demonstrates the steady growth of research into urban transport systems. The variety of topics covered by the conference is of primary importance for analysing the complex interactions of the urban transport environment and for establishing action strategies for transport and traffic problems.The topics covered in this book include: Environmental impact; Environmentally friendly transport modes; Public transport systems; Transport modelling and simulation; Urban transport management; Transport safety and security; Infrastructure; Land use and transport integration.

Experimental measurement and RANS modelling of multiphase CO2 jet releases

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 22:18:34 +0100

International audience; The deployment of a complete carbon-capture and storage chain requires a focus upon the hazards posed by the operation of CO2 pipelines, and the consequences of accidental release must be considered as an integral part of the design process. CO2 poses a number of dangers upon release due to its physical properties, and modelling of the fluid dynamics of such poses a unique set of problems due to its unusual phase transition behaviour. Additionally, few experimental observations have been made with regard to CO2 releases to date, and so the physics and thermochemistry of such systems are not well understood. The current work has involved state-of-the-art mathematical modelling and experimental measurement to further advances in this area of research, and presented here are results from both. The performance of the mathematical models is elucidated with the use of the experimental data, and avenues for future developments are presented.

Aircraft time-2D longitudinal guidance based on spatial inversion of flight dynamics

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 22:03:01 +0100

International audience; With the growth of civil aviation traffic capacity, safety and environmental considerations urge today for the development of guidance systems with improved accuracy for spatial and temporal trajectory tracking. This should induce increased capacity by allowing safe operations at minimum separation standards. Also, at take-off and landing, trajectory dispersion should be reduced resulting in controlled noise impacts on airport surrounding communities. Current civil aviation guidance systems operate with real time corrective actions to maintain the aircraft trajectory as close as possible to the planned trajectory. In this paper, we consider the problems of designing new longitudinal guidance control laws for an autopilot so that accurate vertical tracking and overfly time are better insured. Instead of using time as the independent variable to describe the guidance dynamics of the aircraft, we adopt distance to land, which can be considered today to be available online with acceptable accuracy and availability. A new representation of aircraft longitudinal guidance dynamics is developed according to this spatial variable. Then a nonlinear inverse control law based-on this new proposed spatial representation of guidance dynamics is established to make the aircraft follow accurately a vertical profile and a desired airspeed. The desired airspeed is then regulated to make the aircraft overfly different waypoints according to a planned time-table. Then simulations experiments with different wind conditions are performed for a transportation aircraft performing a general descent approach for landing. These simulation results are compared with those obtained from a classical time-based guidance control law.

Business and services models for electric vehicles

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 22:01:44 +0100

The paper presents the Green eMotion Project, the objectives of the business models analysis and preliminary results of such analysis. This paper introduces the approach for the business models analysis for electric vehicles, as followed in the FP7 EU-funded Green eMotion project. The main goal of Green eMotion is to enable a mass deployment of electric mobility in Europe. For that purpose, Green eMotion will connect ongoing regional and national electric mobility initiatives leveraging the results and comparing different technology approaches to ensure the best solutions prevail for the European market. A virtual marketplace will be created to enable the different actors to interact and to allow for new highvalue transportation services as well as electric vehicle (EV) user convenience in billing (EU Clearing House). In addition, the Green eMotion project will demonstrate the integration of electric mobility into electricity networks and contribute to the improvement and development of new and existing standards for electric mobility interfaces. In order to facilitate large-scale EVs roll-out in terms of social acceptance, commercial viability and system/environmental impact, the most suited business models should be identified and assessed according to a methodology taking into account all economic transactions between the different participating stakeholders. European Commission's FP7

Engaging communities for sustainable behaviour change in Limerick City

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 21:41:13 +0100

eer-reviewed As 'Ireland's Smarter Travel Demonstration City' Limerick is charged with piloting ways to convince its citizens to move around their city in a more sustainable way, in particular to walk, cycle and use public transport more. The project is funded by the Department of Transport with EU support and implemented by a multi-disciplinary team of University of Limerick (UL) researchers and Limerick Local Authority staff. Behaviour change programs tend to focus on a few behavioural change theories which gained ground in the 1980s. Many theories explain the behaviour change process in terms of several cyclical stages. Limerick Smarter Travel (LST) is adopting the ‘Seven Doors Social Marketing Approach,’ which defines each stage in terms of the type of obstacle to be overcome. This model for behaviour change assigns different types of intervention according to the stage of readiness of the individual or community. The LST team works with the community in the design of infrastructure principally walking and cycling routes. This facilitates a new type of participatory planning to meet the felt needs of the community. This generates goodwill and trust that further benefits the project. LST collaborates with the National Transport Authority (NTA) and works closely with An Taisce and with relevant disciplines within UL. LST is working with the Graduate Entry Medical School (GEMS) to link health and wellbeing initiatives with the project. LST has recruited 30 local champions to take on a ‘20 Weeks of Change’ challenge to incorporate Smarter Travel into their daily routine and to measure the impact on their health and well-being. This element of the LST project offers huge potential to link with national health and education policy and broaden the vision for Smarter Travel. This paper describes the development and implementation of community engagement, design, and education in Smarter Travel. LST is laying the foundations for long term change whose implications for local government practice, the built environment and the health and well-being of local communities will only become apparent over decades.

SUPERHUB: Integrating behaviour change theories into a sustainable urban-mobility platform

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 21:39:48 +0100

Document type: Conference object

Experimental analysis of the first order time difference of indicators used in the monitoring of complex systems

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 21:25:28 +0100

Complex and real time systems often operate under variable and non-stationary conditions, thus requiring efficient and extensive monitoring and error detection solutions. Amongst the many, we focus on anomaly detection techniques, which require measuring the evolution of the monitored indicators through time to identify anomalies i.e., deviations from the expected operational behavior. In this paper, we investigate the possibility to model the evolution of indicators through time using the random walk model. In particular, we focus on the detection of system anomalies at the application level (software errors), based on the monitoring of indicators at the Operating System level. The approach is based on the experimental evaluation of a large set of heterogeneous indicators, acquired under different operating conditions, both in terms of workload and fault load, on an air traffic management target system. The results of the analysis show that for a large number of cases, the histogram of the first order time differences well approximates a Gaussian distribution, independently of the nature of the indicator and its statistical distribution. Such outcomes suggest that the idea of adopting a Gaussian random walk model for several monitoring indicators has an experimental support and deserves be further investigated on a wider scale, in order to determine its range of applicability and representativeness.

