Abstract

We propose here an efficient approach for treating the interaction between membranes and fluids. Slight compressibility of the fluid is assumed. Classical total Lagrangian formulation including wrinkling is adopted for the membrane representation, whereas fluid is treated in an updated Lagrangian manner, developed in the current work. Assumption of slight compressibility of the fluid enables one to define the monolithic fluid-membrane system in a natural way. The displacements are the primary variables of both the fluid and the membrane domains. The formulation adopts the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) philosophy for free-surface identification and mesh regeneration. Three examples illustrate the functionality of the formulation in application to FSI problems involving motion of membranes in water

Abstract

Blisters induced by gas trapped in the interstitial space between supported graphene and the substrate are commonly observed. These blisters are often quasi-spherical with a circular rim, but polygonal blisters are also common and coexist with wrinkles emanating from their vertices. Here, we show that these different blister morphologies can be understood mechanically in terms of free energy minimization of the supported graphene sheet for a given mass of trapped gas and for a given lateral strain. Using a nonlinear continuum model for supported graphene closely reproducing experimental images of blisters, we build a morphological diagram as a function of strain and trapped mass. We show that the transition from quasi-spherical to polygonal of blisters as compressive strain is increased is a process of stretching energy relaxation and focusing, as many other crumpling events in thin sheets. Furthermore, to characterize this transition, we theoretically examine the onset of nucleation of short wrinkles in the periphery of a quasi-spherical blister. Our results are experimentally testable and provide a framework to control complex out-of-plane motifs in supported graphene combining blisters and wrinkles for strain engineering of graphene.

Abstract

Wrinkles (out-of-plane fiber waviness) are, unfortunately, a common phenomenon during the manufacture of composite materials. Because these internal defects affect the mechanical properties, all composite structures are inspected in order to ensure they meet the high quality standards that are demanded by the industry. During the desing process, parts are generaly oversized to mitigate the risk of undetected wrinkles and defects. Delaminations are widely characterized using traditional ultrasound techniques whereas  wrinkles have traditionally been more difficult to detect using such techniques. This is due to the fact that wrinkles don’t represent a change in material density or a strong boundary for the elastic wave. The aim of this work is to detect and characterize wrinkles in thick laminates of composite material using ultrasonic non-destructive tests. Different parts with induced wrinkles have been inspected with ultrasonic techniques. The ideal frequency to perform the inspections was determined using an analytical model in MATLAB. The amplitude of the wrinkles was measured visually on the samples and compared with compared with the ultrasonic measurements to determine the accuracy of the proposed method.