Documents published in 2003 : Scipedia

Simulation in the design of automated air traffic control functions
P. Flanagan, K. Willis, J. Currier

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 31

Abstract
This paper describes the design and use of a simulator of some of the newly automated safety separation functions for terminal air traffic control (ATC). The program was used not only for analysis and design of these functions but also as a testbed for the logic actually implemented in the Knoxville, Tennessee terminal. Imbedded in the program is an emulator of the Goodyear Aerospace Corporation STARAN IV Associative Processor used at Knoxville. The three major ATC functions simulated are: 1) advanced mid-air conflict prediction and evaluation, 2) conflict resolution maneuver generation, and 3) automated voice advisory message generation and scheduling.
Abstract
This paper describes the design and use of a simulator of some of the newly automated safety separation functions for terminal air traffic control (ATC). The program was used [...]
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Automatic video system for aircraft identification
J. Molina, J. Besada, J. Portillo, A. Berlanga, J. García

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 30

Abstract
dvanced surface movement guidance and control systems need the identification of aircraft and vehicles in airport movement areas. In this work, a video identification algorithm based on tail number recognition is proposed as a part of a global surveillance video system. The aircraft identification problem has to deal with three fundamental aspects: capturing and preprocessing the images, international regulations defining tail number grammar, and pattern recognition methodology. Considering these aspects, the developed system is based on three ideas: using the local grey level contrast to detect characters of the tail number; finding the zone where the fail number is written to isolate it from the rest of the image; and processing this zone to identify the aircraft, using an aircraft database.
Abstract
dvanced surface movement guidance and control systems need the identification of aircraft and vehicles in airport movement areas. In this work, a video identification algorithm [...]
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Automation Capabilities Analysis Methodology for Non-Controlled Airports
J. Valasek, J. Rong, Y. Ding

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 29

Abstract
dvanced technologies will be needed to enhance and improve the current transportation capabilities of the nation's small aircraft transportation network, and thus help relieve congestion at hub airports. To achieve this goal, current operation concepts and procedures will have to be changed and improved, or perhaps even replaced. This paper proposes a decentralized Air Traffic Management approach, centered on the design of an automated arrival/departure system for non-controlled airports. A hybrid system is introduced that is a fusion of distributed air traffic management and centralized control. A new functional description of the airport terminal area infrastructure named Multi-layer Air Traffic Space is introduced, and automated terminal operations and procedures are addressed. Several types of intelligent agents with negotiation functions are developed in the automation system, and simulation methodology is presented, containing a full hardware and software description.
Abstract
dvanced technologies will be needed to enhance and improve the current transportation capabilities of the nation's small aircraft transportation network, and thus help relieve [...]
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Using absorption areas to improve ATFM
F. Ferchaud, M. Mosbah, V. Duong, C. Gavoille

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2004). Vol. 2004, 34

Abstract
The stochastic nature of air traffic management arises mainly from uncertain operational events. This uncertainty may jeopardize the central flow management unit (CFMU) planning leading to safety problems and sub optimally used capacity. An absorption area is defined as one or several free slots in the planning so that the management of uncertainty is easier. Its aim is to compensate the aircraft uncertainty. The issue is to use the free slots in order to absorb uncertainty, and so not modify the initial planning. Finding the best configuration of the absorption areas corresponds to balancing optimally their size with the available capacity in order to absorb uncertainty and minimize "load loss" (unused capacity). This paper presents the initial results of slot allocation problem incorporating absorption areas: Under some elementary assumptions, the simulations show that, for whatever the rate of uncertainty is, the debit of traffic with absorption areas in slot allocation is always higher than without the absorption areas. A theoretical model is attempted to bring the proof to these empirical results.
Abstract
The stochastic nature of air traffic management arises mainly from uncertain operational events. This uncertainty may jeopardize the central flow management unit (CFMU) planning [...]
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Measuring Uncertainty in Airspace Demand Predictions for Traffic Flow Management Applications
C. Wanke, D. Greenbaum, A. Masalonis, M. Callaham

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 28

Abstract
Traffic flow management (TFM) in the U.S. is the process by which the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), with the participation of airspace users, seeks to balance the capacity of airspace and airport resources with the demand for these resources. This is a difficult process, complicated by the presence of severe weather or unusually high demand. TFM in en-route airspace is concerned with managing airspace demand, specifically the number of flights handled by air traffic control (ATC) sectors; a sector is the volume of airspace managed by an air traffic controller or controller team. Therefore, effective decision-making requires accurate sector demand predictions. While it is commonly accepted that the sector demand predictions used by current and proposed TFM decision support systems contain significant uncertainty, this uncertainty is typically not quantified or taken into account in any meaningful way. The work described here is focused on measuring the uncertainty in sector demand predictions under current operational conditions, and on applying those measurements towards improving the performance and human factors of TFM decision support systems.
Abstract
Traffic flow management (TFM) in the U.S. is the process by which the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), with the participation of airspace users, seeks to balance the [...]
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Analysis of Ruptures and Trends on Major Canadian Pipeline Systems
F. Jeglic

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2004). Vol. 2004, 33

Abstract
The number of ruptures per year is one of the National Energy Board’s (the Board) measures of safety performance of the federally regulated oil and gas pipelines. This measure was examined and analyzed over twenty, ten, and five years with respect to the rupture causes, ignitions, fatalities, injuries, pipeline age, in-line inspections, and the Board’s safety interventions. There were forty-six ruptures over the twenty-year period, twenty-three over the ten-year period, and seven over the five-year period (Ref. 1 and 2) on the 43,000 km of the regulated pipelines. The average time from the pipeline installation to the time of rupture for the time-dependent rupture mechanisms is twenty-eight years. There were three fatalities and fourteen injuries caused by the ruptures of the federally regulated pipelines over the past twenty years. Ruptures associated with fires of the gas and high vapour pressure pipelines caused most of the fatalities and injuries. The dominant rupture causes are external corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and third-party damage in this order of magnitude. The pipelines that ruptured during the last five years were internally inspected. The in-line inspection tools could not properly detect the defects that caused the ruptures. Regulatory interventions, such as public inquires, Board Orders, and regulatory requirements, have reduced the number of ruptures due to the targeted cause. The number of ruptures and safety consequences associated with them have decreased over the last ten years.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Abstract
The number of ruptures per year is one of the National Energy Board’s (the Board) measures of safety performance of the federally regulated oil and gas pipelines. This measure [...]
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Air traffic control scheme through simulation
J. Yu, S. Akhand

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 27

Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop a simulation model to effectively assist in planning air traffic control operations in the terminal area. The analysis applies unique concepts to the air terminal system, employing a discrete events simulation philosophy through the proven simulation language known as GASP. In pursuing this objective, the study includes pertinent factors associated with actual air traffic operations such as multiple runway dependency, landings and take-offs, aircraft flight characteristics, interaction between approaches, traffic control standards, wave-offs, arrival and departure structures, and so forth. A systems approach has been taken in designing the model so that the components of the system and their complex interactions are represented realistically. The validation of the model indicates that the discrete event modeling philosophy can adequately simulate air terminal operations. The model is capable of providing solutions for a variety of air terminal operations. An attempt is made to indicate the applicability of the model in such system analyses as runway assignment policy, lending sequencing policy, runway capacity, sensitivity studies and economic analysis.
Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop a simulation model to effectively assist in planning air traffic control operations in the terminal area. The analysis applies unique [...]
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Fusion of wavelet transform and color information features for automatic vehicle reidentification in intelligent transportation systems
C. Sun, G. Arr, R. Ramachandran

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2004). Vol. 2004, 32

Abstract
Vehicle reidentification is the process of reidentifying or tracking vehicles from one point on the roadway to the next. By performing vehicle reidentification, important traffic parameters including travel time, section density and partial dynamic origin/destination demands can be obtained. This provides for anonymous tracking of vehicles from site-to-site and has the potential for improving intelligent transportation systems (ITS) by providing more accurate data. The paper presents a fusion based vehicle reidentification algorithm that uses four different features to achieve high accuracy: (1) the wavelet transform of the inductive signature vector acquired from loop detectors; (2) vehicle velocity; (3) traversal time; (4) color information (based on images acquired from video cameras). A nearest neighbor approach classifies the features and linear feature fusion is shown to improve performance. With the fusion of four features, more than a 92% accuracy is obtained on real data collected from a parkway in California. Also, it is found that the wavelet transform improves performance and reduces the dimension of the feature vector when compared to the raw vehicle signatures.
Abstract
Vehicle reidentification is the process of reidentifying or tracking vehicles from one point on the roadway to the next. By performing vehicle reidentification, important [...]
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The TRANSPETRO Emergency Response System
V. Cardoso, R. Berardinelli, M. Carvalho, M. Casanova, W. Oliveira, R. Carbone, A. Filho

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2004). Vol. 2004, 30

Abstract
This paper describes the TRANSPETRO Emergency Response System, developed by PETROBRAS / TRANSPETRO, which is applicable to oils terminals, mostly located in sea or river harbor areas, and a large oil pipeline mesh that spans the Brazilian territory. The engine of the system consists of a distributed workflow management software, called InfoPAE. The software runs locally at each major installation, all connected to a central site. The deployment of the TRANSPETRO Emergency Response System is part of a larger effort to achieve a standard of excellence in the response to emergency situations at each operational unity, including full compliance with environmental regulations set by the federal government.
Abstract
This paper describes the TRANSPETRO Emergency Response System, developed by PETROBRAS / TRANSPETRO, which is applicable to oils terminals, mostly located in sea or river harbor [...]
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Flight Safety Analysis Tool for Space Vehicle Operations in the National Airspace
B. Sridhar, G. Diaz, V. Cheng

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 26

Abstract
The military, civilian and commercial demands on space access are expected to experience a continuing increase. The many potential applications have been greeted by a plethora of new launch vehicle concepts with promises to enable more launches with reduced cost and improved reliability. The expectation that some reusable launch vehicles can operate to and from regular runways suggests the possibility of having spaceports conveniently located over the continental US. However, the prospects of allocating reserved airspace to support the increasing frequency of launches will likely be unwelcome to the air transportation community. Furthermore, the relatively lower reliability of space transportation vehicles compared to that of air transportation vehicles means that their operational requirements will need to look beyond normal operations to account for their impact on the air traffic and ground populations. An analysis tool has been developed to facilitate the study of new launch vehicle concepts and new spaceport locations in terms of their impact on the air traffic and ground populations. The tool has potential applications in spaceport planning, launch licensing, and mission planning. It will allow air traffic control to anticipate the impact of space transportation operations on the air traffic, using data made available close to the launch or return time windows. It will also enable launch operators to monitor space launch and return operations with visualization of the real-time air traffic, and perform post-operation or post-accident analyses.
Abstract
The military, civilian and commercial demands on space access are expected to experience a continuing increase. The many potential applications have been greeted by a plethora [...]
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The importance of simulation techniques in ITS research and analysis
G. Daigle, J. Clark

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 25

Abstract
Traffic congestion has historically been regarded as a problem confined to major metropolitan areas. Over the years, the traffic problems that existed in densely developed urban areas began creeping into the suburbs as the work force migrated away from the traditional center city work pattern. Modem business operates at a feverish pace and is more mobile in nature, automobile technology advances have allowed more people to drive, and the commuting public has caused traffic congestion problems to appear even in small towns. Simply adding pavement to mitigate the traffic problems is neither adequate nor feasible. The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) initiative was invoked by congress in 1991 to advance our traffic control systems by fostering development of Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS). These technologies are designed to help move the motoring public more efficiently over the existing transportation system. Computer simulation has proved to be a vital adjunct to traditional traffic engineering analysis methods in hlly understanding the dynamics of traffic movement and control operations,. These simulation tools are critical in the development and evaluation of these new ideas, algorithms, and traffic control systems. This paper presents three case studies illustrating the importance and positive impacts of
Abstract
Traffic congestion has historically been regarded as a problem confined to major metropolitan areas. Over the years, the traffic problems that existed in densely developed [...]
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Detecting and Simulating Pilot Errors for Safety Enhancement
T. Callantine

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 24

Abstract
This paper presents research on computational models of pilot activities for detecting and simulating pilot errors, and discusses how these techniques may be used to enhance aviation safety. The discussion addresses improved feedback about pilot errors to support training, and the use of actual and simulated error data to understand how errors may impact new air traffic management concepts and flight deck automation. The research is supported by the System-Wide Accident Prevention project of the NASA Aviation Safety Program.
Abstract
This paper presents research on computational models of pilot activities for detecting and simulating pilot errors, and discusses how these techniques may be used to enhance [...]
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On the dynamics analysis of freeway traffic
J. Ferreira, L. Figueiredo, J. Machado

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 23

Abstract
This paper presents the Simulator of Intelligent Transportation Systems (SITS). The SITS is based on a microscopic simulation approach to reproduce real traffic conditions in an urban or non-urban network and considers different type of vehicles, drivers and roads. A dynamical analysis of several traffic phenomena is then addressed. The results of using classical system theory tools point out that it is possible to study traffic systems, taking advantage on the knowledge gathered with automatic control algorithms. In this line of thought, it was also presented a new modelling formalism based on the embedding of statistics and Fourier transform. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Abstract
This paper presents the Simulator of Intelligent Transportation Systems (SITS). The SITS is based on a microscopic simulation approach to reproduce real traffic conditions [...]
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Effect of Mixed Aircraft Types and Wind on Time Based Airborne Spacing
E. Hoffman, D. Ivanescu, K. Zeghal, C. Shaw

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 22

Abstract
This air traffic management research study analysed the performance of constant time based airborne spacing under different operational conditions using fast time simulation. The effects of mixed aircraft types and wind conditions on the ability of an aircraft to maintain a constant time delay along-track spacing behind a descending lead aircraft were investigated. An exact constant time delay (60 s) spacing criterion based on lead aircraft position history was used to compare the spacing performance of all combinations of heavy and light aircraft for different wind conditions. Results show for both constant and turbulent winds that cross-track winds could have just as detrimental an effect on along- track time based spacing performance as along-track winds. Turbulent winds severely degraded time based spacing stability particularly in cross and head wind conditions. Tail winds were the least disturbing for time based spacing in both constant and turbulent cases. A heavy aircraft following a light tended to produce the maximum spacing errors. The other three combinations of aircraft type resulted in similar maximum spacing error behaviour.
Abstract
This air traffic management research study analysed the performance of constant time based airborne spacing under different operational conditions using fast time simulation. [...]
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Issues and experience in designing two-handed interaction
S. Chatty

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 21

Abstract
Considering that direct manipulation interfaces using a pointing device could be more efficient with the addition of a second pointing device, we are designing and implementing two-handed interfaces for air traffic controllers. This paper describes the interaction styles we imagined for such interfaces, and some issues raised by their implementation.
Abstract
Considering that direct manipulation interfaces using a pointing device could be more efficient with the addition of a second pointing device, we are designing and implementing [...]
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Simulation and dynamical analysis of freeway traffic
L. Figueiredo, J. Ferreira, J. Machado

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 20

Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of modelling and simulation of traffic systems, and presents the traffic simulator SITS (Simulator of Intelligent Transportation Systems). The SITS is based on a microscopic simulation approach considering different types of vehicles, drivers and roads. A dynamical analysis of several traffic phenomena is then addressed. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of modelling and simulation of traffic systems, and presents the traffic simulator SITS (Simulator of Intelligent Transportation Systems). [...]
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Windfield estimation by radar track Kalman filtering and vector spline extrapolation
D. Delahaye, P. Vacher, S. Puechmorel

