Scipedia: Documents published in 2009

New Educational Settings. Cognitive Challenges for the Realization of a Collective Intelligence

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:32:10 +0100

Understanding communication technologies through the networks by which people connect, communicate and cooperate has been a constant feature in the work of researchers who have not dissociated their view about the meaning of technologies within new social movements. This paper states that Information and Communication Technologies are not only networks that people join individually, but that they also act as social technologies. Their improvement depends both on the diversity of their functions (social, political, cognitive, etc.) and on the flexibility they have to adapt to functional diversity (to lifecycles, changing and fluctuating mobility or to audiovisual perception thresholds, for example). This idea is supported by the new technological challenge represented by portable devices, the personal area network, high-use user interfaces, systems designed for home care, etc. All this will be tried and tested in this paper within the educational context.

Investigating the Reading Process by Means of Collaborative Environment

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:32:02 +0100

Brazilian research on the determining factors for the success of programs to teach reading indicates a need to view literature as an aesthetic object that will encourage children to appreciate books. This study proposes investigating teachers' concepts of literature, from the point of view of the children. Chat was used as a data collection mechanism, proposed between two groups of elementary school children and interviews with the teachers. The analysis of the chats followed the methodology of Franco (1997). This study indicates three key areas for winning a reading public: a) qualified human resources, with a clear concept of literature as an aesthetic phenomenon; b) methodological procedures that are coherent with this concept; c) a bibliographical archive that is aligned with this concept.

Information Sources and Drugs Consumption. TV: a Risk Factor in Schoolchildren

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:31:53 +0100

Drug consumption in the population represents an area of continuous study which requires substantial knowledge of the associated variables in order to improve programs dedicated to consumption prevention. The main goal of this research was to determine the variables which can predict drug consumption in a group of 570 schoolchildren based on the knowledge the target group has got about these drugs. The type of study was transversal. The multifactorial logistic regression model determined factors associated with drug consumption in the sample. The most important factor contributing to consumption was television. The presentation of drug consumers on television is thought to be significantly negative and it is taken in a simplistic form.

A scale for the measurement of University teachers’ attitudes towards the integration of ICT

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:31:45 +0100

Our intention was to study the attitudes of educators in the context of the research project entitled «Integration of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) as teaching tools at University within the framework of the European Higher Education Area». To do this, a Likert-type scale of attitudes was created rigorously following all the steps indicated by the experts. The scale consists of 24 items along with their characteristics of discrimination (all the t values for each item when compared to the averages among extreme groups are highly significant); reliability (calculated through different procedures, provides us with values, all of which are above 0.95); and validity (factorial validity; criteria validity: a correlation of 0.92 between the scores of the scale regarding the criterion «behaviour») could be considered completely satisfactory.

Radio Edu-webs: Spanish Experiences of Media Education

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:31:37 +0100

The possibilities offered by Internet, but especially its interactive potential, have helped to the emergence of real on-line audiovisual platforms whose fundamental aim is media education. This article analyzes the edu-webs that have arisen in Spain within the field of radio communication, and points out their benefits at the different levels of education. Furthermore, this text revises the different educational modalities of a medium which, in the digital age, enriches its offer with complementary multimedia spaces and incorporates the necessary tools for a constant sender-receiver interaction that neutralizes the sequential character, the fleetingness and the vertical position of analogue broadcasting.

De la Tierra al ciberespacio

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:31:29 +0100

Mobile Learning as a Tool for the Development of Communication Skills in Virtual Discussion Boards

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:31:21 +0100

Technology has revolutionized all aspects of human life and the educational field is no exception. This research proposes the use of mobile learning (m-learning) as a tool for development of communication skills in virtual discussion boards. It took place inside the virtual classrooms of the Virtual University of Tecnológico de Monterrey with 80 20-to-22-year-old undergraduates. Podcasts of the assigned readings were made. The control group performed the activity in the traditional way, while the sample group used the podcasts to perform the activity. The findings show that mobile learning doesn´t provide significant changes in the student's skills. However, it can be an alternative for the development of critical analysis in undergraduate students.

A Theoretical Analysis Proposal on Mobile Phone Use by Adolescents

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:31:11 +0100

The current study analyzes the different ways in which teenagers use their mobile phones, and, based on several theoretical conceptualizations, it provides an approach to the instrumental and symbolic dimensions of this form of communication, as well as the functions– ludic-expressive, referential and communicative –derived from it. The theoretical contributions put forward here lay the ground for further investigations on how minors use mobile telephony, the influences of new technologies on social relations and the responsibilities of the social agents involved, mainly families and mobile phone operators themselves. This work also intends to be a starting point for future empirical studies on the habits and new ways in which young people interact with mobile telephony, and the risks associated with improper uses of this new technology.

New Models of Communication, Profiles and Trends in Social Networks

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:31:03 +0100

Social networks have become the banner of Web 2.0, which also hosts blogs, wikis and chats. There is a slight dividing line between a social network, a blog and a wiki. Talking about social networks means referring to the next stage of the Internet, as talking about blogs once did. Internet social networks have become an increasingly important phenomenon because some platforms are integrating blogs and wikis on a single interface. But we could ask what new types of communication and business lie beneath these networks; what professional profiles are needed for this new audience. Should media create the networks, or just adapt to the new environments, whence a new journalism based on participation emerges? This paper tries to answer these and other questions.

Video in Cyberspace: Usage and Language

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:30:55 +0100

Video is growing faster than any other content in cyberspace. Video clips jumping between screens represent a narrative return to the origins of cinema. In cyberspace, videos can be cybermovies, cybertelevision, television on demand and cybervideo. The social uses of video in cyberspace overlap with information in a process of horizontal communication of immense potential, but with the risk of fragmenting the public sphere. Video is a factor of globalization and a vector of infotainment that colonizes both the media and cyberspace. Hypermedia language fragments the expressive elements of classical audiovisual language. It is necessary to explore new ways of interactive audiovisual language and investigate how video links the media to cyberspace in a new audiovisual ecosystem.

Broadcast Yourself: Oxymoron or Media Mistake?

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:30:48 +0100

This article analyses the possibility offered by the Internet to select radio content to build customized radios. Each internet user could select radio content, replacing the traditional radio stations that have always broadcasted. Previous results from our investigations are presented to allow us to compare the still-existing traditional radio to some of the offers on the Internet. Such a comparison will allow us to determine two different ways of listening to the radio on the Internet: the usual one, which allows the coexistence of listening and any parallel social practice (work, driving, etc.), and another one, appropriate to the internet, that adds visual attention to hearing. It is unavoidable to consider this as a loss compared to the visual independence that radio has always allowed.

Networks of Participation and Communicative Interchanges in Public Radio: Podcasting

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:30:40 +0100

The development of podcasting as an additional system of cyberradio stimulates the appearance of networks of participation and communicative interchanges of social interest, and has numerous advantages over conventional radio practices. The spreading of podcasts through public radio situates it within the process of technological convergence and in an Information and Knowledge society which is able to offer different services within reach of all citizens. Only the introduction of new contents and services that contribute added value to the existing ones and satisfy the needs of users will make this system profitable.

Fifteen Years of Online Journalism. Interaction and Hypertextuality

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:30:33 +0100

On-line journalism completes 15 years of existence in 2009. The characteristics of journalism have evolved with information technology. Interaction and hypertextuality are two elements that configure the essence of the relationship between journalism and new information and communication technologies. This research analyzes the profile and elements of on-line journalism, as well as the transmitter and receiver in this communication process. The research corpus is 10 international media and the following Mexican media: 100 newspapers, 30 television stations and 30 radio stations, all with more than 10 years’ on-line experience. Also, two hundred e-mails were sent out to journalists, leader writers and webmasters.

Understanding Cultural Convergence through Media Ecology

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:30:26 +0100

Before the Internet, the different media had specifically defined functions and markets. However, since the emergence of the Internet and digital communication, the same content can be found right across the media; this is known as cultural convergence. This media crossing anticipates the coming of new markets of cultural consumption. Based on media ecology, with specific reference to the thesis developed by Marshall McLuhan, Neil Postman, and Henry Jenkins, cultural convergence is studied as a complex communication environment. Cultural convergence modifies the operative procedures of media industries. However, the most significant changes can be found within the knowledge communities.

Interactive Communication in the Cybermedia

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:30:18 +0100

Internet embeds both conventional mass media and its own cybermedia with a social network that introduces a new communication process based on interactivity, new ways of relating users, different technical and communicative mediations, a new information outlook and changes in the narrative and expressive models together with an expansion of the possibilities of navigation and hypertextuality, creating synergies between the cyberpress, cyberradio, cybertelevision and the social network within a new space-time globality. This article –drawn from research work in these fields– analyses the changes that have affected the cybermedia in their different variations, and systematizes these phenomena in order to provide new dimensions for the theoretical construction of the emerging interactive model of communication.

New Forms of Communication in the Cybermedia

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:30:11 +0100

The Short-sightednes of the New Teacher Training Plans in Spain: Analogical or Digital Teachers?