Hybridizing direct and indirect optimal control approaches for aircraft conflict avoidance

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 21:12:36 +0100

ft conflict avoidance is a crucial issue arising in air traffic management. The problem is to keep a given separation distance for aircraft along their trajectories. We focus on an optimal control model based on speed regulation to achieve aircraft separation. We propose a solution strategy based on the decomposition of the problem and on the hybridization of a direct and an indirect method applied on the obtained subproblems. Numerical results show that the proposed approach is promising in terms of reduction of computing time for conflict avoidance.

Identification of vehicle tracks and association to wireless endpoints by multiple sensor modalities

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 20:33:21 +0100

Vehicular positioning technologies enable a broad range of applications and services such as navigation systems, driver assistance systems and self-driving vehicles. However, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) do not work in enclosed areas such as parking garages. For these scenarios, a wide range of indoor positioning technologies are available inside the vehicle (internal) and based on infrastructure (external).

Developing a Sustainable Freight Transportation Framework with the Consideration of Improving Safety and Minimizing Carbon Emissions

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 20:23:41 +0100

Not only does freight transportation use a large percentage of America's resources but it also contributes significantly to its share of carbon emissions and affects the safety of the transportation system and all its users. These problems are expected to increase as the volume of freight transportation is already reaching the limits of the transportation infrastructure's capacity while demand continues to increase. The primary objective of this research was to compile a list of technologies and practices that should be included in the sustainable freight transportation frameworks of government agencies and commercial fleets to reduce their carbon footprint and increase their safety by providing recommendations on promising legislation, research, technology, and practices. Data were gathered through a literature review of available materials and a survey of the state Departments of Transportation. The success of this research project provides the needed knowledge for the development of a sustainable freight transportation framework.

Enhanced Reduced Code Linearity Test Technique for Multi-bit/Stage Pipeline ADCs

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 20:16:29 +0100

International audience; The reduced code linearity test technique for pipeline ADCs consists in measuring some judiciously selected codes which contain the information about the linearity of the converter as opposed to the standard histogram technique that considers indiscriminately all codes. This technique dramatically reduces the static test time for pipeline ADCs. In this paper, we identify some limitations in the existing version of the technique and we provide solutions to enhance its accuracy. The enhanced technique is applied to a 12-bit 2.5-bit/stage pipeline ADC.

Assessment of a battery charger for electric vehicles with reactive power control

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 20:05:26 +0100

Batteries of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) have a large potential not only to provide energy for the locomotion of these vehicles, but also to interact, in dynamic way, with the power grid. Thereby, through the energy stored in the batteries, these vehicles can be used to regulate the active and the reactive power, as local Energy Storage Systems. This way, EVs can contribute to help the power grid to regulate the active and reactive power flow in order to stabilize the production and consumption of energy. For this propose should be defined usage profiles, controlled by a collaborative broker, taking into account the requirements of the power grid and the conveniences of the vehicle user. Besides, the interface between the power grid and the EVs, instead of using typical power converters that only work on unidirectional mode, need to use bidirectional power converters to charge the batteries (G2V - Grid-to-Vehicle mode) and to deliver part of the stored energy in the batteries back to the power grid (V2G - Vehicle-to-Grid mode). With the bidirectional power converter topology presented in this paper, the consumed current is sinusoidal and it is possible to regulate the power factor to control the reactive power, aiming to contribute to mitigate power quality problems in the power grid. To assess the behavior of the presented bidirectional power converter under different scenarios, are presented some computer simulations and experimental results obtained with a prototype that was developed to be integrated in an Electric Vehicle. Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-022674, PTDC/EEAEEL/ 104569/2008, MIT-PT/EDAM-SMS/0030/2008. FEDER Funds, through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors (COMPETE)

Friend: A cyber-physical system for traffic flow related information aggregation and dissemination

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 19:58:33 +0100

In this paper, we introduce the theoretical foundations of FRIEND: A cyber-physical system for traffic Flow-Related Information aggrEgatioN and Dissemination. By integrating resources and capabilities at the nexus between the cyber and physical worlds, FRIEND will contribute to aggregating traffic flow data collected by the huge fleet of vehicles on our roads into a comprehensive, near real-time synopsis of traffic flow conditions. We anticipate providing the drivers with a meaningful, color-coded, at-a-glance view of flow conditions ahead, alerting them to congested traffic. FRIEND can be used to provide accurate information about traffic flow and can be used to propagate this information. The workhorses of FRIEND are the ubiquitous lane delimiters (a.k.a. cat-eyes) on our roadways that, at the moment, are used simply as dumb reflectors. Our main vision is that by endowing cat's eyes with a modest power source, detection and communication capabilities they will play an important role in collecting, aggregating and disseminating traffic flow conditions to the driving public. We envision the cat-eye system to be supplemented by road-side units (RSU) deployed at regular intervals (e.g. every km or so). The RSUs placed on opposite sides of the roadway constitute a logical unit and are connected. The physical components of FRIEND collect traffic flow-related data from passing vehicles. The collected data is used by an inference engine in the RSU's cyber component to build beliefs about the state of the traffic, to detect traffic trends, and to disseminate relevant traffic flow-related information along the roadway.