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 19

Abstract
International audience; Accurate wind magnitude and direction estimation is essential for aircraft trajectory prediction. For instance, based on these data, one may compute entry and exit time from a sector or detect potential conflict between aircraft. Since the flight path has to be computed and updated on real time for such applications, wind information has to be available in real time too. The wind data which are currently available through meteorological service broadcast suffer from small measurement rate with respect to location and time. In this paper, a new wind estimation method based on radar tracks is developed. An Extended Kalman filer extracts the wind information by observation of the radar tracks in turns. After performing many evaluations in realistic framework, our approach is able to estimate the wind vectors accurately. By this mean, each aircraft can be seen as a wind sensor when it is turning. Based on those measurements, a global space-time wind field estimation using vector splines is extrapolated in order to produce wind maps in the area of interest. The underline model for wind field computation is Shallow-Water, which assumes geostrophic wind. The accuracy of this wind map is dependent of the number of aircraft turns in a given zone; then the estimation is better in the terminal area (TMA) than in en-route area because aircraft are tuning more often. Further improvements to the estimation can be made by correlating with meteorological measurements.
Abstract
International audience; Accurate wind magnitude and direction estimation is essential for aircraft trajectory prediction. For instance, based on these data, one may compute [...]
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Software tools to support research on airport departure planning
E. Feron, J. Clarke, F. Carr, A. Evans

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 18

Abstract
simple, portable and useful collection of software tools has been developed for the analysis of airport surface traffic. The tools are based on a flexible and robust traffic-flow model, and include calibration, validation and simulation functionality for this model. Several different interfaces have been developed to help promote usage of these tools, including a portable Matlab/spl trade/ implementation of the basic algorithms; a web-based interface which provides online access to automated analyses of airport traffic based on a database of real-world operations data which covers over 250 US airports over a 5-year period; and an interactive simulation-based tool currently in use as part of a college-level educational module. More advanced applications for airport departure traffic include taxi-time prediction and evaluation of "windowing" congestion control.
Abstract
simple, portable and useful collection of software tools has been developed for the analysis of airport surface traffic. The tools are based on a flexible and robust traffic-flow [...]
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How to decide the interconnection of isolated traffic signals
E. Chang

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 17

Abstract
Increasing traffic congestion along major urban signalized intersections demands the efficient operation and utilization of arterial facilities. Improvement on traffic flow and reduction in vehicular delays may be realized by interconnecting individually isolated intersections into a coordinated signal system, or by adding an adjacent signal into an existing coordinated system. This paper illustrates the development of interconnection warrants for isolated traffic signals by using both simulation study and field data validation. Simplified procedures were developed to evaluate the need to interconnect signalized intersections based on both simulation and field studies. Field data from several Texas cities were used to compare the results from the TRANSYT-7F and PASSER II computer programs. These programs were applied to address the effects of progression on changes in travel time and travel volume. Detailed field studies were performed at six (6) intersections under isolated-actuated, fixed-time coordination and traffic responsive operations on NASA 1 Road in front of the LBJ NASA Space Center, Houston, Texas.
Abstract
Increasing traffic congestion along major urban signalized intersections demands the efficient operation and utilization of arterial facilities. Improvement on traffic flow [...]
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A New Slot Allocation for {ATFM}
C. Gavoille, M. Mosbah, V. Duong, F. Ferchaud

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2004). Vol. 2004, 22

Abstract
traffic flow management (ATFM) is a service established with the objective of contributing to safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic. The ATFM is divided into three phases. (1) The strategic phase takes place between 18 month and seven days prior to the day of operation and includes research, planning and coordination activities. The output of this phase is the capacity plan for the following year. (2) The pre-tactical phase is applied during 6 days prior to the days of operation and consists of planning and coordination activities. The output is the ATFM daily plan. (3) The tactical phase is applied on the day of the operation. This phase updates the daily plan according to the actual traffic and capacity. The management of the traffic is achieved through slot allocation.
Abstract
traffic flow management (ATFM) is a service established with the objective of contributing to safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic. The ATFM is divided into [...]
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SAAAP - An automated pipeline routing system
M. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, W. Oliveira, P. Porciano, A. Montenegro, B. Alvarez, M. Casanova

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2004). Vol. 2004, 17

Abstract
SAAAP — Routing Alternatives Environmental Evaluation System — was designed to select the best alternative route, within an area of interest, to implement a new pipeline project. The system takes into account economic, environmental and engineering factors, according to an optimality criterion that combines several variables, such as vegetation coverage, soil type and declivity. The system is operational and has been tested in several realistic projects.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Abstract
SAAAP — Routing Alternatives Environmental Evaluation System — was designed to select the best alternative route, within an area of interest, to implement a new pipeline [...]
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Automatic synthesis of pipeline structures with variable data initiation intervals
S. Hwang, H. Jun

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 15

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for synthesizing the pipeline structures with variable data initiation intervals (DIIs). Compared to previous researches where the pipeline synthesis is confined to those with fixed DIIs, the proposed algorithm tries to optimize the pipeline latency by fully utilizing hardware resources to which abstract operations in high-level design descriptions are assigned. Determining time-overlapping of pipeline stages, the proposed algorithm performs scheduling and module allocation using the time-overlapping information for the proper control of pipelines with variable DIIs. Experimental results on benchmarks show that significant improvement can be achieved both in speed and in area.
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for synthesizing the pipeline structures with variable data initiation intervals (DIIs). Compared to previous researches where [...]
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Do Flight Times Change Year to Year? A Comparison of 2001 and 2002
M. Blucher, G. Dorfman, H. Yi, D. Knorr, J. DeArmon, G. Solomos

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 13

Abstract
For a system to be managed, it must be measured. The National Airspace System (NAS), the collection of airspace and airport resources in and under the control of the United States (U.S.), is a very complex system which presents great challenges of measurement and management. One key measure of en route airspace efficiency is flying time, i.e., the amount of time it takes for an aircraft to travel through en route airspace on its flight from origin to destination airport. A number of factors influence flying time, the most obvious being the winds. Other important factors are: traffic congestion, air traffic management (ATM) interventions, route structure, industry strategies, and weather. In this paper, we calculate en route flying time in the aggregate and compare a subset of data for the years 2001 and 2002. We account for aircraft equipment type and adjusted flying time for wind effects. In addition, we have selected for analysis a sample of only good weather days (15 in each of the 2 years). The results show that 2002 has slightly shorter flying times than 2001, on the order of 20–25 seconds shorter. Although we did not investigate the causes for the change, we conjecture that the lower levels of traffic after the Fall of 2001 are causing less congestion and less delay. New automation and procedural initiatives may also be contributing to the improvement. Introduction The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is charged with the safe, efficient movement of air traffic in U.S. airspace. In recent years, the FAA has begun initiatives to measure efficiency of airspace usage. The measurements are useful for determining the impact of automation and procedural enhancements. Such measurements are also useful for identifying problem areas in the NAS, which can be targeted for remediation. Changes in efficiency may be examined as a function of time. This study assessed system efficiency using en route flying times, comparing 2001 versus 2002. Although several studies have been performed in the past calculating changes in en route flying distance, the authors are familiar with one time-based analysis in the open literature. Bolczak, et al. used Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) data to analyze a trend in flying time, and discover some year-to-year changes. Other studies of flight times are in the literature, though they have not compared actual or modeled values across years. An early simulation of Free Flight, Ball, et al. analyzed flying times for flights without the constraints of route structuring. Efficiency may be defined as the level of utilization of a resource, with consideration of the cost or effort undertaken to achieve that level. † Free Flight is an industry/government initiative which provides greater freedom for pilots and airlines to select planned and flown routes and take-off times. Free Flight supports collaboration between airspace managers and airspace users. 1 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Willemain examined sources of variability in flying times for certain city pairs. The Bureau of Transportation Statistics has collected flight time statistics and hosts a web site which allows the public to access this information. In this study, results are presented in aggregated form, with some detail with respect to city pairs. Differences were found in the flying time metrics: 2002 has slightly lower flying times than 2001. The causes for this difference are not discussed.
Abstract
For a system to be managed, it must be measured. The National Airspace System (NAS), the collection of airspace and airport resources in and under the control of the United [...]
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Using self-organizing maps approach to pipeline localization
A. Puttipipatkajorn, B. Jouvencel, T. Salgado-Jimenez

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 12

Abstract
International audience; The aim of this paper is to detect and follow the pipeline in sonar imagery. This work is performed in two steps. The first is to split an image (first experiment) or an transformed line image of pipeline image (second experiment) into regions of uniform texture using the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix Method (GLCM). The second addresses the unsupervised learning method based on the Artificial Neural Networks (Self-Organizing Map or SOM) used for determining the comparative model of pipeline from the image. To increase the performance of SOM, we propose a penalty function based on data histogram visualization for detecting the position of pipeline. After a brief review of both techniques (GLCM and SOM), we will present our methods and some results from several experiments on the real world data set.
Abstract
International audience; The aim of this paper is to detect and follow the pipeline in sonar imagery. This work is performed in two steps. The first is to split an image (first [...]
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Scalar operand networks: on-chip interconnect for ILP in partitioned architectures
W. Lee, S. Amarasinghe, A. Agarwal, M. Taylor

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 11

Abstract
The bypass paths and multiported register files in microprocessors serve as an implicit interconnect to communicate operand values among pipeline stages and multiple ALU. Previous superscalar designs implemented this interconnect using centralized structures that do not scale with increasing ILP demands. In search of scalability, recent microprocessor designs in industry and academia exhibit a trend towards distributed resources such as partitioned register files, banked caches, multiple independent compute pipelines, and even multiple program counters. Some of these partitioned microprocessor designs have begun to implement bypassing and operand transport using point-to-point interconnects rather than centralized networks. We call interconnects optimized for scalar data transport, whether centralized or distributed, scalar operand networks. Although these networks share many of the challenges of multiprocessor networks such as scalability and deadlock avoidance, they have many unique requirements, including ultra-low latencies (a few cycles versus tens of cycles) and ultra-fast operation-operand matching. This paper discusses the unique properties of scalar operand networks, examines alternative ways of implementing them, and describes in detail the implementation of one such network in the Raw microprocessor. The paper analyzes the performance of these networks for ILP workloads and the sensitivity of overall ILP performance to network properties.
Abstract
The bypass paths and multiported register files in microprocessors serve as an implicit interconnect to communicate operand values among pipeline stages and multiple ALU. [...]
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Congestion and Safety: A Spatial Analysis of London
R. Noland, M. Quddus

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 10

Abstract
Spatially disaggregate Enumeration District (ED) level data for London is used in an analysis of various area-wide factors on road casualties. Data on 15335 EDs was input into a geographic information system (GIS) that contained data on road characteristics, public transport accessibility, information of nearest hospital location, car ownership and road casualties. Demographic data for each ED was also included. Various count data models e.g., negative binomial or zero-inflated Poisson and negative binomial models were used to analyze the associations between these factors with traffic fatalities, serious injuries and slight injuries. Different levels of spatial aggregation were also examined to determine if this affected interpretation of the results. Different pedestrian casualties were also examined. Results suggest that dissimilar count models may have to be adopted for modeling different types of accidents based on the dependent variable. Results also suggest that EDs with more roundabouts are safer than EDs with more junctions. More motorways are found to be related to fewer pedestrian casualties but higher traffic casualties. Number of households with no car seems to have more traffic casualties. Distance of the nearest hospital from EDs tends to have no significant effect on casualties. In all cases, it is found that EDs with more employees are associated with fewer casualties.
Abstract
Spatially disaggregate Enumeration District (ED) level data for London is used in an analysis of various area-wide factors on road casualties. Data on 15335 EDs was input [...]
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Potential benefits of in-vehicle information systems in a real life freeway corridor under recurring and incident-induced congestion
M. Martello, A. May, W. Sanders, H. Al-Deek

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 9

Abstract
The authors document an initial attempt to ascertain the potential benefits of a real-time in-vehicle traffic information system under recurring and nonrecurring congestion conditions. An actual network in the Santa Monica freeway corridor in Los Angeles was simulated via the FREQ8PC and TRANSYT-7F models. Travel times for both freeway and surface street links from these models were transformed to a network model called PATHNET, which was utilized to determine the travel times for the shortest path between any origin and destination point or for any other path in the network desired. The shortest path is assumed to be the perfect information path. Also considered were freeway-biased paths, arterial-biased paths, and user-defined paths. Comparisons were made for a set of four origin points and three destination points. Under the recurring, non-incident congestion scenario the travel time savings when utilizing the shortest path were generally negligible (less than three minutes for a 20-25 minute trip). Under the nonrecurring, incident congestion scenario (where the incident was created on the freeway and assuming that a small percentage of drivers divert to the surface streets), travel time savings were found to be significant.
Abstract
The authors document an initial attempt to ascertain the potential benefits of a real-time in-vehicle traffic information system under recurring and nonrecurring congestion [...]
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Integration of weather information into the dispatcher pre-flight route selection process
O. Olofinboba, M. Dorneich, S. Pratt, T. Feyereisen

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 8

Abstract
This paper describes a field study of the procedures and weather information sources used by a major airline's dispatchers in the pre-flight route selection process in the presence of significant weather. Additionally, this paper will describe how the AWIN decision-support tool, an aide for selecting optimal four-dimensional routes that avoid weather hazards, could be incorporated into the flight dispatch process to produce safer, more fuel-efficient routes that avoid hazardous weather. The challenges lie in effectively integrating route and weather information in the same application to facilitate decision-making, and to standardize the definitions of what weather is to be avoided and the thresholds of severity across an airline's dispatchers. The current work processes of a major airline's dispatchers were studied via a combination of observational field studies, interviews, written questionnaires, and surveys. With such a system in place, airlines can expect gains in safety, in fuel efficiency of planned routes, and in time efficiency in the preflight dispatch process.
Abstract
This paper describes a field study of the procedures and weather information sources used by a major airline's dispatchers in the pre-flight route selection process in the [...]
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Progress Towards the Investigation of Technical Issues Relevant to the Design of an Aircraft Wake Vortex Advisory System (WakeVAS)
D. Rutishauser

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 7

Abstract
Wake vortex separations applied to aircraft during instrument operations have been shown to potentially introduce inefficiencies in air traffic operations during certain weather conditions conducive to short duration wake hazards between pairs of landing aircraft. NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) demonstrated an integration of technologies that provided real-time observations and predictions of aircraft wake behavior, from which reduced wake spacing from the current criteria was derived. In order to take this proof of concept to an operational prototype system, NASA has been working in cooperation with the FAA and other government and industry members to design operational concepts for a Wake Vortex Advisory System (WakeVAS). In addition to concept development, open research issues are being addressed and activities to quantify system requirements and specifications are currently underway. This paper describes the technological issues relevant to WakeVAS development and current NASA efforts to address these issues.
Abstract
Wake vortex separations applied to aircraft during instrument operations have been shown to potentially introduce inefficiencies in air traffic operations during certain weather [...]
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Monitoring Leakages on Oil Production Offloading at Open Seas Using Statistics Associated With Mass Balance Methods
M. Selli, I. Lacerda, D. Sampaio, C. Moura

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2004). Vol. 2004, 11

Abstract
With the increasing number of former VLCC (Very Large Crude Cargos) transformed into FPSOs worldwide, and its associated inherent oil production exportation characteristics to shuttle tankers, where very large flow rates are combined to the use of short and large diameters exporting lines, in many cases involving the use of hoses instead of flexible pipelines, and the obviously very sensitive environment, considering the execution of this transference in open seas, where losses for even a small period, regarded the involved exportation capacity means a huge spillage, with all its legal and image associated impacts, the challenge to identify and test technologies able to carry out the most effective leakage detection in this scenario was placed to PETROBRAS technical team, as consequence of rules demanding the installation of such systems stated by Brazilian Environmental Agencies. The proposal of this paper is to show the leakage detection solution based on a hybrid method combining mass balance along with statistical treatment adopted for monitoring the oil production offloading from the FPSO - MARLIM SUL, in the Campos Basin, Brazil, to a dynamically positioned shuttle vessel throughout a 150 meters, 20” diameter hose designed for a flow rate of 8.000 m3 per hour. A short description of this production system is provided, the operational principles of the adopted leakage system are depicted, its architecture is detailed, and the reasons that ended up leading PETROBRAS to adopt this technology amongst those others also considered are presented. Finally, comments about the installation, start-up and tuning, and considerations about the system observed behavior are made.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Abstract
With the increasing number of former VLCC (Very Large Crude Cargos) transformed into FPSOs worldwide, and its associated inherent oil production exportation characteristics [...]
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The airborne open system interconnection data link test facility
R. Olson