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:30:02 +0100

Reseñas

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:29:53 +0100

Apuntes

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:29:44 +0100

The Internet as a framework for communication and social interaction

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:29:37 +0100

This article addresses social interaction on the Internet using an online questionnaire. The sociodemographic characteristics are analysed as well as the web users habits and relationships. The Internet is a social interactive place where personal relationships among users develop into important aspects of their lives. These relationships develop in different ways to relationships where people meet face to face. Also, motivation and the consequences of maintaining a personal relationships reflect, different results when comparing the web users gender and marital status.

The Media and the Meeting of Cultures, in pro of Cultural Coexistence

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:29:30 +0100

The article begins with a reflection on the knowledge society as foundational for improving strategies to live together on the planet, through the enrichment and driving force that spring from a diversity of civilizations and cultures. The media and new technologies increase possibilities for human inter-relationship through the connection in networks. The cinema, in particular, presents new guidelines for behaviour, brings new knowledge and cultures within reach, and becomes indispensable for illustrating new ways to resolve conflict and previously unknown aspects of intercultural dialogue. It explores alliance-forming in solving common problems, and the search for creative answers to humanity’s major problems, principally those having to do with peace and solidarity. Educational systems should receive help to promote training, instruction and education in the use of new technologies, a key to the future of society, so that future generations will be prepared to make critical use of the media, as an instrument and channel for human interrelationship, for information searching, and as a tool for research and for learning.

A WebQuest for Vocational Guidance in High Schools

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:29:20 +0100

The present paper exposes a teaching resource, designed to serve as a complement to the Vocational and Professional Counseling Program of High Schools. The WebQuest intended to facilitate students´ self-knowledge, the knowledge of the academic and professional environment and to help them in the process of decision-making. This work also presents the characteristics of the tool, the websites where it is housed, the working methodology, the objectives of the teaching resource, a description of the process the learners should go through in order to accomplishing the task, the most representative result and the final conclusions. As a final conclusion, we underline that the ICTs use in professional counseling could optimize and enrichment those interventions developed in High School centers.

The positive representation of the image of women in the media

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:29:11 +0100

This article aims to outline the positive assessments made by the public, through the service of the Catalan Women’s Institute (ICD) on speeches containing media representations of gender. It is a way to illustrate how the products of cultural industries are part of the audience’s social imaginary and how it is able to identify and assess constructive representations of gender. The media and audience as agents of social change suggest ways of teaching on gender issues. Finally, the text encourages us to think about the possibility of creating and enhancing educational strategies to form a critical audience that generates proposals, guidelines, a discourse on gender according to social reality.

Criteria of Media Education Program for Chilean teachers: A proposal for Continuous Training

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:29:03 +0100

The article explains the results of a research about Media Education in Chilean Secondary School curriculum, its problems, and training and attitudes of teachers of Spanish Language and Communication. The analysis applies definitions and parameters adopted by UNESCO in Viena (1999) and Seville (2002) which indicate that Media Education means to teach and learn «with»» and «about» media more than «through» media. It proposes a schedule for continuous training of teachers in this field.

Historias de Glasbolordos y Filfilinos

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:28:56 +0100

Promoting Youth Civic Participation with Media Production: The Case of Youth Voice Editorial Board

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:28:47 +0100

Public space, especially online, is now offered more than ever before. Still, the role of public media production in youth cultures has not been very much noticed in civic pedagogic settings. This contribution provides insights to the relations between youth, civic participation and media pu blicity in the context of youth work. It is based on three years follow up study of the «Youth Voice Editorial Board» in Finland, among youngsters aged 13-17 years. The results of the study show that youth citizenship can be strengthened with media literacy education which consists on three elements related with each other: youth civic participation including media production, media publicity and pedagogy understood as learning community.

Exploring Media Education as Civic Praxis in Africa

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:28:39 +0100

This article argues that African media education must define a pedagogical agenda for citizenship. That task lies in a postcolonial revisionism of liberal modes of thought and practice about media. This neo-colonial dependence of African media education is evident in the pedagogical emphasis on professional- journalistic automation. However, Africans are increasingly becoming politically and civically apathetic. This analysis calls for an emancipatory vision of journalism that is embedded in civil society. It uses a case study of radio listening clubs to illustrate the civic influence of the media in Malawi and Zambia. It concludes by proposing a model of media education for citizenship. The key tenets of the model include enhancing critical analysis of the correlation between media, democracy and development; developing an emancipatory vision of journalism; cultivating an active citizenship; entrenching a viable institutional infrastructure of democracy; and promoting an informed adherence to human rights.

Media Education in Turkey: Toward a Multi-Stakeholder Framework

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:28:32 +0100

Starting with the 1990s, private radios and televisions were the primary steps in Turkish media’s new structure. At that time, there was no interest in media literacy or media education for people, especially for children. In the past, the emphasis of media literacy education was to protect children and young people from possible harmful effects of media, followed by the critical thinking and development of media messages production skills. This contribution emphasizes the political, social, and economic implications of media messages and stresses the importance of using media effectively. Media literacy and education in Turkey has started with an agreement between the Ministry of National Education and The Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK) in 2006/07 school period.This study uses a critical approach to reflect on what has been done so far in Turkey in terms of media literacy and media education, and what needs to be accomplished in the future.

The Role of Broadcasting Regulation in Media Literacy

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:28:24 +0100

The author presents a global perspective on the reasons why television is regulated, the mechanisms used for regulation, and what regulation covers, particularly its cultural purposes. The author concludes with suggestions about how this might change as nations move to wards a converged, digital future, including an increased role for the regulator in the promotion of media literacy. The UK’s regulator, OFCOM, is used as an example of how a regulatory authority can take a leading role in media and information literacy, adding to its existing missions of allocating and regulating spectrum, in preparation for the digital switchover. Regulation and self-regulation, to be truly effective, will need to rely on extensive media literacy.

Media Education beyond School

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:28:17 +0100

Education in and for the media is doubtlessly necessary and is very slowly slipping into regular education, but not very satisfactorily. This work must be fleshed out by the media’s effort to take some responsibility for the educational work as well, not by educating directly, but by trying to match their broadcasts with the values that education is trying to convey. Audiovisual Councils can play a role in driving media education, helping the educational system to meet its responsibility to educate children to use properly the television, the Internet and other regular screens habitually surrounding them. At the same time, these Councils can help media professionals enforce and interpret legislation about audiovisual contents freely and responsibly, thereby facilitating self-regulation. The article contributes the experience garnered by the Audiovisual Council of Catalonia in promoting media literacy.

When Media Education is State Policy

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:28:10 +0100

One of the specific challenges faced by media education in Latin America is to narrow the divide and promote more equitable, fairer access to cultural and technological commodities among youth from the poorest families. Although the obstacles are more than a few and the challenges are by no means negligible, the first step toward facing them is to insert Media Education as a public policy, as State policy. Fortunately, we have always had teachers who have used the media and taught others to analyze, interpret and use them creatively. The idea, when Media Education becomes part of public policy, is to move beyond individual initiative and turn these private efforts into a State commitment. This is the only way to overcome the huge obstacles and materialize the major challenges posed by media education in the 21st century.

Media Literacy in MENA: Moving Beyond the Vicious Cycle of Oxymora

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:28:02 +0100

At a time when the region of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is full of potential for capacitybuilding, social unrest, political agitation and poor civil liberties are still plaguing the population. The status of media education is low in MENA countries, preoccupied by many other vital issues, and yet the lack of it is detrimental to civic engagement… Current literacy practices in MENA countries have poor standards for critically assessing the media and research findings show a widening gap between the general public and the journalists, which further impairs media literacy. The analysis deals first with MENA countries and their «mal-media situation», using the metaphor of the cycle of oxymora to explain the various tensions and contradictions that characterize media literacy in the region. It then attempts to provide a political and media-related context to explain the current situation. It also uses research data to explore the challenges and opportunities to change the current dim picture in MENA, and concludes with several crucial implications for policy-making about media literacy in MENA.

Making the Introduction of Multi-media Technologies Count in Education Reform in Africa: the Case of Ghana

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:27:55 +0100

This contribution reviews the introduction of old and new information communication technologies in Ghanaian education. It points out how the recent proliferation of multi-media technologies in the country has ultimately encouraged the introduction of ICTs in education. However, the author argues that much of the move to introduce these new technologies into schools and colleges has not reflected the need to re-conceptualise teacher education curriculum practices to base its foundations on constructivist ideas about knowledge and its production. Without this, reforms to introduce new information communication technologies in classrooms risk becoming tools that are again used to reinforce old traditions of teaching and learning based on uncritical transmission of knowledge. Finally, the author argues that changes to the teacher education curriculum in Ghana, and elsewhere in Africa, should also reflect the new professional learning identities and learning experiences that ICT and other media communication tools are meant to foster in the classroom.

