Documents published in 2002 : Scipedia

ROAD ACCIDENTS IN FINLAND
A. Katila, E. Keskinen

Collection of open articles in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 7

Abstract
This article reports on road accidents in Finland. Fatal traffic accidents peaked in the 1970s and have been dropping in a fluctuating but essentially downward trend. The oil crisis of the 70s, which forced people to reduce their driving is doubtless a big factor. But this was also a time a major revamping of road safety in the country, with the introduction if speed limits on all roads, compulsory seat belts for front seat occupants and mandatory use of winter tires. Fatalities had occasional spikes and began growing in the 1980s with the economic growth, but began to fall after the economic crisis of 1990 cut travel. In the 1990's efforts focused on young drivers, with new training, including night exercises, driving on slippery conditions and stricter controls for repeat young offenders. The major accident reduction in this time occurred among the young driver groups. Studies show that today's novice drivers achieve the skills of experienced drivers in three to four years thanks to the training. Document type: Article
Abstract
This article reports on road accidents in Finland. Fatal traffic accidents peaked in the 1970s and have been dropping in a fluctuating but essentially downward trend. The [...]
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Efficient Circulation of Railway Rolling Stock
A. Schrijver, A. Alfieri, L. Kroon, R. Groot

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2002). Vol. 2002, 6

Abstract
Railway rolling stock is one of the most significant cost components for operators of passenger trains. The efficient circulation of rolling stock is therefore one of the main objectives pursued in practice. This paper focuses on the determination of appropriate numbers of train units of different types together with their efficient circulation on a single line. To utilize the train units on this line in an efficient way, they are coupled to or uncoupled from the trains in certain stations according to the passengers' seat demand in peak and off-peak hours. Because coupling and uncoupling train units must respect specific rules related to the shunting possibilities in the stations, it is important to take into account the order of the train units in the trains. This aspect strongly increases the complexity of the rolling stock circulation problem. This paper presents a solution approach based on an integer multicommodity flow model with several additional constraints related to the shunting processes at the stations. The approach is applied to a real-life case study based on the timetable of NS Reizigers, the main Dutch operator of passenger trains.
Abstract
Railway rolling stock is one of the most significant cost components for operators of passenger trains. The efficient circulation of rolling stock is therefore one of the [...]
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Mathematical modelling of sand wave migration and the interaction with pipelines
M. Knaapen, R. Bijker, R. Morelissen, A. Nemeth, S. Hulscher

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 7

Abstract
new method is presented for identifying potential pipeline problems, such as hazardous exposures. This method comprises a newly developed sand wave amplitude and migration model, and an existing pipeline–seabed interaction model. The sand wave migration model is based on physical principles and tuned with field data through data assimilation techniques. Due to its physical basis, this method is trusted to be more reliable than other, mostly engineering-based methods. The model describes and predicts the dynamics of sand waves and provides the necessary bed level input for the pipeline–seabed interaction model. The method was tested by performing a hindcast on the basis of survey data for a specific submarine gas pipeline, diameter 0.4 m, on the Dutch continental shelf. Good agreement was found with the observed seabed–pipeline levels. The applicability of the method was investigated further through a number of test cases. The self-lowering of the pipeline, in response to exposures due to sand wave migration, can be predicted, both effectively and efficiently. This allows the use of the method as a tool for pipeline operation, maintenance and abandonment.
Abstract
new method is presented for identifying potential pipeline problems, such as hazardous exposures. This method comprises a newly developed sand wave amplitude and migration [...]
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Entry ramps in the Nagel-Schreckenberg model
P. Ruhoff, M. Pedersen

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2002). Vol. 2002, 4

Abstract
Udgivelsesdato: 2002-May This paper describes a way of including entry ramps in the Nagel-Schreckenberg traffic model. The idea is to place what are called shadow cars on a highway next to cars on entry ramps, which enables the drivers to take ramp cars into account. The model is shown to capture important real-life traffic phenomena that have not been included in previous models. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the desirable properties of the Nagel-Schreckenberg model are retained.
Abstract
Udgivelsesdato: 2002-May This paper describes a way of including entry ramps in the Nagel-Schreckenberg traffic model. The idea is to place what are called shadow cars on [...]
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Design methodology for fault-tolerant control of advanced driver assistance systems
O. Gietelink, J. Ploeg, B. Schutter, M. Verhaegen

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 5

Abstract
The objective of this project is to develop a methodology for the design, testing, evaluation and implementation of control systems for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). Examples of ADAS are collision avoidance systems, lane departure warning systems, pre-crash sensing, and adaptive cruise control [1]. In this project we focus on the fault-tolerant control of ADAS. Up to now efficient and cost-effective methodology for designing ADAS control systems with sufficient capability for analyzing and verifying the fault-management of these systems could be applied. The aim of this project is to develop such a methodology.
Abstract
The objective of this project is to develop a methodology for the design, testing, evaluation and implementation of control systems for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems [...]
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The inventory-theoretic approach to modal choice in freight transport: literature review and case study
B. Vernimmen, F. Witlox

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 4

Abstract
Cet article est consacré à l’analyse du choix modal pour le transport de fret. L’analyse est fondée sur le concept de “coûts logistiques totaux” .Ceci implique une attention particulière à tous les coûts dans la chaîne d’approvisionnement, ces derniers étant influencés par le choix du mode de transport. Après une revue de littérature concernant le choix du mode de transport en fonction des coûts logistiques totaux, une étude de cas est présentée pour illustrer le concept. Une comparaison est faite entre le transport routier et la navigation intérieure pour le transport de marchandises en vrac. La compensation entre les coûts de transport et les coûts de stockage est montrée: la navigation intérieure a des coûts de transport inférieurs à ceux du transport routier, mais ses coûts de stockage sont plus élevés. Étant donné que les marchandises sont d’une valeur relativement élevée, la navigation intérieure s’avère être plus onéreuse que le transport routier. Cependant, il est montré qu’il serait préférable d'avoir recours à la navigation intérieure lorsque l’on utilise un type de navire avec une capacité inférieure à celle des navires actuellement utilisés. info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Abstract
Cet article est consacré à l’analyse du choix modal pour le transport de fret. L’analyse est fondée sur le concept de “coûts logistiques totaux” .Ceci implique [...]
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MEASURING THE QUALITY OF AIRLINE SERVICES: EVIDENCE FROM NORTHERN CYPRUS
O. Karatepe, T. Avci, N. Kozak

Collection of closed articles in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 2

Abstract
This study set out to examine the service quality and customer satisfaction delivered by the national airline company in Northern Cyprus, using a SERVQUAL scale. For this purpose, the translated instrument was purified using an item categorization technique and administered to 270 current users of the national airline company at an international university in the region. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the predicted five-dimensional structure of SERVQUAL was partially confirmed by the data. SERVPERF scores gave a better prediction of overall satisfaction and showed almost the same reliability and validity as those from which expectations were subtracted. The largest service gaps were identified with the reliability and responsiveness dimensions, and the smallest with the empathy dimension. Reliability and responsiveness dimensions were found by path analysis to be significant determinants of customer satisfaction. Implications of the results are discussed
Abstract
This study set out to examine the service quality and customer satisfaction delivered by the national airline company in Northern Cyprus, using a SERVQUAL scale. For this [...]
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Product development and risk partnership: a case study
M. Furtado, L. Serio, É. Marques

Collection of open articles in transport research (2002). Vol. 2002, 5

Abstract
The aeronautical industry has always been known for having high investment costs concerning capital, personnel, time and technology as it engages in the process of developing new products. The strong competition in the air transport market has been putting pressure on the manufacturers to build new aircraft models in a range of products which assists the specific needs of each segment of the market, that is, always more customized products. The integrated development of products through risk partnership has been used by some industries aiming to minimize the investments mentioned above, as well as to reduce the cycle of products development, what results in reduction of time to market. This work aims to analyze, considering various models of competitiviness, how the Brazilian aeronautical industry is making the integrated development with risk partnerships a real distinguishing feature in the market. A indústria aeronáutica sempre se caracterizou por possui altos custos de investimentos em capital, pessoal, tempo e tecnologia no processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos. A forte concorrência no mercado de transporte aéreo tem pressionado os fabricantes na construção de novos modelos de aeronaves dentro de um espectro de produtos que atendam as necessidades especificas de cada segmento do mercado, ou seja produtos cada vez mais customizados. O uso do desenvolvimento integrado de produtos através de parcerias de risco tem sido usado por algumas industrias com o objetivo de minimizar os investimentos acima citados, assim como redução do ciclo de desenvolvimento de produtos, tendo como conseqüência a redução do time to market. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar, a partir de diversos modelos de competitividade, como a industria aeronáutica brasileira esta fazendo uso do desenvolvimento integrado de produtos com parceiras de riscos efetivamente ser um diferencial no mercado. Document type: Article
Abstract
The aeronautical industry has always been known for having high investment costs concerning capital, personnel, time and technology as it engages in the process of developing [...]
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GREY STATISTICS METHOD OF TECHNOLOGY SELECTION FOR ADVANCED PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
C. Wei, M. Chung

Collection of open articles in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 3

Abstract
Taiwan is involved in intelligent transportation systems planning, and is now selecting its prior focus areas for investment and development. The high social and economic impact associated with which intelligent transportation systems technology are chosen explains the efforts of various electronics and transportation corporations for developing intelligent transportation systems technology to expand their business opportunities. However, there has been no detailed research conducted with regard to selecting technology for advanced public transportation systems in Taiwan. Thus, the present paper demonstrates a grey statistics method integrated with a scenario method for solving the problem of selecting advanced public transportation systems technology for Taiwan. A comprehensive questionnaire survey was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the grey statistics method. The proposed approach indicated that contactless smart card technology is the appropriate technology for Taiwan to develop in the near future. The significance of our research results implies that the grey statistics method is an effective method for selecting advanced public transportation systems technologies. We feel our information will be beneficial to the private sector for developing an appropriate intelligent transportation systems technology strategy. Document type: Article
Abstract
Taiwan is involved in intelligent transportation systems planning, and is now selecting its prior focus areas for investment and development. The high social and economic [...]
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PERFORMANCE OF BUS LANES IN SEOUL
H. Kim

Collection of open articles in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 2

Abstract
Bus travel in mixed traffic suffers from low speed and unreliability in Seoul. The Seoul Metropolitan Government has implemented a type of bus preferential treatment at most major arterials in Seoul since 1996. That is, the reserved bus lane designated for bus use only by land and pavement markings and signs, but not by fixed physical barriers. Until 1996 bus use the most predominant travel mode in Seoul, however the share of bus trips decreased remarkably from 1990 to 1997 due to the fast growing subway supply and the increased number of private vehicles. However, after the regular bus lanes were extended, the bus service improved and thus, the buses again became the predominant travel mode since 1998. In this paper, the performance impacts of reserved bus lanes in Seoul were evaluated and several suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the bus preferential treatment are proposed. The impacts of reserved bus lanes on both bus and auto performance were primarily measured by the relative speed changes of buses and autos and the average circulation rate of bus trips. Empirical results showed that the bus lanes were successful in improving average bus performance compared with other adjacent traffic. It was confirmed that right turning movement of the buses would cause the deterioration of bus speed in the curbside bus lanes. The average circulation rate of daily bus trips during the bus operation periods was somewhat increased by the bus lane introduction. A current warrant for reserved bus lanes in Korea was reviewed, and average bus speed during peak periods was proposed as a new warrant. In order to improve the effectiveness of the reserved bus lane, the type of lane markings in reserved bus lane, enforcement strategies for illegal parking in the bus lane and FIFO service at bus stops are discussed. Document type: Article
Abstract
Bus travel in mixed traffic suffers from low speed and unreliability in Seoul. The Seoul Metropolitan Government has implemented a type of bus preferential treatment at most [...]
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Waste Feed Delivery Transfer System Analysis [SEC 1 & 2]
L. JULYK

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2021). Vol. 2002, 5

Abstract
This document provides a documented basis for the required design pressure rating and pump pressure capacity of the Hanford Site waste-transfer system in support of the waste feed delivery to the immobilization plant for processing. The scope of the analysis includes the 200 East Area double-shell tank waste transfer pipeline system and the associated transfer system pumps for all Phase 1B and Phase 2 waste transfers from AN, AP, AW, AY, and AZ Tank Farms.
Abstract
This document provides a documented basis for the required design pressure rating and pump pressure capacity of the Hanford Site waste-transfer system in support of the waste [...]
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Allocation of Railway Rolling Stock for Passenger Trains
B. van den Berg, L. Kroon, M. Salomon, E. Abbink