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 5

Abstract
The author describes the activities of the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center in the joint government-industry Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN) project. The ATN is defined as a network architecture that allows use of multiple communication subnetworks and provides a path for oceanic, international, and domestic data link services. A major goal of the design process is the separation of the user applications from the communications and interoperability among diverse data link subnetworks. This project is oriented toward the eventual provision of a world-wide packet switched architecture for the networking of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Open System Interconnection (OSI) conformant host computer and systems and router intermediate systems.
Abstract
The author describes the activities of the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Center in the joint government-industry Aeronautical Telecommunications Network [...]
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Pressure Reductions and Pipeline Excavation
R. Coote, J. Keith

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2004). Vol. 2004, 9

Abstract
Pipeline companies often reduce the pressure while performing maintenance activities and integrity excavations on in-service pipelines. Despite this practice, pipeline design codes, regulations and industry publications offer little guidance on what factors should be considered to determine how much, if any, the pressure should be reduced from operating levels during excavation activities. Also, it is not commonly understood what level of safety is introduced with these reductions and what historical operating pressure level should be used as the basis for the reductions. A literature survey and an interview process with CEPA member companies summarized common industry practices and determined factors to be considered when assessing if and how much of a pressure reduction is appropriate while excavating an operating energy pipeline.
Abstract
Pipeline companies often reduce the pressure while performing maintenance activities and integrity excavations on in-service pipelines. Despite this practice, pipeline design [...]
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Risk Assessment of Petroleum Transportation Pipeline in Some Turkish Oil Fields
S. Akin, G. Ogutcu

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2004). Vol. 2004, 7

Abstract
This study concentrates on risk factors in oil field pipeline systems and covers identification of failure rate and reasons of failure comparison of the failure data, which are collected from oilfield pipeline systems located in South East Turkey. There are many methods and techniques to reduce or eliminate risk factors in pipeline systems. In this study, quantitative risk assessment method, which depends on statistical calculations, was applied. Monte Carlo Simulation was used to assess the risk in the system. This study focuses on identification of relationship between all parameters. History matching frequency, identification of critical factors, probability of density function have been estimated and calculated. The most significant failures are identified as corrosion, third party damage, mechanical failure, operational failure, weather effect and sabotage.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Abstract
This study concentrates on risk factors in oil field pipeline systems and covers identification of failure rate and reasons of failure comparison of the failure data, which [...]
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Human activity modelling in the specification of operational requirements: work in progress
J. Greenwood, S. Manning, S. Jones, N. Maiden

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2004). Vol. 2004, 6

Abstract
This paper describes our experience of integrating HCI concepts and techniques into a concurrent requirements engineering process called RESCUE. We focus on the use of a model of current human activity to inform specification of a future system. We show how human activity descriptions, written using a specially designed template, can facilitate the authoring of use case descriptions to be used in the elicitation of requirements for complex socio-technical systems. We describe our experience of using descriptions of human activity, written using the template, to support specification of operational requirements for DMAN, a system to support air traffic controllers in managing the departure of aircraft from airports. We end with a discussion of lessons learnt from our experience and present some ideas for future development of work in this area.
Abstract
This paper describes our experience of integrating HCI concepts and techniques into a concurrent requirements engineering process called RESCUE. We focus on the use of a model [...]
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Analysis and improvements to mate algorithm
G. Tucci, M. Griot, P. Belzarena, S. Remersaro

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2004). Vol. 2004, 4

Abstract
Postprint This paper describes an implementation, analysis and improvements to MATE (MPLS adaptive traffic engineering) algorithm. MATE is an on-line load balancing algorithm. As MATE was originally thought for constant average incoming traffic, the first improvement is the usage of an adaptive update step size for time varying traffic. The second one modifies the time interval between updates to adequate itself to the traffic characteristics and calculates the amount of measurements in each interval to have a reliable statistic. The original algorithm and the new version, which would be called MATE-TV (MATE for time-varying traffic), were implemented in a LINUX-MPLS network, using the 'mpls-linux' packet distributed by Source Forge.
Abstract
Postprint This paper describes an implementation, analysis and improvements to MATE (MPLS adaptive traffic engineering) algorithm. MATE is an on-line load balancing algorithm. [...]
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Arithmetic simulation and performance metrics [ATC]
J. Pomeret, G. Granger, J. Alliot

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 4

Abstract
Performance metrics in the air traffic management (ATM) community are becoming a strategic issue, and they are getting more and more attention. However, defining such metrics is a difficult problem. In this paper, we show how arithmetic simulations can be used to give performance information. We also point out that many different metrics can be defined, each of them giving different results regarding efficiency. We conclude that an extreme caution must be applied when interpreting results.
Abstract
Performance metrics in the air traffic management (ATM) community are becoming a strategic issue, and they are getting more and more attention. However, defining such metrics [...]
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Dynamic density: measuring and predicting sector complexity [ATC]
S. Magyarits, P. Kopardekar

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 3

Abstract
In the present air traffic control system, traffic management personnel use the enhanced traffic management system (ETMS) 'monitor alert' parameter as a strategic planning tool to identify and predict sector traffic complexity, so that strategic and tactical air traffic decisions such as flow modifications, staff planning, and sector redesigns can be planned. The monitor alert parameter is based solely on aircraft count. For several years, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has supported the development of a better method to measure and predict sector complexity, referred to as dynamic density (DD), to provide a more encompassing, useful tool for today's air traffic control environment. This paper reviews a multi-year, multi-organizational research effort to develop and validate several proposed DD metrics. It provides an overview of the DD metrics under consideration, the study approach to collect operational subjective data, and the development and validation of a 'best' DD metric.
Abstract
In the present air traffic control system, traffic management personnel use the enhanced traffic management system (ETMS) 'monitor alert' parameter as a strategic planning [...]
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Evaluation of 50 km/hr general urban speed limit : case study of Unley of South Australia /
Collection of open thesis in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 11

Abstract
Thesis (MEng(TransportSystemsEng))--University of South Australia, 2004. In this study, daily travel patterns, vehicle volumes, and speeds, of the vehicles both before the change of the speed limit and after the change of the speed limit are studied. For this three collector streets Duthy, Leah and George Street are taken as a case study. All the study streets are situated in the City of Unley, which has been trying to reduce the speed limits in local residential streets from 1992, and successfully implemented the 40-km/hr speed limits onlocal residential streets in 1999.
Abstract
Thesis (MEng(TransportSystemsEng))--University of South Australia, 2004. In this study, daily travel patterns, vehicle volumes, and speeds, of the vehicles both before the [...]
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Application of the swedish technique of traffic conflict analysis in critical crossings in the city of São Carlos
R. Meirelles

Collection of open thesis in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 8

Abstract
Neste trabalho é apresentada a aplicação da Técnica Sueca de Análise de Conflitos de Tráfego em 5 (cinco) interseções críticas da cidade de São Carlos. Baseado nos resultados obtidos, são propostas ações simples e de baixo custo para aumentar a segurança viária nos locais estudados. Uma das propostas foi implementada tornando possível avaliar o desempenho do cruzamento após a implantação utilizando a Técnica Sueca de Análise de Conflitos de Tráfego. Esta implantação apresentou resultados bastante satisfatórios, proporcionando redução drástica no número e gravidade dos conflitos. A experiência na aplicação da Técnica Sueca de Análise de Conflitos de Tráfego em São Carlos mostra ser a mesma uma ferramenta bastante útil para análise da segurança viária em locais críticos, sobretudo proporcionando informações fundamentais na definição de ações para reduzir os conflitos e, consequentemente, os acidentes. In this work we present the Application of the Swedish Technique of Traffic Conflict Analysis in 5 (five) critical intersections in the city of São Carlos. Based on the obtained results, simple and low-cost actions are proposed in order to increase the traffic safety in the studied places. One of the proposals has been put in practice enabling the evaluation of the crossing performance after having implanted the Swedish Technique of Traffic Conflict Analysis. This implantation has presented quite satisfactory results, providing drastic reduction both in number and seriousness of the conflicts. The experience in the Application of the Swedish Technique of Traffic Conflict Analysis shows it to be a very useful tool for the traffic safety analysis in critical places, overall providing essential information in the action definition to reduce the conflicts, and consequently the accidents.
Abstract
Neste trabalho é apresentada a aplicação da Técnica Sueca de Análise de Conflitos de Tráfego em 5 (cinco) interseções críticas da cidade de São Carlos. Baseado nos [...]
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Evaluating the effectiveness of speed limit signs on The Norton Summit Road /
Collection of open thesis in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 10

Abstract
Thesis (MEng(TransportSystemsEng))--University of South Australia, 2004.
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Visualization of Guidelines on Computer Networks to Support Processes of Design and Quality Control
M. Blomé

Collection of open thesis in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 9

Abstract
Industrial companies supply products intended to satisfy customers’ needs and requirements. To be competitive and to maintain good economic performance, efficient systems are needed to communicate information and exchange knowledge. Such systems are often referred to as quality systems as they intend to support development as well as standardized work regarding the quality of the product and increase satisfaction of the company’s customers and other stakeholders (employees, owners, sub-suppliers, society). Many companies try to structure and improve their quality systems by applying the international quality standard ISO 9000, which can result in extensive documentation. The guidelines and instructions of quality management systems are traditionally documented and presented as paper documents, alternatively on an intranet (a company’s internal computer network) suitable for printouts. These however, do not correspond to some company’s requirements for usability in daily work and as support to interest and engage the personnel in development work. An assumption was that visualizing guidelines using different kinds of multimedia technologies such as hyperlinked and animated pictorial illustrations might be relevant to support quality control and design processes in industrial companies. Two objectives were set up: The first was to explore how the usability of guidelines could be improved by changing the interface design of the guidelines; The second was to explore how the visualization process of guidelines could support participative design by applying evaluations and interpretations in a dialogue form between two individuals or among a group of individuals. The methodology that has been used to generate research questions as well as methods is based on theories of action research and experiential learning. Various methods have been used and combined in order to collect information and to ensure the reliability of the findings based on it. Three industrial companies participated in a first case study. They had conventional quality systems, which they wanted to replace or improve. The companies set up design teams to establish principles for visualizations of their quality systems on their intranets. Cooperating with the author, the design teams created and evaluated computer supported prototypes. These prototypes were made available via the Internet and discussed within each design team. The teams exchanged ideas and comments to enhance their prototypes. The results showed that a quality system should be visualized by an overview of the physical production plant. Information about different processes and instructions are represented by hyperlinked symbols within or next to the plant layout. A second field study aimed to clarify how industrial companies with certified quality systems according to ISO 9001 visualized their guidelines and instructions of construction, production, and installation. The quality manager at each company evaluated the existing system and explained their needs of developing the system by means of computer supported visualization on their intranet. The information was collected through telephone interviews and on site visits. The results showed that the companies would like to improve the visualization of information by decreasing text and increasing pictorial descriptions, such as flowcharts and animations. They also experienced that a quality system on the companies’ intranets was or should be an enhancement in order to disseminate and update the information. A third case study performed in collaboration with Saab Automobile showed results that corresponded with the other studies. The company wanted to replace their conventional information system of ergonomic design guidelines for cars, and design a new system based on interactivity and multimedia. The results showed that a pictorial overview of the car with different areas hyperlinked to further information was preferred. The specific information in the ergonomic guidelines was illustrated with icons, pictures, animations, and some text. In a comparison with the conventional system, subjects performed working tasks faster and with a more positive attitude in the new system. A fourth case study was performed within the GM company group, which showed the need of a formalized working process throughout work with human simulation tools as well as possibilities to document the information generated. A human simulation system prototype was modeled in collaboration with the companies and was presented on an intranet. The results indicated a great potential to enhance the communication within and between the companies, increased accessibility to knowledge, and increased quality on performed work. To summarize, the studies in this thesis show a need among industrial companies to visualize guidelines in information and quality systems by means of multimedia and an interactive design process. Such an approach supports knowledge acquisition and communication, and has a potential to ensure high quality in a company’s processes and products. Furthermore, the users’ attitudes tend to become more positive to the information presented compared to a conventional system. För att tillverka produkter av hög kvalitet, behöver industriella företag strukturera arbetet med hjälp av instruktioner och riktlinjer som är lätta att förstå och komma åt. Dessa samlas ofta i en eller flera pärmar eller på internt datornätverk, ofta som en del av den internationella kvalitetsstandarden ISO 9000. Men detta fungerar sällan som ett välfungerande stöd för personalen. Däremot så finns det exempel på hur riktlinjer kan presenteras eller visualiseras med hjälp av olika slags tekniker inom multimedia som t.ex. hyperlänkade och animerade bilder och illustrationer, dvs ett väl anpassat gränssnitt mellan personal och den information som ska presenteras. Avhandlingen har haft två syften: Dels att utforska hur användbarhet av riktlinjer kan förbättras genom att förändra utformningen av riktlinjernas gränssnitt; dels att utforska hur visualiseringsprocessen kan stödja dialogen mellan användare som därmed görs delaktiga i utformningen av riktlinjer."br /" "br /" Resultaten från en första fältstudie visade att tre industriella företag föredrog ett system av riktlinjer som presenterar informationen utifrån en översiktsbild av den fysiska produktionslokalen. Information om processer och instruktioner representerades av hyperlänkade symboler inom eller vid sidan av lokalen. Resultaten från en andra fältstudie visade att industriella företag med kvalitetssystem certifierade enligt ISO 9000 skulle vilja visualisera informationen tydligare genom att minska omfattningen av text och istället använda mer bildmässiga beskrivningar, t.ex. flödesscheman och animeringar. Man upplevde även att ett kvalitetssystem på företagets interna datornätverk innebar eller skulle innebära en förbättring för att sprida och uppdatera informationen. I en tredje fältstudie genomförd i samarbete med Saab Automobil, ville företaget ersätta sitt konventionella informationssystem av ergonomiska designriktlinjer, och utforma ett nytt system baserat på interaktivitet och multimedia. Resultaten visade att man föredrog en översiktsbild av bilen där olika områden var länkade till vidare information. Den specifika informationen i riktlinjerna illustrerades med ikoner, bilder, animeringar och viss text. Vid jämförelse med det tidigare systemet visade det sig att arbetsuppgifter genomfördes både snabbare och med en positivare attityd i det nya systemet. En fjärde fältstudie genomfördes med en grupp företag inom GM koncernen. Studien visade på behovet av en tydlig process vid simuleringsarbete samt möjlighet att kunna dokumentera genererad kunskap. En prototyp av ett system för simuleringar och analyser av förarmiljöer, togs fram i samverkan med företagen och presenterades på ett datornätverk. Resultaten visade stora möjligheter till förbättring av kommunikationen både inom och mellan företagen, samt ökad kunskapsspridning och förbättrad kvalitet på utfört arbete."br /" "br /" Sammantaget visar studierna i avhandlingen på ett behov bland industriella företag av att visualisera riktlinjer med hjälp av multimedia och en ansats där användarna involveras i utformningen av dessa. En sådan ansats underlättar lärande och kommunikation samt har en potential att säkerställa en hög kvalitet på företagets processer och produkter. Dessutom tenderar användarnas attityd att bli mer positiv till den information som presenteras jämfört med tidigare.
Abstract
Industrial companies supply products intended to satisfy customers’ needs and requirements. To be competitive and to maintain good economic performance, efficient systems [...]
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A permanent magnet synchronous motor for an electric vehicle - design analysis
Y. Chin

Collection of open thesis in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 8