Implementing Mandates in Media Education: The Ontario Experience

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:27:47 +0100

This analysis presents a report on media literacy education in Ontario. It provides an overview of the curriculum for media literacy that is mandated by the provincial government. Specifically, it describes various approaches for teaching about the media as well as the theory that underpins curriculum documents and classroom practices. The analysis also describes the work of key organizations and partnerships that helped prioritize media literacy education, and offers suggestions for the successful development and implementation of media literacy programs. The conclusion discusses the challenges and future directions for media literacy beyond the Ontario case, focusing on nine key tenets for success in its implementation worldwide.

History, Policy, and Practices of Media Education in South Korea

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:27:40 +0100

The authors begin by providing the historical and social background of Korean media education, which has its roots in civil participation activities in the 1980s. Then, they discuss the legal and governmental policies on media education, focusing on the Broadcasting Act and the diverse programs provided by governmental organizations, particularly those under the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. They also provide good examples of media education practices by groups of teachers, civil society associations and the media industry, in addition to introducing the recent changes in the newly reformed National Curriculum, which includes some elements of media literacy. They conclude by pointing out the need for a more consistent policy on media literacy and a forum to activate discussion on the topic.

Education Reform as an Agent of Change: The Development of Media Literacy in Hong Kong during the Last Decade

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:27:33 +0100

Although media education is a comparatively new area of studies in Hong Kong, it is already flourishing. Why? This contribution identifies the education reform as an important factor in encouraging the development of media education in the last decade, and the three major driving forces of this reform have been: the emphasis on civic education since Hong Kong’s return to China sovereignty, the introduction of information technology (ICT), and the recent review of the curriculum. The author also aims to find out whether the patterns used in media education development are their own Asian models or, on the contrary, they follow Wes tern patterns.

Nurturing Freedom of Expression through Teaching Global Media Literacy

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:27:26 +0100

Freedom of expression is both a life and death matter and a bread and butter issue. Free media that allow a diversity of voices to be heard and all ideas to be discussed play a central role in the sustaining and monitoring of good government, as well as in the fostering of economic development and the encouraging of corporate transparency and accountability. Students in both developed and developing nations need to understand that there is no global issue or political arena in which the statement of problems and the framing of possible solutions are not influenced by media coverage. The Salzburg Academy on Media and Global Change is the meeting point where universities from around the world, media organizations and international institutions such as the UN and UNESCO have worked jointly for the first time in order to build a global media literacy curriculum, related lesson plans, exercises and resources to teach students to evaluate the media they read, hear and see, as well as teach them to speak out for themselves. The GML materials are written by a global commu nity for a global community and aim to prepare students the world over for active and inclusive roles in information societies.

Media Education as a Development Project: Connecting Emancipatory Interests and Governance in India

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:27:18 +0100

The recent explosion of communication tools and services within last two decades has posed new questions that are beyond the comprehension of existing pedagogy in Indian Comm unication Studies. Indian society has witnessed a widespread proliferation of media technologies to such an extent that they have become ubiquitous in society. Media education, in In dia, however, remains an almost unexplored area of studies. This contribution puts forward the need for Media education far from a non-elitist point of view and proposes this Media education as a new pedagogy although its efficiency has not been proved convincingly yet.

Media Education Issues for Professionals and Citizens: Bridging the Divides in Countries of the South

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:27:11 +0100

Information and communication technologies (ICT) are imposing a radical reform in journalism and media education. Without a strategic, participatory pedagogical vision, journalism and media literacy will not work to the advantage of the plan for a democratic and inclusive information society. By the same token, they will be unable to reduce the gap experienced world-wide between training and employment, nor will they have a positive impact on Government or media operators’ policies, nor on the practices of professionals and citizens, particularly in cyberspace. The media are a source of knowledge, a development tool, a citizenship matrix, a source for construction of the «social being» and peace. The ultimate issue is the advent of an inclusive information society, and particularly in the countries of the South, its solid emergence depends on an «emancipation journalism». This must be the objective of all media education.

Curricular Contribution to Media Education: a Work in Progress

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:27:03 +0100

The autor addresses the analysis of media and information literacy from an education and curricular perspective emphasizing the development of competencies that students require in order to have an active participation in the current world. He analyses the processes of curriculum development that, made up by political and technical components, reflect the type of society we wish to construct. Likewise, he presents the concept of inclusive education as an educational vision that aims at guaranteeing the right of all children, young people and adults to receive an education accommodated to their expectations, needs and forms of learning, assuring participation and equality of opportunities. He introduces the concept of a «glolocal » curriculum, which is based on the development of competencies in the students to make possible a feedback between the global and local realities, trying to bring the schools closer to the situations of the daily life. The analysis concludes by strengthening that media and information literacy should be cross-cutting in the curricula which requires, among other things, a high-quality teacher education, fluid communication among teachers and solid and inclusive educational proposals within participatory processes leading to agreements.

Information Skills: Conceptual Convergence between Information and Communication Sciences

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:26:50 +0100

Nowadays, information is one of the main resources for an individual’s development and wellbeing, therefore distributing and using information must be a top priority for society. This entails establishing strategies so people can learn to use this resource. Furthermore, scientific progress and present-day educational paradigms stress trans-disciplinary learning. Information and communication sciences are complementary by nature –one focusing on the medium and the other on the process– so there must be greater clarity and conceptual consistency in a number of key shared areas. This document is an effort, from the perspective of library science and information science, to identify some possible meeting-points between these disciplines, regarding the study and development of the necessary competencies to handle information adequately.

A European Approach to Media Literacy: Moving toward an Inclusive Knowledge Society

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:26:37 +0100

Foreword

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:26:25 +0100

Foreword

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:26:13 +0100

Media Education Policy: towards a Global Rationale

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:26:00 +0100

The European Parliament bets on media literacy

Scipedia content — Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:25:48 +0100

Reviews Caplletra 46

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 10:00:23 +0100

Reviews Caplletra 46 (Spring, 2009) Rafael Roca, ressenya de Magí Sunyer Moliné, Els mites nacionals catalans, Vic, Eumo Editorial / Societat Verdaguer, 2006, 325 pp.Maria Conca, ressenya de Heike van Lawick, Metàfora, fraseologia i traducció. Aplicació als somatismes en una obra de Bertolt Brecht, Aacehn, Shaker, 2006, 289 pp.Joan M. Perujo, ressenya de Rafael Beltrán, Tirant lo Blanc, de Joanot Martorell, Madrid, Síntesis, 2006. I ressenya de Rafael Alemany, Introducció al Tirant lo Blanc, Alzira, Bromera & Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana, 2007.Margarida Bassols i Puig, ressenya de Neus Nogué Serrano, La dixi de persona en català, Barcelona, Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2008.Josep Daniel Climent, ressenya de Rafael Roca Ricart, Teodor Llorente, líder de la Renaixença valenciana, València, Publicacions de la Universitat de València, 2007, 430 pp.Ferran Robles i Sabater, ressenya de Vicent Salvador & Laia Climent (ed.), El discurs prefabricat II. Fraseologia i comunicació social, Castelló de la Plana, Universitat Jaume I, 2006, 353 pp.María del Carmen Horno Chéliz, ressenya d'Àngel López García, The Neural Basis of Language, München, LINCOM Studies in Neurolinguistics, 2007, 28 pp.Joaquim Martí Mestre, ressenya de Carsten Sinner & Andreas Wesch (ed.), El castellano en las tierras de habla catalana, Madrid / Frankfurt am Main, Iberoamericana/Vervuert, 2008.Montserrat Corretger, ressenya de F. Carbó, C. Gregori, G. Lluch, R. X. Rosselló & V. Simbor, El bricolatge literari. De la paròdia al pastitx en la literatura catalana contemporània, Barcelona, Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2008.Antoni Ferrando, ressenya de Javier Elvira, Inés Fernández-Ordóñez, Javier García González & Ana Serradilla Castaño (ed.), Lenguas, reinos y dialectos en la Edad Media ibérica. La construcción de la identidad. Homenaje a Juan Ramón Lodares, Madrid, Iberoamericana/Vervuert, 2008, 576 pp.