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2021). Vol. 2002, 4

Abstract
For a commercially operating railway company, providing a high level of service for the passengers is of utmost importance. The latter requires a high punctuality of the trains and an adequate rolling stock capacity. Unfortunately, the latter is currently (2002) one of the bottlenecks in the service provision by the main Dutch railway operator NS Reizigers. Especially during the morning rush hours, many passengers cannot be transported according to the usual service standards due to a shortage of the rolling stock capacity. On the other hand, a more effective allocation of the available rolling stock capacity seems to be feasible, since there are also several trains with some slack capacity. The effectiveness of the rolling stock capacity is determined mainly by the allocation of the train types and subtypes to the lines. Therefore, we describe in this paper a model that can be used to find an optimal allocation of train types and subtypes to train series. This optimal allocation is more effective than the manually planned one, which is accomplished by minimizing the shortages of capacity during the rush hours. The model is implemented in the modeling language OPL Studio 3.1, solved by CPLEX 7.0, and tested on several scenarios based on the 2001-2002 timetable of NS Reizigers. The results of the model were received positively, both by the planners and by the management in practice, since these results showed that a significant service improvement over the manually planned allocation can be achieved within a shorter throughput time of the involved part of the planning process.
Abstract
For a commercially operating railway company, providing a high level of service for the passengers is of utmost importance. The latter requires a high punctuality of the trains [...]
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Reconfigurable low energy multiplier for multimedia system design
S. Kim, M. Papaefthymiou

Collection of restricted reports in transport research (2021). Vol. 2002, 3

Abstract
This paper proposes a reconfigurable pipelined multiplier architecture that achieves high performance and very low energy dissipation by adapting its structure to computational requirements over time. In this reconfigurable multiplier energy is saved by disabling and bypassing an appropriate number of pipeline stages whenever input data rates are low. To evaluate the efficiency of our multiplier architecture, we have designed a multiplier-based inverse quantizer (IQ) for MPEG-2 MP@ML. Pipelines are dynamically reconfigured according to the size of the picture and the number of nonzero quantized DCT coefficients per block. In comparison with corresponding multiplier implementations that use conventional pipelines, our reconfigurable multipliers dissipate about 31-58% less energy. Relative energy savings increase with decreasing data rates, since our reconfigurable structures stay in a low energy configuration for proportionately longer time.
Abstract
This paper proposes a reconfigurable pipelined multiplier architecture that achieves high performance and very low energy dissipation by adapting its structure to computational [...]
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Land-use policy in the port of Antwerp (1870-1994)
G. Devos

Collection of closed chapters of books in transport research (2003). Vol. 2003, 2

Abstract
Today, ports are more than merely places where ships are loaded and unloaded. Increasingly, customers expect a full package of services. Industry and integrated logistics with supply chain management offer added value. Moreover every possible kind of cargo must be shipped to and from virtually any port in the world as competently and as quickly as possible. Antwerp has always been an important link in international trade. As an inland port, it has the highest centrality index within the Hamburg Le Havre range, i.e. the best possible location vis-a-vis the shared hinterland and the largest European production and consumption centres. Today, a dense network of motorways, railways, waterways and pipelines connects the port to its hinterland. Initially, rail transport constituted the most important mode of inland transportation, as rail links, particularly with the east, were constructed from the 1840s onwards. Later, attention focused on the development of inland navigation and, in between the two World Wars, on road transport too. This is one of the many shifts that characterize the evolution of the port in the twentieth century.
Abstract
Today, ports are more than merely places where ships are loaded and unloaded. Increasingly, customers expect a full package of services. Industry and integrated logistics [...]
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"title"Increasing link utilization in IP over WDM networks"/title"
P. Thiran, A. Nucci, N. Taft, C. Diot, H. Zang

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 97

Abstract
In this paper we study an approach to Quality of Service that offers end-users the choice between two classes of service defined according to their level of transmission protection. The first class of service, called Fully Protected (FP), offers end-users a guarantee of survivability in the case of a single failure; all FP traffic is protected using either a 1:1 or 1+1 protection scheme at the WDM layer. The second class of service, called Best-Effort Protected (BEP), is not protected; when a failure occurs, the network does the best it can by restoring at the IP layer only as much BEP traffic as possible. The FP service class mimics what Internet users receive today. The motivation of this approach is to increase the amount of bandwidth used on backbone networks by offering a lower quality of service that does not affect the current QoS provided by the network. We design an ILP model, for finding primary and backup paths at the optical layer, that incorporates a number of carriers' common practices. Namely we allow the FP demand to be specified via a traffic matrix at the IP layer, we include an overprovisioning factor that specifies the portion of each link that must be left unused, and we incorporate a minimal fairness requirement on how the BEP traffic is allocated. Our goal is thus to quantify how much BEP traffic can be carried in addition to the FP traffic, without impacting the protection quality of the FP traffic even in the case of failure, and without impacting the FP load. We show that by having two such classes of service, the load on a network can be increased by a factor of 4 to 7 (depending upon the network). Even if carriers want to overprovision their networks by 50%, we can still triple the total network load. We illustrate that the location of the bottleneck can affect whether or not we see a difference in performance between 1:1 or 1+1 protection schemes. Finally we evaluate the tradeoff between the two carrier requirements of overprovisioning and minimal f© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Abstract
In this paper we study an approach to Quality of Service that offers end-users the choice between two classes of service defined according to their level of transmission protection. [...]
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Coating Requirements for Pipelines Installed by Horizontal Directional Drilling
J. Hair

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 95

Abstract
This paper describes a research project sponsored by the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI). The objective of the research was to provide designers with hard data for use in specifying steel pipe coating systems for horizontally directionally drilled (HDD) pipeline crossings. This was accomplished by determining the performance characteristics of various coating systems when subjected to simulated HDD installation loads in rock. A testing device utilizing rock core samples from actual HDD river crossing projects was designed to replicate, as close as practical, HDD installation loading conditions. Testing resulted in determination of coating wear rates for various coatings.
Abstract
This paper describes a research project sponsored by the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI). The objective of the research was to provide designers with hard data [...]
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The national simulation laboratory: the unifying tool for air traffic control system development
G. Roberts, R. Stevens

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 93

Abstract
The authors report on efforts within the Federal Aviation Administration to develop a national simulation laboratory (NSL) for the study of advanced concepts in air traffic control (ATC). The NSL is intended to serve as a resource to developers and managers for studying future ATC concepts in an integrated multisystem environment. The authors also describe work on the NSL's precursor activity, the integration and interaction laboratory (I-Lab), which is helping to develop the core capabilities necessary for the NSL and to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the program.
Abstract
The authors report on efforts within the Federal Aviation Administration to develop a national simulation laboratory (NSL) for the study of advanced concepts in air traffic [...]
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Runway Operations Planning: A Two-Stage Heuristic Algorithm
I. Anagnostakis, J. Clarke

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 92

Abstract
The airport runway is a scarce resource that must be shared by different runway operations (arrivals, departures and runway crossings). Given the possible sequences of runway events, careful Runway Operations Planning (ROP) is required if runway utilization is to be maximized. From the perspective of departures, ROP solutions are aircraft departure schedules developed by optimally allocating runway time for departures given the time required for arrivals and crossings. In addition to the obvious objective of maximizing throughput, other objectives, such as guaranteeing fairness and minimizing environmental impact, can also be incorporated into the ROP solution subject to constraints introduced by Air Traffic Control (ATC) procedures. This paper introduces a "two stage" heuristic algorithm for solving the Runway Operations Planning (ROP) problem. In the first stage, sequences of departure class slots and runway crossings slots are generated and ranked based on departure runway throughput under stochastic conditions. In the second stage, the departure class slots are populated with specific flights from the pool of available aircraft, by solving an integer program with a Branch & Bound algorithm implementation. Preliminary results from this implementation of the two-stage algorithm on real-world traffic data are presented.
Abstract
The airport runway is a scarce resource that must be shared by different runway operations (arrivals, departures and runway crossings). Given the possible sequences of runway [...]
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A proposal for the propulsion system of a series hybrid electric vehicle
M. Serra, P. Caratozzolo, C. Ocampo, J. Riera

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 97

Abstract
IEEE Annual Conference on Power Electronics Specialist (PESC), 2003, Acapulco (Mexico) Hybrid Electric Vehicles, HEV, are an attractive opportunity to use new energy sources in road transportation, not only to minimize fuel consumption but also to reduce air pollution. Efforts are being made to improve the HEV electrical subsystems, such as electric motors, power converters, electronic controllers, energy management units, batteries, and the more important: the system-level integration and optimization. This paper pretends to contribute in the improvement of the hybrid drive-train configuration applying a new motion system, the Joint System, JS. In this article the authors show the possible application of JS, in a simplified HEV model with series configuration. An optimized vector control technique is applied to the JS propulsion drive to enhance the HEV performance. The performance of the Series HEV model with JS power-train has been checked by simulation. Peer Reviewed
Abstract
IEEE Annual Conference on Power Electronics Specialist (PESC), 2003, Acapulco (Mexico) Hybrid Electric Vehicles, HEV, are an attractive opportunity to use new energy sources [...]
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Traffic modeling software for IVHS applications
A. Santiago, H. Chen

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 90

Abstract
Intelligent Vehicle/Highway Systems (IVHS) is a multi-year research/demonstration program which aims at improving the vehicle/highway system operation and management techniques for the post-interstate construction era. The authors first describe the framework of IVHS, which as four major components: (1) advanced traffic management system (ATMS); (2) advanced driver information system (ADIS); (3) commercial vehicle operations (CVO); and (4) advanced vehicle control systems (AVCS). The ATMS related research and development plans to support the real-time traffic management systems and control strategies are considered. The state-of-the-art traffic engineering modeling software is reviewed. The discussion centers around the TRAF system, a family of microscopic and macroscopic traffic simulation software models for surface streets, freeways, and corridor networks. The gap between the capabilities provided by the current traffic modeling software and the functional requirement of the IVHS traffic models is also addressed.
Abstract
Intelligent Vehicle/Highway Systems (IVHS) is a multi-year research/demonstration program which aims at improving the vehicle/highway system operation and management techniques [...]
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Towards the automated debugging and maintenance of logic-based requirements models
T. McCluskey, M. West

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 89

Abstract
We describe a tools environment which automates the validation and maintenance of a requirements model written in many-sorted first order logic. We focus on a translator that produces an executable form of the model; blame assignment functions, which input batches of mis-classified tests (i.e. training examples) and output likely faulty parts of the model; and a theory reviser; which inputs the faulty parts and examples and outputs suggested revisions to the model. In particular we concentrate on the problems encountered when applying these tools to a real application: a requirements model containing air traffic control separation standards, operating methods and airspace information.
Abstract
We describe a tools environment which automates the validation and maintenance of a requirements model written in many-sorted first order logic. We focus on a translator that [...]
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Dynamic traffic flow planning for ATC and airspace user requirements
W. Manning, B. Collins

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 87

Abstract
It is pointed out that airline deregulation and associated cost factors have increased the operational need for airspace users and providers of the air traffic control (ATC) service to define new methods of providing airspace operational improvements. Some of these improvements will result from the use of integrated traffic flow planning and management systems that dynamically adapt to the changing operational environment. The authors describe the development and application of new technology and concepts that meet the challenges of providing improved airspace utilization that is integrated with users' operational needs and ATC system capabilities. Examples of the use of simulation and modeling in the air transportation system that consists of the users and ATC providers are presented. It is pointed out that the ATC providers have as the primary objective safety followed by the optimal use of airspace resources. The users' system seeks to maximize operational efficiency, which translates to economic performance. A users' flight planning system only considers single aircraft in the planning. This points to the need for increased integration of the user and ATC systems from the system perspective. This translates to a total system objective of providing the best operational condition for an airspace user in the presence of competition between users for system resources.
Abstract
It is pointed out that airline deregulation and associated cost factors have increased the operational need for airspace users and providers of the air traffic control (ATC) [...]
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Design of a conflict detection algorithm for the Center/TRACON automation system
D. Isaacson, H. Erzberger

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 86

Abstract
n algorithm for detecting and analyzing potential enroute conflicts has been designed and implemented within the Center-TRACON Automation System (CTAS). The design uses the 4D trajectories provided by CTAS to produce a set of probable future conflicts, and assists the enroute sector controller in efficiently resolving these conflicts. Conflicts are detected via comparisons of trajectories at closely spaced time instants, with measures taken to limit the computations required to complete the search. Performance tests indicate more than 800 aircraft can be processed by the conflict detection and analysis algorithm within a search cycle of 10 seconds. This suggests that the search algorithm easily meets the performance requirements for an automated conflict detection and resolution tool in the current air traffic system. The algorithm includes a trial resolution functionality which automatically detects conflicts of proposed resolutions, and gives near instantaneous feedback to controller input. Field evaluation of the Conflict Probe will be conducted at the Denver and Fort Worth Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) beginning in September, 1997.
Abstract
n algorithm for detecting and analyzing potential enroute conflicts has been designed and implemented within the Center-TRACON Automation System (CTAS). The design uses the [...]
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Ultrawideband electromagnetic interference to aircraft radios
G. Fuller, T. Shaver, J. Ely