Abstract
This thesis presents the study and the design analysis of apermanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for the tractionapplication of an electric vehicle. An existing inductiontraction motor for an electric forklift benchmarks the expectedperformances of the proposed PMSM design. Further, thepossibility of using the identical stator as the one used inthe induction motor is explored for the fast prototyping. Theprototype motor is expected to be field-weakened and to have aconstant power speed range (CPSR) of 2.5 to 3. A design approach based on the CPSR contour plot in aninterior permanent magnet (IPM) parameter plane is derived toobtain the possible designs that meet all the designspecifications and the targeted CPSR. This study provides thepossible alternative designs for the subsequent futureprototype motors. An analytical approach to estimate the iron loss in PMsynchronous machines is developed and included in the designprocedure. The proposed technique is based on predicting theflux density waveforms in the various regions of the machine.The model can be applied at any specified load condition,including the field-weakening operation region. This model canbe ultimately embedded in the design process for a routine usein loss estimations. The first prototype motor with an inset permanent magnetrotor has been built and the available measurements are used tovalidate the design performance. In particular, the thermalanalyses based both on the lumped-circuit approach and thenumerical method are compared with the measured results. Asecond and possibly a third prototype motor targeting a widerand higher performance will be carried out in the continuingphase of the project. Keywords:Constant Power Speed Range, Electric Vehicles,Field-weakening, Reference Flux Linkage, Iron Loss, PermanentMagnet Synchronous Motor, Thermal Analysis "p"QCR 20161026
Abstract
This thesis presents the study and the design analysis of apermanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for the tractionapplication of an electric vehicle. An existing inductiontraction [...]
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Implications of traffic characteristics on interdomain traffic engineering
S. Uhlig

Collection of open thesis in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 7

Abstract
This thesis discusses the implications of the traffic characteristics on interdomain traffic engineering with BGP. We first provide an overview of the interdomain traffic control problem. Then, we present results concerning the characteristics of the interdomain traffic, based on the analysis of real traffic traces gathered from non-transit ASes. We discuss the implications of the topological properties of the traffic on interdomain traffic engineering. Based on this knowledge of the traffic characteristics, we go on to study the complexity of designing interdomain traffic engineering techniques by defining the problem as an optimization problem. We show that designing traffic engineering techniques is possible but that several issues inherent to the current interdomain architecture make the task complex. Finally, we evaluate the current state-of-the-art of interdomain traffic engineering and discuss how we envision its future. (FSA 3)--UCL, 2004
Abstract
This thesis discusses the implications of the traffic characteristics on interdomain traffic engineering with BGP. We first provide an overview of the interdomain traffic [...]
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An Airspace Planning and Collaborative Decision Making Model Under Safety, Workload, and Equity Considerations
R. Staats

Collection of open thesis in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 6

Abstract
We develop a detailed, large-scale, airspace planning and collaborative decision-making model (APCDM), that is part of an $11.5B, 10-year, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)-sponsored effort to increase U.S. National Airspace (NAS) capacity by 30 percent. Given a set of flights that must be scheduled during some planning horizon, we use a mixed-integer programming formulation to select a set of flight plans from among alternatives subject to flight safety, air traffic control workload, and airline equity constraints. Novel contributions of this research include three-dimensional probabilistic conflict analyses, the derivation of valid inequalities to tighten the conflict safety representation constraints, the development of workload metrics based on average (and its variance from) peak load measures, and the consideration of equity among airline carriers in absorbing the costs related to re-routing, delays, and cancellations. We also propose an improved set of flight plan cost factors for representing system costs and investigating fairness issues by addressing flight dependencies occurring in hubbed operations, as well as market factors such as schedule convenience, reliability, and the timeliness of connections. The APCDM model has potential use for both tactical and strategic applications, such as air traffic control in response to severe weather phenomenon or spacecraft launches, FAA policy evaluation, Homeland Defense contingency planning, and military air campaign planning. The model is tested to consider various airspace restriction scenarios imposed by dynamic severe weather systems and space launch Special Use Airspace (SUA) impositions. The results from this model can also serve to augment the FAAâ s National Playbook of standardized flight profiles in different disruption-prone regions of the National Airspace. Ph. D.
Abstract
We develop a detailed, large-scale, airspace planning and collaborative decision-making model (APCDM), that is part of an $11.5B, 10-year, Federal Aviation Administration [...]
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Modelling Traffic Scenarios for Realistic Air Traffic Control Environment Testing
M. Axholt, S. Peterson

Collection of open thesis in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 6

Abstract
air traffic is forecasted to increase, air traffic control software subsequently needs to be more sophisticated. To efficiently push development forward, testing is important in order to determine usability. The tests need to be adapted to fit a particular purpose and carried out with methods that preserve the validity of the results. This thesis describes an implementation project carried out at the EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France. The purpose of the project is to create an application that enables a user to create datasets of air traffic to be used for these tests. The application allows for manual work or bulk imports from external data sources. Furthermore it compiles scenarios as output datasets intended for prototype air traffic control software developed at Linköping University. The application design rationale and development process is described. Some time is spent on demonstrating the flexibility of the application and how its usage fits in a bigger picture.
Abstract
air traffic is forecasted to increase, air traffic control software subsequently needs to be more sophisticated. To efficiently push development forward, testing is important [...]
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Traffic engineering in MPLS networks with multiple objectives : modeling and optimization
S. Cerav-Erbas

Collection of open thesis in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 5

Abstract
With the increasing usage of QoS-based applications, traffic engineering in communication networks has become more crucial. For the optimal utilization of network resources, service providers need to consider multiple criteria that can be customer- or traffic-oriented. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) has been developed to apply more convenient traffic engineering in autonomous systems. This thesis focuses on the multiobjective optimization of Label Switched Path design problem in MPLS networks. Minimal routing cost, optimal load-balance in the network, and minimal splitting of traffic form the objectives. The problem is formulated as a zero-one mixed integer program and aims at exploring the trade-offs among the objectives. The integer constraints make the problem NP-hard. In the thesis first both the exact and heuristic multiobjective optimization approaches are discussed, and then a heuristic framework based on simulated annealing is developed. Various search strategies within the framework are investigated and experimental studies are carried out for a performance comparison.
Abstract
With the increasing usage of QoS-based applications, traffic engineering in communication networks has become more crucial. For the optimal utilization of network resources, [...]
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A bi-level system dynamics modeling framework to evaluate costs and benefits of implementing Controller Pilot Data Link Communications and Decision Support Tools in a non-integrated and integrated scenario
D. Sen

Collection of open thesis in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 4

Abstract
modeling framework to evaluate the costs and benefits of implementation of Con-troller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC), and Air Traffic Management (ATM) decision support tools is proposed in this paper. The benefit/cost evaluation is carried out for four key alternatives namely alternative A: Do nothing scenario (only voice channel), alternative B: Voice channel supplemented with CPDLC, alternative C: Alternative B with ATM tools in a non-integrated scenario and finally alternative D: Alternative B with ATM tools in an integrated scenario. It is a bi-level model that cap-tures the linkages between various technologies at a lower microscopic level using a daily microscopic model (DATSIM) and transfers the measures of effectives to a higher macroscopic level. DATSIM stands for Data Link and Air Traffic Technologies SIMulation and it simulates air traffic in the enroute sector and terminal airspace for a single day and captures the measures of effectiveness at a microscopic level and feeds its output to the macroscopic annual model which then runs over the entire life cycle of the system. Airspace dwell time benefit data from the microscopic model is regressed into three dimensional benefit surfaces as a function of the equipage level of aircraft and aircraft density and embedded into the macroscopic model. The main function of the annual model is to ascertain economic viability of any deployment schedule or alternative over the entire life cycle of the system. The life cycle cost model is com-posed of four modules namely: Operational benefits module, Safety benefit module,Technology cost module and Training cost module. Analysis using the model showed that an enroute sector gets congested at aircraft den-sities greater 630 per day. This is mainly because the controller workload gets satu-rated at that traffic volume per day. Benefits realized in alternatives B, C and D as compared to alternative A increased exponentially at traffic densities greater than 630 i.e. when controller workload for alternative A becomes saturated. Master of Science
Abstract
modeling framework to evaluate the costs and benefits of implementation of Con-troller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC), and Air Traffic Management (ATM) decision support [...]
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Traffic safety in Belém city
K. Teixeira

Collection of open thesis in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 3

Abstract
Este trabalho enfoca a questão da segurança viária na cidade de Belém. Para a realização do trabalho, foi feito um diagnóstico sobre a gestão da segurança viária na cidade e um estudo dos acidentes de trânsito em dez pontos considerados pelas autoridades como os mais problemáticos, que incluiu a análise das causas dos acidentes através de auditorias de campo. Também são apresentadas algumas propostas para melhoria da gestão da segurança viária na cidade, bem como propostas específicas para redução dos acidentes nos locais estudados. As propostas genéricas para a melhoria da segurança viária em Belém são: campanhas educativas mais eficientes; melhoria da gestão da segurança do trânsito; aumento do número de fiscais de trânsito e melhoria do esquema de fiscalização; montagem de uma equipe permanente de técnicos com objetivo de identificar os pontos críticos, realizar auditorias de campo para identificar as causas dos acidentes e propor e implantar soluções para redução dos mesmos; etc. This research focuses on the traffic safety problem in Belém city. For the accomplishment of the work, it was made a diagnosis remains to the traffic safety\\'s management in the city and a study of the traffic accidents in ten points considered by the authorities as the most problematic, that it included the analysis of the accidents causes through field auditing. Also some proposals for improvement of the traffic safety\\'s management in the city, as well as specific proposals for accidents reduction in the studied places. The generic proposals for the traffic safety\\'s improvement in Belém are: more efficient educational campaigns; improvement of the traffic safety\\'s management; increase of the number of traffic district attorney and improvement of the inspection plan; assembly of a permanent technicians team with goal of identifying the critical points, to accomplish field auditing in order to identify the accidents causes and, to propose and to establish solutions for reduction of the same ones; etc.
Abstract
Este trabalho enfoca a questão da segurança viária na cidade de Belém. Para a realização do trabalho, foi feito um diagnóstico sobre a gestão da segurança viária [...]
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The Development and application of a bespoke organisational learning competency framework in a global organisation
M. Tarrini

Collection of open thesis in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 2

Abstract
Organisational Learning has been conceptualised and measured in various ways. The two studies reported in this thesis sought to take a new, bespoke approach to Organisational Learning in a global air transport company undergoing substantial organisational and strategic change. The research sought to develop a bespoke competency framework of Organisational Learning and apply it within the organisation to investigate employees' perceptions of the Organisational Learning climate. The research applied both qualitative and qualitative methods: semi-structured interviews and a 68-item self-completion questionnaire survey. Factor Analysis yielded a clear, conceptually sound six-factor solution. Organisational Learning climate perceptions were compared across occupational, departmental and geographical subgroups. The results indicated that there were no statistically significant occupational or geographical differences in perceptions of the Organisational Learning climate although some departmental differences were observed. The relationaship between perceived Organisational Learning climate and organisational commitment was explored and a clear link between them was found.
Abstract
Organisational Learning has been conceptualised and measured in various ways. The two studies reported in this thesis sought to take a new, bespoke approach to Organisational [...]
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Combined road prediction and target tracking in collision avoidance
A. Eidehall, F. Gustafsson

Collection of open reports in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 36

Abstract
Detection and tracking of other vehicles and lane geometry will be required for many future intelligent driver assistance systems. By integrating the estimation of these two features into a single filter, a more optimal utilization of the available information can be achieved. For example, it is possible to improve the lane curvature estimate during bad visibility by studying the motion of other vehicles. This paper derives and evaluates various approximations that are needed in order to deal with the non-linearities that are introduced by such an approach.
Abstract
Detection and tracking of other vehicles and lane geometry will be required for many future intelligent driver assistance systems. By integrating the estimation of these two [...]
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Thermal analysis of Perforated Metal Air Transportable Package (PMATP) prototype.
R. Oneto, J. Pierce, J. Mould, H. Levine

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 37

Abstract
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has designed a crash-resistant container, the Perforated Metal Air Transportable Package (PMATP), capable of surviving a worst-case plane crash, including both impact and subsequent fire, for the air transport of plutonium. This report presents thermal analyses of the full-scale PMATP in its undamaged (pre-test) condition and in bounding post-accident states. The goal of these thermal simulations was to evaluate the performance of the package in a worst-case post-crash fire. The full-scale package is approximately 1.6 m long by 0.8 m diameter. The thermal analyses were performed with the FLEX finite element code. This analysis clearly predicts that the PMATP provides acceptable thermal response characteristics, both for the post-accident fire of a one-hour duration and the after-fire heat-soak condition. All predicted temperatures for the primary containment vessel are well within design limits for safety.
Abstract
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has designed a crash-resistant container, the Perforated Metal Air Transportable Package (PMATP), capable of surviving a worst-case plane [...]
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An approach to the safety problem of railway-road crossings in the transport system
A. Godec

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 36

Abstract
The paper presents an approach to the problem of railway-road level crossings. The goal is to improve safety in the transport system network, which includes a considerable number of "inadequately protected" crossings. The single crossing, in its abstract sense, is considered to be a system consisting of four subsystems: the external world, the crossing in its strict sense of the word, the railway and the road. The system analysis of the problem is based on an exhaustive set of bibliography, listed at the end of the paper. This analysis leads to many findings and those exerting the greatest impact are selected as the basis for the synthesis. The synthesis proposes a triangle of variables: time period, critical points on the railway network and the value of the risk indicator. This simple model may include also other variables by converting relevant values. The main result is the risk indicator over the network. It can be used for various scenarios, thus enabling their mutual comparison as well as application in investment studies. Članek obravnava problem nivojskih križanj železnice in ceste. Cilj je izboljšati varnost transportnega sistema, ki vključuje precejšnje število nezadovoljivo zavarovanih križanj. Nivojsko križanje sestavljajo štirje manjši deli: okolje, samo križanje, železnica in cesta. Analiza problema je osnovana na izčrpni bibliografiji, ki je navedena na koncu članka. Ugotovitve analize, ki imajo največji vpliv, so bile osnova za končne sklepe. Gre za preplet treh dejavnikov: časa, kritičnih točk na železniški mreži in tveganja. V ta model lahko vključimo tudi ostale dejavnike. Zaključek analize podaja dejavnike največjega tveganja na železnici, ki se lahko uporabijo za različne scenarije, omogočajo njihovo medsebojno primerjavo in se upoštevajo pri investicijskih študijah.
Abstract
The paper presents an approach to the problem of railway-road level crossings. The goal is to improve safety in the transport system network, which includes a considerable [...]
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CIRCUMFERENTIAL MFL IN-LINE INSPECTION FOR CRACKS IN PIPELINES
J. Nestleroth

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 35

Abstract
Circumferential MFL is a new implementation of a widely used technology that has potential to provide improved detection and quantification of axially oriented defects such as cracks, seam weld defects, mechanical damage, and groove corrosion. This implementation works by orienting the magnetic field around the pipe rather that along the axis. By orienting the magnetic field around the pipe (the circumferential direction), the axial defects that were magnetically transparent can disrupt more of the magnetic field and can be more easily detected. Initial implementations of circumferential MFL have found that flux leakage from cracks at the interior of the pipe is small, and the signals from cracks are difficult to detect. The objective of this project is to improve detection of cracks by changing the implementation along with using data from overlapping and complementary inspection techniques. Two technology enhancements were investigated: Combining high- and low-magnetization technology for stress detection; and Combining axial and circumferential MFL methods. Although a method combining high- and low-magnetization technology showed promise for characterizing gouges cause by third party excavation equipment, its commercial development was not successful for two reasons. First, the stress diminishes the crack signal, while the opening of the crack increases the signal. The stress-induced changes in flux leakage around cracks were small and any critical information on the severity of cracks and crack-like defects is difficult to distinguish from changes caused by the crack opening and other inspection variables. Second, it is difficult to magnetize pipe material in the circumferential direction. A relatively low, non-uniform magnetization level produced by the circumferential magnetizer makes detection of changes due to stress extremely difficult. This project also examined combining axial and circumferential MFL to improve crack detection and distinguish cracks for axially oriented volumetric defects. While successful results are presented in this report, circumferential MFL can only detect larger cracks. Even with the field aligned properly, circumferential MFL technology has difficulty detecting cracks on the outside surface that have the potential to grow to failure. Circumferential MFL can be used to detect many corrosion, mechanical damage, and crack defects. However, the detection capabilities and sizing accuracies may not be sufficient for all pipeline threats. Inspection tools that use more sophisticated technologies for detecting and sizing defects may have better performance capabilities, but will likely be expensive to operate. Circumferential MFL will be useful in identifying locations for detailed testing. While performance enhancements may be limited, circumferential MFL inspections will be part of the inspection process for many decades.
Abstract
Circumferential MFL is a new implementation of a widely used technology that has potential to provide improved detection and quantification of axially oriented defects such [...]
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DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF EXPLORER: A LONG-RANGE UNTETHERED LIVE GASLINE INSPECTION ROBOT SYSTEM
G. Vradis, H. Schempf