Reviews Caplletra 47

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 10:00:16 +0100

Reviews Caplletra 47 (Autumn, 2009) Núria Alturo, ressenya d'Ángeles Carrasco Guitiérrez (ed.), Tiempos compuestos y formas verbales complejas, Madrid / Frankfurt am Main, Iberoamericana/Vervuert, 2008, 548 pp.Carme Bach Martorell, ressenya d'Anna Matamala Ripoll, Interjeccions i lexicografia. Anàlisi de les interjeccions d'un corpus audiovisual i proposta de representació lexicogràfica, Barcelona, Institut d'Estudis Catalans, 2008, 472 pp.Maria Dasca, ressenya de Xosé Aviñoa, Eusebio Ayensa, Rosa Cabré, Mireia Campabadal, Carles Garriga, Eulàlia MIralles, Formes modernes de l'èpica, Santa Coloma de Queralt, Obrador Edèndum, 2006, pp. 166.Carme Gregori, ressenya de Josep Massot i Muntaner, Escriptors i erudits contemporanis. Vuitena sèrie, Barcelona, Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2008. I ressenya de Josep Massot i Muntaner, Menorca, dins el dominó mediterrani (1936-1939), Barcelona, Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2009.Gonçal López-Pampló, ressenya de Frederic Barberà, Batasar Porcel o l'òptica aberrant sobre el món. Prosa de ficció (1958-2004), Barcelona, Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 2007, 224 pp.Anna Marí Aguilar, ressenya de F. Foguet i B. Sansano (ed.), Teatre, passions i (altres) insolències. Lectures sobre la dramatúrgia de Manuel Molins, València, Universitat de València («Col·lecció Teatro Siglo XXI»), 2008, 466 pp.Jerónimo Méndez, ressenya d'Anna Alberni (ed.), Speculum al foder, Girona, Vitel·la, 2007, 137 pp.Pura Santacreu Berenguer, ressenya de Jordi Malé, Carles Riba i la traducció, Lleida, Punctum & Trilcat («Quaderns, 1), 2006.Xavier Ferré Trill, ressenya de Rafael Roca, La Renaixença i la Ruta del Cister. L'aplec de catalans, mallorquins i valencians a Poblet, Santes Creus, Valls i Tarragona (1882), Valls, Cossetània Edicions, 2008, 141 pp.Lluís Ramon Ferrer, ressenya de Ramon Soler, Doctrina compendiosa, Curt Wittlin (ed.), València, Denes («Col·lecció Bàsica», 9), 2008, 149 pp.Rafael Roca, ressenya de Joan Mas i Vives, La construcció d'una identitat. El debat ideològic i cultural entorn de J. M. Quadrado i J. Ll. Pons i Gallarza, Palma, Lleonard Muntaner editor («Temps Obert», 10), 2008, 245 pp.

Literatura infantil e ideología: propuesta de análisis

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:22:06 +0100

Tras unas breves consideraciones introductorias en torno al concepto de ideología, el artículo analiza la aportación que la crítica postcolonial contemporánea ha realizado al análisis del aspecto representacional de los textos literarios y a la lectura de los valores (políticos, literarios, morales) que éstos denotan. Tras una breve referencia a los autores y a las obras más representativas de esta corriente crítica, se analiza la importancia que el estudio de la hibridación de lenguas tiene para el estudio
de la ideología. Ejemplos extraídos de la obra de Bernardo Atxaga y pautas para el análisis de la ideología de los textos artísticos completan el artículo.

L'anàlisi de textos teatrals per a infants i adolescents

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:21:57 +0100

Aquest article aborda l’anàlisi del teatre per a infants i adolescents aplicat a textos dramàtics editats. El plantejament d’anàlisi presentat té com punt de partida bàsic la consideració del teatre com una interacció escènica, amb la voluntat de desenvolupar un tipus d’anàlisi que done compte del model de construcció escènica i, fins i tot, d’una concepció de l’acte teatral destinat a infants i a adolescents.

La poesia per a infants. Estat de la qüestió en llengua catalana

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:21:49 +0100

L’objectiu d’aquest article és presentar una aproximació a la poesia per a infants a partir d’un conjunt de reflexions sobre el gènere (que abraçaran àmbits, funcions, suports i canals de difusió), d’una proposta d’anàlisi ( on es tindrà en compte el context històric i cultural, els paratextos i el text poètic) i d’una panoràmica de l’estat actual de la poesia per a infants en llengua catalana. Al llarg d’aquest treball mirarem d’aportar respostes a interrogants com de què parlem quan ens referim a la poesia per a infants, com podem extreure dades de l’anàlisi de les obres de poesia, quins són els principals trets del panorama actual d’aquesta poesia en llengua catalana.

Dades per a l'anàlisi de narratives per al lector infantil i juvenil

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:21:42 +0100

El camp de la literatura per a infants i joves reclama habitualment dades objectives que permeten avaluar el tipus de relat amb el qual ha de treballar l’editor, el traductor, el bibliotecari, el gestor cultural o el professional de la mediació educativa o cultural. Per tant, la transformació d’un relat en objecte epistemològic és el primer esglaó imprescindible per als professionals de la mediació o de la gestió cultural.

La literatura per a infants i joves: una proposta d'anàlisi

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:21:34 +0100

Introducció al monogràfic.

La paròdia jurídica en «Lo somni de Joan Joan»

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:21:26 +0100

De totes les característiques burlesques i paròdiques de gèneres literaris tradicionals medievals que apareixen en «Lo Somni de Joan Joan» una de les que més destaca és la
paròdia jurídica, ja que l’obra està configurada com un plet judicial que les dones burgeses benestants de la Valencia del XV interposen davant la deessa Venus per tal que es veja reconegut el seu dret a triar marit lliurement i a evitar els matrimonis desiguals amb homes vells que les requereixen. El procés judicial plantejat en l’obra posa de manifest la formació jurídica de l’autor, Jaume Gassull, i presenta totes les parts, figures i elements processals d’un judici comú, des de la demanda fins a la sentència. La sensació que la sentència condueix a la tergiversació dels bons costums –les dones són autoritzades a ser infidels si es casen amb homes vells– despareix perquè tot ha estat producte del somni del protagonista.

El contacte del català amb la llengua dels aragonesos al segle XIII al País Valencià: influència sobre el lèxic

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:21:19 +0100

El contacte amb els aragonesos ha estat un condicionant del lèxic del català del País Valencià. Pretenem mostrar ací amb exemples concrets l’antiguitat d’aquesta influència. Partim del despullament d’un corpus textual format per documentació del s. XIII en llatí, en català, en aragonès i en espanyol. Estudiem una selecció de tres menes de mots extrets d’aqueix corpus:
a) mots que, tot i pertànyer l’espanyol general o més tost a les varietats orientals, pogueren arribar al català amb els aragonesos establits al Regne de València des del s. XIII, o amb el contacte que, des de llavors, mantingué Aragó (sobretot, la regió meridional) amb el nou regne;
b) mots que es podrien explicar com a aragonesismes pròpiament dits del català del País Valencià i, sovint, també de la resta del català occidental (a voltes amb continuïtat per l’occità) i
c) mots que comparteix el català del País Valencià i, en general, el català occidental amb l’aragonès.

La traducció automàtica en la pràctica: aplicacions, dificultats i estratègies de desenvolupament

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:21:12 +0100

En aquest article es descriuen els sistemes de traducció automàtica, les seves aplicacions actuals i les principals dificultats que ha d’afrontar aquesta tecnologia lingüística. Es presenta el sistema Apertium, una plataforma de traducció automàtica de codi obert sobre la qual s’han construït diversos traductors automàtics entre diferents parells d’idiomes, en els quals està inclòs el català. Basant-se en l’experiència dels autors, es descriuen algunes tensions que es donen en el desenvolupament de les dades lingüístiques d’un traductor automàtic i les solucions de compromís a què cal arribar per a construir sistemes útils.

El gest i la dixi d'espai en textos instructius

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:21:04 +0100

La dixi és normalment concebuda, des del punt de vista lingüístic, com un fenomen que mostra la relació entre els trets estructurals del llenguatge i el context específic de comunicació. Hi ha mecanismes no verbals que també actuen com a recursos díctics en moltes situacions de la llengua oral. És per aquesta raó que calen estudis que analitzin diferents aspectes de la combinació d’aquests diferents mecanismes.
L’objectiu d’aquesta proposta és analitzar la relació entre la verbalització dels díctics d’espai trobats en els textos instructius del projecte PRAGMAESTIL i els elements no verbals que els acompanyen. Concretament, s’observarà en primer lloc si els díctics van acompanyats de gestos o no; en segon lloc, quant als casos amb correspondència no verbal, s’establirà la relació que hi ha entre aquesta part no verbal i la part verbal d’aquests díctics pel que fa al temps d’execució de cada una d’elles; per últim, s’analitzarà si hi ha diferències en funció de la llengua de producció del text (L1, L2 o L3).

Língüística aplicada a l'ensenyament i nous corrents d'investigació en lingüística

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:20:57 +0100

Aquest article es proposa indagar les principals aportacions dels romanistes alemanys, austríacs i suïssos al desenvolupament dels estudis catalans en àmbits de
recerca com la Lingüística aplicada i l’ensenyament i l’aprenentatge del català, així com en els anomenats nous corrents d’investigació en lingüística general. Una revisió
dels treballs més destacats, dins de camps com la Pragmàtica, l’Anàlisi Discursiva, la Lingüística Textual, la Lingüística de Corpus i la Fraseologia mostraran, d’una banda, el paper rellevant que han jugat els estudis de catalanística d’autors germanoparlants com a motor de transformacions i innovacions en l’anàlisi descriptiva de la llengua des d’una multiplicitat de noves perspectives metodològiques i, de l’altra, l’interès continuat dels acadèmics alemanys per la llengua i la cultura dels països de parla alemanya, el qual es prolonga des del propi començament de la Filologia Romànica fins els nostres dies.