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 85

Abstract
very recent FCC Final Rule now permits marketing and operation of new products that incorporate Ultrawideband (UWB) technology into handheld devices. Wireless product developers are working to rapidly bring this versatile, powerful and expectedly inexpensive technology into numerous consumer wireless devices. Past studies addressing the potential for passenger-carried portable electronic devices (PEDs) to interfere with aircraft electronic systems suggest that UWB transmitters may pose a significant threat to aircraft communication and navigation radio receivers. NASA, United Airlines and Eagles Wings Incorporated have performed preliminary testing that clearly shows the potential for handheld UWB transmitters to cause cockpit failure indications for the air traffic control radio beacon system (ATCRBS), blanking of aircraft on the traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) displays, and cause erratic motion and failure of instrument landing system (ILS) localizer and glideslope pointers on the pilot horizontal situation and attitude director displays. This paper provides details of the preliminary testing and recommends further assessment of aircraft systems for susceptibility to UWB electromagnetic interference.
Abstract
very recent FCC Final Rule now permits marketing and operation of new products that incorporate Ultrawideband (UWB) technology into handheld devices. Wireless product developers [...]
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The aeronautical data link: taxonomy, architectural analysis, and optimization
A. Morris, P. Goode

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 84

Abstract
The future Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) System will rely on global satellite navigation, and ground-based and satellite based communications via Multi-Protocol Networks (e.g. combined Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN)/Internet Protocol (IP)) to bring about needed improvements in efficiency and safety of operations to meet increasing levels of air traffic. This paper will discuss the development of an approach that completely describes optimal data link architecture configuration and behavior to meet the multiple conflicting objectives of concurrent and different operations functions. The practical application of the approach enables the design and assessment of configurations relative to airspace operations phases. The approach includes a formal taxonomic classification, an architectural analysis methodology, and optimization techniques. The formal taxonomic classification provides a multidimensional correlation of data link performance with data link service, information protocol, spectrum, and technology mode; and to flight operations phase and environment. The architectural analysis methodology assesses the impact of a specific architecture configuration and behavior on the local ATM system performance. Deterministic and stochastic optimization techniques maximize architectural design effectiveness while addressing operational, technology, and policy constraints.
Abstract
The future Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) System will rely on global satellite navigation, and ground-based and satellite based [...]
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Sustainable Transport and social acceptability of policy measures: The case of Hanoï
J. Cusset

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 89

Abstract
Proceedings on CD-ROM."br /"Section G. TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.; Environmental problems in Asian cities are more and more subject of international organisations and conference debates for the last decades. Strategies for sustainable urban development are discussed in international forums where urban transport system appears as one of the central issue. The SUSTRAN network (Sustainable Transport Action Network for Asia) is a good illustration of an international forum for promoting a more sustainable and people-centred urban transport. World Bank orientations and policies seems to follow a similar direction. A well documented research was recently made on key choices and policies in transport in nine cities on recent decades (Barter, 1999). Among Asian countries, since doi moi in the midst of 70's, Vietnam, Vietnam a fast urbanisation and a growing motorization in the large cities. Environmental issues appear as more and more important in this period of fast growth, deregulation, and market-oriented development. In 2000, a research project "Pollution of urban transport in Hanoi" from Ministry of Environment pointed out the worsening of Hanoi environment linked to increasing motorization."br /"For 1999 of a co-operation research programme between LET (Lyon) and CRURE (Hanoi) on urban transport and sustainable development of Hanoi This research is based both on household survey and Delphi survey Up to now, few household surveys have been done in Hanoi and their results remain unpublished by agencies or consultants. This paper presents some results of a household survey made in 3 districts of Hanoi in 1999. It is an opportunity to compare some results with outcomes of a previous survey done in Hanoi in 1995 (CUSSET, GODARD, HUONG, 1996)."br /"Daily mobility, travel behaviour, modal choice according to distance, nature of activities to be done, depends from many socio-economic variables. In order to learn a lot about individual's travel behaviour, household surveys should bring insight on population the behaviour (motorised and not yet motorised) and on main obstacles to transfer towards public transport or/and non motorised transport.
Abstract
Proceedings on CD-ROM."br /"Section G. TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.; Environmental problems in Asian cities are more and more subject of international organisations [...]
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Custom wide counterflow pipelines for high performance embedded applications
B. Childers, J. Davidson

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 83

Abstract
lication-specific instruction set processor (ASIP) design is a promising technique to meet the performance and cost goals of high-performance systems. ASIPs are especially valuable for embedded computing (e.g., digital cameras, color printers, cellular phones, etc.) where a small increase in performance and decrease in cost can have a large impact on a product's viability. Sutherland, Sproull, and Molnar have proposed a processor organization called the counterflow pipeline (CFP) that is appropriate for ASIP design due to its simple and regular structure, local control and communication, and high degree of modularity. This paper describes a new CFP architecture, called the wide counterflow pipeline (WCFP) that extends the original proposal to be better suited for custom embedded instruction-level parallel processors. This work presents a novel and practical application of the CFP to automatic and quick turn-around design of ASIPs. The paper introduces the WCFP architecture and describes several microarchitecture enhancements needed to get good performance from custom WCFPs. We demonstrate that custom WCFPs have performance that is up to four times better than that of ASIPs based on the original CFP.
Abstract
lication-specific instruction set processor (ASIP) design is a promising technique to meet the performance and cost goals of high-performance systems. ASIPs are especially [...]
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Clocked and asynchronous instruction pipelines
M. Franklin, T. Pan

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 79

Abstract
Clocked (synchronous) and self-timed (asynchronous) methodologies represent the two principal design approaches associated with timing control and synchronization of digital systems. In the paper, clocked and asynchronous instruction pipelines are modeled and compared. The approach which yields the best performance is dependent on technology parameters, operating range and pipeline algorithm characteristics. Design curves are presented which permit selection of the best approach for a given application and technology environment.
Abstract
Clocked (synchronous) and self-timed (asynchronous) methodologies represent the two principal design approaches associated with timing control and synchronization of digital [...]
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"title"Differentiated control of web traffic: a numerical analysis"/title"
L. Guo, I. Matta

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 78

Abstract
Internet measurements show that the size distribution of Web-based transactions is usually very skewed; a few large requests constitute most of the total traffic. Motivated by the advantages of scheduling algorithms which favor short jobs, we propose to perform differentiated control over Web-based transactions to give preferential service to short web requests. The control is realized through service semantics provided by Internet Traffic Managers, a Diffserv-like architecture. To evaluate the performance of such a control system, it is necessary to have a fast but accurate analytical method. To this end, we model the Internet as a time-shared system and propose a numerical approach which utilizes Kleinrock's conservation law to solve the model. The numerical results are shown to match well those obtained by packet-level simulation, which runs orders of magnitude slower than our numerical method.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Abstract
Internet measurements show that the size distribution of Web-based transactions is usually very skewed; a few large requests constitute most of the total traffic. Motivated [...]
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An adaptive global enhancement pipeline for low cost imaging sensors
P. Vivirito, S. Battiato, M. Guamera, A. Castorina

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 78

Abstract
The paper describes a suitable pipeline algorithm that is able to enhance the picture quality of low cost imaging sensors, typically present in consumer devices (i.e. mobile phone, Web-cams, PDA, etc.) and accounts for compression artifacts, chromatic and geometric distortions, wrong exposure and poor sharpness.
Abstract
The paper describes a suitable pipeline algorithm that is able to enhance the picture quality of low cost imaging sensors, typically present in consumer devices (i.e. mobile [...]
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Integrated design environment for human performance and human reliability analysis
W. Nelson

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 77

Abstract
n integrated design environment for human performance and human reliability analysis is under development at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Various elements of this environment have been developed and tested in numerous applications in a wide variety of domains. The authors are currently beginning a large scale application and test of the design environment for the development and evaluation of advanced air traffic management systems. Such an integrated design environment, if applied during the development of nuclear power plant systems, could help ensure that knowledge of human performance and reliability is effectively utilized, and potential human errors have been identified and systematically controlled.
Abstract
n integrated design environment for human performance and human reliability analysis is under development at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Various [...]
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NASA Langley and NLR Research of Distributed Air/Ground Traffic Management
M. Ballin, J. Hoekstra, D. Wing, G. Lohr

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 76

Abstract
Distributed Air/Ground Traffic Management (DAG-TM) is a concept of future air traffic operations that proposes to distribute information, decision-making authority, and responsibility among flight crews, the air traffic service provider, and aeronautical operational control organizations. This paper provides an overview and status of DAG-TM research at NASA Langley Research Center and the National Aerospace Laboratory of The Netherlands. Specific objectives of the research are to evaluate the technical and operational feasibility of the autonomous airborne component of DAG-TM, which is founded on the operational paradigm of free flight. The paper includes an overview of research approaches, the airborne technologies under development, and a summary of experimental investigations and findings to date. Although research is not yet complete, these findings indicate that free flight is feasible and will significantly enhance system capacity and safety. While free flight cannot alone resolve the complex issues faced by those modernizing the global airspace, it should be considered an essential part of a comprehensive air traffic management modernization activity.
Abstract
Distributed Air/Ground Traffic Management (DAG-TM) is a concept of future air traffic operations that proposes to distribute information, decision-making authority, and responsibility [...]
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A new air traffic complexity metric based on dynamical system modelization
R. Hansman, D. Delahaye, P. Paimblanc, J. Histon, S. Puechmorel

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 75

Abstract
International audience; This paper presents new concepts to address the air traffic complexity modeling problem. Two new geometrical metrics have been introduced and have been found very useful to capture typical features of traffic complexity. The covariance metric is very adapted to identify disorder in a set of speed vectors and can be applied for en route airspace (en route airspace is the airspace between airports). Similarly, the Koenig metric identifies easily the curl movement organizations and can be applied to areas around airports where air traffic control procedures impose turns on aircraft trajectories.
Abstract
International audience; This paper presents new concepts to address the air traffic complexity modeling problem. Two new geometrical metrics have been introduced and have [...]
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ARAS: asynchronous RISC architecture simulator
T. Pan, C. Chien, P. Prabhu, M. Franklin

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 73

Abstract
In this paper, an asynchronous pipeline instruction simulator, ARAS is presented. With this simulator, one can design selected instruction pipelines and check their performance. Performance measurements of the pipeline configuration are obtained by simulating the execution of benchmark programs on the machine architectures developed. Depending on the simulation results obtained by using ARAS, the pipeline configuration can be altered to improve its performance. Thus, one can explore the design space of asynchronous pipeline architectures.
Abstract
In this paper, an asynchronous pipeline instruction simulator, ARAS is presented. With this simulator, one can design selected instruction pipelines and check their performance. [...]
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Arithmetic simulation and performance metrics
J. Alliot, G. Granger, J. Pomeret

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 72

Abstract
International audience; Performance metrics in the air traffic management (ATM) community are becoming a strategic issue, and they are getting more and more attention. However, defining such metrics is a difficult problem. In this paper, we show how arithmetic simulations can be used to give performance information. We also point out that many different metrics can be defined, each of them giving different results regarding efficiency. We conclude that an extreme caution must be applied when interpreting results.
Abstract
International audience; Performance metrics in the air traffic management (ATM) community are becoming a strategic issue, and they are getting more and more attention. However, [...]
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Effective bandwidth for traffic engineering
M. Clement, S. Nielson, Q. Snell, R. Kunz

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 71

Abstract
In today's Internet, demand is increasing for guarantees of speed and efficiency. Current routers are very limited in the type and quantity of observed data they can provide, making it difficult for providers to maximize utilization without the risk of degraded throughput. This research uses statistical data currents provided by router vendors to estimate the impact of changes in network configuration on the probability of link overflow. This allows service providers to calculate in advance, the effect of grooming on a network, eliminating the conservative trial-and-error approach normally used. These predictions are made using large deviation theory, which focuses on the tails of the distribution, giving a better estimate than average and peak values.
Abstract
In today's Internet, demand is increasing for guarantees of speed and efficiency. Current routers are very limited in the type and quantity of observed data they can provide, [...]
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Robust path design algorithms for traffic engineering with restoration in MPLS networks
E. Yetginer, E. Karasan