Pipeline tracking for fully-actuated autonomous underwater vehicle using visual servo control

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 19:55:05 +0100

International audience; This paper describes a nonlinear image-based visual servo control algorithm for the pipeline tracking problem of a fully-actuated underwater vehicle. The dynamic model of a generic autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), incorporating all significant forces and torques is developed and a generic velocity control strategy is proposed. The desired velocities in the plane orthogonal to the direction of the pipeline along with the yaw velocity are derived from the image sequence using bi-normalised Plu ̈cker coordinates of the pipeline borders. The desired velocity along the pipeline is specified by the operator and finally the desired velocities in pitch and roll angles are set to zero. The asymptotic stability of the visual servo control strategy is proved and simulation testing is carried out to show performance of the control approach.

Intelligent parking assist

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 19:53:46 +0100

In this paper a new parking guiding and information system is described. The system assists the user to find the most suitable parking space based on his/her preferences and learned behavior. The system takes into account parameters such as driver's parking duration, arrival time, destination, type preference, cost preference, driving time, and walking distance as well as time-varying parking rules and pricing. Moreover, a prediction algorithm is proposed to forecast the parking availability for different parking locations for different times of the day based on the real-time parking information, and previous parking availability/occupancy data. A novel server structure is used to implement the system. Intelligent parking assist system reduces the searching time for parking spots in urban environments, and consequently leads to a reduction in air pollutions and traffic congestion. On-street parking meters, off-street parking garages, as well as free parking spaces are considered in our system. © 2013 IEEE. 1156 1161 "p"Conference code: 99950 Cited By :12

Enhanced obstacle detection based on Data Fusion for ADAS applications

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 19:39:56 +0100

Fusion is a common topic nowadays in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). The demanding requirements of safety applications require trustable sensing technologies. Fusion allows to provide trustable detections by combining different sensor devices, fulfilling the requirements of safety applications. High level fusion scheme is presented; able to improve classic ADAS systems by combining different sensing technologies i.e. laser scanner and computer vision. By means of powerful Data Fusion (DF) algorithms, the performance of classic ADAS detection systems is enhanced. Fusion is performed in a decentralized scheme (high level), allowing scalability; hence new sensing technologies can easily be added to increase the trustability and the accuracy of the overall system. Present work focus in the Data Fusion scheme used to combine the information of the sensors at high level. Although for completeness some details of the different detection algorithms (low level) of the different sensors is provided. The proposed work adapts a powerful Data Association technique for Multiple Targets Tracking (MTT): Joint Probabilistic Data Association (JPDA) to improve the trustability of the ADAS detection systems. The final application provides real time detection of road users (pedestrians and vehicles) in real road situations. The tests performed proved the improvement of the use of Data Fusion algorithms. Furthermore, comparison with other classic algorithms such as Global Nearest Neighbors (GNN) proved the performance of the overall architecture. This work was supported by the Spanish Government through the Cicyt projects (GRANT TRA2010-20225-C03-01) and (GRANT TRA 2011-29454-C03-02). CAM through SEGAUTO-II (S2009/DPI-1509) .

Pipeline Stabilisation Using Pre-Trenching and Sand Backfill

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 19:33:23 +0100

Stabilizing large diameter natural gas pipelines on the seabed against extreme hydrodynamic loading conditions has proven to be challenging in the northwest of Australia. Tropical storms, which affect the area annually between November and April, can generate wave heights exceeding 30 m and on-bottom steady-state currents of 2 m/s or more. Consequently, in shallow water depths, typically less than 40–60 m, subsea pipelines can experience very high hydrodynamic loads, potentially causing significant lateral movement. If the seabed is rugged, or at locations where the pipeline approaches a point of fixity, this can lead to the pipeline suffering mechanical damage, which is undesirable."/jats:p" "jats:p"In many places on the Northwest Shelf of Australia, there is a layer of minimum 3 m deep marine sediments. The sediments predominantly comprise of relatively stable, fine to medium sized carbonate silts and sands, sometimes with some clay content. Traditionally, in Australia and other parts of the world, post-trenching techniques such as ploughing and jetting have been applied in such areas. These techniques can successfully lower the pipeline into the seabed. However, in many situations on the Northwest Shelf of Australia, post-trenching has had limited success. This has in part been due to the unpredictable levels of cementation of the carbonate sand, which has often resulted in an insufficient trench depth, with the need to implement costly and time consuming remedial works to ensure pipeline stability."/jats:p" "jats:p"The uncertainties in the success of post-trenching tools lead to the development of the pre-trenching and sand backfill method, which was first applied in Australia in 2003 on a 42-inch diameter natural gas trunkline. This technique has several advantages compared to post-trenching and other conventional pipeline stabilization methods such as rubble mound pipeline covers or gravity anchors."/jats:p" "jats:p"This paper presents an overview of the pre-trenching and sand backfill method, its design principles, benefits, and risks and opportunities.

Using Quantitative Risk Assessment to Justify Location Class Changes: Case Study

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 19:32:20 +0100

Expansion of existing residential and commercial areas, or the construction of new developments in the vicinity of high pressure gas transmission pipelines can change a Location Class 1 into a Class 2 or Class 3 location. Operators are left with a pipeline that no longer meets the requirements of its design code."/jats:p" "jats:p"Reducing the maximum allowable operating pressure of a pipeline, or re-routing it away from the population, can meet the requirements of a design code, such as CSA Z662 or ASME B31.8, but such options have both high costs and significant operational difficulties."/jats:p" "jats:p"Quantitative risk assessment has been employed successfully for many years, by pipeline operators, to determine risk based land use planning zones, or to justify code infringements caused by new developments. By calculating the risk to a specific population from a pipeline, and comparing it with suitable acceptability criteria, a pipeline may be shown to contribute no more risk to a population than other pipelines operating entirely in accordance with the design codes."/jats:p" "jats:p"Risks may be demonstrated to be ‘as low as reasonably practicable’, through the use of cost benefit analysis, without additional mitigation, allowing precious pipeline maintenance funds to be spent most effectively in areas where they will have the highest impact on risk."/jats:p" "jats:p"This paper shows how quantitative risk assessment may be used to justify continued safe operation of a pipeline at its original operating stress following a change of class designation, illustrated with a case study from Western Europe.