La sociolingüística catalana als països de parla alemanya. Bibliografia seleccionada i comentada d'obres d'autors germanòfons

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:20:48 +0100

Aquest estudi proporciona una visió panoràmica de les obres i els articles publicats als països de parla alemanya sobre qüestions de sociolingüística catalana. Recull, principalment, treballs dels últims vint anys i n’ofereix una classificació seguint els corrents d’investigació més importants de la sociolingüística moderna.
L’objectiu de l’article és doble: resumir la gran quantitat d’obres sociolingüístiques i donar-les a conèixer a un públic catalanoparlant i, alhora, avaluar també qualitativament els treballs existents.

L'aportació dels romanistes alemanys als estudis de lingüística contrastiva del català amb altres llengües

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:20:40 +0100

L’autor presenta i comenta les obres sobre gramàtica contrastiva del català i altres llengües realitzades per lingüistes alemanys des de 1502 fins a l’actualitat. S’hi
consideren al voltant de quaranta títols referits de manera gairebé exclusiva als altres idiomes romànics i a l’alemany. Al començament, només era possible trobar qüestions de caire contrastiu en obres més generals, però a partir de 1917 comencen a aparèixer llibres i articles amb una orientació directament contrastiva.

L'aportació dels romanistes suïssos, alemanys i austríacs als estudis d'història de la llengua catalana

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:20:33 +0100

Aquest article presenta i comenta els principals treballs de romanistes suïssos, alemanys i austríacs sobre la història interna i externa del català, i tracta aspectes com ara les discussions sobre els orígens del català durant la primera meitat del segle XX arran de la teoria gal·loromànica de Meyer-Lübke; el canvi en la consciència lingüística en el pas del llatí al català; l’estudi del lèxic; el sistema pronominal, que ha estat analitzat sobretot per part dels generativistes; el perfet perifràstic, tema recurrent entre els romanistes alemanys; la sintaxi de la negació; els estudis sobre fonètica; el català de la Decadència; la història de l’ortografia catalana, etc. En general, hom pot afirmar que l’aportació dels lingüistes de terres germanoparlants que s’han dedicat als estudis diacrònics del català és considerable.

La contribució de la romanística alemanya als estudis actuals de lingüística catalana: valoració global amb especial atenció a la lexicografia bilingüe

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:20:23 +0100

Aquest article es proposa oferir una panoràmica global de les principals aportacions de la Romanística alemanya als estudis lingüístics catalans, amb especial atenció als treballs sobre lingüística sincrònica i les obres lexicogràfiques bilingües de les llengües catalana i alemanya. El nostre recorregut explicatiu per les línies bàsiques d’investigació que n’han marcat el desenvolupament en les darreres dècades mostrarà la continuïtat de la presència de la llengua catalana en el discurs acadèmic germanoparlant i una tendència evolutiva que ha anat des dels primers treballs que maldaven per reivindicar un estatus per al català semblant a la resta d’idiomes romànics o fixar la seva filiació tipològica cap a la diversificació que vivim en el moment actual, en la qual observem periòdicament l’aparició de nous estudis sobre aspectes diversos de la
fonètica, morfologia, sintaxi, pragmàtica o lexicologia del català, molts d’ells articulats entorn dels nuclis que al llarg dels anys han anat consolidant grups de catalanòfils com l’Associació Germano-Catalana (Deutsch-Katalanische Gesellschaft) o l’equip editorial de la "Zeitschrift für Katalanistik", entre altres.

L'aportació alemanya als estudis de lingüística catalana

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Trets d'oralitat en narracions escrites d'aprenents

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:20:08 +0100

El discurs oral informal, ontogenèticament més bàsic i d’altra banda habitual en les interaccions comunicatives dels aprenents, es projecta de manera freqüent en les seves produccions escrites. Concretament, els escrits dels estudiants palesen sovint l’ancoratge contextual, la restrictivitat del codi i la simplificació estructural i informativa de les unitats sintàctiques, característiques de l’oralitat. L’anàlisi de la cohesió referencial de les narracions escrites dels aprenents en relació amb les dels escriptors experts mostra l’emergència o la permanència de l’oralitat en l’escriptura dels estudiants. Aquesta situació s’evidencia a través de diverses característiques lexicogramaticals i discursives, com alguns usos díctics situacionals poc adequats a la comunicació escrita, la presència massa abundant d’estructures el·líptiques de referència indefinida i de substantius semànticament poc específics, l’abús de la repetició i la tendència a l’estil segmentat.

L'ús identitari dels topònims i paratopònims referits al País Valencià en Internet

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:20:00 +0100

La toponímia no és només la manera de denominar un lloc, sinó que és la representació d’aquest a través dels valors, creences, actituds, etc. Per tant, la morfologia que presente un topònim concret vindrà determinada per la llengua que el vehicule i per altres factors culturals. En aquest treball, doncs, s’analitzen els resultats d’aquesta
representació en Internet, mitjançant la cerca de topònims referits al territori valencià, que presenten un major interés des del punt de vista ideològic, en diversos dominis i en les dues llengües que hi són oficials. L’objectiu d’aquesta cerca és estudiar a través de la toponímia i la paratoponímia no només com ens veiem nosaltres mateixos, sinó com ens veuen els altres, és a dir l’existència de la nostra identitat com a tal, amb quina morfologia, de quina llengua, on s’hi troben i, per tant, amb quina ideologia. Per a la realització d’aquest estudi s’ha fet servir un motor de cerca àmpliament conegut,
determinant-ne les limitacions i establint-ne el nivell de fiabilitat, amb l’ús comparatiu i puntual d’un altre motor de cerca i amb l’anàlisi concreta de les pàgines web obtingudes.

Bruni, Martí de Viciana i el pròleg a la traducció de l'"Econòmica" aristotèlica

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:19:51 +0100

Anàlisi del pròleg de la traducció de l’"Econòmica" d’Aristòtil realitzada per Martí de Viciana el Vell a partir de la versió llatina de Leonardo Bruni. Viciana, al pròleg, combina paraules de Bruni amb un seguit d’arguments i tòpics característics de pàgines medievals. El resultat s’adiu amb els objectius del traductor: presentar un text adjudicable al gènere «econòmic», però fent servir l’"autoritas" grega i la mediació humanística, que Viciana no arriba a copsar.

Un poeta postsimbolista ben poc conegut: la reflexió amorosa a "La rosa de cristall" de Josep M. de Sagarra

Scipedia content — Fri, 15 Mar 2019 09:19:42 +0100

La major part de les obres poètiques que va escriure Josep M. de Sagarra s’emmotllen, dins les formes de la poesia popular i tradicional, sovint revestides d’una certa
estilització culta. Tanmateix, l’any 1933 en va publicar una que s’allunyava d’aquests motlles i que representava un esforç per adequar-se a les tendències poètiques aleshores vigents tant a la literatura catalana com a bona part de les europees: "La rosa de cristall". L’estudi pretén de contextualitzar aquesta obra singular i injustament oblidada, tant en el marc de les tendències poètiques d’entreguerres, especialment del postsimbolime, com en l’itinerari vital de l’escriptor. I alhora, prenent en consideració tant el context literari com el biogràfic, assajar-ne una interpretació prenent com a nucli la seva temàtica amorosa.

Eines per a l'anàlisi de la il·lustració

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 16:29:24 +0100

La il·lustració ha esdevingut un element imprescindible en la edició per a infants. Per a procedir a una anàlisi valorativa d’allò que la il·lustració exposa i de les seves relacions complementàries al text –cas que n’hi hagi– convé entendre quina és la seva especificitat en relació a l’esfera general de la imatge, en què consisteix la representació, i quina ha estat la seva evolució històrica, especialment al nostre país. També caldria conèixer quines tipologies s’hi poden distingir, en relació als objectius de l’emissor i als efectes del receptor. Aquestes serien les bases teòriques que permetrien poder procedir a una anàlisi valorativa, que en aquest article s’exemplifica a partir de dos títols catalans recents.

Celsa Carmen García Valdés, «El alcalde de Zalamea de Pedro Calderón de la Barca», Colección Guía de Lectura. Literatura, Berriozar (Navarra), Cénlit, 2008.

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Natalia Fernández (ed.), Pedro Calderón de la Barca, «El mágico prodigioso», Barcelona, Crítica, 2009.

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Ignacio Arellano, «Editar a Calderón: hacia una edición crítica de las comedias completas», Madrid / Frankfurt, Iberoamericana / Vervuert, 2007.