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 34

Abstract
The goal of this program is to construct and demonstrate EXPLORER, a modular, remotely controllable, self-powered, untethered robot system for the inspection of live gas distribution 150 mm (6-inch) to 200 mm (8-inch) diameter mains. The system, which was designed in an earlier effort, is built in a modular fashion in order to accommodate various components intended to accomplish different inspection, repair, sample retrieval, and other in-pipe tasks. The prototype system to be built under this project will include all the basic modules needed by the system, i.e. the locomotion, power storage, wireless communication, and camera. The camera, a solid-state fisheye-type, is used to transmit real-time video to the operator that allows for the live inspection of gas distribution pipes. This module, which incorporates technology developed by NASA, has been designed, constructed and tested in the earlier effort. In the current effort, the full prototype system will be tested in the laboratory followed by two field demonstrations in real applications in NYGAS member utilities' pipes. The purpose for EXPLORER is to be able to access live gas mains, insert the system in the piping network, and remotely ''drive'' it within the gas main and its laterals through distances of five to ten thousand feet. Its adaptable locomotion system allows the robot to function through varying diameter pipes (150 - 200 mm or 6- to 8-inches) and is powered via on-board battery-banks. The presence of fish-eye cameras in both ends of the robot allows the operator to view the forward and circumferential views of the internals live using an above-ground TV. Communication takes place via wireless link between the robot and the launch-chamber used to insert/retrieve the system. This link is based on commercial technology presently employed in wireless telecommunication networks. Communication over long distances as well as battery re-charging will be accomplished without retrieving the robot but through the use of auxiliaries, to be developed in a follow-on phase, that will allow insertion of additional antennas and battery recharge plugs into the pipe under live conditions through inexpensive keyhole sized excavations. The proposed system significantly advances the state of the art in inspection systems for gas distribution mains, which presently consist of tethered systems of limited range (about 500 ft form the point of launch) and limited inspection views. Also current inspection systems have no ability to incorporate additional modules to expand their functionality. This development program is a joint effort among the New York Gas Group (NYGAS; a trade association of the publicly owned gas utilities in New York State), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Johnson Space Center (JSC), Carnegie Mellon University's (CMU) National Robotics Engineering Consortium (NREC), and the US Department of Energy (DOE) through the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). The DOE's contribution to this project is $499,023 out of a total of $780,735 (not including NASA's contribution). The present report summarizes the accomplishments of the project during the first six months since funding from DOE commenced. The project has achieved its goals for this period as outlined in the report. Currently the fabrication of the prototype is in progress and it should be completed by late-summer 2002. Testing of the prototype in the lab is expected to be completed by November 2002, to be followed by two field demonstrations in early 2003.
Abstract
The goal of this program is to construct and demonstrate EXPLORER, a modular, remotely controllable, self-powered, untethered robot system for the inspection of live gas distribution [...]
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DEFECT ASSESSMENT USING CONFORMABLE ARRAY DATA
T. Goyen, A. Crouch

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 33

Abstract
This report covers the design and fabrication of a conformable eddy current array useful for the mapping and measurement of external corrosion on a transmission pipeline. The feasibility of the basic measuring approach was demonstrated and the general guidelines for sensor design were disclosed in a previous project. This project was concerned with design of a practical array, development of interface electronics, and design of the operation and analysis software. A prototype system was constructed, checked out, and demonstrated on natural corrosion in a field environment.
Abstract
This report covers the design and fabrication of a conformable eddy current array useful for the mapping and measurement of external corrosion on a transmission pipeline. [...]
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TULSA UNIVERSITY PARAFFIN DEPOSITION PROJECTS
C. Sarica, M. Volk

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 32

Abstract
oil and gas production moves to deeper and colder water, subsea multiphase production systems become critical for economic feasibility. It will also become increasingly imperative to adequately identify the conditions for paraffin precipitation and predict paraffin deposition rates to optimize the design and operation of these multiphase production systems. Although several oil companies have paraffin deposition predictive capabilities for single-phase oil flow, these predictive capabilities are not suitable for the multiphase flow conditions encountered in most flowlines and wellbores. For deepwater applications in the Gulf of Mexico, it is likely that multiphase production streams consisting of crude oil, produced water and gas will be transported in a single multiphase pipeline to minimize capital cost and complexity at the mudline. Existing single-phase (crude oil) paraffin deposition predictive tools are clearly inadequate to accurately design these pipelines because they do not account for the second and third phases, namely, produced water and gas. The objective of this program is to utilize the current test facilities at The University of Tulsa, as well as member company expertise, to accomplish the following: enhance our understanding of paraffin deposition in single and two-phase (gas-oil) flows; conduct focused experiments to better understand various aspects ofmore » deposition physics; and, utilize knowledge gained from experimental modeling studies to enhance the computer programs developed in the previous JIP for predicting paraffin deposition in single and two-phase flow environments. These refined computer models will then be tested against field data from member company pipelines. The following deliverables are scheduled during the first three projects of the program: (1) Single-Phase Studies, with three different black oils, which will yield an enhanced computer code for predicting paraffin deposition in deepwater and surface pipelines. (2) Two-Phase Studies, with a focus on heat transfer and paraffin deposition at various pipe inclinations, which will be used to enhance the paraffin deposition code for gas-liquid flow in pipes. (3) Deposition Physics and Water Impact Studies, which will address the aging process, improve our ability to characterize paraffin deposits and enhance our understanding of the role water plays in paraffin deposition in deepwater pipelines. As in the previous two studies, knowledge gained in this suite of studies will be integrated into a state-of-the-art three-phase paraffin deposition computer program.« le
Abstract
oil and gas production moves to deeper and colder water, subsea multiphase production systems become critical for economic feasibility. It will also become increasingly imperative [...]
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NM WAIDS: A PRODUCED WATER QUALITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE GIS DATABASE FOR NEW MEXICO OIL PRODUCERS
R. Lee, A. Sung, I. Gundiler, M. Cather

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 31

Abstract
The New Mexico Water and Infrastructure Data System (NM WAIDS) seeks to alleviate a number of produced water-related issues in southeast New Mexico. The project calls for the design and implementation of a Geographical Information System (GIS) and integral tools that will provide operators and regulators with necessary data and useful information to help them make management and regulatory decisions. The major components of this system are: (1) Databases on produced water quality, cultural and groundwater data, oil pipeline and infrastructure data, and corrosion information. (2) A web site capable of displaying produced water and infrastructure data in a GIS or accessing some of the data by text-based queries. (3) A fuzzy logic-based, site risk assessment tool that can be used to assess the seriousness of a spill of produced water. (4) A corrosion management toolkit that will provide operators with data and information on produced waters that will aid them in deciding how to address corrosion issues. The various parts of NM WAIDS will be integrated into a website with a user-friendly interface that will provide access to previously difficult-to-obtain data and information. Primary attention during the first six months of this project was focused on creating the water quality databases for produced water and surface water, along with collecting of corrosion information and building parts of the corrosion toolkit. Work on the project to date includes: (1) Creation of a water quality database for produced water analyses. The database was compiled from a variety of sources and currently has over 7000 entries for New Mexico. (2) Creation of a web-based data entry system for the water quality database. This system allows a user to view, enter, or edit data from a web page rather than having to directly access the database. (3) Creation of a semi-automated data capturing system for use with standard water quality analysis forms. This system improves the accuracy and speed of water quality data entry. (4) Acquisition of ground water data from the New Mexico State Engineer's office, including chloride content and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) for over 30,000 data points in southeast New Mexico. (5) Creation of a web-based scale prediction tool, again with a web-based interface, that uses two common scaling indices to predict the likelihood of scaling. This prediction tool can either run from user input data, or the user can select samples from the water analysis database. (6) Creation of depth-to-groundwater maps for the study area. (7) Analysis of water quality data by formation. (8) Continuation of efforts to collect produced water quality information from operators in the southeast New Mexico area. (9) Qualitative assessment of produced water from various formations regarding corrosivity. (10) Efforts at corrosion education in the region through operator visits. Future work on this project will include: (1) Development of an integrated web and GIS interface for all the information collected in this effort. (2) Continued development of a fuzzy logic spill risk assessment tool that was initially developed prior to this project. Improvements will include addition of parameters found to be significant in determining the impact of a brine spill at a specific site. (3) Compilation of both hard copy and online corrosion toolkit material.
Abstract
The New Mexico Water and Infrastructure Data System (NM WAIDS) seeks to alleviate a number of produced water-related issues in southeast New Mexico. The project calls for [...]
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Second-best pricing for imperfect substitutes in urban networks
J. Rouwendal, E. Verhoef

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 30

Abstract
This paper considers second-best pricing as it arises through incomplete coverage of full networks. The main principles are first reviewed by considering the classic two-route problem and some extensions that have been studied more recently. In most of these studies the competing routes are assumed to be perfect substitutes, which is probably not the case for most parallel roads in reality, and even less likely for the case where competing connections represent different transport modes. In this paper a modelling framework in which the alternatives are imperfect substitutes is developed and numerical results for two roads and two modes are presented. In the model, trip generation and trip distribution are distinguished in a way that is consistent with economic theory. The model is used to consider situations in which one route or mode cannot be tolled. Simulation results show that, for the chosen parameter values, there is a substantial difference between the effec! tiveness of policies in which the capacities have to be taken as given, and those in which capacity of at least one mode can be changed. A striking feature of the policy in which the capacities of both modes/routes and the railway fare/toll on one road can be used as policy instruments is the existence of two equilibria for a range of values of â. In one equilibrium there are substantial numbers of users of both modes, whereas in the other use of one mode is negligible
Abstract
This paper considers second-best pricing as it arises through incomplete coverage of full networks. The main principles are first reviewed by considering the classic two-route [...]
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Fuel cells in shipping : higher capital costs and reduced flexibility
S. Sødal

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 29

Abstract
This paper discusses some main economic characteristics of fuel cell power production technology applied to shipping. Whenever competitive fuel cell systems enter the market, they are likely to have higher capital costs and lower operating costs than systems based on traditional combustion technology. Implications of the difference are investigated with respect to investment flexibility by the use of a real options model of ship investment, lay-up and scrapping decisions under freight rate uncertainty. A higher capital share of total expected costs can represent a significant opportunity cost in uncertain markets. The paper highlights the significance of accounting properly for value of flexibility prior to investment in new technology.
Abstract
This paper discusses some main economic characteristics of fuel cell power production technology applied to shipping. Whenever competitive fuel cell systems enter the market, [...]
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ANALYSIS OF CURRENT FIELD DATA
M. Romano

Collection of open reports in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 26

Abstract
This report provides a concise summary of the information collected and analyzed regarding the leak characteristics which define them as applicable candidates for pressure activated sealant technology. This information covers Office of Pipeline Safety reported incidents from 1985 to 1997 and was collected from existing data sources as well as operator and service company input.
Abstract
This report provides a concise summary of the information collected and analyzed regarding the leak characteristics which define them as applicable candidates for pressure [...]
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PORTABLE ACOUSTIC MONITORING PACKAGE (PAMP)
D. Mehra, G. Morris, J. Loth, G. Palmer, R. Guiler

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 28

Abstract
The 1st generation acoustic monitoring package was designed to detect and analyze weak acoustic signals inside natural gas transmission lines. Besides a microphone it housed a three-inch diameter aerodynamic acoustic signal amplifier to maximize sensitivity to leak induced {Delta}p type signals. The theory and test results of this aerodynamic signal amplifier was described in the master's degree thesis of our Research Assistant Deepak Mehra who is about to graduate. To house such a large three-inch diameter sensor required the use of a steel 300-psi rated 4 inch weld neck flange, which itself weighed already 29 pounds. The completed 1st generation Acoustic Monitoring Package weighed almost 100 pounds. This was too cumbersome to mount in the field, on an access port at a pipeline shut-off valve. Therefore a 2nd generation and truly Portable Acoustic Monitor was built. It incorporated a fully self-contained {Delta}p type signal sensor, rated for line pressures up to 1000 psi with a base weight of only 6 pounds. This is the Rosemont Inc. Model 3051CD-Range 0, software driven sensor, which is believed to have industries best total performance. Its most sensitive unit was purchased with a {Delta}p range from 0 to 3 inch water. This resulted inmore » the herein described 2nd generation: Portable Acoustic Monitoring Package (PAMP) for pipelines up to 1000 psi. Its 32-pound total weight includes an 18-volt battery. Together with a 3 pound laptop with its 4-channel data acquisition card, completes the equipment needed for field acoustic monitoring of natural gas transmission pipelines.« le
Abstract
The 1st generation acoustic monitoring package was designed to detect and analyze weak acoustic signals inside natural gas transmission lines. Besides a microphone it housed [...]
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSPECTION PLATFORM AND A SUITE OR SENSORS FOR ASSESSING CORROSION AND MECHANICAL DAMAGE ON UNPIGGABLE TRANSMISSION MAINS
G. Vradis

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 27

Abstract
This development program is a joint effort among the Northeast Gas Association (formerly New York Gas Group), Foster-Miller, Inc., GE Oil & Gas (PII), and the US Department of Energy (DOE) through the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). The total cost of the project is $772,525, with the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the US Department of Energy contributing $572,525, and the Northeast Gas Association contributing $200,000. The present report summarizes the accomplishments of the project during its fifth three-month period (from October 2003 through December 2003). The efforts of the project focused during this period in completing the assessment of the tether technology, which is intended to be used as the means of communication between robot and operator, in completing the design of the MFL sensor modules, and in completing the kinematic studies and tractor design. In addition, work on the ovality sensor has been completed, while work on system integration is nearly complete. Results to date indicate that the robotic system under design will be able to meet most of the design specifications initially prescribed. The kinematic analysis shows that from a locomotor point of view an inspection of a 16 inch-24 inch pipe size range with a single platform is most likely possible. However, the limitations imposed by the sensor are more restrictive, final preliminary design results showing that in order to cover this pipe range, two different sensor systems will be needed; one for the 16 inch-20 inch pipe size range and one for the 20 inch-24 inch range. Finally, the analysis has shown that tether operation will be limited to flows of less than 30 ft/sec; these results will have to be confirmed experimentally during the next phase of work.
Abstract
This development program is a joint effort among the Northeast Gas Association (formerly New York Gas Group), Foster-Miller, Inc., GE Oil & Gas (PII), and the US Department [...]
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London's congestion charge
A. Leicester, L. Blow, Z. Oldfield

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 26

Abstract
On 17 February 2003, one of the world's largest and most ambitious plans to tackle urban congestion began, with the introduction of a congestion charge for central London. It is hoped that this £5 daily charge for many vehicles entering the Inner Ring Road charging zone will significantly reduce the level of congestion faced by those travelling into and out of central London both by private and by public transport. In 2001, almost 1.1 million people entered central London during the morning peak hours of 7.00a.m.-10.00a.m.,1 of whom around 150,000 (13.7%) used private transport. Whilst the total number of people entering during the morning rush hour has scarcely changed since 1991, there has been a small shift towards public transport: in 1991, 16.8% of people used private transport. Nevertheless, average traffic speeds in central London have fallen slightly over the last decade, with the average morning peak-period traffic speed for 2000-03 just 9.9 mph, compared with a peak of 14.2 mph in 1974-76. During the evening rush hour, average speeds are even slower, at just 9.6 mph. In evidence to the House of Commons Transport Committee,3 David Begg of the Commission for Integrated Transport argues that around 40% of the total national level of congestion occurs in Greater London. Transport for London suggests that "there are now no longer any "peaks" or "off-peaks" of traffic volume between 7am - 6.30pm" and states that there are now on average three minutes of delay for every mile that a vehicle travels inside the charging zone. This Briefing Note aims to provide a guide to the workings of the London congestion charge. We begin in Section 2 by describing the economic case for congestion charging, showing why congestion can be thought of as an urban example of the well-known overuse of common resources to which there is free access (the so-called "tragedy of the commons"). In Section 3, we move on to look at the details of the proposed charge for London, examining how it fits in with the economic framework we develop and discussing some of the work that has already been carried out to try to predict the likely effects of the charge. Section 4 looks briefly at the issue of what may happen with the projected net revenues from the charge, which are legally bound for the first 10 years to be spent on transport within Greater London. In Section 5, we discuss some of the empirical evidence regarding transport in London and present evidence on the potential distributional effects of the congestion charge, since one of the oft-cited criticisms of charging is that it will impact upon the poorest most severely. Section 6 goes on to look at the experience of congestion charging elsewhere around the world.
Abstract
On 17 February 2003, one of the world's largest and most ambitious plans to tackle urban congestion began, with the introduction of a congestion charge for central London. [...]
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System design description for the 200 east area Double Shell Tank (DST) waste transfer system (DST Based)
R. Reed