Relevance of Travel Time Reliability Indicators: A Managed Lanes Case Study

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 19:29:25 +0100

Managed lanes operations refer to multiple strategies for recurring congestion control by increasing the road capacity or adapting its configuration to the demand level. As a result, the evaluation of their impacts usually focuses on congestion or safety-related indicators. However, with the growing prosperity, consumers demand higher quality transport services, for which reliable transport networks are central. This paper is focused on the travel time reliability assessment of a managed lane experience from a French motorway. The paper shows results from the field test experience of the hard shoulder dynamic use on the A4-A86 motorway in the east of Paris. Further to the reliability assessment, the paper focuses on the reliability indicators. It particularly shows the weakness of the skew of the distribution of travel time indicator.; La gestion dynamique des voies fait appel à de multiples stratégies pour maîtriser les congestions récurrentes, ce en accroissant la capacité de la route ou en adaptant sa configuration à la demande. Ces stratégies sont donc logiquement généralement évaluées en termes d'impacts sur la fluidité ou la sécurité du trafic, impacts mesurés par des indicateurs. Cependant, avec la prospérité croissante, les consommateurs demandent une amélioration de la qualité de service pour laquelle la fiabilité des réseaux de transport est centrale. Cette communication porte sur l'évaluation de la fiabilité des temps de parcours résultant d'une expérimentation de gestion dynamique des voies sur une autoroute en France - le tronc commun A4-A86, à l'est de Paris. La bande d'arrêt d'urgence y a été ouverte à la circulation à certaines périodes de la journée. Les résultats de cette expérimentation sont donnés ici ; à la lumière de ces résultats notamment, les indicateurs de fiabilité sont ensuite discutés. On montre en particulier la faiblesse de certains indicateurs fondés sur la largeur ou la dissymétrie de la distribution des temps de parcours.

Document type: Conference object

Freight consolidation centers for urban logistics solutions: The key role of interoperability

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 19:28:55 +0100

International audience; All works in the domain of Urban logistics demonstrated that these Freight Consolidation Centers contribute to limit the emission of carbon dioxide and air pollutants in the cities. However their economical business model is quite fragile. To increase the profitability of these platforms, it will be compulsory to enlarge the scope of their activities and to diversify their operating modes through additional services. This paper proposes a global overview on urban freight consolidation centers issues. A particular focus is made on the interoperability problematic associated to these centers' activities.

Social interactions around public transportation

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 19:27:39 +0100

In this work, we explore how information services can be used to improve the travel experience in public transportation and reduce the perceived travel time. More specifically, we describe the creation of a mobile application for assisting passengers, which explores the integration of social networking features into the traveling experience. The overall objective is to understand how social networking concepts can become part of the travel experience and enrich that experience in a way that allows passengers to reduce the "psychological travel time" and to change the perception of waiting. We have conducted a focus group with 10 participants to elicit new forms of interaction within the transportation system and uncover new directions for integrating social network concepts. We have implemented some of them in our own mobile app for public transportation and shown how they can be combined with the more informative side of those applications.

Automatic Conflict Solving using Biharmonic Navigation Functions

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 19:18:58 +0100

International audience; Automatic conflict solving is an old standing problem within the field of ATM. Proposed algorithms fall into two categories : - Deterministic ones that have a provable property of collision avoidance. For all known algorithms, trajectories produced are generally not flyable because no bounds on speed and curvature can be imposed. - Stochastic methods that select an optimal sequence of manoeuvres. By design, trajectories are flyable, but no guarantee can be given on the fact that a collision-free planning can be found in finite time. It is highly desirable for a wide social acceptance of automated trajectory planning, even at a strategical level, that the algorithms in use have by-design the collision avoidance property and, at the same time, a mean of keeping the speed within a given interval. Navigation functions are common in the field of robotics but do not have the last property. We present a new approach based on biharmonic functions yielding a navigation field with constant speed. Such functions have been considered previously, but proof of collision avoidance is lacking: we address this problem in this work as summarized below. Navigation functions produce a speed field by taking the gradient of a potential function: if the obstacles to be avoided are at a higher potential than inner points of the domain (including destination), collision avoidance is guaranteed. If the potential has the Morse property (no critical point is degenerated) then there exists a descent direction at every point of the admissible domain, making the destination reachable. In the framework of biharmonic functions, a tensor field is produced instead of a vector one ; the Morse property is no longer relevant. We show here that all benefits of navigation functions can be recovered through the use of the bienergy density, with the ability to get constant speed fields.

Document type: Conference object

Joint VM placement and routing for data center traffic engineering

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 19:04:58 +0100

Today's data centers need efficient traffic management to improve resource utilization in their networks. In this work, we study a joint tenant (e.g., server or virtual machine) placement and routing problem to minimize traffic costs. These two complementary degrees of freedom—placement and routing—are mutually-dependent, however, are often optimized separately in today's data centers. Leveraging and expanding the technique of Markov approximation, we propose an efficient online algorithm in a dynamic environment under changing traffic loads. The algorithm requires a very small number of virtual machine migrations and is easy to implement in practice. Performance evaluation that employs the real data center traffic traces under a spectrum of elephant and mice flows, demonstrates a consistent and significant improvement over the benchmark achieved by common heuristics.