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:53:45 +0100

The concept of “just war” in El príncipe constante, by Calderón de la Barca

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:53:38 +0100

El príncipe constante by Pedro Calderón de la Barca is a comedia based on the history of Portugal. It is set in the historical framework of the early expansion of the Portuguese Empire. Following the conquest of Ceuta from the Muslims in 1415, two princes, Enrique and his younger brother Fernando, carry out in 1437 an attack on the Moroccan city of Tangier. The play centers on the captivity of Fernando, brought about by the defeat of the Portuguese. Throughout the play there is a contrast between the development of Fernando’s character and that of other members of his family (Enrique, King Duarte, and King Alfonso). This moral development is forged by the Christian-Muslim territorial conflict. Initially, the King of Fez (who will take Fernando as a hostage) and the Portuguese King Duarte desire to conquer each other’s lands. From the beginning to the end of El príncipe constante, the Muslim King’s ambitions are presented as markedly territorial, with no reference to the spread of Islam. In contrast, throughout the comedia the Portuguese Christians emphasize the desire to expand both their territory and their Faith. El príncipe constant can be seen as a criticism of any Christian conquests clothed in spirituality, but motivated by greed. This will be examined by a study of the main action of the play in light of teachings on the subject of «just war» by two preeminent Spanish theologians of the Golden Age: Francisco de Vitoria and Francisco Suárez.

Symbolic-poetical function of the maná in Calderón’s auto sacramental

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:53:32 +0100

In this essay it is studied the topic of «maná» in three autos by Calderón, although we focus mainly in La piel de Gedeón, as this is the text in which the topic we mention is better structured and organised. We take into account its artistic relevance in a detailed analysis of the six axes of the perspective from which the topic is poetically and dramatically observed, giving way, at the same time, to two holy realities: the incarnation of Jesus Christ and the conception of the Virgin. Both of them symbolized in that dew-manna of Gedeón, who is a historical prefiguration of the Holy Spirit inside the fleece.

Violence, Neoplatonism and Aristotelism in La Aurora en Copacabana

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:53:25 +0100

In this essay, I study different forms in which violence manifests in La Aurora en Copacabana by Calderón and its relation with two visions of the world that are in conflict during the entire 17th century: the Neo-Platonist vision personified by the character of Yupangui and the Aristotelian vision marked in specific moments of the First Act, and especially, during the entire Third Act. I expose how the sacrifice attempt of Guacolda, language violence (miscommunication among indigenous people and Spaniards) and displacements of protagonists’ names to Spanish names (Yupangui and Guacolda change their names to Francisco and María) form the connecting thread and the frame in which the representational conflict between the Aristotelian vision and the Neo-Platonist one produces. Even though Calderón seems to opt for Neo-Platonism (to favor the topic of Christian faith), nonetheless, the same representation of violence in this and other plays such as El médico de su honra or El pintor de su deshonra arises a continuous conflict due to perfection search through human relations and dramatic representation.

The civil war and the tilt to death in El castillo de Lindabridis of Calderón de la Barca: adjustment and scenic accomplishment

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:53:18 +0100

El castillo de Lindabridis (ca. 1661-1663) is one of the spectacle plays of chivalric inspiration by Calderón de la Barca. It is based on the novel by Diego Ortúñez de Calahorra, Espejo de Príncipes y caballeros: El caballero del Febo (1555). The play is an example of the adapting and rewriting that Calderón often did of stories and myths of the past. The novel contains detailed violent images of military encounters that differ significantly from the descriptions in the play. Also, the deictic nature of theatre poses a series of questions about the new possibilities and languages in which to perform violence on stage for a 21st century audience. Through a comparative study of the novel, the dramatic text and its possible performance, this article analyses the different perspectives on violence contained in this play.

Clase y “trabajo sucio” en la guerra calderoniana

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:53:12 +0100

Uno de los eternos debates entre los calderonistas es el del castigo del soldado rebelde que incendió la rebelión para derrocar a Basilio y coronar a Segismundo en La vida es sueño. Algunos arguyen que su encarcelación final es injusta; otros atribuyen el castigo a una prudente razón de estado que condena la traición al orden establecido y culpa al soldado por pedir una recompensa personal. Este ensayo ilumina algunos puntos de ese debate desde la perspectiva de otros dramas calderonianas de guerra y rebelión: El sitio de Breda, El Tuzaní de la Alpujarra, La aurora en Copacabana, El divino cazador y El segundo Scipión. Incluyo en mi análisis los cambios en el servicio militar en la España de la primera modernidad, cuando el ejército se hizo semi-profesional, arguyo que Calderón suele asignar el «trabajo sucio» de la guerra a las acciones egoístas de soldados villanos para así salvaguardar una ideología aristocrática de la nobleza del servicio militar por oficiales de la clase alta.

Intertextuality, hermeneutics and liturgy in the autos of Calderón. About Triunfar muriendo

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:53:04 +0100

This paper points out how biblical texts normally work in autos sacramentales by Calderón de la Barca, and through the idea of an «interpreting community», understands that use as a result both from biblical hermeneutics, and christian teaching and liturgy; and also, in a way, from an old literary practice recently labelled Intertextuality.

Approaches to the itinerary of a theatrical genre in the XVII century, about the court plays of Calderón de la Barca

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:52:57 +0100

In the first place, this article tries to determine the first stages of the evolution of the loa during the 16th and the 17th centuries. Secondly, it deals with the main characteristics that can define the dramatic functions of loas at the moment when the theatre becomes a professionalized spectacle. Within the framework of this new experience, the loa, the genre in charge of establishing the initial contact with the public, must be considered from its circumstantial nature. Acknowledging the spectacular dependency of the genre and the dramatic strategies derived from this fact, the following part of the article deals with the analyze of these strategies in the eight courtly loas of Calderon de la Barca which we know about.

The textual problems of El escondido y la tapada by Pedro Calderón de la Barca

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:52:49 +0100

The critical study of El escondido y la tapada implies a series of textual problems related to the complexity of various materials that exist in the play, mostly printed.The first of these difficulties relates to the hierarchy that must be established in the quality of the testimonies. The primary texts are considered useful, and the secondary texts less utile. The editor’s task faces the variety of sources and to evaluate the importance of the documents, in order to find the most consistent source using the ecdotic analysis. In the case of this calderonian play, the corrections made by Vera Tassis are considered legitimate, including certain elements of the earlier editions of El escondido y la tapada.

La ambigüedad calderoniana en relación a los moriscos en El Tuzaní de la Alpujarra

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:52:43 +0100

La mayoría de la atención crítica que ha recibido El Tuzaní de la Alpujarra de Pedro Calderón de la Barca durante las últimas tres décadas ha sido enfocada en la cuestión de la postura ideológica de Calderón con respecto a los moriscos. Este estudio sigue en esta línea, pero desafía la conclusión casi unánime en la crítica reciente de que Calderón manifiesta en El Tuzaní una postura tolerante e incluso simpatizante en cuanto a la minoría. A través de un estudio detallado de la caracterización de los personajes moriscos y viejo-cristianos en varias escenas claves, y teniendo en cuenta el contexto en el que apareció la comedia, se demuestra que El Tuzaní manifiesta los estereotipos literarios y los prejuicios anti-moriscos de su época, y que la postura ideológica del dramaturgo con respecto a la minoría es ambigua.

La devoción de la cruz: between the human cruelty and the divine clemency

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:52:36 +0100

While the presence of violence in the theater of Calderón has been observed by numerous scholars, this violence has not always been satisfactorily explained. Taking into account Seneca’s thought, as well as in that of St.Augustin, St.Thomas Aquinas, and St Bernard of Clairval, this essay analyzes the numerous manifestations of violence and cruelty in La devoción de la cruz, one of the first plays written by Calderón, and one that has been criticized by those who do not understand or sympathize with the culture of the Spanish Baroque. As a remedy for the violence and cruelty that can be observed in this play, Calderón proposes clemency, which was considered a vice by Seneca, while St. Augustin, St. Thomas, St. Bernard and the best-known authors of Spanish Golden Age held it as a Christian virtue which should have its place in the administration of justice.

Papers of sapphire: political-mythological signs in La vida es sueño

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:52:30 +0100

This essay focuses on the complex utilization of mythological and astrolological elements in La vida es sueño in an attempt to bring together and harmonize my previous interpretations of the play. These elements are like codes or ciphers included by Calderón so that a learned public could catch a glimpse of hidden elements. One of the functions of these codes is to hide a political subtext, a vision of Spain under Philip IV. The astro-mythological elements in La vida es sueño are so dense and complex that we may need a vehicle to carry us through its complex and labyrinthine texture. Calderón provides us with a way to penetrate the text since he utilized the term hippogryph as the first word uttered in the play. Since the hippogryph is a tripartite monster, we can study its parts: horse, lion and eagle. Under the first, this essay scrutinizes the myth of Astraea: under the lion we will look at Hercules’ role in the play; while the eagle will allow us to comprehend the image of Jupiter.The last section of the essay turns to a series of celestial events that transpired between 1603 and 1605. Thus, we come to understand why a conjunction, a nova and a solar eclipse are inserted in the play —they occurred around the birth of the future Philip IV. Celestial signs and deities, then, are used to praise Philip IV and to evince his ambiguous character and future.

