Abstract

Stratified and annular gas–liquid flow patterns are commonly encountered in many industrial applications, such as oil and gas transportation pipelines, heat exchangers, and process equipment. The measurement and visualization of two-phase flow characteristics are of great [...]

Abstract

Fluid flowing through pipelines often encounters fittings such as elbows. Although it is true that two-phase flow patterns observed in elbows are qualitatively the same as those seen in straight pipes, the presence of a pipe elbow can modify relative positions and local velocities [...]