Comparison of High Reliability Organizations (HROs)

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 19:04:17 +0100

High Reliability Organizations (HROs) are defined as enterprises that perform missions involving processes that require extraordinary measures to maintain low risk in the presence of disruptions that could result in catastrophic events (e.g. radiation or well leaks leading to long-term environmental damage) or fatalities (e.g. epidemics, air traffic control). These types of enterprises occur in multiple domains ranging from health care, processing of raw materials, energy and water distribution, and vehicle systems management and control. The existing literature describes the diverse characteristics of HROs and the organizational design to manage these characteristics. This paper describes a comparison of the properties of the enterprises (“what”) and the organizational structures (“how”) used to achieve the desired high reliability for: (1) Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Air Traffic Control System, (2) Pacific Electric and Gas Company's Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant (DCNPP), and (3) Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC). A detailed review of HRO literature, case studies and organizational reports, performance plans and technical plans identify the following properties of the HRO design: (1) all three domains require the employment of skilled personnel that are certified by a regulatory (federal or state) authority and require specialized training; (2) certification of operations is overseen by regulatory authorities (federal and state); and (3) metrics are focused on risks. Examples of the metrics for each enterprise are as follows: runway incursions, system risk event rates, number of near midair collisions for air traffic control; length and quality of life, pain levels, infections for children's health care; and nuclear power plants use reactor accidents, acute radiation exposures resulting in fatalities, release of radioactive materials that result in significant radiation exposure for nuclear power plants. These enterprises focus on making consistently good decisions that result in higher quality, safer and more reliable operations.

Design and Evaluation of an In-Pipe Leak Detection Sensing Technique Based on Force Transduction

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:59:40 +0100

Leakage is the major factor for unaccounted fluid losses in almost every pipe network. In most cases the deleterious effects associated with the occurrence of leaks may present serious economical and health problems and therefore, leaks must be quickly detected, located and repaired. The problem of leakage becomes even more serious when it is concerned with the vital supply of fresh water to the community. Leaking water pipelines can develop large health threats to people mostly because of the infiltration of contaminants into the water network. Such possibilities of environmental health disasters have spurred research into the development of methods for pipeline leakage detection."/jats:p" "jats:p"Most state of the art leak detection techniques have limited applicability, while some of them are not reliable enough and sometimes depend on user experience. Our goal in this work is to design and develop a reliable leak detection sensing system. The proposed technology utilizes the highly localized pressure gradient in the vicinity of a small opening due to leakage in a pressurized pipeline. In this paper we study this local phenomenon in detail and try to understand it with the help of numerical simulations in leaking pipelines (CFD studies). Finally a new system for leak detection is presented."/jats:p" "jats:p"The proposed system is designed in order to reduce the number of sensing elements required for detection. The main concept and detailed design are laid out. A prototype is fabricated and presented as a proof of concept. The prototype is tested in a simple experimental setup with artificial leakages for experimental evaluation. The sensing technique discussed in this work can be deployed in water, oil and gas pipelines without significant changes in the design, since the concepts remain the same in all cases.

City GPS using stereo vision

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:59:28 +0100

Next generation driver assistance systems require a precise localization. However, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) often exhibit a paucity of accuracy due to shadowing effects in street canyon like scenarios rendering this solution insufficient for many tasks. Alternatively 3D laser scanners can be utilized to localize the vehicle within a previously recorded 3D map. These scanners however, are expensive and bulky hampering a wide spread use. Herein we propose to use stereo cameras to localize the ego vehicle within a previously computed visual 3D map. The proposed localization solution is low cost, precise and runs in real time. The map is computed once and kept fixed thereafter using cameras as sole sensors without GPS readings. The presented mapping algorithm is largely inspired by current state of the art simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) methods. Moreover, the map merely consists of a sparse set of landmark points keeping the map storage manageably low.

Evaluating the Reconversion of One-Way Street Pairs to Two-Way Operations in the Central Business District of Hangzhou

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:54:02 +0100

In order to promote business in commercial districts and create a safer and more secure and friendly environment for the pedestrians in downtown, Hangzhou Government has proposed that Yan'an Road and Huansha Road be reconverted to two-way traffic in central business districts (CBD). Prior to the reconversion it is necessary to estimate traffic impacts for different flow configuration scenarios. This can provide a basis for the design and plan of traffic organization. This paper presents an approach based on VISSIM to estimate the traffic impacts of different flow configuration scenarios. The existing configuration scenario was simulated using the Static Decision of routes with network entry volume, traffic composition and turning percentage at intersections. The future configuration scenarios were simulated using the Dynamic Assignment of Routes with network entry volume, traffic composition and origin-destination (OD) matrices. The proposed approach was used to estimate traffic impacts of Yan’an Road and Huansha Road converted to two-way traffic. Results indicated that speed reduced and intersection delays and stops increased in the two-way configurations. The findings suggest that the two-way configuration scenario could be desirable with careful design and planning.

Air Traffic Decision Analysis During Convective Weather Events in Arrival Airspace

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:41:20 +0100

Decision making during convective weather events in the terminal area is shared among pilots and air traffic management, where uninformed decisions can result in wide-spread cascading delays with high-level impacts. Future traffic management systems capable of predicting terminal impacts will mitigate these unnecessary delays; however in order to realize this vision, it is important to understand the decision mechanisms behind convective weather avoidance. This paper utilizes an arrival adaptation of the Convective Weather Avoidance Model (CWAM) to investigate the catalysts for arrival traffic management decision making. The analysis is broken down by category of terminal airspace structure in addition to the type of decision. The results show that pilot behavior in convective weather is heavily dependent on the terminal airspace structure. In addition, pilot and air traffic management decisions in convective weather can be discriminated with large-scale weather features. I. Introduction

An Approach for Integration of Sustainable Transport Planning Indicators

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:35:37 +0100

Fault-tolerant control design for trajectory tracking in driver assistance systems

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:33:48 +0100

6 pages; International audience; The paper proposes a control system with the brake and the steering for developing a driver assistance system. The purpose is to design a cruise control method to track the road geometry with a predefined velocity and guarantee the road stability of the vehicle simultaneously. An actuator selection method is developed in the control design, in which the actuator limits, energy requirements and vehicle operations are taken into consideration. The method is extended with a fault-tolerant feature based on a robust LPV method, into which the actuator selection procedure and the detected fault information are incorporated. The operation of the reconfigurable control system is illustrated through various vehicle manoeuvres.

