Abstract

Road transport is responsible for a significant share of the global GHG emissions. In order to address the increasing trend of road vehicle emissions, due to its heavy reliance on oil, Nordic countries have set ambitious goals and policies for the reduction of road transport GHG emissions. Despite the fact that the latest developments in the passenger car segment are leading towards the progressive electrification of the fleet, the decarbonization of heavy-duty vehicle segment presents significant challenges that are yet to be overcome. This study focuses, on the first part, on the regulatory framework of fuel economy standards of road vehicles, highlighting the absence of a European regulation on fuel efficiency for the heavy-duty sector. Energy efficiency technologies can be grouped mainly in vehicle technologies, driveline and powertrain technologies, and alternative fuels. The fuel efficiency of HDVs can be positively improved at different vehicle levels, but the technology benefit and its economic feasibility are heavily dependent on the vehicle type and the operational cycle considered. The electrification pathway has the potential of reducing the carbon emission to a great extent, but the current battery technologies have proven to be not cost efficient for the heavy vehicles, because of the high purchase price and the low range, related to the battery cost and inferior energy density compared to conventional liquid fuels.   A scenario development model has been created in order to estimate and quantify the impact of future developments and emission reduction measures in Finland, Sweden and Norway for the timeframe 2016-2050, with a focus on 2030 results. Two scenarios concerning the powertrain developments of heavy-duty vehicles and buses have been created, a conservative scenario and electric scenario, as well as vehicle efficiency improvements and fuel consumption scenarios. Additional sets of parameters have been estimated as input for the model, such as national transport need and load assumptions. The results highlight the challenges of achieving the national GHG emission reduction targets with the current measures in all three countries. The slow fleet renewal rates and the high forecasted increase of transport need limit the benefits of alternative and more efficient powertrains introduced in the fleet by new vehicles. The heavy-duty transport is expected to maintain its heavy reliance on diesel fuel and hinder the improvements of the light-duty segments. A holistic approach is needed to reduce the GHG emissions from road transport, including more efficient powertrains, higher biofuel shares and progressive electrification.

Abstract

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011 Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011 İstanbul Teknik Universitesi kampüsü içinde ring aracı olarak kullanılması amaçlanan full elektrikli minibus aracın dizayn ve yapım asamasındaki basamakları bu yüksek lisans tezinde aktarılmıstır. Batarya ve elektrik motoru ile güç aktarımı saglanan elektrikli minibüste, aktarma organı olarak sanzıman kullanılmamıs, sadece difransiyel aradaki mekanik güç aktarımını saglamıstır. Elektrik Motoru, Batarya ve güç yönetim sistemlerinin secim kriterleri detayları ile sunulmustur. Önemli dizayn parametreleri yapısal diagramlar ile aktarılmıstır. Bunun yanı sıra, arac kontrolu ve arac kontrolunu saglayan haberlesme protokolunun uygulamasal olarak araca uygulanısı anlatılmıstır. Enerji tüketimi, maliyet hesaplamaları ve seçilen araç ekipmanlarının performansları detaylı olarak incelenmistir. Araç üstünde kosturulan kontrol algoritması güvenlik ve verimlilik açısından kampüs içinde yapılan testler ile gelistirilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Elektrikli Minibüs, Araç Kontrolü, Haberlesme Protokolü. Electric minibus is planned as a shuttle on Istanbul Technical University, which is presented in this Master of Science thesis and its stages, includes not only scientific but also application stages. This electric minibus is powered by an electric motor and there is no gearbox as power train equipment. The selection steps of electric motor, battery and power electronic units are explained in details. The electric vehicle design parameters are shown with the structural diagrams. Moreover, vehicle control specifications including communication protocol, motor controller and vehicle main controller are given. Energy consumption and performance of selected components are evaluated. Following, the first prototype electric minibus is constructed and tested on university campus. Designed Control process is tested on the vehicle to improve safety and efficiency. Keywords: electric minibus, vehicle control, vehicle efficiency, communication protocol Yüksek Lisans M.Sc.

Abstract

The narrow-gauge locomotive ‘Hydrogen Pioneer’, which was developed and constructed at the University of Birmingham, was employed to establish the performance of a hydrogen-hybrid railway traction vehicle. To achieve this several empirical tests were conducted. The locomotive utilises hydrogen gas in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell power-plant to supply electricity to the traction motors or charge the on-board lead-acid batteries. First, the resistance to motion of the vehicle was determined, then operating tests were conducted for the speeds 2 km h−1, 6 km h−1, 7 km h−1, and 10 km h−1 on a 30 m straight, level alignment resembling light running. The power-plant and vehicle efficiency as well as the performance of the hybrid system were recorded. The observed overall duty cycle efficiency of the power-plant was from 28% to 40% and peak-power demand, such as during acceleration, was provided by the battery-pack, while average power during the duty cycle was met by the fuel cell stack, as designed. The tests establish the proof-of-concept for a hydrogen-hybrid railway traction vehicle and the results indicate that the traction system can be applied to full-scale locomotives. Document type: Article

Abstract

The continuous increase of human mobility combined with a relevant use of private vehicles contributes to increase the ill effects of vehicle externalities on the environment, e.g. high levels of air pollution, toxic emissions, noise pollution, and on the quality of life, e.g. parking problem, traffic congestion, and increase in the number of crashes and accidents. Transport demand management plays a very critical role in achieving greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. This study demonstrates that car pooling (CP) is an effective strategy to reduce transport volumes, transportation costs and related hill externalities in agreement with EU programs of emissions reduction targets. This paper presents an original approach to solve the CP problem. It is based on hierarchical clustering models, which have been adopted by an original decision support system (DSS). The DSS helps mobility managers to generate the pools and to design feasible paths for shared vehicles. A significant case studies and obtained results by the application of the proposed models are illustrated. They demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach and the supporting decisions tool.