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 70

Abstract
In this paper we study traffic engineering in Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks. We consider off-line computation of disjoint working and restoration paths where path rerouting is used as the restoration scheme. We first compute maximum number of paths for each demand such that paths satisfy diversity requirements. Using the generated path set we study four different approaches for selecting working and restoration paths, and formulate each method as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem. The first two methods treat working and restoration path design problems separately. We propose two new path design methods that jointly optimize the working and restoration paths. A traffic uncertainty model is developed in order to evaluate performances of these four approaches based on their robustness with respect to changing traffic patterns. We compare these design approaches based on the number of additional demands carried and the distribution of residual capacity over the network. It is shown through simulations that the weighted load balancing method proposed in this paper outperforms the other three methods in handling traffic demand uncertainty.
Abstract
In this paper we study traffic engineering in Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks. We consider off-line computation of disjoint working and restoration paths where [...]
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Field applications of CORSIM: I-40 freeway design evaluation, Oklahoma City, OK
G. Daigle, M. Vasudevan, M. Thomas

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 69

Abstract
Simulation of traffic flow is an effective tool for evaluating alternative roadway designs, particularly in congested urban areas. CORSIM, a traffic simulation model with detailed representation of vehicles and their interactions, was used to study the performance of two alternatives for a freeway reconstruction project in Oklahoma City. The simulation identified problem areas in the two freeway design alternatives and assisted transportation professionals in selecting a preferred alternative.
Abstract
Simulation of traffic flow is an effective tool for evaluating alternative roadway designs, particularly in congested urban areas. CORSIM, a traffic simulation model with [...]
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Examination of air traffic flow at a major airport
A. Harjanto, S. Nelson, F. Sokkar

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 68

Abstract
GPSS model is developed for simulating air traffic flow at a major metropolitan airport. It simulates scheduled and non-scheduled flights and incorporates official airline guide flight schedules, Department of Transportation delay statistics, and additional data obtained from all airlines operating out of Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. Simulation outputs include capacity and delay statistics which can be tabulated by runway, gate, and air carrier. This model can be used to study the effect of weather conditions, scheduling patterns, and runway utilization modes on airport congestion and flight delays.
Abstract
GPSS model is developed for simulating air traffic flow at a major metropolitan airport. It simulates scheduled and non-scheduled flights and incorporates official airline [...]
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A real-time execution performance agent interface to parametrically controlled in-kernel pipelines
S. Siewert, G. Nutt, M. Humphrey

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 67

Abstract
This paper presents work-in-progress to build a confidence-based in-kernel pipeline execution performance interface to a fixed priority deadline monotonic scheduler. The interface provides performance-controlled pipeline execution, allowing applications to specify expected execution times, negotiate desired deadline confidence and to configure and control pipelines. The confidence-based scheduling interface and in-kernel pipeline are being evaluated on an unoccupied air vehicle incorporating digital control, continuous media, and event-driven pipelines.
Abstract
This paper presents work-in-progress to build a confidence-based in-kernel pipeline execution performance interface to a fixed priority deadline monotonic scheduler. The interface [...]
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Safety culture and organizational climate in air traffic control
Å. Ek, R. Akselsson, M. Arvidsson, C. Johansson

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 71

Abstract
Due to organizational changes in the Swedish air navigation services (ANS), which in extension could impact flight safety, the safety culture (SC), organizational climate (OC), and related areas are monitored. Study locations are the two main air traffic control centers in Sweden and parts of the central ANS office. This paper reports on a first attempt to investigate whether relationships exist between SC and OC. The findings show that such relationships exist.
Abstract
Due to organizational changes in the Swedish air navigation services (ANS), which in extension could impact flight safety, the safety culture (SC), organizational climate [...]
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Simulation optimization of air traffic delay cost
V. Ilenda, N. Kleinman, S. Hill

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 66

Abstract
The cost of delay is a serious and increasing problem in the airline industry. Air travel is increasing, and already domestic airports incur thousands of hours of delay daily, costing the industry $2 billion a year. One strategy for reducing total delay costs is to hold planes for a short time at the gate in order to reduce costly airborne congestion. In a network of airports involving thousands of flights, it is difficult to determine the amount to hold each flight at the gate. This paper discusses how the optimization procedure simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) can be used to process delay cost measurements from air traffic simulation packages and produce an optimal gate holding strategy. As a test case, the SIMMOD air traffic simulation package was used to model a simple four-airport network.
Abstract
The cost of delay is a serious and increasing problem in the airline industry. Air travel is increasing, and already domestic airports incur thousands of hours of delay daily, [...]
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A Control Theoretic Predictive Model for Sector-Based Air Traffic Flow
A. Bayen, P. Grieder, C. Tomlin

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 65
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Reducing VMTs through transit-on-demand with GPS and satellite communications
K. Wipke

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 64

Abstract
a partial solution to the problem of increasing foreign petroleum imports, urban congestion, and air pollution from personal automobiles, researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado, have successfully demonstrated a transportation concept called Transit-On-Demand (TOD). TOD uses the global positioning system (GPS) to locate all vehicles in a fleet, two-way communications between the vehicles and a central computer-server, and advanced dispatching and routing software to control the movement of vehicles within the fleet. Through development of an advanced world wide web site and use of the new Java Internet programming language, the demonstration allows visitors to the web site to see updates of vehicle position on a map every 20 seconds, while effectively minimizing the internet bandwidth required for this activity. The project demonstrates how a fixed-route, fixed-schedule shuttle can be converted to be demand-responsive to more effectively move people from where they are to where they want to be at the time they want to travel.
Abstract
a partial solution to the problem of increasing foreign petroleum imports, urban congestion, and air pollution from personal automobiles, researchers at the National Renewable [...]
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Effects of anticipatory control with multiple user classes
H. Taale, H. Zuylen

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 69

Abstract
In this paper the integrated traffic control and traffic assignment problem is studied. This problem can be considered as a non-cooperative game in which the traffic authority, that controls the traffic signals, and the road users are the players, who use their own strategy and seek their own optimum. The game theoretical formulation leads to several different control strategies in which users’ reactions to traffic control decisions are taken into account. Users’ reactions can be the choice of route, departure time or even mode, but here only route choice is considered. In this paper some of these control strategies for traffic signal control are described: Webster control, Smith’s P , Anticipatory Control and System Optimum Control. The first two control strategies are well known and described in the literature. The anticipatory control strategy can be formulated as a bi-level optimisation problem and this problem is solved using genetic algorithms. Also the system optimum solution can be found using genetic algorithms, simultaneously optimising route flows and green times. In the paper the assignment method, together with the traffic model, is formulated. In the assignment several user classes, each with its own perception of route costs, are defined and taken into account. For several simple example networks the traffic control methods are tested and it is shown that taking route choice into account is beneficial to the network performance. Further research will focus on the improvement of the traffic model used in the control optimisation, realistic networks and the problem of departure time choice.
Abstract
In this paper the integrated traffic control and traffic assignment problem is studied. This problem can be considered as a non-cooperative game in which the traffic authority, [...]
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Wind-Induced Vibration Monitoring Program for Alpine Pipelines
S. Lust, N. Zulfiqar, D. Carson, J. Hart

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 63

Abstract
part of the Alpine development project, Phillips Alaska, Inc. has installed a 305 mm (12-inch) diameter utility line and a 356 mm (14-inch) diameter produced oil line between the Alpine and Kuparuk oil fields on the Alaskan North Slope. In sections of the pipeline alignment that are oriented nominally perpendicular to the prevailing wind directions, a system of pipeline vibration dampers (PVDs) has been installed to mitigate potential fatigue damage due to wind-induced vibration (WIV). As part of the right-of-way agreement for the pipelines, Phillips has implemented a pipeline WIV monitoring program with the objectives of insuring that the PVD systems are performing as designed and to confirm that the spans without PVDs are not experiencing frequent and significant WIV. The Alpine WIV monitoring systems represent the most extensive, long-term WIV monitoring program ever undertaken on the North Slope. This paper provides an overview of the Alpine pipelines WIV monitoring program including; a description of the layout of the instrumentation, the data acquisition and the power supply systems, and a description of commissioning these systems. A summary of the WIV monitoring approach and the pertinent wind observation and vibration data gathered is also provided. The paper concludes with a summary of the overall findings and conclusions from this program.
Abstract
part of the Alpine development project, Phillips Alaska, Inc. has installed a 305 mm (12-inch) diameter utility line and a 356 mm (14-inch) diameter produced oil line between [...]
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Prediction and control of departure runway balancing at Dallas/Fort Worth airport
S. Atkins, D. Walton

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 62

Abstract
many airports, aircraft take off from multiple departure runways. During periods of high departure demand, whether or not the departure runways are balanced directly affects the capacity and efficiency of the airport. The paper begins by investigating the cause of runway imbalances. Homogeneity in the direction of flight during a departure push and the procedures for runway assignments are demonstrated to be the primary source of departure runway imbalances. Second, the paper studies how well departure runways are currently balanced. A method for reconstructing the departure queues that existed at each runway is presented along with results from applying the method. Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) airport is used as a case study throughout the paper. Finally, the paper introduces automation concepts that will reduce the occurrence and impact of imbalanced departure runways, by providing this information along with traffic management advisories.
Abstract
many airports, aircraft take off from multiple departure runways. During periods of high departure demand, whether or not the departure runways are balanced directly affects [...]
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Structured methods for identifying and correcting potential human errors in aviation operations
W. Nelson

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 61

Abstract
Human errors have been identified as the source of approximately 60% of the incidents and accidents that occur in commercial aviation. It can be assumed that a very large number of human errors occur in aviation operations, even though in most cases the redundancies and diversities built into the design of aircraft systems prevent the errors from leading to serious consequences. In addition, when it is acknowledged that many system failures have their roots in human errors that occur in the design phase, it becomes apparent that the identification and elimination of potential human errors could significantly decrease the risks of aviation operations. This will become even more critical during the design of advanced automation based aircraft systems as well as next generation systems for air traffic management. Structured methods to identify and correct potential human errors in aviation operations have been developed and are currently undergoing testing at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL).
Abstract
Human errors have been identified as the source of approximately 60% of the incidents and accidents that occur in commercial aviation. It can be assumed that a very large [...]
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SPSA/SIMMOD optimization of air traffic delay cost
S. Hill, N. Kleinman, V. Ilenda

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 58

Abstract
The cost of delay is a serious and increasing problem in the airline industry. Air travel is increasing, and already domestic airports incur thousands of hours of delay daily, costing the industry $2 billion a year. One strategy for reducing total delay costs is to hold planes for a short time at the gate in order to reduce costly airborne congestion. In a network of airports involving hundreds of flights, it is difficult to determine the amount to hold each flight at the gate. This paper discusses how the optimization procedure simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) can be used to process delay cost measurements from air traffic simulation packages and produce an optimal gate holding schedule. As a test case, the SIMMOD air traffic simulation package was used to model a simple four-airport network. Initial delay costs are reduced up to 10.3%.
Abstract
The cost of delay is a serious and increasing problem in the airline industry. Air travel is increasing, and already domestic airports incur thousands of hours of delay daily, [...]
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Using Bayesian Programming for Multi-Sensor Multi-Target Tracking in Automotive Applications
C. Coue, T. Fraichard, P. Bessière, E. Mazer

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 66

Abstract
International audience; A prerequisite to the design of future Advanced Driver Assistance Systems for cars is a sensing system providing all the information required for high-level driving assistance tasks. Carsense is a European project whose purpose is to develop such a new sensing system. It will combine different sensors (laser, radar and video) and will rely on the fusion of the information coming from these sensors in order to achieve better accuracy, robustness and an increase of the information content. This paper demonstrates the interest of using probabilistic reasoning techniques to address this challenging multi-sensor data fusion problem. The approach used is called Bayesian Programming. It is a general approach based on an implementation of the Bayesian theory. It was introduced first to design robot control programs but its scope of application is much broader and it can be used whenever one has to deal with problems involving uncertain or incomplete knowledge.
Abstract
International audience; A prerequisite to the design of future Advanced Driver Assistance Systems for cars is a sensing system providing all the information required for high-level [...]
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Evaluating a new index of mental workload in real ATC situation using psychophysiological measures
P. Averty, S. Athenes, A. Dittmar, C. Collet