Installation schemes for downconductors at Airport Traffic Control Towers (ATCT)

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:31:49 +0100

This paper focuses on design practices for the effective placement of downconductors to increase the level of direct lightning strike protection of Airport Traffic Control Towers (ATCT) in the United States. The adopted design practice is based on the use of the voltage gradient model as applied to tall towers. A scheme of balanced placement of downconductors for ATCTs is presented along with a simplified PSpice simulation that indicates related performance improvements.

Design considerations for shortcut path-based time recovery

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:30:41 +0100

This paper introduces the concept of using tactical shortcuts to improve arrival precision and thereby increase throughput. This concept schedules flights to a longer path for which a shortcut path option is available for time recovery when speed is restricted. Shortcut design parameter sensitivity for schedule-based and spacing-based use policies is explored for single vs. multiple shortcut designs and shortcut availability. Simulation results show schedule-based shortcuts can reduce scheduling buffer size by 35-55% (increasing maximum throughput) or reduce separation violation probability 15-20% (reducing controller workload). Spacing-based shortcuts can reduce scheduling buffer size or separation violation probability by an additional 20% or 5% respectively. Additional studies were conducted to evaluate throughput and delay performance of each shortcut use policy for a wide range of demand rates. Spacing-based shortcuts performed the best. A use policy that combined the schedule-based shortcut method and scheduling without shortcuts outperformed using either of these methods individually. The potential benefits of using tactical shortcuts warrants future study in its application to multi-point scheduling, performance-based operations, geometric design, and decision support tools.decision support tools.

Equivalence checking for behaviorally synthesized pipelines

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:28:15 +0100

Loop pipelining is a critical transformation in behavioral synthesis. It is crucial to producing hardware designs with acceptable latency and throughput. However, it is a complex transformation involving aggressive scheduling strategies for high throughput and careful control generation to eliminate hazards. We present an equivalence checking approach for certifying synthesized hardware designs in the presence of pipelining transformations. Our approach works by (1) constructing a provably correct pipeline reference model from sequential specification, and (2) applying sequential equivalence checking between this reference model and synthesized RTL. We demonstrate the scalability of our approach on several synthesized designs from a commercial synthesis tool.

Pipe Spool Fabrication Sequencing by Automated Planning

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:21:29 +0100

Construction of Industrial facilities involves a substantial amount of piping. Pipe spools are usually pre-fabricated from a number of raw pipes and pipe fittings (e.g. elbows, flanges, tees, etc.) in fabrication shops. Pipe spool fabrication is often affected by various disruptions from within or outside the shops. Previous research mainly focuses on shop layouts, dispatching rules, buffer location and standardized products. Another critical factor, the sequencing of pipe spool fabrication, is usually overlooked. A pipe spool can be fabricated in several alternative sequences that are often decided by shop foremen based on experience. It is rare that these alternative sequences get compared and evaluated. A simulation experiment shows that shop productivity can be improved by varying spool fabrication sequence. This paper presents an investigation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) planning approach that automatically identifies the optimal fabrication sequence for pipe spools while considering various fabrication logics. Experiments are conducted with different AI planners to evaluate their capabilities. The results indicate that one of the planners is more suitable for solving the sequencing problem than others. However, it requires special pre-processing of the input that may be prohibiting for practical use. Directions of future research to overcome these limitations are discussed.

Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of portuguese olive oil

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:20:22 +0100

The main goal of this paper was to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of olive oil production in Portugal. A life-cycle model and inventory were implemented for the entire production process, including a comprehensive analysis of olive cultivation, olive oil extraction, packaging, and distribution. Data originates from five differently-sized Portuguese olive growers and from a total of six olive oil mills, representing the three extraction processes in use: three-phase extraction, two-phase extraction, and traditional pressing. The results show that the GHG intensity lies in the range 1.8-8.2 kg CO2eq/liter and that the main contributors were fertilizers (production and field emissions). Efficient use of fertilizers thus seems to be a key factor for mitigating the GHG intensity of olive oil production. This research was supported by project ECODEEP (Eco-efficiency and Eco-management in the Agro Industrial sector, FCOMP–05–0128–FEDER–018643) and the Portuguese Science

Optimized vertical separation in Europe

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:20:07 +0100

acknowledged by the SESAR program, current ATC systems must be drastically improved to accommodate the predicted traffic growth in Europe. This study aims at assessing the performance of 4D-trajectory planning and strategic deconfliction, two of the key concepts identified to meet SESAR capacity objectives. Among the possible degrees of freedom, we focus here on the flight level (FL) optimization to avoid en-route conflicts between intersecting flights. The resulting problem can be reduced to Graph Coloring with a specific cost function minimizing the discrepancies to requested FLs. This FL allocation leads to very large combinatorial optimization problems when applied at the continental scale, especially when considering temporal uncertainties. The instances were solved with a Tabu Search algorithm in a few seconds to a few minutes, depending on size and conflict density. Our results shows that the global conflict resolution workload is alleviated by at least 20 %, while bounding the individual FL discrepancies to three levels for a small proportion of the traffic.

Evaluation of a new intelligent speed advisory system using hardware-in-the-loop simulation

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:11:37 +0100

In this paper we present a recently developed speed advisory system for ITS applications. A real vehicle embedded in a large scale SUMO simulation is used to demonstrate the efficacy of such a system.