Liberty, destiny and power in Calderón’s La hija del aire

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:52:23 +0100

The complementary parts of Calderón’s La hija del aire represent the disastrous consequences provoked by bad government, corruption, and lust for power and is a prime example of the crises that occur as a result of such vices.The play’s lessons are projected beyond the stage onto the political arena of 17th Century Spain. The First Part’s central figure, Semíramis, is controlled by her lust for power and tyranny and governs accordingly. The model of government her imprudent son, Ninías, represents in the Second Part is equally harmful to the nation. His inexperience and indolence regarding matters of state lead to political and social instability. Both leaders, then, are equally incapable of controlling the passions that cloud reason (jealousy, vengeance, resentment) and of following the middle path that leads to virtue, the so-called via mediocritas.The corrupt and licentious regent that is controlled by court favorites and by his primitive instincts provokes the degeneration of the state and places its very existence at stake. By staging the behaviors of nefarious monarchs, both parts of the play promote the need for leaders to control their basic instincts and to follow the teachings of good government, as reflected in the speculum principis genre. In this sense, La hija del aire emerges as a poetic and dramatic representation that situates itself with other dramas that allegorically represent the crises of power occurring within Early Modern Spain.

Aspects of violence in Calderon’s dramas

Scipedia content — Thu, 14 Mar 2019 09:52:17 +0100

The article traces in four sections an overview of the forms of violence present in Calderón’s theater. The first section is responsible for its most intense expression: war. The second prolongs with the analysis of its contagious nature which takes place both in the field of political and familiar conflicts, thus violence permeates all levels of society and increases even more when mixed both territories: the political and the individual. In the third section violence is considered in relation to the universe of honor, territory where is well defined its dominance. Finally, the last part discusses the language of violence in its complex theatrical dimension: as word and as scene.

Nonlinear finite element analysis of orthotropic and prestressed membrane structures

María Jesús Samper — Fri, 18 Jan 2019 13:17:43 +0100

A new methodology for the geometrically nonlinear analysis of orthotropic membrane structures using triangular finite elements is presented. The approach is based on writing the constitutive equations in the principal fiber orientation of the material. A direct consequence of the fiber orientation strategy is the possibility to analyze initially out-of-plane prestressed membrane structures. An algorithm to model wrinkling behavior is also described. Examples of application to a number of membrane structures are presented.

High‐density sphere packing for discrete element method simulations

María Jesús Samper — Thu, 17 Jan 2019 13:07:01 +0100

The first step in a discrete element simulation is the discretization of the domain into a set of particles. The cost of generating a good cylindrical or spherical packing has resulted in a great number of approaches during the last years. A new algorithm is proposed for high‐density packing using a scheme that minimizes the distance between each particle. Using the support of a finite element mesh, less time is needed in order to achieve a low porosity configuration. In addition, a boundary constraint is introduced. The application of the same optimization scheme is used as a condition to force a good surface definition. The results obtained show a high efficiency for the generation of low porosity packing, achieving values smaller than 10% in 2D cases and 30% in 3D cases.

The generalized finite point method

María Jesús Samper — Fri, 21 Dec 2018 10:35:27 +0100

In this paper we propose a new mesh-less method based on a sub-domain collocation approach. By reducing the size of the sub-domains the method becomes similar to the well-known finite point method (FPM) and thus it can be regarded as the generalized form of finite point method (GFPM). However, unlike the FPM, the equilibrium equations are weakly satisfied on the sub-domains. It is shown that the accuracy of the results is dependent on the sizes of the sub-domains. To find an optimal size for a sub-domain we propose a patch test procedure in which a set of polynomials of higher order than those chosen for the approximations/interpolations are used as the exact solution and a suitable error norm is minimized through a size tuning procedure. In this paper we have employed the GFPM in elasto-static problems. We give the results of the size optimization in a series of tables for further use. Also the results of the integrations on a generic sub-domain are given as a series of library functions for those who want to use GFPM as a cheap and fast integral-based mesh-less method. The performance of GFPM has been demonstrated by solving several sample problems.

Orthotropic rotation-free basic thin shell triangle

María Jesús Samper — Fri, 21 Dec 2018 10:22:22 +0100

A methodology for the geometrically nonlinear analysis of orthotropic shells using a rotation-free shell triangular element is developed. The method is based on the computation of the strain and stress fields in the principal fiber orientation of the material. Details of the definition of the fiber orientation in a mesh of triangles and of the general formulation of the orthotropic rotation-free element are given. The accuracy of the formulation is demonstrated in examples of application.

Fluid–structure interaction problems with strong added‐mass effect

María Jesús Samper — Mon, 17 Dec 2018 13:03:46 +0100

In this paper, the so‐called added‐mass effect is investigated from a different point of view of previous publications. The monolithic fluid–structure problem is partitioned using a static condensation of the velocity terms. Following this procedure the classical stabilized projection method for incompressible fluid flows is introduced. The procedure allows obtaining a new pressure segregated scheme for fluid–structure interaction problems, which has good convergent characteristics even for biomechanical application, where the added‐mass effect is strong. The procedure reveals its power when it is shown that the same projection technique must be implemented in staggered FSI methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An advancing front technique for filling space with arbitrary separated objects

María Jesús Samper — Mon, 17 Dec 2018 12:48:10 +0100

An advancing front technique for filling space with arbitrary, separated objects has been developed. The input required consists of the specification of the desired object type, the mean object size, the distance between objects in space, as well as an initial triangulation of the surface. The objects are assumed to be described by a coarse mesh of tetrahedra. One face at a time is removed from the active front, and, if possible, surrounded by admissible new objects. This operation is repeated until no active faces are left. Two techniques to obtain maximum packing are discussed: closest object placement (during generation) and move/enlarge (after generation). Several examples are included that demonstrate the capabilities of the technique. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Multi-fluid flows with the particle finite element method

María Jesús Samper — Tue, 11 Dec 2018 10:42:00 +0100

Particle methods are those in which the problem is represented by a discrete number of particles. Each particle moves accordingly with its own mass and the external/internal forces applied on it. In this paper the Particle Finite Element Method based on finite element shape functions is used to solve the continuous fluid mechanics equations in the case of heterogeneous density. To evaluate the external applied forces to each particle, the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved at each time step using a Lagrangian formulation. All the information in the fluid is transmitted via the particles. All kinds of density heterogeneous fluids and multiphase flows with internal interfaces including or not free-surfaces, breaking waves and fluid separations may be easily solved with this methodology.

Modelo higro-termo-mecánico para estructuras hormigón armado expuestas al fuego

Scipedia content — Thu, 24 May 2018 12:48:57 +0200

Cuando una estructura de hormigón armado queda expuesta a la acción del fuego se producen, tanto en el hormigón como en el acero, un conjunto de fenómenos físicoquímicos que pueden comprometer la estabilidad de la misma. Entre los procesos más importantes destaca el de eclosión (spalling). Se considera que las posibles causas del spalling pueden ser un elevado crecimiento de la presión en los poros (spalling hidráulico) o un exagerado aumento de las tensiones de compresión debidas a la dilatación térmica restringida. Para poder tener en cuenta en el análisis el spalling hidráulico es necesario considerar un modelo que tenga en cuenta la componente hídrica del hormigón.
En esta monografía se presenta un modelo higro-termo-mecánico que permite representar el comportamiento general del hormigón armado expuesto a elevadas temperaturas y en particular simular el fenómeno de spalling.
Se parte de proponer un marco termodinámico consistente a partir del cual se derivan las variables de estado que se utilizan posteriormente para el desarrollo de las ecuaciones de gobierno del problema. Asimismo se proponen modelos constitutivos para el comportamiento mecánico del hormigón y del acero.
Una vez establecidos las ecuaciones de gobierno del problema se describen los aspectos numéricos para su resolución. Para la integración espacial del problema se utiliza el Método del los Elementos Finitos y para la integración temporal el Método de Diferencias Finitas. Se propone un esquema iterativo en bloque para el tratamiento del acoplamiento. Se ha desarrollado un programa de cálculo diseñado especialmente para materializar la metodología numérica propuesta en esta monografía.
Para la validación del modelo propuesto se presentan ejemplos en los que se comparan los resultados obtenidos numéricamente con resultados experimentales.
Finalmente, se presentan un conjunto de ejemplos que muestran la capacidad del modelo propuesto para captar el comportamiento general de una estructura de hormigón armado expuesta al fuego y en especial el fenómeno de spalling.

Investigación de causas de explosiones en plantas petroliferas: El accidente de Buncefield

Scipedia content — Wed, 28 Jun 2017 11:14:39 +0200

Se estudia el accidente ocurrido en un gran depósito de combustible en el Reino Unido, al norte de Londres, a finales del 2005, con el fin de identificar el proceso de formulación de hipótesis que se llevaron a cabo para explicarlo. La importancia de este accidente está asociada a la gran magnitud del daño ocasionado, que excedió en mucho el valor de las estructuras destruidas. Por otra parte, el incendio producido fue de tal magnitud que destruyó la mayor parte de las evidencias que habrían permitido identificar fácilmente las causas. El trabajo describe al depósito de Buncefield y sus tres niveles de contención; a continuación se describe el incidente ocurrido en 2005 y la evolución de las hipótesis formuladas para identificación de las causas. Finalmente, se describen las consecuencias ambientales y legales del incidente, y las lecciones aprendidas del estudio.