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 56

Abstract
International audience; One way to improve both capacity and safety in air traffic control (ATC) implies to assist the human operator, while he remains in the decision loop. Designing high performance tools requires a precise tuning in order to interface them efficiently and non-intrusively with the controller, especially in heavy workload contexts. To this end, knowledge of workload sources and fluctuations is essential and has triggered a large number of studies. Surprisingly, there is no universally accepted definition of mental workload: a consensus exists merely to define it as the "cost" of a given task for the operator. Concept of mental load is related to information processing theory Limited capacity of cognitive resources and sequential processing of information define what can be overload. an excessive demand on perceptual and cognitive resources (visual and auditory perception, memory and attention, among others) with respect to information processing capacities. In the present study, we would like to propose a different way to model the link between aircraft configuration and perceived workload.
Abstract
International audience; One way to improve both capacity and safety in air traffic control (ATC) implies to assist the human operator, while he remains in the decision loop. [...]
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REESE: a method of soft error detection in microprocessors
J. Nickel, A. Somani

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 55

Abstract
Future reliability of general-purpose processors (GPPs) is threatened by a combination of shrinking transistor size, higher clock rates, reduced supply voltages, and other factors. It is predicted that the occurrence of arbitrary transient faults, or soft errors, will dramatically increase as these trends continue. The authors develop and evaluate a fault-tolerant microprocessor architecture that detects soft errors in its own data pipeline. This architecture accomplishes soft error detection through time redundancy, while requiring little execution time overhead. Our approach, called REESE (REdundant Execution using Spare Elements), first minimizes this overhead and then decreases is even further by strategically adding a small number of functional units to the pipeline. This differs from similar approaches in the past that have not addressed ways of reducing the overhead necessary to implement time redundancy in GPPs.
Abstract
Future reliability of general-purpose processors (GPPs) is threatened by a combination of shrinking transistor size, higher clock rates, reduced supply voltages, and other [...]
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Alternative flight route generator by genetic algorithms
D. Delahaye, S. Oussedik, M. Schoenauer

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 54

Abstract
This paper presents a new air traffic route generator based on genetic algorithms. Due to traffic growth, direct (and near direct) routes are becoming increasingly congested and there is a real need for spreading traffic on new alternative routes. Those routes have to be different from several operational criteria and must not generate too much extra distance compared to the direct route. To reach this goal, a GA has been implemented with efficient sharing which automatically allows the emergence of different alternative routes. This algorithm has been tried on French air space and gives realistic operational results.
Abstract
This paper presents a new air traffic route generator based on genetic algorithms. Due to traffic growth, direct (and near direct) routes are becoming increasingly congested [...]
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Geometric algorithms for conflict detection/resolution in air traffic management
C. Lee, Y. Chiang, J. Klosowski, J. Mitchell

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 52

Abstract
We consider the problems of conflict detection and resolution in air traffic management (ATM) from the perspective of computational geometry and give algorithms for solving these problems efficiently. For conflict resolution, we propose a simple method that can route multiple aircraft, conflict-free, through a cluttered airspace, using a prioritized routing scheme in space-time. Our algorithms have been implemented into a simulation system that tracks a large set of flights, having multiple conflicts, and proposes modified routes to resolve them. We report on the preliminary results from an extensive set of experiments that are under may to determine the effectiveness of our methods.
Abstract
We consider the problems of conflict detection and resolution in air traffic management (ATM) from the perspective of computational geometry and give algorithms for solving [...]
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Hybrid model visualization in requirements and design: a preliminary investigation
B. Nuseibeh, J. Sonander, J. Kramer, J. Magee, D. Bush

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 50

Abstract
This paper reports on a preliminary investigation into applying work on graphic animation of behavioral models to an air traffic control case study-the National Air Traffic Services (NATS) Short Term Conflict Alert (STCA) system that advises controllers of potential conflicts between aircraft in controlled airspace. Graphic animation permits a model to be visualized in the context of a problem domain. The paper describes how, in order to construct a satisfactory visualization, the finite state behavioral model of the STCA system is extended with boolean functions over continuous variables to form a hybrid model. The rationale for constructing this hybrid model and its potential use in requirements and design are discussed.
Abstract
This paper reports on a preliminary investigation into applying work on graphic animation of behavioral models to an air traffic control case study-the National Air Traffic [...]
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A distributed computing environment for ATC data analysis
K. Puechmorel, D. Delahaye

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 49

Abstract
International audience; ATC data exchange is taking on increasing importance in both operational and experimental contexts. The starting point of our work was dealing with different data formats between a variety of software. The problem of data exchange in simulation is complicated by the fact that in some experiments, real traffic is merged with simulated traffic, or simulation scenarios may change at a given time. This requires that the storage system be able to unambiguously distinguish between simulation parts. We present a distributed ATC database system that can be used to retrieve and process data that are spatio-temporal. The ability to specify areas of interest by means of a unified descriptor, the UEL (uniform event locator), allows the design of versatile ATM systems. Furthermore, since part of the project was the coding of a differential geometry library, many functions may be used for flight mechanics applications.
Abstract
International audience; ATC data exchange is taking on increasing importance in both operational and experimental contexts. The starting point of our work was dealing with [...]
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Thermal Performance of TAPS Heat Pipes with Non Condensable Gas Blockage
S. Sorensen, J. Zarling, J. Smith

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 48

Abstract
Over 124,300 heat pipes were installed in vertical support members on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. During infrared, IR, surveys in the early 1980's it was observed that cold topping was occurring on some of these heat pipes. The cold topping was due to an accumulation of non-condensable gases, a by-product of corrosion or chemical dissociation of anhydrous ammonia, in the problem heat pipes. Alyeska Pipeline Service Company under took an experimental program, beginning in the fall of 2000, to measure the heat transfer performance of NCG blocked heat pipes. Results of this test program are presented and discussed showing the reduction in heat transfer performance of the heat pipes as a function of hydrogen blockage levels. Infrared images are also presented showing the increase in cold topping as the amount of hydrogen in the heat pipe is increased. These IR images are correlated with the degradation in heat transfer performance. A thermodynamic analysis is also presented showing the relationship between the mass of hydrogen within the heat pipe and apparent blockage as a function of evaporator and condenser temperatures.
Abstract
Over 124,300 heat pipes were installed in vertical support members on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. During infrared, IR, surveys in the early 1980's it was observed that [...]
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PRECIS: an automated pipeline for producing concise reports about proteins
A. Mitchell, J. Reich, P. Lord, C. Goble, R. Stevens

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 47

Abstract
There have been several attempts at addressing the problem of annotating sequence data computationally. Annotation generation can be considered a pipeline of processes: first harvesting data from a variety of data sources, then distilling and transforming it into a form more appropriate for the end database. This task is usually performed by human annotators, a solution that is clearly not scaleable. There have been several attempts to mimic some of these pipelines in software. However, these have generally focused on low level annotation, such as database cross-references, or by harvesting data from computational techniques such as gene finding or similarity searches. Higher level annotation such as that seen in the PRINTS database is usually formed from data that is free text, or only partly structured. This presents a much greater computational challenge. Therefore we studied the pipeline that is used to generate annotation for the PRINTS database, and have developed prototype software that reflects and automates this pipeline. As this software operates primarily on data culled from the SWISS-PROT database, we have called it PRECIS (Protein Reports Engineered from Concise Information in SWISS-PROT). This software is currently being used to generate annotation for the prePRINTS database. As the output is a structured report detailing the function, structure and disease associations of a protein, and providing literature references and keywords we believe it will be of more generic use. The software is available on request from mitchell@bioinf.man.ac.uk.
Abstract
There have been several attempts at addressing the problem of annotating sequence data computationally. Annotation generation can be considered a pipeline of processes: first [...]
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Team climate and safety culture in air traffic control
M. Arvidsson, C. Johansson, Å. Ek, R. Akselsson

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 61

Abstract
In a joint project – Human Factors in ANS, HUFA - between the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration and Lund University the aim is to find out how a new team-based organization and the introduction of a new air traffic control system will affect safety culture and psychosocial working environment by changes in organizational climate, team climate and leadership. All in all, four studies will be conducted, before and after the system introduction, involving the two air traffic control centers (ATCC) in Malmö and Stockholm as well as the air navigation services (ANS) division in Norrköping. This paper focus on findings from the first study concerning the team climate and the safety culture. The results show an overall positive picture concerning the safety culture at all three units. The team climate is assessed as average at the two ATCCs and just above at the ANS-division. No clear patterns could be found that can explain if and how the safety culture and the team climate are related.
Abstract
In a joint project – Human Factors in ANS, HUFA - between the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration and Lund University the aim is to find out how a new team-based organization [...]
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Design Concept and Development Plan of the Expedite Departure Path (EDP)
Y. Jung, D. Isaacson

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 46

Abstract
traffic management decision support tools have shown the capability to incr ease arrival traffic throughput of congested Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) facilities without significantly impacting air traffic controller workload. NASA Ames Research Center, in cooperation with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), is playing a leading role in identifying air traffic management problems, developing and prototyping concepts, and performing field trials for such decision support tools. The Center -TRACON Automation System (CTAS) is a suite of decision support tools devel oped by NASA Ames Research Center, and is included in the FAA's Free Flight Program. This paper describes the concept and development plan of the Expedite Departure Path (EDP) component of CTAS. EDP is a decision support tool aimed at providing TRACON Tr affic Management Coordinators (TMCs) with pertinent departure traffic loading and scheduling information, and radar controllers with advisories for tactical control of TRACON departure traffic. EDP employs the CTAS trajectory synthesis routine to provide conflict -free altitude, speed and heading advisories. These advisories will assist the TRACON departure controller in efficiently sequencing, spacing and merging departure aircraft into the en route traffic flow. The anticipated benefits of EDP include a reduction in airborne delay for departure aircraft, reduced fuel burn and reduced noise impact due to expedited climb trajectories. EDP will eventually share information with both surface and arrival decision support tools to form an integrated decision support system capable of planning, coordinating and executing highly efficient terminal airspace operations.
Abstract
traffic management decision support tools have shown the capability to incr ease arrival traffic throughput of congested Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) facilities [...]
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"title"Traffic engineering and regenerator placement in GMPLS networks with restoration"/title"
E. Karasan, E. Yetginer

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 45

Abstract
In this paper we study regenerator placement and traffic engineering of restorable paths in Generalized Multipro-tocol Label Switching (GMPLS) networks. Regenerators are necessary in optical networks due to transmission impairments. We study a network architecture where there are regenerators at selected nodes and we propose two heuristic algorithms for the regenerator placement problem. Performances of these algorithms in terms of required number of regenerators and computational complexity are evaluated. In this network architecture with sparse regeneration, offline computation of working and restoration paths is studied with bandwidth reservation and path rerouting as the restoration scheme. We study two approaches for selecting working and restoration paths from a set of candidate paths and formulate each method as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) prob-lem. Traffic uncertainty model is developed in order to compare these methods based on their robustness with respect to changing traffic patterns. Traffic engineering methods are compared based on number of additional demands due to traffic uncertainty that can be carried. Regenerator placement algorithms are also evaluated from a traffic engineering point of view.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Abstract
In this paper we study regenerator placement and traffic engineering of restorable paths in Generalized Multipro-tocol Label Switching (GMPLS) networks. Regenerators are necessary [...]
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Fine-grain pipelined asynchronous adders for high-speed DSP applications
S. Nowick, M. Singh

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 44

Abstract
new asynchronous pipeline scheme (called LP/sub w/), and two new pipelined asynchronous adder implementations, are introduced for high-throughput applications such as DSPs for multimedia processing. The pipeline scheme is targeted to dynamic datapaths. A novelty of the approach is that it uses decoupled control for pull-up and pull-down stacks. The adders are pipelined at the gate-level and achieve very high throughput: 930-1023 million additions per second in a 0.6/spl mu/ CMOS process. These results are expected to scale to several gigaoperations per second in more modern technologies.
Abstract
new asynchronous pipeline scheme (called LP/sub w/), and two new pipelined asynchronous adder implementations, are introduced for high-throughput applications such as DSPs [...]
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The NAROS approach for IPv6 multihoming with traffic engineering
C. de Launois, O. Bonaventure, M. Lobelle, 4. Services

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 58

Abstract
Once multihomed, an IPv6 site usually wants to engineer its interdomain traffic. We propose that IPv6 multihomed hosts inquire a so called "Name, Address and ROute System" (NAROS) to determine the source and destination addresses to use to contact a destination node. By selecting these addresses, the NAROS server roughly determines the routing. It thereby provides features like traffic engineering and fault tolerance, without transmitting any BGP advertisement and without impacting on the worldwide routing table size. The performance of the NAROS server is evaluated by using trace-driven simulations. We show that the the load on the NAROS server is reasonable and that we can obtain good load-balancing performances.
Abstract
Once multihomed, an IPv6 site usually wants to engineer its interdomain traffic. We propose that IPv6 multihomed hosts inquire a so called "Name, Address and ROute System" [...]
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Qualification of a Method to Calculate the Irrecoverable Pressure Loss in High Reynolds Number Piping Systems
R. Coffield, K. Sigg