A new method based on ultrasonic guided wave inspection and matching pursuit for evaluating the axial severity of pipeline defect

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 18:10:14 +0100

Ultrasonic guided wave is in routine use of the nondestructive testing fields as an advanced technique. However, in guided wave based pipeline inspection, the accurate evaluation of the severity of defect is always a challenging task. That is, although the reflection signal in principle includes substantial defect information related to severity and other features of the defect, it is usually rather difficult to be interpreted because of the complexities of reflection process. To carry out the planned maintenance on defective pipelines accurately and efficiently, the ability of evaluating defect severity for pipeline inspection is very important in practical application of guided waves technique, particularly for the cases in which defects exist in the parts of pipeline where their accesses are difficult. In this paper, we propose a method based on matching pursuit for quantifying the severity of pipeline defect along axial direction. The optimized dictionary through introducing prior-knowledge about reflection components is constructed for interactive process of matching pursuit to efficiently decompose the required edge reflection components from defect reflection signal. The axial extent of defect can be then quantitatively evaluated by using obtained information. The experimental results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Strategic and Operational Choices for Sustainable Mobility Solutions

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:59:23 +0100

The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodologically sound instrument to assess the long-term penetration of innovative propulsion systems vis á vis the technologies that currently dominate the market. Towards this end, it simulates the diffusion process of four propulsion technologies (gasoline ICE, LPG ICE, EV, and fuel cells) by taking endogenously into account the effect of learning-by- doing at the manufacturing level. The analysis is extended to the EU zone, it encompasses a time horizon of 20 years and it is repeated for three different policy scenarios, namely: a business-as-usual scenario, an incentive scenario (where financial aids are envisaged for the purchase of non-polluting vehicles) and a production quota scenario (where vehicle manufacturer produce a minimum quota of zero-emission vehicles). The results suggest that - without any specific intervention - the EU urban transportation market will continue to be significantly dominated by ICE vehicles. However, they also indicate that this trend can be reverted by sound policies aimed at supporting the development of new transportation technologies. In particular it is argued that policies that leverage the learning curve of the new technologies during the very early stage of their life cycle are more effective than those that envisage a generalized support dispersed over a longer time horizon.

A Trust-based Approach to Mitigate Rerouting Attacks

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:55:10 +0100

One of the ways a malicious router can launch a Denial of Service (DoS) attack is by rerouting IP-packets of other destinations to the victim node. In this paper, based on the observed traffic anomalies, we propose using a Markov chain model to calculate trustworthiness of routers in order to isolate the malicious ones. Furthermore, our approach reduces the false positives by including context information, such as traffic congestion and packet corruption. By means of simulation, we validate our proposed approach in both connection-oriented (i.e., TCP) and connection-less (i.e., UDP) environments.

Advanced Insights on Composite Repairs

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:49:47 +0100

In response to inquiries from pipeline operators regarding the long-term performance of composite materials, manufacturers have performed additional tests to evaluate the performance of their composite repair systems. Insights were gained through these additional tests that demonstrated the long-term worthiness of the composite system. Of particular importance were two types of tests. The first involved the application of strain gages between layers of the composite repair system that was used to reinforce a corroded pipe test sample. As the sample was pressurized the strain gages permitted a comparison between the measured values and design stresses per the ASME PCC-2 design code. The second series of tests involved pressure cycling a 75% corroded sample to failure. In addition to the inter-layer strain measurements, the pressure cycling provides an important insight regarding the long-term performance of the composite repair."/jats:p" "jats:p"This paper addresses how the ASME PCC-2 Code, along with additional well-designed tests, can be used to design a composite repair system to ensure that it adequately reinforces a given defect. As composite materials are being used to repair pipeline anomalies beyond the corrosion-only defects, it is essential that pipeline operators utilize a systematic approach for ensuring the long-term performance of composite repair systems.

Applying the TCI to the IDM

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:37:05 +0100

ITS can play a significant role in the improvement of traffic flow, traffic safety and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the implementation of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems may lead to adaptation effects in longitudinal driving behavior following driver distraction. It was however not yet clear how to model these adaptation effects in driving behavior mathematically and on which theoretical framework this should be grounded. To this end in this contribution we introduce a theoretical framework based on the Task-Capability-Interface model by Fuller and integrate this model into the Intelligent Driver Model. Through a case study using simulations we show that this integration provides a relatively adequate description of the effects of driver distraction. The contribution finishes with conclusions and recommendations for future research.

Brushless Series Connected Machine with DC Stator Excitation

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:34:29 +0100

The brushless DC motors with permanent magnets are used primarily in law power applications. There are no limits on weight and motor dimensions in considered motors with DC stator excitation. Brushless series connected machine with DC stator excitation do not have rotor coils. Field coil and armature coils are mounted in the stator. Armature windings are connected to DC voltage source trough power transistors commutator. Power transistors are controlled by reflective optical sensors in function of rotor position. In the report, the new principle design of the motor with DC stator excitation is considered. The new principle of design supposes individual excitation for each of the armature phase. Such approach gives an opportunity to design electrical machine with any number of armature phases spaced in phase from each other. In series connected DC machines, the field winding is connected in series with the armature winding. In general, the series connection leads to a torque-speed characteristic that is useful in transport and crane mechanisms where need high start torque. For realization series connected machine with DC stator excitation, the number of armature phase can be two, three, or more. Increasing number of phase leads to more complicated design of machine and gives some advantages in performance. The minimum two or three phase gives the simplest design power electronic controller and the sensors position circuit. Like DC universal motor, the machine with series connected DC stator excitation, in principle, can operate from either from AC or DC voltage sources. The universal mode operation is described in this paper when motor operate from one phase AC voltage source. The prototype of two phase motor with DC stator excitation was realized on the base of a car alternator. Results of tests prototype motor and modeling in steady state condition prove that the property of brushless machine with DC stator excitation similar to those series, shunt connected, and separate exited DC machines. Considered machine can find application in the electric drive cars and hybrid electrical vehicles. Copyright © 2012 SAE International.