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 25

Abstract
The 200 East Area Double-Shell Tank (DST) Waste Transfer System (WTS) consists of a network of buried transfer pipelines, operating equipment, and transfer structures (diversion boxes, valve pits, and pump pits) used to transfer high-level, radioactive waste between tank farm facilities. The primary purpose of the 200 East Area DST WTS is to support the overall mission of the River Protection Project (RPP) to store, treat, and immobilize highly radioactive waste from Hanford Site tanks in an environmentally safe, sound, and cost-effective manner. This system design description (SDD) describes the functions of the 200 East Area DST WTS, identifies the requirements and their bases to support the system functions, and discusses how the 200 East Area DST WTS, as designed, fulfills those requirements. This system design description of the 200 East Area Double-Shell Tank Waste Transfer System is intended to be a living compendium of design requirements, design bases, and system descriptions. The system design description includes references to relevant procedures, drawings, calculations, and supporting documents.
Abstract
The 200 East Area Double-Shell Tank (DST) Waste Transfer System (WTS) consists of a network of buried transfer pipelines, operating equipment, and transfer structures (diversion [...]
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MONITORING TECHNOLOGY FOR EARLY DETECTION OF INTERNAL CORROSION FOR PIPELINE INTEGRITY
G. Light, S. Kim, H. Kwun, R. Spinks, P. Porter

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 24

Abstract
Transmission gas pipelines are an important part of energy-transportation infrastructure vital to the national economy. The prevention of failures and continued safe operation of these pipelines are therefore of national interest. These lines, mostly buried, are protected and maintained by protective coating and cathodic protection systems, supplemented by periodic inspection equipped with sensors for inspection. The primary method for inspection is ''smart pigging'' with an internal inspection device that traverses the pipeline. However, some transmission lines are however not suitable for ''pigging'' operation. Because inspection of these ''unpiggable'' lines requires excavation, it is cost-prohibitive, and the development of a methodology for cost-effectively assessing the structural integrity of ''unpiggable'' lines is needed. This report describes the laboratory and field evaluation of a technology called ''magnetostrictive sensor (MsS)'' for monitoring and early detection of internal corrosion in known susceptible sections of transmission pipelines. With the MsS technology, developed by Southwest Research Institute{reg_sign} (SwRI{reg_sign}), a pulse of a relatively low frequency (typically under 100-kHz) mechanical wave (called guided wave) is launched along the pipeline and signals reflected from defects or welds are detected at the launch location in the pulse-echo mode. This technology can quickly examine a long length of piping for defects, such as corrosion wastage and cracking in circumferential direction, from a single test location, and has been in commercial use for inspection of above-ground piping in refineries and chemical plants. The MsS technology is operated primarily in torsional guided waves using a probe consisting of a thin ferromagnetic strip (typically nickel) bonded to a pipe and a number of coil-turns (typically twenty or so turns) wound over the strip. The MsS probe is relatively inexpensive compared to other guided wave approaches, and can be permanently mounted and buried on a pipe at a modest cost to allow long-term periodic data collection and comparison for accurate tracking of condition changes for cost-effective assessment of the integrity of the susceptible sections of pipeline. The results of work conducted in this project, with the collaboration from Clock Spring{reg_sign} and cooperation with El Paso Corporation, showed that the MsS probe indeed can be permanently installed on a pipe and buried for long-term monitoring of pipe condition changes. It was found however that the application of the MsS to monitoring of bitumen-coated pipelines is presently limited because of very high wave attenuation caused by the bitumen-coating and surrounding soil and resulting loss in defect detection sensitivity and reduction in monitoring range. Based on these results, it is recommended that the MsS monitoring methodology be used in benign, relatively low-attenuation sections of pipelines (for example, sleeved sections of pipeline frequently found at road crossings and pipelines with fusion epoxy coating). For bitumen-coated pipeline applications, the MsS methodology needs to increase its power to overcome the high wave attenuation problem and to achieve reasonable inspection and monitoring capability.
Abstract
Transmission gas pipelines are an important part of energy-transportation infrastructure vital to the national economy. The prevention of failures and continued safe operation [...]
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TRANSPORTATION ISSUES IN THE DELIVERY OF GTL PRODUCTS FROM ALASKAN NORTH SLOPE TO MARKET
G. Chukwu

Collection of open reports in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 21

Abstract
The Alaskan North Slope (ANS) is one of the largest hydrocarbon reserves in the United States where Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) technology can be successfully implemented. The proven and recoverable reserves of conventional natural gas in the developed and undeveloped fields in the Alaskan North Slope (ANS) are estimated to be 38 trillion standard cubic feet (TCF) and estimates of additional undiscovered gas reserves in the Arctic field range from 64 TCF to 142 TCF. Because the domestic gas market in the continental United States is located thousands of miles from the ANS, transportation of the natural gas from the remote ANS to the market is the key issue in effective utilization of this valuable and abundant resource. The focus of this project is to study the operational challenges involved in transporting the gas in converted liquid (GTL) form through the existing Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). A three-year, comprehensive research program was undertaken by the Petroleum Development Laboratory, University of Alaska Fairbanks, under cooperative agreement No. DE-FC26-98FT40016 to study the feasibility of transporting GTL products through TAPS. Cold restart of TAPS following an extended winter shutdown and solids deposition in the pipeline were identified as the main transportation issues in moving GTL products through the pipeline. The scope of work in the current project (Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC26-01NT41248) included preparation of fluid samples for the experiments to be conducted to augment the comprehensive research program.
Abstract
The Alaskan North Slope (ANS) is one of the largest hydrocarbon reserves in the United States where Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) technology can be successfully implemented. The proven [...]
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RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF NATURAL GAS-HYDRATE AND ASSOCIATED FREE-GAS ACCUMULATIONS IN THE PRUDHOE BAY - KUPARUK RIVER AREA ON THE NORTH SLOPE OF ALASKA
S. Patil, R. Casavant, T. Collett, R. Hunter

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 23

Abstract
Interim results are presented from the project designed to characterize, quantify, and determine the commercial feasibility of Alaska North Slope (ANS) gas-hydrate and associated free-gas resources in the Prudhoe Bay Unit (PBU), Kuparuk River Unit (KRU), and Milne Point Unit (MPU) areas. This collaborative research will provide practical input to reservoir and economic models, determine the technical feasibility of gas hydrate production, and influence future exploration and field extension of this potential ANS resource. The large magnitude of unconventional in-place gas (40-100 TCF) and conventional ANS gas commercialization evaluation creates industry-DOE alignment to assess this potential resource. This region uniquely combines known gas hydrate presence and existing production infrastructure. Many technical, economical, environmental, and safety issues require resolution before enabling gas hydrate commercial production. Gas hydrate energy resource potential has been studied for nearly three decades. However, this knowledge has not been applied to practical ANS gas hydrate resource development. ANS gas hydrate and associated free gas reservoirs are being studied to determine reservoir extent, stratigraphy, structure, continuity, quality, variability, and geophysical and petrophysical property distribution. Phase 1 will characterize reservoirs, lead to recoverable reserve and commercial potential estimates, and define procedures for gas hydrate drilling, data acquisition, completion, andmore » production. Phases 2 and 3 will integrate well, core, log, and long-term production test data from additional wells, if justified by results from prior phases. The project could lead to future ANS gas hydrate pilot development. This project will help solve technical and economic issues to enable government and industry to make informed decisions regarding future commercialization of unconventional gas-hydrate resources.« le
Abstract
Interim results are presented from the project designed to characterize, quantify, and determine the commercial feasibility of Alaska North Slope (ANS) gas-hydrate and associated [...]
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Using Precast Concrete Panels for Pavement Construction in Indiana
S. Lee, Y. Chen, L. Chang

Collection of open reports in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 20

Abstract
The closure of roadways for new pavement, overlays, or removal and replacement applications constantly causes traffic congestion. To minimize the effects of traffic congestion, this study assesses the feasibility of using a Precast Concrete Pavement (PCP) method in Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) pavement construction. The research investigated the state-of-the-art of PCP methods recently developed in the United States. The conventional concrete pavement methods such as Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP), including Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP), Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP), and Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP), were reviewed and compared with the PCP methods. With the speedy construction and lower user impact cost of PCP, the PCP methods were further studied. It was found that Precast Prestressed Concrete Pavement (PPCP) is used in Texas and California; Super-slab method in New York; Full Depth Repair method in Michigan; Stitch-in-Time method in Colorado; and the Four-by-Four method in California. Their design concepts, field installation procedures, merits, pitfalls, costs and applications were evaluated. With all the comparative advantages and disadvantages, it can be concluded that it is feasible to use PCP in INDOT pavement construction. Based on the data collected and analyses on the PCP methods identified in this study, the Texas Department of Transportation's (TxDOT's) PPCP method possesses comparatively distinguishing merits. It is recommended that an experiment using the PPCP method on an INDOT demonstration project be conducted as soon as possible.
Abstract
The closure of roadways for new pavement, overlays, or removal and replacement applications constantly causes traffic congestion. To minimize the effects of traffic congestion, [...]
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Evaluation of INDOT Hyperfix Project
J. Fricker, S. Labi, S. Konduri, K. Sinha, B. McCullouch, D. Bullock

Collection of open reports in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 19

Abstract
In 2003 the Indiana Department of Transportation executed an ambitious interstate reconstruction project in Indianapolis, named Hyperfix. This project completely closed the I-65/70 section during reconstruction, on which approximately 250,000 vehicles travel daily. Due to the scope and risk involved, an extensive amount of planning, coordination, and cooperation occurred. The main section was rebuilt during the total closure phase, which lasted 55 days. The total closure approach had never been performed before by INDOT on such a high volume artery in a downtown metropolitan area. This present study analyzed the project and its impact on the Indianapolis area. The report includes findings on planning and design issues, contractor and INDOT operations, traffic impact, business impact, the park and ride service implemented, and other issues related to total closure.
Abstract
In 2003 the Indiana Department of Transportation executed an ambitious interstate reconstruction project in Indianapolis, named Hyperfix. This project completely closed the [...]
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3D stereo displays for air traffic control : a multidisciplinary framework and some results
D. Thong, M. Tavanti, L. Ha, D. Vu

Collection of open reports in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 18

Abstract
The Virtual Sky project attempts to investigate the applicability of three-dimensional stereoscopic display for AirTraffic Control. This investigation is quite complex in that it requires several disciplines to be studied in parallel. For instance, we decided to use a multidisciplinary approach, which is made of three related components: “Visualization”,“Interaction” and “Human Factors”. This paper describes the framework of the investigation and provides the analysis’details for each component involved. Moreover, we present some preliminary results involving Air Traffic Controllersand entailing their training with a special Interaction device.
Abstract
The Virtual Sky project attempts to investigate the applicability of three-dimensional stereoscopic display for AirTraffic Control. This investigation is quite complex in [...]
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INTERNAL REPAIR OF GAS PIPLINES SURVEY OF OPERATOR EXPERIENCE AND INDUSTRY NEEDS REPORT
I. Harris

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 22

Abstract
repair method that can be applied from the inside of a gas transmission pipeline (i.e., a trenchless repair) is an attractive alternative to conventional repair methods since the need to excavate the pipeline is precluded. This is particularly true for pipelines in environmentally sensitive and highly populated areas. The objectives of the project are to evaluate, develop, demonstrate, and validate internal repair methods for pipelines; develop a functional specification for an internal pipeline repair system; and prepare a recommended practice for internal repair of pipelines. The purpose of this survey is to better understand the needs and performance requirements of the natural gas transmission industry regarding internal repair. A total of fifty-six surveys were sent to pipeline operators. A total of twenty completed surveys were returned, representing a 36% response rate, which is considered very good given the fact that tailored surveys are known in the marketing industry to seldom attract more than a 10% response rate. The twenty survey responses produced the following principal conclusions: (1) Use of internal weld repair is most attractive for river crossings, under other bodies of water (e.g., lakes and swamps) in difficult soil conditions, under highways, under congested intersections, and under railway crossings. All these areas tend to be very difficult and very costly if, and where, conventional excavated repairs may be currently used. (2) Internal pipe repair offers a strong potential advantage to the high cost of horizontal direct drilling (HDD) when a new bore must be created to solve a leak or other problem in a water/river crossing. (3) The typical travel distances required can be divided into three distinct groups: up to 305 m (1,000 ft.); between 305 m and 610 m (1,000 ft. and 2,000 ft.); and beyond 914 m (3,000 ft.). In concept, these groups require pig-based systems; despooled umbilical systems could be considered for the first two groups. For the last group a self-propelled system with an onboard self-contained power and welding system is required. (4) Pipe size range requirements range from 50.8 mm (2 in.) through 1,219.2 mm (48 in.) in diameter. The most common size range for 80% to 90% of operators surveyed is 508 mm to 762 mm (20 in. to 30 in.) diameter, with 95% using 558.8 mm (22 in.) diameter pipe.
Abstract
repair method that can be applied from the inside of a gas transmission pipeline (i.e., a trenchless repair) is an attractive alternative to conventional repair methods since [...]
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NM WAIDS: A PRODUCED WATER QUALITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE GIS DATABASE FOR NEW MEXICO OIL PRODUCERS
M. Wei, R. Lee, A. Reddy, A. Sung, N. Davidson, I. Gundiler, M. Cather

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 21

Abstract
The New Mexico Water and Infrastructure Data System (NM WAIDS) seeks to alleviate a number of produced water-related issues in southeast New Mexico. The project calls for the design and implementation of a Geographical Information System (GIS) and integral tools that will provide operators and regulators with necessary data and useful information to help them make management and regulatory decisions. The major components of this system are: (1) databases on produced water quality, cultural and groundwater data, oil pipeline and infrastructure data, and corrosion information, (2) a web site capable of displaying produced water and infrastructure data in a GIS or accessing some of the data by text-based queries, (3) a fuzzy logic-based, site risk assessment tool that can be used to assess the seriousness of a spill of produced water, and (4) a corrosion management toolkit that will provide operators with data and information on produced waters that will aid them in deciding how to address corrosion issues. The various parts of NM WAIDS will be integrated into a website with a user-friendly interface that will provide access to previously difficult-to-obtain data and information. Primary attention during the first six months of this project has been focused on creating the water quality databases for produced water and surface water, along with collection of corrosion information and building parts of the corrosion toolkit. Work on the project to date includes: (1) Creation of a water quality database for produced water analyses. The database was compiled from a variety of sources and currently has over 4000 entries for southeast New Mexico. (2) Creation of a web-based data entry system for the water quality database. This system allows a user to view, enter, or edit data from a web page rather than having to directly access the database. (3) Creation of a semi-automated data capturing system for use with standard water quality analysis forms. This system improves the accuracy and speed of water quality data entry. (4) Acquisition of ground water data from the New Mexico State Engineer's office, including chloride content and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) for over 30,000 data points in southeast New Mexico. (5) Creation of a web-based scale prediction tool, again with a web-based interface, that uses two common scaling indices (Stiff-Davis and Oddo-Thomson) to predict the likelihood of scaling. This prediction tool can either run from user input data, or the user can select samples from the water analysis database. (6) Creation of depth-to-groundwater maps for the study area. (7) Analysis of water quality data by formation. (8) Continuation of efforts to collect produced water quality information from operators in the southeast New Mexico area. (9) Qualitative assessment of produced water from various formations regarding corrosivity. (10) Efforts at corrosion education in the region through operator visits. Future work on this project will include: (11) Development of an integrated web and GIS interface for all the information collected in this effort. (12) Continued development of a fuzzy logic spill risk assessment tool that was initially developed prior to this project. Improvements will include addition of parameters found to be significant in determining the impact of a brine spill at a specific site. (13) Cleanup and integration of water quality databases. (14) Compilation of both hard copy and online corrosion toolkit material.
Abstract
The New Mexico Water and Infrastructure Data System (NM WAIDS) seeks to alleviate a number of produced water-related issues in southeast New Mexico. The project calls for [...]
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DEEPWATER SUBSEA LIQUID/GAS SEPARATION PROCESS UNDER LIVE OIL PRODUCTION CONDITIONS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO
E. Cousins