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 56

Abstract
High Reynolds number test data has recently been reported for both single and multiple piping elbow design configurations at earlier ASME Fluid Engineering Division Conferences. The data of these studies ranged up to a Reynolds number of 42 × 106 which is significantly greater than that used to establish design correlations before the data was available. Many of the accepted design correlations, based on the lower Reynolds number data, date back as much as fifty years. The new data shows that these earlier correlations are extremely conservative for high Reynolds number applications. Based on the recent high Reynolds number information a new recommended method has been developed for calculating irrecoverable pressure losses in piping systems for design considerations such as establishing pump sizing requirements. This paper describes the recommended design approach and additional testing that has been performed as part of the qualification of the method. This qualification testing determined the irrecoverable pressure loss of a piping configuration that would typify a limiting piping section in a complicated piping network, i.e., multiple, tightly coupled, out-of-plane elbows in series under high Reynolds number flow conditions. The overall pressure loss measurements were then compared to predictions, which used the new methodology to assure that conservative estimates for the pressure loss (of the type used for pump sizing) were obtained. The recommended design methodology, the qualification testing and the comparison between the predictions and the test data are presented. A major conclusion of this study is that the recommended method for calculating irrecoverable pressure loss in piping systems is conservative yet significantly lower than predicted by early design correlations that were based on the extrapolation of low Reynolds number test data.
Abstract
High Reynolds number test data has recently been reported for both single and multiple piping elbow design configurations at earlier ASME Fluid Engineering Division Conferences. [...]
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Validation of WAIMSS incident duration estimation model
W. Wu, K. Ozbay, P. Kachroo

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 43

Abstract
This paper presents an effort to validate the traffic incident duration estimation model of WAIMSS (wide area incident management support system). Duration estimation model of WAIMSS predicts the incident duration based on an estimation tree which was calibrated using incident data collected in Northern Virginia. Due to the limited sample size, a full scale test of the distribution, mean and variance of incident duration was performed only for the root node of the estimation tree, white only mean tests were executed at all other nodes whenever a data subset was available. Further studies were also conducted on the model error and tree structure issues especially related to complex incidents. The statistical analyses in general, strongly supported WAIMSS estimations of incident duration distribution, mean and variance. The error analysis provided encouraging results based on the distribution of estimation errors and estimation error percentages. A major structural deficiency of the current model was also revealed.
Abstract
This paper presents an effort to validate the traffic incident duration estimation model of WAIMSS (wide area incident management support system). Duration estimation model [...]
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Structural considerations and cognitive complexity in air traffic control
S. Yenson, B. Gottlieb, H. Kleinwaks, S. Puechmorel, J. Histon, D. Delahaye, R. Hansman

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 42

Abstract
International audience; The ability of air traffic controllers to deal with complex situations is a limiting factor in airspace capacity. The underlying airspace structure and other procedural elements are thought to be important factors in reducing a controller's cognitive complexity through the use of structure based abstractions. Because cognitive complexity cannot be directly observed it must be investigated indirectly. This paper discusses and presents examples of how directly observable states and controllers' subjective responses can be used to indirectly probe and gain insight into how structure based abstractions are used to manage cognitive complexity.
Abstract
International audience; The ability of air traffic controllers to deal with complex situations is a limiting factor in airspace capacity. The underlying airspace structure [...]
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Runway incursion prevention system simulation evaluation
D. Jones

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 41

Abstract
runway incursion prevention system (RIPS) was evaluated in a full mission simulation study at the NASA Langley Research center in March 2002. RIPS integrates airborne and groundbased technologies to provide (1) enhanced surface situational awareness to avoid blunders and (2) alerts of runway conflicts in order to prevent runway incidents while also improving operational capability. A series of test runs was conducted in a high fidelity simulator. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the RIPS airborne incursion detection algorithms and associated alerting and airport surface display concepts. Eight commercial airline crews participated as test subjects completing 467 test runs. This paper gives an overview of the RIPS, simulation study, and test results.
Abstract
runway incursion prevention system (RIPS) was evaluated in a full mission simulation study at the NASA Langley Research center in March 2002. RIPS integrates airborne and [...]
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A path establishment approach in an MPLS-ATM integrated environment
J. Solé-Pareta, X. Masip-Bruin, S. Sanchez-Lopez, J. Lopez-Mellado, J. Domingo-Pascual

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 40

Abstract
Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) is an advanced forwarding scheme, which allows the network to achieve the traffic engineering (TE) objectives. When two or more MPLS nodes are connected via an ATM backbone merely composed of ATM switches, it is necessary to add some mechanisms to allow the label distribution and allocation between both nodes. In this paper a solution is proposed to integrate ATM and MPLS, so that the ATM backbone will be seen as a unique MPLS node from the MPLS domain and as a consequence of that the end-to-end LSP establishment can be carried out.
Abstract
Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) is an advanced forwarding scheme, which allows the network to achieve the traffic engineering (TE) objectives. When two or more MPLS nodes [...]
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A Method of Separation Assurance for Instrument Flight Procedures at Non-RADAR Airports
S. Conway, M. Consiglio

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 39

Abstract
method to provide automated air traffic separation assurance services during approach to or departure from a non-radar, non-towered airport environment is described. The method is constrained by provision of these services without radical changes or ambitious investments in current ground-based technologies. The proposed procedures are designed to grant access to a large number of airfields that currently have no or very limited access under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), thus increasing mobility with minimal infrastructure investment. This paper primarily addresses a low-cost option for airport and instrument approach infrastructure, but is designed to be an architecture from which a more efficient, albeit more complex, system may be developed. A functional description of the capabilities in the current NAS infrastructure is provided. Automated terminal operations and procedures are introduced. Rules of engagement and the operations are defined. Results of preliminary simulation testing are presented. Finally, application of the method to more terminal-like operations, and major research areas, including necessary piloted studies, are discussed.
Abstract
method to provide automated air traffic separation assurance services during approach to or departure from a non-radar, non-towered airport environment is described. The method [...]
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Intelligent road rail hybrid transport: a new modality for the Rhine-Schelde Delta
J. Evers

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 38

Abstract
This study derives from the research programme 'Intelligent Logistic Systems', that has been running within the TRAIL Research School since 1994. The aim of this paper is to outline an intelligent logistic system for the area of the Rhine-Schelde Delta as an alternative for, and complement to, the conventional rail and road transport systems. The idea is to design a logistically adequate transport system, which does not take up any more space then is necessary, and has the minimum environmental impact with regard to noise, and uses little energy. The idea is to make more 'smart' use of the infrastructure, even to make the infrastructure itself 'smarter'.
Abstract
This study derives from the research programme 'Intelligent Logistic Systems', that has been running within the TRAIL Research School since 1994. The aim of this paper is [...]
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Newly Enacted Intent Changes to ADS-B MASPS: Emphasis on Operations, Compatibility, and Integrity
A. Warren, R. Barhydt

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 37

Abstract
Significant changes to the intent reporting structure in the Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) have recently been approved by RTCA Special Committee 186. The re-structured intent formats incorporate two major changes to the current MASPS (DO-242): addition of a Target State (TS) report that provides information on the horizontal and vertical targets for the current flight segment and replacement of the current Trajectory Change Point (TCP) and TCP+1 reports with Trajectory Change (TC) reports. TC reports include expanded information about TCPs and their connecting flight segments, in addition to making provisions for trajectory conformance elements. New intent elements are designed to accommodate a greater range of intent information, better reflect operational use and capabilities of existing and future aircraft avionics, and aid trajectory synthesis and conformance monitoring systems. These elements are expected to benefit near-term and future Air Traffic Management (ATM) applications, including separation assurance, local traffic flow management, and conformance monitoring. The current MASPS revision (DO-242A) implements those intent elements that are supported by current avionics standards and data buses. Additional elements are provisioned for inclusion in future MASPS revisions (beyond DO-242A) as avionics systems are evolved.
Abstract
Significant changes to the intent reporting structure in the Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) have [...]
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A Multi-Operator Simulation for Investigation of Distributed Air Traffic Management Concepts
M. Ballin, J. Sakosky, M. Peters

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 36

Abstract
This paper discusses the current development of an air traffic operations simulation that supports feasibility research for advanced air traffic management concepts. The Air Traffic Operations Simulation (ATOS) supports the research of future concepts that provide a much greater role for the flight crew in traffic management decision-making. ATOS provides representations of the future communications, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) infrastructure, a future flight deck systems architecture, and advanced crew interfaces. ATOS also provides a platform for the development of advanced flight guidance and decision support systems that may be required for autonomous operations.. Mark E. Peters * ,
Abstract
This paper discusses the current development of an air traffic operations simulation that supports feasibility research for advanced air traffic management concepts. The Air [...]
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Safety and security increase for air traffic management through unnoticeable watermark aircraft identification tag transmitted with the VHF voice communication
H. Hering, H. M, G. Kubin

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 44

Abstract
Controller-pilot very high frequency (VHF) voice communication in air traffic control (ATC) relies on amplitude modulation by a carrier frequency of the transmitted analogue voice pattern. This technology is known for its poor voice quality and to be highly sensitive for any kind of noise on the transmission/reception path. On this party-line, pilots have to identify themselves with their call-sign. Human's imperfections in speaking and understanding added to the low channel quality may cause problems to identify without any ambiguity of an aircraft (AC) message without any ambiguity for the controller. The proposed aircraft identification tag (AIT) techniques aim at covering this security lag. The automatic insertion of the supplementary AIT in the transmitted voice communication secures and simplifies the association of a voice message to the specific AC. Supplementary safety increase may be achieved by the mental reinforcement of the audible stimulus (pilot's voice) with a simultaneous visual stimulus in form of e.g. highlighted AC track on the radar screen. Further security increase may be attended from the fact that fake AC VHF transmissions (e.g. jokers, terrorists, ...) becomes mode difficult or even may be impossible by special watermark coding. Simple airfield structures and oceanic high frequency (HF) communication could benefit from such a system, too. AIT technique, therefore, uses proven audio watermark techniques (e.g. used for intellectual property rights for audio CD and digital video). These watermarks are introduced in the voice signal such that, the watermarks are not noticeable. AC and ATC VHF-transceiver need no change. The technique is adapted to the reduced VHF channel spacing of 8.33 kHz. The prototype demonstrator shows very high robustness with a watermark datalink capacity of about 100 bi
Abstract
Controller-pilot very high frequency (VHF) voice communication in air traffic control (ATC) relies on amplitude modulation by a carrier frequency of the transmitted analogue [...]
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Autonomy based human-vehicle interface standards for remotely operated aircraft
M. Wuennenberg, W. Olson

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 34

Abstract
This paper proposes a process for developing CNS (communication, navigation, and surveillance) human-vehicle interface standards specifically adapted for ROA aircraft. It is likely that no single standard will fit all ROAs, but rather these standards must be based on vehicle autonomy. The following sections will describe operator roles and information needs based on level of autonomy. We will first discuss the implications of varying levels of vehicle autonomy and propose a framework for categorizing ROA autonomy based on Billings taxonomy. Next, we will discuss operator information needs based on Sheridan's model of supervisory control. Finally, we will briefly describe civil CNS standards, suggest a methodology for adapting those standards for ROA operations, and identify some of the issues-that may require further study.
Abstract
This paper proposes a process for developing CNS (communication, navigation, and surveillance) human-vehicle interface standards specifically adapted for ROA aircraft. It [...]
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Unrolling loops with indeterminate loop counts in system level pipelines
H. Guo, S. Paramewaran

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 33

Abstract
This paper describes the unrolling of loops with indeterminate loop counts in system level pipelines. Two methods are discussed in this paper. The first method is the varied latency method, where the input is blocked until the pipeline is clear. This variation in the input arrival time gives rise to the name. In this method the output will be in the same order as the input. The second method, called the fixed latency method, allows for the input arrival time to remain unchanged. The loops with loop count in excess of the number of unrolled loops will have to be stored, until a suitable gap in the system becomes available. Analysis of the both methods is given, which shows that the fixed latency method is significantly faster but needs reordering of tasks and memory to store tasks.
Abstract
This paper describes the unrolling of loops with indeterminate loop counts in system level pipelines. Two methods are discussed in this paper. The first method is the varied [...]
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A Multi-Fidelity Simulation Environment for Human-In-The-Loop Studies of Distributed Air Ground Traffic Management
E. Palmer, T. Callantine, N. Smith, T. Prevot