Curvas de fragilidad para estructuras de pórticos de hormigón armado con paredes de mamposteria. Caso de estudio: Estructuras de 1 y 2 niveles en Puerto Rico

Scipedia content — Wed, 28 Jun 2017 11:14:36 +0200

En este trabajo se construyeron curvas de fragilidad y matrices de probabilidad de daño para diferentes tipos de edificaciones típicas en Puerto Rico, usando diferentes configuraciones en las que se pueden encontrar las paredes de bloque dentro de la estructura. Para este fin se realizaron análisis dinámicos no lineales para cada uno de los modelos usando el programa LARZ-2D e incorporando las paredes de bloque utilizando el método de la diagonal equivalente propuesto por Stafford Smith y Carter (1969) y modificado por FEMA 306 (1998). Se construyó un modelo no lineal de rigidez degradante para tener en cuenta el comportamiento no lineal de las paredes de bloque y se incorporó dentro del programa para los análisis requeridos. Cada modelo fue analizado para 5 diferentes sismos escalando las aceleraciones desde 0.1g hasta 1.5g en incrementos de 0.1g. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que las paredes de bloque en la mayoría de los casos fueron beneficiosas para la disminución del porcentaje de daño total en la estructura; las estructuras que mas aportaron al buen desempeño de la edificación fueron las que poseían bloques de mampostería en todos los vanos mientras las que tuvieron un comportamiento negativo fueron las estructuras de 2 niveles con paredes de bloque solo en el segundo piso.

Comportamiento de un gasoducto con fisuras

Scipedia content — Wed, 28 Jun 2017 11:14:32 +0200

La seguridad en los sistemas de transporte y distribución de gas es uno de los principales aspectos que debe considerarse en el diseño de dichas instalaciones. Este hecho es abordado por las regulaciones internacionales con el objeto de minimizar los eventos negativos para la población. En la primera parte de este trabajo se describen las distintas características constructivas de las cañerías de gas y los defectos típicos que pueden contener. Como caso de estudio se tratan aspectos relacionados con la seguridad, ante reales y potenciales defectos del tipo fisuras, que presenta en la actualidad uno de los gasoductos que proveen gas natural a la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina) que ha estado operando por más de 40 años. Para determinar las características del gasoducto en estudio se tomaron muestras de la cañería constitutiva y se realizaron ensayos mecánicos. El estado tensional asociado a los defectos de tipo "plano" se determina utilizando un modelo basado en la tenacidad del material de la cañería que es apropiado para estudiar el comportamiento de grietas y fisuras. Este modelo permite calcular, dependiendo de las dimensiones de la cañería, la presión de transición que separa los defectos que causan fallas por rotura de aquellos que provocan sólo fuga de gas. También permite determinar la presión de falla de la cañería para defectos pasantes y no pasantes. Se definen las condiciones de seguridad del sistema según el tamaño de los defectos y la presión operativa. Se determina el rango para el largo de los posibles defectos, el tamaño de los defectos que son críticos y el tamaño de los defectos que son tolerables en función del coeficiente de seguridad adoptado. Finalmente se aborda el problema del acondicionamiento de las presiones para determinar de una manera rápida la presión reducida a la que debería operarse el gasoducto ante la detección de una fisura de tamaño "no tolerable" y hasta que el problema sea subsanado.

Controle de recalque de edifício no centro da cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Scipedia content — Wed, 28 Jun 2017 11:14:28 +0200

Apresenta-se estudo de caso em que se avaliou o comportamento dos recalques apresentados em edifício comercial existente no Centro da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, observados após o início da construção de empreendimento vizinho. Utilizou-se um conjunto composto de nível geodésico óptico-mecânico e mira de ínvar para a realização do controle de recalque, e foram analisadas as cinqüenta campanhas realizadas a partir da instalação dos pinos de controle e início do monitoramento. Foram elaborados gráficos da evolução dos recalques, traçadas as curvas de iso-recalques e bacia de recalques, e verificou-se o comportamento das velocidades e aceleração dos recalques. Efetuou-se uma detalhada análise estatística das medidas obtidas, realizando-se a previsão dos recalques por meio das séries temporais.

Estimación teórica y experimental de la vibración de un edificio de nueve niveles localizado en la vecindad de la zona río de Tijuana, BC, México

Scipedia content — Wed, 28 Jun 2017 11:14:23 +0200

Se estudió la vibración teórica y experimental de un edificio de nueve niveles localizado en la ciudad de Tijuana. Para la estimación teórica se utilizo el programa SAP 2000 V10, y para la estimación experimental mediciones de vibración ambiental. Mediante el cálculo de los espectros de potencia, se estimaron las frecuencias de vibración experimental y las teóricas mediante los espectros de PSA (0%) ante la incidencia del temblor de Northridge-1994. Cocientes espectrales entre Azotea y Planta Baja, también fueron estimados. Estos resultados son el punto de partida de futuros trabajos para determinar sus modos de vibración y características dinámicas. Los resultados muestran buena correlación entre ellos.

Avaliação do processo de ruptura em viga de concreto considerando os aspectos dinâmicos

Scipedia content — Wed, 28 Jun 2017 11:14:19 +0200

O entendimento do processo de falha, bem como dos fatores capazes de desencadear o desenvolvimento de uma fissura, é a base fundamental da teoria da Mecânica da Fratura. Desta forma, várias formulações numéricas foram desenvolvidas na tentativa de simular esse processo dinâmico tão complexo. Aqui, o processo da propagação é descrito usando-se o Método dos Elementos Discretos que consiste, basicamente, em representar o continuo mediante partículas onde se concentram massas que interagem entre si por meio de barras unidirecionais caracterizadas por uma lei constitutiva definida em função de diversos parâmetros (Hayashi, 1982). O material estudado é o concreto, cuja estrutura heterogênea é modelada por um campo aleatório gaussiano através da representação espectral de Monte Carlo (Rios, 2002). Para estudar o comportamento do concreto são utilizadas três formulações que reproduzem os formatos linear, bi-linear e não linear da parte descendente do diagrama constitutivo elementar tensão - deformação. Os aspectos dinâmicos do processo da ruptura, tais como a trajetória da fissura, acelerações e velocidades de propagação e energias gastas são representados adequadamente

La influencia de las propiedades del cemento portland tipo I en la durabilidad del hormigón con cenizas volantes: Estudio de las propiedades mecánicas, permeabilidad y porosimetría

Scipedia content — Wed, 28 Jun 2017 11:14:12 +0200

Limitar la capacidad de transporte a través del hormigón es fundamental para mejorar la durabilidad del material resultante. El uso de cenizas volantes como adición del hormigón está ampliamente extendido por dos razones: el ahorro económico que supone la reducción del cemento empleado y los cambios micro-estructurales motivados por la adición. Sobre este segundo punto existe consenso en considerar que las cenizas generan un hormigón más compacto y una reducción del tamaño medio del poro. Los efectos de los cambios de composición y micro-estructura en las propiedades mecánicas y la durabilidad del material no están completamente claros. En este trabajo se ha estudiado el uso de las cenizas volantes como sustituto parcial del cemento. Se emplearon dos cementos Pórtland Tipo 1. El primero alcanza la clase resistente por finura de molido y el segundo por su composición. Los hormigones obtenidos se han caracterizado mecánicamente y se ha estudiado su estructura porosa mediante porosimetría de intrusión de mercurio y su respuesta frente a los gradientes hidráulicos. El trabajo realizado permite mejorar el conocimiento del efecto de las cenizas en la distribución porosa y la influencia de la misma en el comportamiento mecánico del material.

La ingeniería geotecnica en Argentina

Scipedia content — Wed, 28 Jun 2017 11:14:09 +0200

Este artículo consta de dos partes y en su conjunto describe en forma sucinta las actuaciones ingenieriles relacionadas con la Geotecnia en Argentina, durante el período comprendido entre los años 1875 y 1925. Dentro de ese período, dividiéndolo por décadas, se analizan una serie de publicaciones, obras y actuaciones profesionales, que pueden considerarse hitos en la temática y muestran el interés de los ingenieros locales por la problemática geotécnica vinculada a la práctica ingenieril. Este periodo está signado hacia 1876, por la publicación del primer artículo (publicado en la Academia Nacional de Ciencias) referido a ingeniería geotécnica, escrito por un ingeniero civil (Juan Pirovano) egresado de una universidad Argentina. La publicación del Pirovano marca la introducción, por parte de un profesional local y con referencia a los suelos locales, de las metodologías geotécnicas habituales en la época, es decir una geotecnia empírica o "proto-geotecnia". Esta primera parte del artículo cubre aportes hasta 1905.