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 20

Abstract
This report includes technical progress made during the period October 2001 to October 2002. At the end of the first technical progress report the project was moving from feasibility of equipment design work to application of this equipment to the actual site for potential demonstration. The effort focuses on reservoir analysis cost estimations of not only the sub-sea processing unit but also the wells, pipelines, installation costs, operating procedures and economic modeling of the development scheme associated with these items. Geologic risk analysis was also part of the overall evaluation, which is factored into the probabilistic economic analysis. During this period two different potential sites in the Gulf of Mexico were analyzed and one site in Norway was initiated but not completed during the period. A summary of these activities and results are included here.
Abstract
This report includes technical progress made during the period October 2001 to October 2002. At the end of the first technical progress report the project was moving from [...]
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TEST & EVALUATION REPORT FOR THE HEDGEHOG-II PACKAGING SYSTEMS DOT-7A TYPE A CONTAINER
D. Kelly

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 19

Abstract
This report documents the US. Department of Transportation Specification 7A (DOT-7A) Type A compliance test and evaluation results for the Hedgehog-II packaging systems. The approved Hedgehog-II packaging configurations provide primary and secondary containment. The approved packaging configurations described within this report are designed to ship Type A quantities of radioactive materials, normal form. Contents may be in solid or liquid form. Liquids transported in the approved 1 L glass bottle assembly shall have a specific gravity of less than or equal to 1.6. Liquids transported in all other approved configurations shall have a specific gravity of less than or equal to 2.0. The solid contents, including packaging, are limited in weight to the gross weight of the as-tested liquids and bottles. The approved Hedgehog-II packaging configurations described in this report may be transported by air, and have been evaluated as meeting the applicable International Air Transport Association/International Civil Aviation Organization (IATA/ICAO) Dangerous Goods Regulations in addition to the DOT requirements.
Abstract
This report documents the US. Department of Transportation Specification 7A (DOT-7A) Type A compliance test and evaluation results for the Hedgehog-II packaging systems. The [...]
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Grid-based Parallel Data Streaming Implemented for the Gyrokinetic Toroidal Code
K. Martins, S. Ethier, Z. Lin, S. Klasky, R. Samtaney, D. McCune

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 18

Abstract
We have developed a threaded parallel data streaming approach using Globus to transfer multi-terabyte simulation data from a remote supercomputer to the scientist's home analysis/visualization cluster, as the simulation executes, with negligible overhead. Data transfer experiments show that this concurrent data transfer approach is more favorable compared with writing to local disk and then transferring this data to be post-processed. The present approach is conducive to using the grid to pipeline the simulation with post-processing and visualization. We have applied this method to the Gyrokinetic Toroidal Code (GTC), a 3-dimensional particle-in-cell code used to study microturbulence in magnetic confinement fusion from first principles plasma theory.
Abstract
We have developed a threaded parallel data streaming approach using Globus to transfer multi-terabyte simulation data from a remote supercomputer to the scientist's home analysis/visualization [...]
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INTERNAL REPAIR OF PIPELINES
N. Porter, C. Neary, B. Bruce, M. Sullivan, R. Gordon

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 17

Abstract
The two broad categories of deposited weld metal repair and fiber-reinforced composite repair technologies were reviewed for potential application for internal repair of gas transmission pipelines. Both are used to some extent for other applications and could be further developed for internal, local, structural repair of gas transmission pipelines. Preliminary test programs were developed for both deposited weld metal repairs and for fiber-reinforced composite repair. To date, all of the experimental work pertaining to the evaluation of potential repair methods has focused on fiber-reinforced composite repairs. Hydrostatic testing was also conducted on four pipeline sections with simulated corrosion damage: two with composite liners and two without.
Abstract
The two broad categories of deposited weld metal repair and fiber-reinforced composite repair technologies were reviewed for potential application for internal repair of gas [...]
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Policy Implications and Analysis of the Determinants of Travel Mode Choice: An Application of Choice Experiments to Metropolitan Costa Rica
F. Carlsson, F. Alpízar

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 16

Abstract
In this paper we study a group of policies aimed at discouraging the use of private transportation during peak hours, both directly and indirectly, by increasing the attractiveness of the only available substitute, the bus. This is done using a choice experiment constructed to find the answer to the following basic question: Given fixed house-to work structures and no working hour flexibility, by how much is the choice of travel mode for commuters to work sensitive to changes in travel time, changes in costs for each mode and other service attributes? This information is then used to identify the most suitable combination of policies dealing with air pollution and congestion in the typical developing country context of metropolitan Costa Rica. We also provide estimates of the value of travel time as a measure of the potential benefits gained from reduced congestion.
Abstract
In this paper we study a group of policies aimed at discouraging the use of private transportation during peak hours, both directly and indirectly, by increasing the attractiveness [...]
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An efficient decentralized on-line traffic engineering algorithm for MPLS networks
G. Leduc, L. Mélon, F. Blanchy

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 26

Abstract
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) provides ways to control the Label Switched Paths (LSPs) followed by traffic trunks in a network and thereby to better traffic engineer it. In this context, we look at the problem of organizing the mapping of LSPs in an optimal way throughout the network on the basis of a given objective function. This problem is highly combinatorial and makes dynamic and real-time features a difficult issue for any LSP routing scheme. For this reason, we propose a computationally efficient, though approximate, on-line scheme adapted to an incremental optimization of the network state. It is then applied to a seldom mentioned traffic engineering problem: the compromise between load-balancing and traffic minimization. It is expected that clever routing strategies to balance the network load will sometimes favor longer paths in order to avoid congestion, leading to an increase of the overall network utilization. This reasoning is confirmed by our study, and we show that an improvement in network management can be made by appropriately tuning this compromise. Peer reviewed
Abstract
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) provides ways to control the Label Switched Paths (LSPs) followed by traffic trunks in a network and thereby to better traffic engineer [...]
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Combined use of prioritized AIMD and flow-based traffic splitting for robust TCP load balancing
N. Akar, O. Alparslan, E. Karasan

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 27

Abstract
In this paper, we propose an AIMD-based TCP load balancing architecture in a backbone network where TCP flows are split between two explicitly routed paths, namely the primary and the secondary paths. We propose that primary paths have strict priority over the secondary paths with respect to packet forwarding and both paths are rate-controlled using ECN marking in the core and AIMD rate adjustment at the ingress nodes. We call this technique "prioritized AIMD". The buffers maintained at the ingress nodes for the two alternative paths help us predict the delay difference between the two paths which forms the basis for deciding on which path to forward a new-coming flow. We provide a simulation study for a large mesh network to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach in terms of the average per-flow goodput and byte blocking rates. Â© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004.
Abstract
In this paper, we propose an AIMD-based TCP load balancing architecture in a backbone network where TCP flows are split between two explicitly routed paths, namely the primary [...]
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Model-Driven Requirements Engineering: Synchronising Models in an Air Traffic Management Case Study
J. Greenwood, S. Jones, N. Maiden, L. Renou, S. Manning

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 26

Abstract
Different modelling techniques from different disciplines are needed to model complex socio-technical systems and their requirements. This paper describes the application of RESCUE, a process that integrates 4 modelling techniques to model and analyse stakeholder requirements for DMAN, a system for scheduling and managing the departure of aircraft from major European airports. It describes how human activity, use case and i* modelling were applied and integrated using synchronisation checks to model requirements on DMAN. Synchronisation checks applied at predefined stages in RESCUE revealed omissions and potential inconsistencies in the models and stakeholder requirements that, in turn, led to improvements to the models and resulting specification. The paper ends with implications for requirements model integration, and describes future work to extend and apply RESCUE.
Abstract
Different modelling techniques from different disciplines are needed to model complex socio-technical systems and their requirements. This paper describes the application [...]
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Oil transportation and terminal development in the Gulf of Finland
S. Hänninen, J. Rytkönen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 25

Abstract
Over the last decade maritime transport in the Gulf of Finland area has changed significantly. The disintegration of the Soviet Union forced Russia to start developing its own Baltic ports and terminals and to find new routes to export its oil. The Baltic States have enjoyed a remarkable economic boom, especially regarding new port and terminal development and oil transportation. Due to the fact the Gulf of Finland is a sensitive brackish water area with a unique nature and environment, there has been a growing concern with accidental oil spills and various negative impacts caused by the maritime transport. Previous large-scale accidents elsewhere may have been the driving forces behind both the publicity and the calls from experts for new requirements to improve maritime safety and develop preventive measures against future accidents. This report, commissioned by the Finnish Ministry of the Environment is an updated report of the earlier study on the Gulf of Finland's oil transport, published in 1999. The rapid changes in the oil business, new terminals and enlarging transport figures were the driving forces for updating this work. The report contains statistics on oil transport, terminal development, and it presents future development scenarios up to 2010. Much emphasis has been placed on safety-related activities and recommendation; therefore current activities to improve the safety and/or develop better oil spillage-combating measures have also been analysed and discussed.
Abstract
Over the last decade maritime transport in the Gulf of Finland area has changed significantly. The disintegration of the Soviet Union forced Russia to start developing its [...]
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Transport Energy and Emissions: Rail
A. Bonnafous, C. Raux

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 23

Abstract
While pollutant emissions from transport have only recently become an issue, their energy costs have been a long-standing concern. It can even be said that, historically, from the beginning of railways, there has always been an association between rail and what we today call transport energy efficiency. The chapter describes this association.
Abstract
While pollutant emissions from transport have only recently become an issue, their energy costs have been a long-standing concern. It can even be said that, historically, [...]
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Increased flexibility of turbo compressors in natural gas transmission through direct surge control
N. McKee, N. Deffenbaugh

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 15

Abstract
This annual progress report describes the third year's technical progress in a three-year program. This report introduces the benefits of improved surge detection and summarizes what is known about internal flows as surge precursors in centrifugal compressors. Early research results and findings concerning surge in centrifugal compressors and possible precursors to surge are presented. Laboratory test results in modern compressors with 3D impellers are described in detail and used to show the changes in internal flow patterns that occur as a compressor approaches surge. It was found that older compressors with recessed impeller blading (2D geometry) do not have the same accessible flow patterns. The laboratory test results indicate a large increase in potential operating range for modern compressors. This annual report also presents results from the field testing conducted during the course of this third year. The field test results showed similar changes in the surge probe strain signals and the same type, although of less magnitude, of indication that the compressor is approaching surge. An algorithm for identifying the nearness of surge has been proposed and evaluated with the available data. This project is co-funded by the Gas Machinery Research Council (GMRC) and by Siemens Energy and Automation (Siemens). The results of the project include a step-by-step process for design, sizing, and installation of surge detection probes and for implementation of the direct surge control in centrifugal compressor controllers. This work is considered a step towards the successful implementation of direct surge control for improved flexibility and efficiency in natural gas transmission compressors. Document type: Report
Abstract
This annual progress report describes the third year's technical progress in a three-year program. This report introduces the benefits of improved surge detection and summarizes [...]
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GAS/LIQUID MEMBRANES FOR NATURAL GAS UPGRADING
H. Meyer, N. Meyer

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2002, 14

Abstract
A new project was initiated this quarter to develop gas/liquid membranes for natural gas upgrading. Efforts have concentrated on legal agreements, including alternative field sites. Gas Technology Institute (GTI) is conducting this research program whose objective is to develop gas/liquid membranes for natural gas upgrading to assist DOE in achieving their goal of developing novel methods of upgrading low quality natural gas to meet pipeline specifications. Kvaerner Process Systems (KPS) and W. L. Gore & Associates (GORE) gas/liquid membrane contactors are based on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes acting as the contacting barrier between the contaminated gas stream and the absorbing liquid. These resilient membranes provide much greater surface area for transfer than other tower internals, with packing densities five to ten times greater, resulting in equipment 50-70% smaller and lower weight for the same treating service. The scope of the research program is to (1) build and install a laboratory- and a field-scale gas/liquid membrane absorber; (2) operate the units with a low quality natural gas feed stream for sufficient time to verify the simulation model of the contactors and to project membrane life in this severe service; and (3) conducted an economic evaluation, based on the data, to quantify the impact of the technology. Chevron, one of the major producers of natural gas, has offered to host the test at a gas treating plant. KPS will use their position as a recognized leader in the construction of commercial amine plants for building the unit along with GORE providing the membranes. GTI will provide operator and data collection support during lab- and field-testing to assure proper analytical procedures are used. Kvaerner and GTI will perform the final economic evaluation. GTI will provide project management and be responsible for reporting and interactions with DOE on this project. Document type: Report
Abstract
A new project was initiated this quarter to develop gas/liquid membranes for natural gas upgrading. Efforts have concentrated on legal agreements, including alternative field [...]
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ACOUSTIC DETECTING AND LOCATING GAS PIPE LINE INFRINGEMENT
G. Palmer, R. Guiler, G. Morris, N. Mehra, N. Morris, J. Loth, P. Browning, N. Loth, N. Guiler, N. Palmer

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 13

Abstract
The extensive network of high-pressure natural gas transmission pipelines covering the United States provides an important infrastructure for our energy independence. Early detection of pipeline leaks and infringements by construction equipment, resulting in corrosion fractures, presents an important aspect of our national security policy. The National Energy Technology Laboratory Strategic Center for Natural Gas (SCVG) is and has been funding research on various applicable techniques. The WVU research team has focused on monitoring pipeline background acoustic signals generated and transmitted by gas flowing through the gas inside the pipeline. In case of a pipeline infringement, any mechanical impact on the pipe wall, or escape of high-pressure gas, generates acoustic signals traveling both up and down stream through the gas. Sudden changes in flow noise are detectable with a Portable Acoustic Monitoring Package (PAMP), developed under this contract. It incorporates a pressure compensating microphone and a signal- recording device. Direct access to the gas inside the line is obtained by mounting such a PAMP, with a 1/2 inch NPT connection, to a pipeline pressure port found near most shut-off valves. An FFT of the recorded signal subtracted by that of the background noise recorded one-second earlier appears to sufficiently isolate the infringement signal to allow source interpretation. Using cell phones for data downloading might allow a network of such 1000-psi rated PAMP's to acoustically monitor a pipeline system and be trained by neural network software to positively identify and locate any pipeline infringement. Document type: Report
Abstract
The extensive network of high-pressure natural gas transmission pipelines covering the United States provides an important infrastructure for our energy independence. Early [...]
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Grid based parallel data streaming implemented for the gyrokinetic toroidal code
N. Klasky, N. Ethier, N. Lin, N. Martins, N. McCune, N. Samtaney

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). 11

Abstract
We have developed a threaded parallel data streaming approach using Globus to transfer multi-terabyte simulation data from a remote supercomputer to the scientist?s home analysis/visualization cluster, as the simulation executes, with negligible overhead. Data transfer experiments show that this concurrent data transfer approach is more favorable compared with writing to local disk and then transferring this data to be post-processed. The present approach is conducive to using the grid to pipeline the simulation with post-processing and visualization. We have applied this method to the Gyrokinetic Toroidal Code (GTC), a 3-dimensional particle-in-cell code used to study micro-turbulence in magnetic confinement fusion from first principles plasma theory. Document type: Report
Abstract
We have developed a threaded parallel data streaming approach using Globus to transfer multi-terabyte simulation data from a remote supercomputer to the scientist?s home analysis/visualization [...]
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Improvement to pipeline compressor engine reliability through retrofit micro pilot ignition system phase i
T. Bestor, N. Bestor