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 32

Abstract
This paper describes a Distributed Air Ground Traffic Management (DAG-TM) simulation environment created at NASA Ames Research Center for conducting human-in-the-loop evaluations of new concepts for managing and controlling air traffic. The simulation environment combines high fidelity full mission flight simulators with mid-fidelity air traffic controller/manager workstations as well as low to mid-fidelity desktop workstations for additional pilots, controllers, experiment managers and observers. The simulation is distributed amongst different facilities and laboratories at Ames and provides for connecting multiple off-site simulators via the Internet. The Crew Activity Tracking System (CATS) can be attached for real-time tracking and analysis of pilot and controller activities, and intelligent agents can supplant ancillary human participants.
Abstract
This paper describes a Distributed Air Ground Traffic Management (DAG-TM) simulation environment created at NASA Ames Research Center for conducting human-in-the-loop evaluations [...]
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Pavement boundary detection via circular shape models
B. Ma, S. Lakshmanan, A. Hero

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 31

Abstract
utomated detection of pavement boundaries is an important enabling technology in intelligent vehicle applications. This paper describes a circular shape model for detecting pavement boundaries and shows that the circular shape models enjoy several critical advantages over the polynomial models without any additional increase in model complexity including: the model parameters are all of the same units, even a small change to any one parameter results in a uniformly different shape appearance; and as a result the associated shape matching problem is considerably better conditioned than the corresponding problem with polynomial shape models. Our application domain is one of road/pavement boundary estimation based on image data from a high-resolution multibeam 77 GHz millimeter-wave radar. A successful solution to this problem has impact on a number of driver assistance systems, such as road departure warning, forward collision warning, etc.
Abstract
utomated detection of pavement boundaries is an important enabling technology in intelligent vehicle applications. This paper describes a circular shape model for detecting [...]
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Basic block distribution analysis to find periodic behavior and simulation points in applications
E. Perelman, B. Calder, T. Sherwood

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 29

Abstract
Modern architecture research relies heavily on detailed pipeline simulation. Simulating the full execution of an industry standard benchmark can take weeks to months to complete. To overcome this problem researchers choose a very small portion of a program's execution to evaluate their results, rather than simulating the entire program. In this paper we propose Basic Block Distribution Analysis as an automated approach for finding these small portions of the program to simulate that are representative of the entire program's execution. This approach is based upon using profiles of a program's code structure (basic blocks) to uniquely identify different phases of execution in the program. We show that the periodicity of the basic block frequency profile reflects the periodicity of detailed simulation across several different architectural metrics (e.g., IPC, branch miss rate, cache miss rate, value misprediction, address misprediction, and reorder buffer occupancy). Since basic block frequencies can be collected using very fast profiling tools, our approach provides a practical technique for finding the periodicity and simulation points in applications.
Abstract
Modern architecture research relies heavily on detailed pipeline simulation. Simulating the full execution of an industry standard benchmark can take weeks to months to complete. [...]
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Determination of the Collapse and Propagation Pressure of Ultra-Deepwater Pipelines
E. Dvorkin, D. DeGeer, R. Toscano, C. Timms

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 37

Abstract
In the design of ultra-deepwater steel pipelines, it is important to be able to determine the pipe behaviour while subjected to external pressure and bending. In many cases, the ultra-deepwater lay process, where these high loads exist, governs the structural design of the pipeline. Much work has been performed in this area, and it is generally recognized that there is a lack of test data on full-scale samples of line pipe from which analyses can be accurately benchmarked. This paper presents the results of a nil-scale test program and finite element analyses performed on seamless steel line pipe samples intended for ultra-deepwater applications. The work involved obtaining full-scale test data and further enhancing existing finite element analysis models to accurately predict the collapse and post-collapse response of ultra-deepwater pipelines. The work and results represent a continuing effort aimed at understanding the behaviour of pipes subjected to external pressure and bending, accounting for the numerous variables influencing pipeline collapse, and predicting collapse and post-collapse behaviour with increasing confidence. The test program was performed at C-FER Technologies (C-FER), Canada, with the analyses undertaken by the Center for Industrial Research (CINI), Argentina. The results of this work have demonstrated very good agreement between the finite element predictions and the laboratory observations. This allows increased confidence in using the finite element models to predict collapse and post-collapse behaviour of pipelines subject to external pressure and bending.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Abstract
In the design of ultra-deepwater steel pipelines, it is important to be able to determine the pipe behaviour while subjected to external pressure and bending. In many cases, [...]
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A simulation study of the communications performance of the Federal Aviation Administration Mode Select Beacon System for air traffic control
C. Laqui, Y. Qu

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 27

Abstract
The systems is an integrated aircraft surveillance and communications system which is being implemented by the Federal Aviation Administration for use in air traffic control in the 1990s. The study was initiated in order to study the interaction of network layer entities within the Mode S system and to quantify the effect of higher-layer communication protocols on the performance of the system. In addition, the study investigates the impact of operational scenarios and data transfer techniques on the performance characteristics of the system. Simulation results are used to estimate system behavior under various air traffic conditions and confirm the suitability of the communications system to the projected air traffic environment. It is concluded that the capacity of the Mode S data link will support the projected operating scenarios.
Abstract
The systems is an integrated aircraft surveillance and communications system which is being implemented by the Federal Aviation Administration for use in air traffic control [...]
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Discrete event simulation experiments and geographic information systems in congestion management planning
R. Wiley, T. Keyser

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 26

Abstract
regional transportation system and the movement of large traffic volumes through it, are characteristic of stochastic systems. The standard traffic management or transportation planning approach uses a slice in time view of the system. Static, mean values of system variables are used for the basis of incident-caused, congestion management decisions. By reason of the highly variable nature of transportation systems, discrete event simulation is used in the planning process. The simulation model is highly dependent on the spatial accuracy of real world coordinates of nodes and the lengths of the roadway network links. Link travel times, queue spill back and turn lane queue size are directly related to the magnitude of incident-caused congestion, and the roadway system's ability to recover from it. The incorporation of accurate geographic information system (GIS) data with a powerful transportation simulation software package and properly designed data collection and analysis techniques are invaluable in support of transportation incident management decisions.
Abstract
regional transportation system and the movement of large traffic volumes through it, are characteristic of stochastic systems. The standard traffic management or transportation [...]
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Parallel simulation for aviation applications
F. Wieland

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 25

Abstract
The Detailed Policy Assessment Tool (DPAT) is a widely used simulation of air traffic control that incorporates advanced technology for user-friendly operation. DPAT computes congestion-related air traffic delays, throughputs, traffic densities, and arrival/departure schedules while incorporating ground delay and ground stop programs, in-trail restrictions, historical, current, or future traffic demand, a fixed or free-flight route structure, and other relevant parameters. DPAT's advanced capabilities include parallel discrete-event simulation technology and easy access through Web-based simulation.
Abstract
The Detailed Policy Assessment Tool (DPAT) is a widely used simulation of air traffic control that incorporates advanced technology for user-friendly operation. DPAT computes [...]
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Development of a closed-loop testing method for a next-generation terminal area automation system
J. Iii, J. Robinson, D. Isaacson

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 24

Abstract
next-generation air traffic decision support tool, known as the active final approach spacing tool (aFAST), will generate heading, speed and altitude commands to achieve more precise separation of aircraft in the terminal area. The techniques used to analyze the performance of earlier generation decision support tools are not adequate to analyze the performance of aFAST. The paper summarizes the development of a new and innovative fully closed-loop testing method for aFAST. This method, called trajectory feedback testing, closes each aircraft control loop inside of the aFAST scheduling algorithm. Validation of trajectory feedback testing by examination of the variation of aircraft time-of-arrival predictions between schedule updates and the variation of aircraft excess separation distances between simulation runs is presented.
Abstract
next-generation air traffic decision support tool, known as the active final approach spacing tool (aFAST), will generate heading, speed and altitude commands to achieve more [...]
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Development of a Real-Time Virtual Airspace Simulation Capability for Air Traffic Management Research
S. Malsom, B. Sullivan

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 22

Abstract
This paper describes the NASA Ames Research Ce nter's effort to develop a real -time human -in -the -loop Air Traffic Management (ATM) simulation capability that will emulate operations within the National Airspace System. This unique capability will be used to evaluate the human performance impact of ATM concepts at both the systems and local levels with the requisite degrees of fidelity. This new Virtual Airspace Simulation Technology (VAST) will examine critical core component technologies and candidate system level concepts and architectures to meet t he requirements of the air transportation system of the future. The goal of this new capability is to provide human -in -the -loop simulations of operations within the NAS to never before achieved levels of fidelity. This capability will also provide a safe , cost effective, common, flexible and accessible platform for evaluating futuristic ATM concepts.
Abstract
This paper describes the NASA Ames Research Ce nter's effort to develop a real -time human -in -the -loop Air Traffic Management (ATM) simulation capability that will emulate [...]
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Decision support for the general aviation pilot
D. Ward, J. Crump, K. Krishnamurthy, J. Painter, A. Robbins, R. Yu, K. Lee, D. Woo, W. Alcorn, P. Branham, J. Trang, W. Kelly

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 21

Abstract
Increasing air traffic control (ATC) requirements raises the workload of pilots. Required tasks dictate more "head-in-the-cockpit" computation, which can easily distract a pilot from safe airplane operation. Following eight years of research, we present an on-board PC-based computational system that increases pilot situational awareness, decreases diversion to routine computations, and anticipates upcoming needs. The key to anticipatory flight management is an expert system that uses knowledge of ATC procedures, aircraft operating procedures and limitations, and aircraft performance to infer current flight operating "mode" without direct pilot intervention or input. A flight mode interpreter (FMI) enables automatic display selection, pilot advice, and warning. This paper reports the development of an FMI-based flight management system, called General Aviation Pilot Advisory and Training System (GAPATS), that is being developed jointly by Texas A&M University and Knowledge Based Systems, Inc. Software development is carried out using a fixed-base engineering flight simulator. Pilot participation in all phases of development and evaluation is the norm. Flight tests have begun on an instrumented research light twin.
Abstract
Increasing air traffic control (ATC) requirements raises the workload of pilots. Required tasks dictate more "head-in-the-cockpit" computation, which can easily distract a [...]
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Flight delay propagation analysis with the Detailed Policy Assessment Tool
D. Millner, L. Schaefer

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 20

Abstract
The Detailed Policy Assessment Tool (DPAT) models the propagation of delay throughout a system of airports and sectors. We present a DPAT analysis to show the effects of simulated changes in capacity due to inclement weather. Local delays are dependent on the capacity to demand ratio of departures and arrivals. We show that propagated effects are significant for the 1st leg after leaving an airport affected by reduced capacities and diminish from leg to leg.
Abstract
The Detailed Policy Assessment Tool (DPAT) models the propagation of delay throughout a system of airports and sectors. We present a DPAT analysis to show the effects of simulated [...]
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Automation Tools for Enhancing Ground-Operation Situation Awareness and Flow Efficiency
D. Foyle

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 19

Abstract
In view of the ever-increasing air traffic, much attention in air-traffic-management research has been given to improving arrival and departure efficiency. As air traffic begins and ends at the airport, the issues of taxi delays and ground-operation incursions become more pressing. This paper considers the surface-traffic problem at major airports and envisions a collaborative traffic and aircraft control environment where a surface traffic automation system will help coordinate surface traffic movements. A previous study has established the performance potential of advanced guidance and control of a transport aircraft to deliver high-precision taxi capability. Such an aircraft capability will provide the surface traffic automation system with the flexibility to issue taxi clearances with tight time margins, in an effort to reduce taxi delays. An example is the ability to clear taxiing aircraft to cross active runways within a precise time window, without the need for the aircraft to hold short of the runways and unnecessarily increase taxi delay while waiting for the opportunity to cross. This paper describes the development of a surface traffic automation system, known as Ground-Operation Situation Awareness and Flow Efficiency (GO-SAFE). The GO-SAFE system is designed to work with advanced surveillance and communications technologies, and anticipated air traffic automation systems under development. It includes tools to help the ground controller with predicted traffic information, functionality to manipulate taxi routes, and advanced capabilities to schedule runway usage to accommodate landing, takeoff, and crossing traffic. Some of the GO-SAFE functionality will be useful for current-day operations, and its advanced tools will provide maximum benefit when integrated with advanced aircraft taxi control capabilities.
Abstract
In view of the ever-increasing air traffic, much attention in air-traffic-management research has been given to improving arrival and departure efficiency. As air traffic [...]
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Simulation study of learning automata games in automated highway systems
C. Unsal, J. Bay, P. Kachroo