Analysis of alternative collaborative route selection strategies based on cost and throughput

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:26:09 +0100

Traffic Flow Management (TFM) is a collaborative process between the airspace provider (ATCSCC) and the airspace users (AOCs). The result of the collaboration should be an outcome that maximizes the utility of the system without excessively penalizing any of the agents. This paper describes the results of a tradeoff analysis between flight costs and sector throughput for combinations of ATCSCC and AOC strategies for flight-plan route selections in the presence of weather that affects enroute airspace capacity. The analysis is conducted using a discrete event simulation model of an airspace network with several airports, sectors and alternative airways. The results of the analysis indicate that when both Miles-in-Trails (MIT) restrictions for the airspace, as well as, TFM rerouting in collaboration with the AOC takes place, the performance of the overall system achieves a reduction of 67% in delay costs, 61% in delay time, 22% in delay rate and 69% in total passengers delay time (compared to the baseline). The implications of the results are discussed in this paper.

Smart charging system of the electric vehicle CEPIUM

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 17:07:34 +0100

In this paper is presented the development of a smart batteries charging system for the Electric Vehicle (EV) CEPIUM, aiming the integration of EVs in the future Smart Grids. The main features of the developed charging system are the mitigation of the power quality degradation and the bidirectional operation, as Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G). The batteries charging process is controlled by an appropriate control algorithm, aiming to preserve the batteries lifespan. During the charging process (G2V), the consumed current is sinusoidal and the power factor is unitary. Along the discharging process (V2G), when the equipment allows delivering back to the electrical power grid part of the energy stored in the batteries, the current is also sinusoidal. FEDER Funds - Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors (COMPETE) Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - PTDC/EEA-EEL/104569/2008, MITPT/ EDAM-SMS/0030/2008.

A relativity theory of traffic along a transit line

Scipedia content — Thu, 28 Jan 2021 16:59:07 +0100

RelStat12, 12th Annual International Conference on Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communications, Riga, LETTONIE, 17-/10/2012 - 20/10/2012; Along a transit line, vehicle traffic and passenger traffic are jointly subject to variability in travel time and vehicle load hence crowding. The paper provides a stochastic model of passenger physical time and generalized time, including waiting on platform and in-vehicle run time from access to egress station. Five sources of variability are addressed: (i) vehicle headway which can vary between the stations provided that each service run maintains its rank throughout the local distributions of headways; (ii) vehicle order in the schedule of operations; (iii) vehicle capacity; (iv) passenger arrival time; (v) passenger sensitivity to quality of service. The perspective of the operator, which pertains to vehicle runs, is distinguished from the user's one at the disaggregate level of the individual trip.

Rail integrated communities in Tokyo

Scipedia content — Wed, 27 Jan 2021 08:42:36 +0100

Tokyo’s railway station areas are models of transit-oriented design. To differentiate them from transit-oriented developments (TOD), the term rail integrated community (RIC) has been created to describe these high density, safe, mixed-use, pedestrian-friendly developments around railway stations that act as community hubs, served by frequent, all-day, rail rapid transit and are accessed primarily on foot, by bicycle, or by public transit. Japanese private railways have been instrumental in creating these RICs. Though they receive little financial support from the government, private railways in Japan achieve profitability by diversifying into real estate, retail, and numerous other businesses. Tokyu Corporation is used as the case study to exemplify how government policy and socioeconomic context contributed to the successful private railway model. Ten indicators, such as ridership, population density and mode share are used to analyze two stations created by Tokyu to demonstrate how this model is manifested in Tokyu’s rail integrated communities.

La Rochelle's traffic network framework for AIMSUN simulation

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 18:27:31 +0100

Outgoing

Estudi del comportament de xarxes vehiculars en entorns urbans i interurbans

Scipedia content — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 18:25:40 +0100

English: road safety has become a main issue for governments and car manufacturers in the last twenty years. Thus, the concept of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) appeared. This concept is used when talking about communication technologies between vehicles and infrastructure that improve transport safety, its management, environmental performance etc. Due to the high economic cost of real-life tests and experimentation, the use of simulators becomes really useful when developing ITS. Nonetheless, simulators not always include all the capabilities needed to simulate these kinds of networks. Thus, in this project the NCTUns simulator is modified in order to add new capabilities that allow users simulate ITS. Furthermore, urban and interurban scenarios are simulated in order to evaluate how the use of these networks decreases the drivers reaction time when an unexpected situation occurs and how modifications made in NCTUns work.

Castellano: la seguridad en la carretera se ha convertido en un problema principal para gobiernos y fabricantes de automóviles en los últimos años. De esta forma, se creó el concepto de Sistema de Transporte Inteligente (STI), concepto utilizado al hablar sobre las tecnologías de comunicación entre vehículos e infraestructura que mejoran la seguridad vial en el transporte, su mejor gestión, su eficiencia medioambiental, etc. Debido al alto coste económico de probar STI en situaciones reales, el uso de simuladores es realmente útil a la hora de desarrollar STI. Así, en este proyecto el simulador NCTUns ha sido modificado con el objetivo de añadir nuevas posibilidades al simulador que ayuden a diseñar STI. Además, un escenario urbano y otro interurbano han sido simulados con el objetivo de evaluar como el uso de estas redes hace disminuir el tiempo de reacción del conductor cuando una situación inesperada ocurre y comprobar cómo funcionan los cambios realizados en el simulador.

Català: la seguretat a la carretera ha esdevingut un problema principal pels governs i pels fabricants d'automòbils en els últims anys. D'aquesta manera, es crea el concepte de Sistema de Transport Intel'ligent (STI), concepte utilitzat en parlar sobre les tecnologies de comunicació entre vehicles i infraestructura que milloren la seguretat vial en el transport, la seva millor gestió, l'eficiència mediambiental, etc. A causa de l'alt cost econòmic de provar STI en situacions reals, l'ús de simuladors és realment útil a l'hora de desenvolupar STI. Així, en aquest projecte el simulador NCTUns ha estat modificat amb l'objectiu d'afegir noves possibilitats al simulador que ajudin a dissenyar STI a futurs usuaris. A més, un escenari urbà i un altre interurbà han estat simulats amb l'objectiu d'avaluar com l'ús d'aquestes xarxes fa disminuir el temps de reacció del conductor quan una situació inesperada succeeix i comprovar com funcionen els canvis realitzats en el simulador.