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 10

Abstract
This report documents the first year's effort towards a 3-year program to develop micropilot ignition systems for existing pipeline compressor engines. In essence, all Phase I goals and objectives were met. We intend to proceed with the Phase II research plan, as set forth by the applicable Research Management Plan. The objective for Phase I was to demonstrate the feasibility of micropilot ignition for large bore, slow speed engines operating at low compression ratios. The primary elements of Micropilot Phase I were to develop a single-cylinder test chamber to study the injection of pilot fuel into a combustion cylinder and to develop, install and test a multi-cylinder micropilot ignition system for a 4-cylinder, natural gas test engine. In all, there were twelve (12) tasks defined and executed to support these two (2) primarily elements in a stepwise fashion. Task-specific approaches and results are documented in this report. Research activities for Micropilot Phase I were conducted with the understanding that the efforts are expected to result in a commercial product to capture and disseminate the efficiency and environmental benefits of this new technology. An extensive state-of-art review was conducted to leverage the existing body of knowledge of micropilot ignition with respect to retrofit applications. Additionally, commercially-available fuel injection products were identified and applied to the program where appropriate. This approach will minimize the overall time-to-market requirements, while meeting performance and cost criteria. The four-cylinder prototype data was encouraging for the micro-pilot ignition technology when compared to spark ignition. Initial testing results showed: (1) Brake specific fuel consumption of natural gas was improved from standard spark ignition across the map, 1% at full load and 5% at 70% load. (2) 0% misfires for all points on micropilot ignition. Fuel savings were most likely due to this percent misfire improvement. (3) THC (Total Hydrocarbon) emissions were improved significantly at light load, 38% at 70% load. (4) VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) emissions were improved above 80% load. (5) Coefficient of Variance for the IMEP (Indicated Mean Effective Pressure) was significantly less at lower loads, 76% less at 70%. These preliminary results will be substantiated and enhanced during Phase II of the Micropilot Ignition program. Document type: Report
Abstract
This report documents the first year's effort towards a 3-year program to develop micropilot ignition systems for existing pipeline compressor engines. In essence, all Phase [...]
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Assessment of tank 241 s 112 liquid waste mixing in tank 241 sy 101
L. Mahoney, Y. Onishi, B. Wells, B. Wells, L. Mahoney, D. Trent, D. Trent, Y. Onishi

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 9

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate mixing of liquid waste from Tank 241-S-112 with waste in Tank 241-SY-101 and to determine the properties of the resulting waste for the cross-site transfer to avoid potential double-shell tank corrosion and pipeline plugging. We applied the time-varying, three-dimensional computer code TEMPEST to Tank SY-101 as it received the S-112 liquid waste. The model predicts that temperature variations in Tank SY-101 generate a natural convection flow that is very slow, varying from about 7 x 10{sup -5} to 1 x 10{sup -3} ft/sec (0.3 to about 4 ft/hr) in most areas. Thus, natural convection would eventually mix the liquid waste in SY-101 but would be very slow to achieve nearly complete mixing. These simulations indicate that the mixing of S-112 and SY-101 wastes in Tank SY-101 is a very slow process, and the density difference between the two wastes would further limit mixing. It is expected to take days or weeks to achieve relatively complete mixing in Tank SY-101. Document type: Report
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate mixing of liquid waste from Tank 241-S-112 with waste in Tank 241-SY-101 and to determine the properties of the resulting waste [...]
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TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE OPERATION OF THE EXISTING NATURAL GAS COMPRESSION INFRASTRUCTURE
N. Bourn, R. Harris, A. Smalley, G. Bourn, N. Smalley, N. Deffenbaugh, N. Harris

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 8

Abstract
This report documents work performed in the first quarter of the project entitled: ''Technologies to Enhance Operation of the Existing Natural Gas Compression Infrastructure''. The project objective is to develop and substantiate methods for operating integral engine/compressors in gas pipeline service, which reduce fuel consumption, increase capacity, and enhance mechanical integrity. The report describes the following work: preparation and submission of the Research Management Plan; preparation and submission of the Technology Status Assessment; attendance at the Project Kick-Off meeting at DOE-NETL; formation of the Industry Advisory Committee (IAC) for the project; preparation of the Test Plan; acquisition and assembly of the data acquisition system (DAS). Document type: Report
Abstract
This report documents work performed in the first quarter of the project entitled: ''Technologies to Enhance Operation of the Existing Natural Gas Compression Infrastructure''. [...]
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DEFECT ASSESSMENT USING CONFORMABLE ARRAY DATA
N. Crouch, N. Goyen

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). 7

Abstract
This report covers the design and fabrication of a conformable eddy current array useful for the mapping and measurement of external corrosion on a transmission pipeline. The feasibility of the basic measuring approach was demonstrated and the general guidelines for sensor design were disclosed in a previous project. This project was concerned with design of a practical array, development of interface electronics, and design of the operation and analysis software. A prototype system was constructed, checked out, and demonstrated on natural corrosion in a field environment. Document type: Report
Abstract
This report covers the design and fabrication of a conformable eddy current array useful for the mapping and measurement of external corrosion on a transmission pipeline. [...]
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Retrieval and pipeline transfer assessment of hanford tank 241 an 105 waste
Y. Onishi, G. Terrones, J. Tingey, B. Wells, B. Wells, J. Liu, K. Recknagle, M. Quinn, S. Yokuda, K. Recknagle, J. Tingey, S. Yokuda

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 6

Abstract
This study assesses five steps for Tank 241-AN-105 waste retrieval and subsequent pipeline transfer: 1. Remove supernatant liquid waste from AN-105 and transfer it through a pipeline with inline dilution with water (1st liquid waste transfer). 2. Add water (as a diluent) to Tank AN-105. 3. Mix the saltcake waste and water with mixer pumps to dissolve soluble solids. 4. Let undissolved solids settle to the tank bottom. 5. Remove the resulting supernatant liquid waste from Tank AN-105 (2nd liquid waste transfer). To assess these five steps for waste retrieval and pipeline transfer, AN-105 waste rheology was measured and solids identified with bright field image, select area diffraction, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. By combining available in situ and laboratory data, an AN-105 specific viscosity model was developed that can change from several centiPoise of viscosity to tens of millions of centiPoise as a function of strain rate and solid concentration. This viscosity mo del was implemented into the AN-105 computer model to simulate pump jet mixing. The report also evaluates AN-105 slurry waste transfer to AP-102 and AP-104 through a 3-inch (0.07-m) pipeline. Document type: Report
Abstract
This study assesses five steps for Tank 241-AN-105 waste retrieval and subsequent pipeline transfer: 1. Remove supernatant liquid waste from AN-105 and transfer it through [...]
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Requirements verification report an farm to 200e waste transfer system for project w 314 tank farm restoration and safe operations
D. LEGARE

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). 5

Abstract
This Requirements Verification Report (RVR) for Project W-314 ''AN Farm to 200E Waste Transfer System'' package provides documented verification of design compliance to all the applicable Project Development Specification (PDS) requirements. Additional PDS requirements verification will be performed during the project's procurement, construction, and testing phases, and the RVR will be updated to reflect this information as appropriate. Document type: Report
Abstract
This Requirements Verification Report (RVR) for Project W-314 ''AN Farm to 200E Waste Transfer System'' package provides documented verification of design compliance to all [...]
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Examine and evaluate a process to use salt caverns to receive ship borne liquefied natural gas
W. Bishop, M. McCall, N. McCall, D. Scherz, N. Scherz, N. Bishop

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 4

Abstract
The goal of the U.S. Department of Energy cooperative research project is to define, describe, and validate, a process to utilize salt caverns to receive and store the cargoes of LNG ships. The project defines the process as receiving LNG from a ship, pumping the LNG up to cavern injection pressures, warming it to cavern compatible temperatures, injecting the warmed vapor directly into salt caverns for storage, and distribution to the pipeline network. The performance of work under this agreement is based on U.S. Patent 5,511,905, and other U.S. and Foreign pending patent applications. The cost sharing participants in the research are The National Energy Technology Laboratory (U.S. Department of Energy), BP America Production Company, Bluewater Offshore Production Systems (U.S.A.), Inc., and HNG Storage, L.P. Initial results indicate that a salt cavern based receiving terminal could be built at about half the capital cost, less than half the operating costs and would have significantly higher delivery capacity, shorter construction time, and be much more secure than a conventional liquid tank based terminal. There is a significant body of knowledge and practice concerning natural gas storage in salt caverns, and there is a considerable body of knowledge and practice in handling LNG, but there has never been any attempt to develop a process whereby the two technologies can be combined. Salt cavern storage is infinitely more secure than surface storage tanks, far less susceptible to accidents or terrorist acts, and much more acceptable to the community. The project team developed conceptual designs of two salt cavern based LNG terminals, one with caverns located in Calcasieu Parish Louisiana, and the second in Vermilion block 179 about 50 miles offshore Louisiana. These conceptual designs were compared to conventional tank based LNG terminals and demonstrate superior security, economy and capacity. The potential for the development of LNG receiving terminals, utilizing salt caverns for storage and the existing comprehensive pipeline system has profound implications for the next generation of LNG terminals. LNG imports are expected to become an increasingly more important part of the U.S. energy supply and the capacities to receive LNG securely, safely, and economically must be expanded. Salt cavern LNG receiving terminals both in onshore and offshore locations can be quickly built and provide additional import capacity into the U.S. exceeding 6-10 Bcf/day in the aggregate. Document type: Report
Abstract
The goal of the U.S. Department of Energy cooperative research project is to define, describe, and validate, a process to utilize salt caverns to receive and store the cargoes [...]
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Gas liquid membranes for natural gas upgrading quarterly report number 8
N. Meyer

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). 3

Abstract
Gas Technology Institute (GTI) is conducting this research program whose objective is to develop gas/liquid membranes for natural gas upgrading to assist DOE in achieving their goal of developing novel methods of upgrading low quality natural gas to meet pipeline specifications. Kvaerner Process Systems (KPS) and W. L. Gore & Associates (GORE) gas/liquid membrane contactors are based on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes acting as the contacting barrier between the contaminated gas stream and the absorbing liquid. These resilient membranes provide much greater surface area for transfer than other tower internals, with packing densities five to ten times greater, resulting in equipment 50-70% smaller and lower weight for the same treating service. The scope of the research program is to (1) build and install a laboratory- and a field-scale gas/liquid membrane absorber; (2) operate the units with a low quality natural gas feed stream for sufficient time to verify the simulation model of the contactors and to project membrane life in this severe service; and (3) conducted an economic evaluation, based on the data, to quantify the impact of the technology. Chevron, one of the major producers of natural gas, has offered to host the test at a gas treating plant. KPS will use their position as a recognized leader in the construction of commercial amine plants for building the unit along with GORE providing the membranes. GTI will provide operator and data collection support during lab- and field-testing to assure proper analytical procedures are used. Kvaerner and GTI will perform the final economic evaluation. GTI will provide project management and be responsible for reporting and interactions with DOE on this project. Efforts this quarter have concentrated on field site selection. ChevronTexaco has nominated their Headlee Gas Plant in Odessa, TX for a commercial-scale dehydration test. Design and cost estimation for this new site are underway. A HazOp review was conducted. Potting and module materials testing continued. Preliminary design of the bench-scale equipment continues. A status meeting was held in Morgantown, WV with the DOE Project Manager. Document type: Report
Abstract
Gas Technology Institute (GTI) is conducting this research program whose objective is to develop gas/liquid membranes for natural gas upgrading to assist DOE in achieving [...]
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Airborne optical remote sensing of methane and ethane for natural gas pipeline leak detection
J. Myers, N. Myers

Collection of open reports in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 2

Abstract
Ophir Corporation was awarded a contract by the U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory under the Project Title ''Airborne, Optical Remote Sensing of Methane and Ethane for Natural Gas Pipeline Leak Detection'' on October 14, 2002. This six-month technical report summarizes the progress for each of the proposed tasks, discusses project concerns, and outlines near-term goals. Ophir has completed a data survey of two major natural gas pipeline companies on the design requirements for an airborne, optical remote sensor. The results of this survey are disclosed in this report. A substantial amount of time was spent on modeling the expected optical signal at the receiver at different absorption wavelengths, and determining the impact of noise sources such as solar background, signal shot noise, and electronic noise on methane and ethane gas detection. Based upon the signal to noise modeling and industry input, Ophir finalized the design requirements for the airborne sensor, and released the critical sensor light source design requirements to qualified vendors. Responses from the vendors indicated that the light source was not commercially available, and will require a research and development effort to produce. Three vendors have responded positively with proposed design solutions. Ophir has decided to conduct short path optical laboratory experiments to verify the existence of methane and absorption at the specified wavelength, prior to proceeding with the light source selection. Techniques to eliminate common mode noise were also evaluated during the laboratory tests. Finally, Ophir has included a summary of the potential concerns for project success and has established future goals. Document type: Report
Abstract
Ophir Corporation was awarded a contract by the U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory under the Project Title ''Airborne, Optical Remote Sensing [...]
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A routing and resource preservation strategy for traffic engineering in communication networks
M. Heusse, A. Gravey, M. Heusse, A. Gravey

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 22

Abstract
International audience; This paper presents a method for dynamic load balancing in data networks. When multiple routes are available, it determines their load shares as a function of a composite metric that takes into account the paths? length and load. A general resource preservation mechanism is also presented that complements the proposed random routing strategy when the network is heavily loaded. We compare our approach with trunk reservation in the particular case of fully meshed networks and evaluate its performance in any network, where an equivalent mechanism is missing. We validate our approach by means of simulation and provide insights on the routing solutions that it obtains. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience; This paper presents a method for dynamic load balancing in data networks. When multiple routes are available, it determines their load shares as a [...]
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Seamless congestion control over wired and wireless IEEE 802.11 networks
V. Siris, D. Triantafyllidou, V. Siris, D. Triantafyllidou

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 15

Abstract
We present a new approach for seamless congestion control over heterogeneous networks containing wired and wireless IEEE 802.11 links. The approach uses ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) as a common signalling mechanism for conveying congestion information from both wired and wireless links. Two additional novel aspects of the approach are that ECN marking for a wireless link, due to the way resources are shared, is performed for both the uplink and the downlink based on measurements of the aggregate traffic in both directions, and the marking mechanism dynamically adapts to varying traffic and load conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that our approach achieves higher fairness compared to drop-tail queueing, and can effectively control the average packet delay over the wireless link. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
We present a new approach for seamless congestion control over heterogeneous networks containing wired and wireless IEEE 802.11 links. The approach uses ECN (Explicit Congestion [...]
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Liberalization of air transport services under the framework of the wto confronting the challenge of the twenty first century
Z. Yun, Z. Yun

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 15

Abstract
Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
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Environmental justice applications in transport the international perspective
R. Alsnih, P. Stopher

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 14

Abstract
This paper focuses on the application of environmental justice principles specifically in the transport context. It begins by giving a background of the environmental justice movement and a definition, and proceeds to describe current legislative mandates in the United States. A holistic approach to transport planning is introduced to highlight the importance of the interrelationships between transport and land use planning. Current practices adopted in terms of environmental justice are illustrated from the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission report as well as a description of the data limitations that result from the models used in current analyses. The paper concludes by providing some recommendations on the areas that need to be developed to address environmental justice principles adequately, and the applicability of these principles internationally. (a) Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
This paper focuses on the application of environmental justice principles specifically in the transport context. It begins by giving a background of the environmental justice [...]
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Sustainable transport and performance indicators
H. Gudmundsson, H. Gudmundsson

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2004). Vol. 2004, 13

Abstract
ustainable transport has become a major policy concern in recent years. The term suggests a need to consider transport in a comprehensive perspective including the well-being of both present and future generations, and taking environmental, social and economic issues into account. Indicators in forecasting and tracking the performance of transport systems increasingly guide sustainable transport policy making. This review explores the implications of the "sustainable transport" concept and how it can be made operational with indicators. A number of indicator systems are reviewed, and some strengths and weaknesses are highlighted with regard to the support they provide for sustainable transport development. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
ustainable transport has become a major policy concern in recent years. The term suggests a need to consider transport in a comprehensive perspective including the well-being [...]
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