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 18

Abstract
We propose an artificial intelligence technique called stochastic learning automata to design an intelligent vehicle path controller. Using the information obtained by on-board sensors and local communication modules, two automata are capable of learning the best possible actions to avoid collisions. Although the learning approach taken is capable of providing a safe decision, optimization of the overall traffic flow is required. This can be achieved by studying the interaction of the vehicles. The design of the adaptive vehicle path planner based on local information is extended with additional decision structures by analyzing the situations of conflicting desired vehicle paths. The analysis of the situations and the design of these structures are made possible by treatment of the interacting reward-penalty mechanisms in individual vehicles as automata games.
Abstract
We propose an artificial intelligence technique called stochastic learning automata to design an intelligent vehicle path controller. Using the information obtained by on-board [...]
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Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR) Sensor Development
T. Daniels

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 17

Abstract
In response to recommendations from the National Aviation Weather Program Council, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is working with industry to develop an electronic pilot reporting capability for small aircraft. This paper describes the Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR) sensor development effort. NASA is working with industry to develop a sensor capable of measuring temperature, relative humidity, magnetic heading, pressure, icing, and average turbulence energy dissipation. Users of the data include National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) forecast modelers, air traffic controllers, flight service stations, airline operation centers, and pilots. Preliminary results from flight tests are presented.
Abstract
In response to recommendations from the National Aviation Weather Program Council, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is working with industry to develop [...]
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Controlled experiments to derive walking behaviour
W. Daamen, S. Hoogendoorn

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 16

Abstract
To assess the design of walking infrastructure such as transfer stations, shopping malls, sport stadiums, etc., as well as to support planning of timetables for public transit, tools to aid the designer are needed. To this end, microscopic and macroscopic pedestrian flow models can and have been applied. To calibrate and validate such models, as well as to gain more insight into the characteristics of pedestrian flows under a variety of circumstances, very detailed pedestrian flow data are required. This is why Delft University of Technology has recently carried out experimental pedestrian flow research. This paper describes the experimental design (determination of process variables, measurement set-up, etc.), the resulting microscopic pedestrian data, as well as some first results for the narrow bottleneck experiment. Both microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of pedestrian flows are presented. Interesting first results pertain to the way in which the narrow bottleneck is used under saturated flow conditions, and the use of the space (or rather, width) upstream of the bottleneck in case of congestion.
Abstract
To assess the design of walking infrastructure such as transfer stations, shopping malls, sport stadiums, etc., as well as to support planning of timetables for public transit, [...]
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Second-order fluid dynamics models for travel times in dynamic transportation networks
S. Kachani, G. Perakis

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 15

Abstract
Concerns traffic congestion, especially in intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHS); addressing such questions as how traffic patterns form and how congestion can be alleviated. Understanding drivers' travel times is key to this problem. We present macroscopic models for determining analytical forms for travel times. We take a fluid dynamics approach. We propose two second-order nonseparable macroscopic models for analytically estimating travel time functions : the polynomial travel time (PTT) model and the exponential travel time (ETT) model. These models incorporate second-order effects such as reaction of drivers to upstream and downstream congestion. Based on piecewise linear and piecewise quadratic approximations of the departure flow rates, we propose different classes of travel time functions for the first-order separable PTT and ETT models, and present the relationship between these functions. We show how the analysis of the first-order separable PTT model extends to the second-order model with nonseparable velocity functions for acyclic networks. We analyze the second-order separable ETT model where the queue propagation term is not neglected. We thus reduce the analysis to a Burgers equation and then to the heat equation.
Abstract
Concerns traffic congestion, especially in intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHS); addressing such questions as how traffic patterns form and how congestion can be alleviated. [...]
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Optimization of air traffic control sector configurations using tree search methods and genetic algorithms
D. Gianazza, J. Alliot

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 14

Abstract
International audience; The paper describes two classical tree search algorithms and a genetic algorithm for the Air Traffic Flow Management process that take as input the traffic flows and build optimal sector configurations considering the airspace capacity constraints and also the maximum number of control positions that can be manned at each time of the day. This optimization is made in a realistic context, using the airspace description data, the traffic data, the number of available control positions, and the sector capacities of the French ATC centers.
Abstract
International audience; The paper describes two classical tree search algorithms and a genetic algorithm for the Air Traffic Flow Management process that take as input the [...]
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Dynamic traffic profiling for efficient link bandwidth utilization in QoS routing
S. Nandy, A. Lele, B. Raghucharan, K. Kalapriya

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 14

Abstract
Traffic engineering has been the prime concern for Internet service providers (ISP's), with the main focus being minimization of over-utilization of network capacity even though additional capacity is available which is under-utilized. Furthermore, requirements of timely delivery of digitized audiovisual information raises a new challenge of finding a path meeting these requirements. This paper addresses the issue of (a) distributing load to achieve global efficiency in resource utilization, (b) Finding a path satisfying the real time requirements of delay and bandwidth requested by the applications. In this paper we do a critical study of the link utilization that varies over time and determine the time interval during which the link occupancy remains constant across days. This information helps in predetermining link utilization that is useful in balancing load in the network. Finally, we run simulations that use a dynamic time interval for profiling traffic and show improvement in terms number of calls admitted/blocked.
Abstract
Traffic engineering has been the prime concern for Internet service providers (ISP's), with the main focus being minimization of over-utilization of network capacity even [...]
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Graphical Weather Information System Evaluation: Usability, Perceived Utility, and Preferences from General Aviation Pilots
K. Latorella, J. Chamberlain

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 11

Abstract
Weather is a significant factor in General Aviation (GA) accidents and fatality rates. Graphical Weather Information Systems (GWISs) for the flight deck are appropriate technologies for mitigating the difficulties GA pilots have with current aviation weather information sources. This paper describes usability evaluations of a prototype GWIS by 12 GA pilots after using the system in flights towards convective weather. We provide design guidance for GWISs and discuss further research required to support weather situation awareness and in-flight decision making for GA pilots.
Abstract
Weather is a significant factor in General Aviation (GA) accidents and fatality rates. Graphical Weather Information Systems (GWISs) for the flight deck are appropriate technologies [...]
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Isolated ramp metering feedback control utilizing mixed sensitivity for desired mainline density and the ramp queues
D. Grove, K. Ozbay, P. Kachroo

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 10

Abstract
This paper presents a feedback control design for isolated ramp metering control. This feedback control design, unlike the existing isolated feedback ramp controllers, also takes into account the ramp queue length. Using a nonlinear H/spl infin/ control design methodology, we formulate the problem in the desired setting to be able to utilize the results of the methodology.
Abstract
This paper presents a feedback control design for isolated ramp metering control. This feedback control design, unlike the existing isolated feedback ramp controllers, also [...]
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A Study on the Feasibility of Using a Genetic Algorithm to Generate Realistic Air Traffic Scenarios Based on Recorded Field Data
R. Oaks, W. Hughes

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 9

Abstract
traffic scenarios based on recorded live data are used for the development and analysis of decision support tools used by air traffic controllers. Frequently these scenarios need to be modified in order to create aircraft-toaircraft encounters that are not present in the live data. This paper shows that a genetic algorithm can be used to time shift the flights in a scenario in order to create encounters with specific constrained characteristics. For this study these constraints were the distributions of the closest point of approach and the encounter angle of the encounters. The paper first describes how a genetic algorithm was implemented and then presents the results of two series of tests. The first series of tests were designed to determine if the implementation of a genetic algorithm could solve the problem. The second series of tests were designed to assess the time it took the implementation to solve the problem. The results of the study showed that a genetic algorithm could solve the problem in a reasonable time.
Abstract
traffic scenarios based on recorded live data are used for the development and analysis of decision support tools used by air traffic controllers. Frequently these scenarios [...]
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Assessment of the Emerging Technologies for the Detection and Measurement of Corrosion Wastage of Coated Marine Structures
S. Saidarasamoot, B. Mishra, D. Olson, G. Wang, J. Spencer

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2003). Vol. 2003, 6

Abstract
The application of a resistant coating on ships, offshore structures and pipelines is the primary prevention method of corrosion wastage in the marine industries. To guarantee coating integrity and to be able to thoroughly survey for corrosion wastage on marine structures, new advanced nondestructive methods are being sought. The requirements of convenient and rapid determination of corrosion wastage on coated structures, even in the difficult spatial positions of the structure, will require advanced technologies which are being developed for other industries that also require very high structural integrity. A review of the developments in electromagnetic wave (advanced microwave and eddy current practices) sensors, in elastic wave (advanced ultrasonic practices) sensors, in time-resolved thermography (thermal imaging), in electrochemical sensors and in other emerging analytical techniques is presented. Each of the identified emerging technologies was assessed based on a set of requirements necessary to be an acceptable marine corrosion wastage testing tool. This technology review and assessment include the use of both active and passive sensors and monitors, and the use of sensor arrays. The state of development and availability of the most promising technologies will be described.
Abstract
The application of a resistant coating on ships, offshore structures and pipelines is the primary prevention method of corrosion wastage in the marine industries. To guarantee [...]
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Airborne and ground information for lateral spacing during closely spaced parallel approach operations
V. Battiste, S. Holland-Bochow, N. Johnson

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 5

Abstract
least 43 major airports in the US have parallel runways that are in very close proximity to each other - less than 4,400 feet apart. During visual meteorological conditions (VMC), when visual contact between aircraft is possible, airport capacity is greatly increased by having aircraft fly closely spaced parallel visual approaches. Under instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), airports with runways closer than 4,400 feet are required to revert to a single runway operation or to run dependent approaches. Each of these traffic flows greatly reduces the number of landing aircraft, sometimes by as much as 50%. This study examined the operational implementation of an airborne system which would support closely spaced parallel approach operations at airports with parallel runway center lines as close as 2,500 feet during IMC. Additionally, the study examined the system's requirements, both flight deck and ATC, that would support the implementation of closely spaced parallel approach operations at a major HUB airport. The primary objective of the AILS (airborne instrument landing system) concept is to enable safe independent approaches to parallel runways with runway spacing of at least 2,500 feet, through the development of concepts, procedures, and supporting technology.
Abstract
least 43 major airports in the US have parallel runways that are in very close proximity to each other - less than 4,400 feet apart. During visual meteorological conditions [...]
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High-throughput asynchronous pipelines for fine-grain dynamic datapaths
S. Nowick, M. Singh

Collection of open conferences in research transport (2002). Vol. 2002, 4

Abstract
This paper introduces several new asynchronous pipeline designs which offer high throughput as well as low latency. The designs target dynamic datapaths, both dual-rail as well as single-rail. The new pipelines are latch-free and therefore are particularly well-suited for fine-grain pipelining, i.e., where each pipeline stage is only a single gate deep. The pipelines employ new control structures and protocols aimed at reducing the handshaking delay, the principal impediment to achieving high throughput in asynchronous pipelines. As a test vehicle, a 4-bit FIFO was designed using 0.6 micron technology. The results of careful HSPICE simulations of the FIFO designs are very encouraging. The dual-rail designs deliver a throughput of up to 860 million data items per second. This performance represents an improvement by a factor of 2 over a widely-used comparable approach by T.E. Williams (1991). The new single-rail designs deliver a throughput of up to 1208 million data items per second.
Abstract
This paper introduces several new asynchronous pipeline designs which offer high throughput as well as low latency. The designs target dynamic datapaths, both dual-rail as [...]
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Air Traffic Control Resource Management Strategies and the Small Aircraft Transportation System: A System Dynamics Perspective
J. Galvin

Collection of open thesis in transport research (2002). Vol. 2002, 8

Abstract
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is leading a research effort to develop a Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) that will expand air transportation capabilities to hundreds of underutilized airports in the United States. Most of the research effort addresses the technological development of the small aircraft as well as the systems to manage airspace usage and surface activities at airports. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) will also play a major role in the successful implementation of SATS, however, the administration is reluctant to embrace the unproven concept. The purpose of the research presented in this dissertation is to determine if the FAA can pursue a resource management strategy that will support the current radar-based Air Traffic Control (ATC) system as well as a Global Positioning Satellite (GPS)-based ATC system required by the SATS. The research centered around the use of the System Dynamics modeling methodology to determine the future behavior of the principle components of the ATC system over time. The research included a model of the ATC system consisting of people, facilities, equipment, airports, aircraft, the FAA budget, and the Airport and Airways Trust Fund. The model generated system performance behavior used to evaluate three scenarios. The first scenario depicted the base case behavior of the system if the FAA continued its current resource management practices. The second scenario depicted the behavior of the system if the FAA emphasized development of GPS-based ATC systems. The third scenario depicted a combined resource management strategy that supplemented radar systems with GPS systems. The findings of the research were that the FAA must pursue a resource management strategy that primarily funds a radar-based ATC system and directs lesser funding toward a GPS-based supplemental ATC system. The most significant contribution of this research was the insight and understanding gained of how several resource management strategies and the presence of SATS aircraft may impact the future US Air Traffic Control system. Ph. D.
Abstract
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is leading a research effort to develop a Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) that will expand air transportation [...]
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